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Angelim CC, Martins LD, Andrade ÁAF, Moreira FC, Guerreiro JF, de Assumpção PP, dos Santos SEB, Costa GDLC. Variants of IFNL4 Gene in Amazonian and Northern Brazilian Populations. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2075. [PMID: 38003018 PMCID: PMC10671175 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the polymorphic nature of the IFNL4 gene, its variants have been investigated and associated with several viral diseases, with an emphasis on hepatitis C. However, the impacts of these variants on mixed-race and native populations in the northern region of Brazil are scarce. We investigated three variants of the IFNL4 gene in populations from this location, which were among the 14 most frequent variants in worldwide populations, and compared the frequencies obtained to populational data from the 1000 Genomes Project, gnomAD and ABraOM databases. Our results demonstrate that mixed-race and native populations from the northern region of Brazil present frequencies like those of European and Asian groups for the rs74597329 and rs11322783 variants, and like all populations presented for the rs4803221 variant. These data reinforce the role of world populations in shaping the genetic profile of Brazilian populations, indicate patterns of illness according to the expressed genotype, and infer an individual predisposition to certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cabral Angelim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil; (C.C.A.); (L.D.M.); (Á.A.F.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Letícia Dias Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil; (C.C.A.); (L.D.M.); (Á.A.F.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Álesson Adam Fonseca Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil; (C.C.A.); (L.D.M.); (Á.A.F.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Fabiano Cordeiro Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil; (F.C.M.); (J.F.G.)
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil;
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil; (F.C.M.); (J.F.G.)
| | | | - Sidney Emanuel Batista dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil; (C.C.A.); (L.D.M.); (Á.A.F.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil; (F.C.M.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Greice de Lemos Cardoso Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil; (C.C.A.); (L.D.M.); (Á.A.F.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
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López-Bielma MF, Falfán-Valencia R, Abarca-Rojano E, Pérez-Rubio G. Participation of Single-Nucleotide Variants in IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 in the Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1320. [PMID: 38003785 PMCID: PMC10675296 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Host genetic factors significantly influence susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Among these genetic factors are single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). IFNAR2 and IFNAR1 genes have been associated with severe COVID-19 in populations from the United Kingdom, Africa, and Latin America. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 are subunits forming the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR). SNVs in the IFNAR genes impact protein function, affecting antiviral response and disease phenotypes. This systematic review aimed to describe IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 variants associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Accordingly, the current review focused on IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 studies published between January 2021 and February 2023, utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol. The electronic search was conducted in PubMed databases using Boolean operators and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 170 literature pieces, 11 studies were included. We include case reports of rare SNVs, defined by minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1%, and genome-wide associated studies (GWAS). Variants in IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 could potentially be new targets for therapies that limit the infection and the resulting inflammation by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda López-Bielma
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (R.F.-V.)
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (R.F.-V.)
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (R.F.-V.)
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Karri K, Waxman DJ. Dysregulation of murine long noncoding single-cell transcriptome in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:977-1006. [PMID: 37015806 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079580.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
LncRNAs comprise a heterogeneous class of RNA-encoding genes typified by low expression, nuclear enrichment, high tissue-specificity, and functional diversity, but the vast majority remain uncharacterized. Here, we assembled the mouse liver noncoding transcriptome from >2000 bulk RNA-seq samples and discovered 48,261 liver-expressed lncRNAs, a majority novel. Using these lncRNAs as a single-cell transcriptomic reference set, we elucidated lncRNA dysregulation in mouse models of high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Trajectory inference analysis revealed lncRNA zonation patterns across the liver lobule in each major liver cell population. Perturbations in lncRNA expression and zonation were common in several disease-associated liver cell types, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated macrophages, a hallmark of fatty liver disease progression, and collagen-producing myofibroblasts, a central feature of liver fibrosis. Single-cell-based gene regulatory network analysis using bigSCale2 linked individual lncRNAs to specific biological pathways, and network-essential regulatory lncRNAs with disease-associated functions were identified by their high network centrality metrics. For a subset of these lncRNAs, promoter sequences of the network-defined lncRNA target genes were significantly enriched for lncRNA triplex formation, providing independent mechanistic support for the lncRNA-target gene linkages predicted by the gene regulatory networks. These findings elucidate liver lncRNA cell-type specificities, spatial zonation patterns, associated regulatory networks, and temporal patterns of dysregulation during hepatic disease progression. A subset of the liver disease-associated regulatory lncRNAs identified have human orthologs and are promising candidates for biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Karri
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Fricke-Galindo I, Martínez-Morales A, Chávez-Galán L, Ocaña-Guzmán R, Buendía-Roldán I, Pérez-Rubio G, Hernández-Zenteno RDJ, Verónica-Aguilar A, Alarcón-Dionet A, Aguilar-Duran H, Gutiérrez-Pérez IA, Zaragoza-García O, Alanis-Ponce J, Camarena A, Bautista-Becerril B, Nava-Quiroz KJ, Mejía M, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Falfán-Valencia R. IFNAR2 relevance in the clinical outcome of individuals with severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949413. [PMID: 35967349 PMCID: PMC9374460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of cytokines with antiviral, antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and immunomodulatory activities. Type I IFNs amplify and propagate the antiviral response by interacting with their receptors, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. In COVID-19, the IFNAR2 (interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2) gene has been associated with the severity of the disease, but the soluble receptor (sIFNAR2) levels have not been investigated. We aimed to evaluate the association of IFNAR2 variants (rs2236757, rs1051393, rs3153, rs2834158, and rs2229207) with COVID-19 mortality and to assess if there was a relation between the genetic variants and/or the clinical outcome, with the levels of sIFNAR2 in plasma samples from hospitalized individuals with severe COVID-19. We included 1,202 subjects with severe COVID-19. The genetic variants were determined by employing Taqman® assays. The levels of sIFNAR2 were determined with ELISA in plasma samples from a subgroup of 351 individuals. The rs2236757, rs3153, rs1051393, and rs2834158 variants were associated with mortality risk among patients with severe COVID-19. Higher levels of sIFNAR2 were observed in survivors of COVID-19 compared to the group of non-survivors, which was not related to the studied IFNAR2 genetic variants. IFNAR2, both gene, and soluble protein, are relevant in the clinical outcome of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Fricke-Galindo
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Martínez-Morales
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ranferi Ocaña-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Buendía-Roldán
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Abigail Verónica-Aguilar
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aimé Alarcón-Dionet
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hiram Aguilar-Duran
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Oscar Zaragoza-García
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alanis-Ponce
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel Camarena
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brandon Bautista-Becerril
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karol J. Nava-Quiroz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mayra Mejía
- Interstitial Pulmonary Diseases and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ramcés Falfán-Valencia,
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Zheng K, Shen Y, Xia X, Song Y, Zhang AM. Genetic polymorphisms in the IFNL4, MxA, and MxB genes were associated with biochemical index of chronic HBV patients from Yunnan, China. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13353. [PMID: 35505682 PMCID: PMC9057288 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes Hepatitis B, which is one of the most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the host immune genes could impact HBV infection, viral clearance, and treatment effect. However, the contradictory roles of several studies suggest further analysis of various populations. The whole blood and biochemical indexes of 448 HBV patients and matched controls were collected from the Yunnan population to investigate the genetic roles of IFNL4 and the downstream genes (MxA and MxB). The genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes frequencies of the seven SNPs (rs11322783, rs117648444, rs2071430, rs17000900, rs9982944, rs408825, and rs2838029) from the HBV patients and controls were analyzed. However, no association was identified between the SNPs and HBV infection. Then, biochemical index levels were evaluated among the HBV patients with different genotypes of the seven SNPs. The results indicated that the liver function index levels (including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), and albumin (ALB)) were influenced by the genotypes of the SNPs in HBV patients. Moreover, when the HBV patients were divided into HBsAg-positive and -negative groups, the association between the SNP genotypes and the biochemical indexes still existed. In addition, although the genetic polymorphisms in the IFNL4, MxA, and MxB genes were not significantly associated with HBV infection in the Yunnan population, these genes could indirectly influence disease progression by associating with the biochemical index levels of Yunnan HBV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexi Zheng
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunsong Shen
- Kunming Angel Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - A-Mei Zhang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Kwak JH, Paek JH, Yu GI, Han S, Park WY, Kim Y, Shin DH, Jin K. Genetic variants of interferon lambda-related genes and chronic kidney disease susceptibility in the Korean population. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2022; 41:442-451. [PMID: 35286793 PMCID: PMC9346399 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.21.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ho Kwak
- Soksiwon Kwak & Lee Clinic, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyuk Paek
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University Kidney Institute, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Im Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeup Han
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University Kidney Institute, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Yeong Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University Kidney Institute, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaerim Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University Kidney Institute, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubok Jin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University Kidney Institute, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Kyubok Jin Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University Kidney Institute, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1035 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea. E-mail:
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Xia G, Li Z, Lin Z, XuRan Z, MengRu Y, Ning Z, Gang Y, Lei Y, Wenxuan L. Treated with interferon and the gene polymorphism of CGRP and its receptor. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104968. [PMID: 34118447 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This case-control study aims to investigate the relationship of polymorphisms of four gene loci (CGRP rs155209 and rs3781719, RAMP1 rs3754701 and rs7590387) with the prognosis of interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 317 CHB patients receiving interferon alone for the first time were recruited in northern China, and peripheral blood samples were obtained. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in rs155209, rs3781719, rs3754701, and rs7590387 were genotyped using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were employed to assess the correlation between CHB prognosis treated with interferon and polymorphisms of these gene loci. RESULTS The study clearly demonstrated the relevance of polymorphisms of rs155209, rs3781719, rs3754701, and rs7590387 with DNA response and ALT response after interferon treatment. CHB patients with CGRP rs155209C had a lower risk of developing DNA response (CT vs. TT: OR = 0.159, 95% CI = 0.086-0.294, Padj < 0.001; CC vs. TT: OR = 0.131, 95% CI = 0.059-0.288, Padj < 0.001), as well as a lower risk of developing ALT response (CT vs. TT: OR = 0.530, 95% CI = 0.323-0.869, Padj < 0.05). Moreover, CHB patients with RAMP1 rs3754701T allele were more prone to develop DNA response (AT vs. AA: OR = 2.061, 95% CI = 1.237-3.435, Padj < 0.05; TT vs. AA: OR = 5.676, 95% CI =1.247-25.837, Padj < 0.05), and they also more likely to develop ALT response (AT vs. AA: OR = 1.766, 95% CI = 1.098-2.840, Padj < 0.05). We did not find a significant association between CGRP rs3781719 or RAMP1 rs7590387 and DNA response or ALT response. CONCLUSION This study revealed that CGRP rs155209 and RAMP1 rs3754701 polymorphisms, but not CGRP rs3781719 and RAMP1 rs7590387, were correlated with interferon therapy prognosis for CHB in Han Chinese population, and RAMP1 rs3754701T was a protective factor for ALT response and DNA response, but CGRP rs155209C carriers were less prone to DNA and ALT responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Xia
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shi Jiazhuang, PR China
| | - Zhang Li
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Grade 2015, Preventive Medicine, Shi Jiazhuang, PR China; Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, PR China
| | - Zhou Lin
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Grade 2015, Preventive Medicine, Shi Jiazhuang, PR China
| | - Zheng XuRan
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Grade 2015, Preventive Medicine, Shi Jiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yang MengRu
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Grade 2015, Preventive Medicine, Shi Jiazhuang, PR China
| | - Zhang Ning
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Grade 2015, Preventive Medicine, Shi Jiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yang Gang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Grade 2015, Preventive Medicine, Shi Jiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yang Lei
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shi Jiazhuang, PR China.
| | - Liu Wenxuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shi Jiazhuang, PR China.
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Review of Lambda Interferons in Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Outcomes and Therapeutic Strategies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061090. [PMID: 34207487 PMCID: PMC8230240 DOI: 10.3390/v13061090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects over 250 million people worldwide and causes nearly 1 million deaths per year due to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Approved treatments for chronic infection include injectable type-I interferons and nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. A small minority of patients achieve seroclearance after treatment with type-I interferons, defined as sustained absence of detectable HBV DNA and surface antigen (HBsAg) antigenemia. However, type-I interferons cause significant side effects, are costly, must be administered for months, and most patients have viral rebound or non-response. Nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors reduce HBV viral load and improve liver-related outcomes, but do not lower HBsAg levels or impart seroclearance. Thus, new therapeutics are urgently needed. Lambda interferons (IFNLs) have been tested as an alternative strategy to stimulate host antiviral pathways to treat HBV infection. IFNLs comprise an evolutionarily conserved innate immune pathway and have cell-type specific activity on hepatocytes, other epithelial cells found at mucosal surfaces, and some immune cells due to restricted cellular expression of the IFNL receptor. This article will review work that examined expression of IFNLs during acute and chronic HBV infection, the impact of IFNLs on HBV replication in vitro and in vivo, the association of polymorphisms in IFNL genes with clinical outcomes, and the therapeutic evaluation of IFNLs for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Hausmann LD, de Almeida BS, de Souza IR, Drehmer MN, Fernandes BL, Wilkens RS, Vieira DSC, Lofgren SE, Lindenau JDR, de Toledo E Silva G, Muniz YCN. Association of TNFRSF1A and IFNLR1 Gene Polymorphisms with the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer and Clinical Pathologic Features. Biochem Genet 2021; 59:1233-1246. [PMID: 33751344 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several genes have been associated with breast cancer (BC) susceptibility. The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A (TNFRSF1A), and interferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1) genes encode receptors that mediate the action of inflammatory cytokines. Previous studies have demonstrated the association of the variants rs1800693 (TNFRSF1A) and rs4649203 (IFNLR1) with some inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to verify a possible association of these variants with BC, its clinical pathologic features, as well as epidemiological data in a Brazilian population. A total of 243 patients and 294 individuals without history of BC were genotyped for these polymorphisms through TaqMan® SNP genotyping assays by qPCR. For the TNFRSF1A gene, no significant results were found. For IFNLR1, the AA genotype (p = 0.008) and the A allele (p = 0.02) were significantly associated with a lower risk of developing BC. When analyzing the age, it was observed that each increase of one year contributes to the development of BC (p < 0.001). Also, the smoking habit (p < 0.001) and body mass index (p = 0.018) increase the risk of disease development. Analyzing progesterone receptor factor an association was found with the AA genotype of the IFNLR1 (p = 0.02). The findings suggest that polymorphism in the immune-related IFNLR1 gene contribute to BC susceptibility in a Brazilian population. These findings can contribute to the further understanding of the role this gene and pathways in BC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Daiane Hausmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), School of Biological Sciences (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Bibiana Sgorla de Almeida
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), School of Biological Sciences (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ilíada Rainha de Souza
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), School of Biological Sciences (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Manuela Nunes Drehmer
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), School of Biological Sciences (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Braulio Leal Fernandes
- Polydoro Ernani de São, Thiago University Hospital (HU/UFSC), Florianópolis, 88036-800, Brazil
| | - Renato Salerno Wilkens
- Polydoro Ernani de São, Thiago University Hospital (HU/UFSC), Florianópolis, 88036-800, Brazil
| | | | - Sara Emelie Lofgren
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), School of Biological Sciences (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dal-Ri Lindenau
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), School of Biological Sciences (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Toledo E Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), School of Biological Sciences (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Yara Costa Netto Muniz
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), School of Biological Sciences (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
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10
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de Weerd NA, Vivian JP, Lim SS, Huang SUS, Hertzog PJ. Structural integrity with functional plasticity: what type I IFN receptor polymorphisms reveal. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 108:909-924. [PMID: 33448473 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0420-152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I IFNs activate an array of signaling pathways, which are initiated after IFNs bind their cognate receptors, IFNα/β receptor (IFNAR)1 and IFNAR2. These signals contribute to many aspects of human health including defense against pathogens, cancer immunosurveillance, and regulation of inflammation. How these cytokines interact with their receptors influences the quality of these signals. As such, the integrity of receptor structure is pivotal to maintaining human health and the response to immune stimuli. This review brings together genome wide association studies and clinical reports describing the association of nonsynonymous IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 polymorphisms with clinical disease, including altered susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and adverse reactions to live-attenuated vaccines. We describe the amino acid substitutions or truncations induced by these polymorphisms and, using the knowledge of IFNAR conformational changes, IFNAR-IFN interfaces and overall structure-function relationship of the signaling complexes, we hypothesize the effect of these polymorphisms on receptor structure. That these predicted changes to IFNAR structure are associated with clinical manifestations of human disease, highlights the importance of IFNAR structural integrity to maintaining functional quality of these receptor-mediated responses. Type I IFNs are pivotal to innate immune responses and ultimately, to human health. Understanding the consequences of altered structure on the actions of these clinically significant cell receptors provides important information on the roles of IFNARs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A de Weerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian P Vivian
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - San S Lim
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie U-Shane Huang
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Xu J, Zhan Q, Fan Y, Yu Y, Zeng Z. Human genetic susceptibility to hepatitis B virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104663. [PMID: 33278635 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a serious health threat worldwide. The outcomes of HBV infection consist of spontaneous HBV clearance and chronic HBV infection. Multiple factors contribute to the disparity of HBV infection outcomes, including host factors, viral factors and environmental factors. The present review comprehends the current researches mainly focusing on the relationships between genetic determinants, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes, and susceptibility of HBV infection, namely chronic (persistent) HBV infection and HBV clearance. A number of determinants in the chromosomes, including mutations in human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), cytokines genes, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and other genes are related to the human susceptibility to HBV infection. Among the above variants, some of those in HLAs have been studied and replicated in multiple-ethnic populations and came to consistent conclusions, while some others are novel and need to be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghang Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Qiao Zhan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yanan Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China.
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12
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Ben Selma W, Alibi S, Smach MA, Saad A, Boukadida J. IL-18 variant increases risk of enhanced HBV DNA replication in chronic hepatitis. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Lu Y, Zeng J, Yang S, Hu Z, Li L, Yu H, Qin X. Association between the rs9131 and rs3806792 polymorphisms of the CXCL2 gene and the risk of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma in a Guangxi population. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23310. [PMID: 32267022 PMCID: PMC7439333 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic polymorphisms in the CXCL2 may participate in the progress of HBV‐related HCC. However, no researches have evaluated the association between them. Methods To figure out the effects of CXCL2 gene polymorphisms on the risk of HBV‐related HCC, two major variants of CXCL2 and their association with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), HBV‐related liver cirrhosis (LC), and HCC were conducted in a Guangxi population. CXCL2 polymorphisms rs9131 and rs3806792 were examined in 147 healthy controls, 138 CHB patients, 137 HBV‐related LC patients, and 150 HBV‐related HCC patients, using the SNaPshot™ genotyping technique. Results No significant differences were found regarding the CXCL2 rs9131 and rs3806792 polymorphisms among the case groups (including CHB, LC, and HCC) and the healthy controls, no matter in comparisons of alleles, genotypes, or haplotypes. Similar insignificant results were also observed when subgroup analyses were performed in different gender. However, when compared the frequencies of allele and genotype in the healthy individuals of our research and those from the 1000 Genomes Project, CC and C for rs9131, and TT and T for rs3806792 of CXCL2 in our healthy controls were only similar with those in Han Chinese in Beijing, but significantly higher than other ethnicities; this indicates that these two polymorphisms of CXCL2 may be not associated with the pathogenesis of HBV‐related HCC in Chinese population, but may play a role in other ethnicities. Conclusion Our observation suggests that SNPs rs9131 and rs3806792 of CXCL2 gene might not contribute to the development of CHB, HBV‐related LC, and HCC in a Guangxi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Shi Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Zuojian Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Limin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongli Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Xue Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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14
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Zhang Z, Wang C, Liu Z, Zou G, Li J, Lu M. Host Genetic Determinants of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Genet 2019; 10:696. [PMID: 31475028 PMCID: PMC6702792 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major health problem worldwide. Recently, a great number of genetic studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genome-wide association studies have been performed to search for host determinants of the development of chronic HBV infection, clinical outcomes, therapeutic efficacy, and responses to hepatitis B vaccines, with a focus on human leukocyte antigens (HLA), cytokine genes, and toll-like receptors. In addition to SNPs, gene insertions/deletions and copy number variants are associated with infection. However, conflicting results have been obtained. In the present review, we summarize the current state of research on host genetic factors and chronic HBV infection, its clinical type, therapies, and hepatitis B vaccine responses and classify published results according to their reliability. The potential roles of host genetic determinants of chronic HBV infection identified in these studies and their clinical significance are discussed. In particular, HLAs were relevant for HBV infection and pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight the need for additional studies with large sample sizes, well-matched study designs, appropriate statistical methods, and validation in multiple populations to improve the treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Changtai Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Anqing Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, China
| | - Zhongping Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guizhou Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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15
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Zhang AM, Wang Y, Xia X, Song Y. Genetic Polymorphisms of the IFNLR1 Gene Correlate with HCV Infection and Biochemical Features of Chronic HCV Patients in Yunnan, China. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:453-461. [PMID: 31366248 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1642914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could lead to serious liver diseases, but the pathogenic mechanisms were not completely clear. Cytokines play critical roles in infection, and the genetic polymorphisms in the cytokine genes are widely studied in infectious diseases. The variations in the IL28B gene were associated with HCV infection, viral clearance, and biochemical features of patients, but the studies of its receptor (IFNLR1/IL10RB) were rare. In this study, we collected 395 chronic HCV patients and 397 normal controls to investigate the genetic role of the IFNLR1 gene. Eight tagSNPs were genotyped, and the haplotypes were constructed. Genotypes CT (23.80% vs. 17.13%) and TT (75.19% vs. 81.36%) of rs7532146 showed higher and lower frequencies in HCV patients than that in controls (P = .022; P = .039). Haplotypes GGAATCTC (P = .028) and AAAGCCCT (P = .002) were risk factors for HCV infection, but haplotype GAAATCTT (P = .027) played protective role in HCV infection. Moreover, we identified that the ALT level was significantly lower in HCV patients with genotype TT of rs4489498 than those with other genotypes (CC vs. TT: P = .037; CT vs. TT: P = .013). HCV viral load was highest in HCV patients with genotype CC of rs4489498 than in patients with other two genotypes (CC vs. CT: P = .006; CC vs. TT: P = .039). In conclusion, the genotypes and haplotypes in the IFNLR1 gene were associated with HCV infection and biochemical features of Chinese HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Wang M, Liu X, Lin S, Tian T, Guan F, Guo Y, Li X, Deng Y, Zheng Y, Xu P, Hao Q, Zhai Z, Dai Z. FABP1 Polymorphisms Contribute to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility in Chinese Population with Liver Cirrhosis: A Case-Control Study. J Cancer 2018; 9:4294-4300. [PMID: 30519332 PMCID: PMC6277622 DOI: 10.7150/jca.27301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Single nucleotide variations in the liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP, FABP1) gene lead to changes in cellular signaling pathways and lipid metabolism. FABP1 polymorphisms were associated with some liver diseases, like steatotic hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the association between FABP1 rs1545224 and rs2241883 polymorphisms and hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been reported. We performed this study to explore their relationship. Methods: One thousand individuals (250 healthy controls, 250 chronic HBV (CHB), 250 LC, and 250 HCC patients) were recruited. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were applied to assess the difference in allele and genotype frequencies. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to evaluate the cumulative effect. Significant difference would be defined when the P value was less than 0.05. Results: The distribution of rs1545224 GG, AG and AA genotypes in healthy controls or CHB carriers was not significant when compared to LC or HCC patients (P>0.05). LC patients carrying at least one A allele are more likely to develop HCC in contrast with those with G allele (P<0.05). After adjustment for confounders, meaningful results were only seen in the comparison between rs1545224 AG+AA genotype carriers and GG genotype carriers among the LC patients (P<0.05). Rs2241883 polymorphism did not influence the risk of developing LC or HCC in healthy and CHB individuals, nor did it influence the risk of HCC in LC patients (P>0.05). Conclusions: Taken together, FABP1 rs1545224 polymorphism might increase HCC risk in LC patients, indicating that FABP1 rs1545224 polymorphism may be related to the process of developing HCC in Chinese patients with LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xinghan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Feng Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yan Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yujiao Deng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Qian Hao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Zhen Zhai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
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Bhushan A, Chinnaswamy S. Identifying causal variants at the interferon lambda locus in case-control studies: Utilizing non-synonymous variant rs117648444 to probe the role of IFN-λ4. Gene 2018; 664:168-180. [PMID: 29705128 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants at the interferon lambda (IFNL) locus have been associated with several human phenotypes in both disease and health. In chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, where the IFNL variants were first identified to be associated with response to interferon-α-ribavirin therapy, the available data clearly suggests that the causal variant could be the dinucleotide polymorphism rs368234815 that causes an open reading frame-shift in the IFNL4 gene resulting in expression of a functional IFN-λ4, a new type III IFN. In other human diseases/phenotypes where IFNL variants have been recently associated with, the causal mechanism remains unclear. In vitro evidence has shown that other IFNL variants (rs28416813, rs4803217) may regulate expression of another type III IFN, IFN-λ3. Therefore, expression of a functional IFN-λ4 and quantitative differences in IFN-λ3 expression are two potential causal mechanisms behind the observed phenotypes. Since these two potential causal mechanisms involve features of mutual exclusivity and overlapping functions, it is difficult to differentiate one from the other, in vivo, in absence of other implicating evidences. In addition, the strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) observed in many populations at the IFNL locus makes it difficult to tease out the actual functional/causal variants responsible for the phenotypes. The non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism rs117648444 that alters the activity of IFN-λ4 and the LD structure in the IFNL region which leads to a confounding effect of rs117648444 on other IFNL variants, provide us with additional tools in case-control studies to probe the role of IFN-λ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Bhushan
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.:N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India
| | - Sreedhar Chinnaswamy
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.:N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India.
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