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Kirillova NY, Kirillov AA, Shchenkov SV, Knyazev AE, Vekhnik VA. Morphological and molecular characterization of plagiorchiid trematodes ( Plagiorchis: Plagiorchiidae, Digenea) from bats with redescription of Plagiorchis mordovii Shaldybin, 1958. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e2. [PMID: 38167587 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Five Plagiorchis spp. parasitize bats in European Russia: Plagiorchis elegans, Plagiorchis koreanus, Plagiorchis mordovii, Plagiorchis muelleri, and Plagiorchis vespertilionis. Their identification is difficult due to a high morphological similarity. The morphological variability of these species is poorly studied. The taxonomic position of P. mordovii remains debatable. The purpose of our study was to analyse Plagiorchis spp. from European bats using a combination of morphological and molecular-phylogenetic approaches and to establish the taxonomic position of the problematic species P. mordovii.Plagiorchis spp. were shown to be variable morphologically and morphometrically both from various host species and from different specimens of the same species. We presented a new taxonomic key for identification of the Plagiorchis spp. from European bats, provided a complete description of Plagiorchis mordovii, and confirmed the validity and the generic affiliation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Kirillova
- Laboratory for Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin RAS, Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS, Togliatti, 445003, Russia
| | - A A Kirillov
- Laboratory for Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin RAS, Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS, Togliatti, 445003, Russia
| | - S V Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A E Knyazev
- Laboratory for Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin RAS, Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS, Togliatti, 445003, Russia
| | - V A Vekhnik
- Laboratory for Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin RAS, Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS, Togliatti, 445003, Russia
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Suwancharoen C, Phuangsri C, Siriwechviriya P, Bunsong T, Japa O. Diversity of trematode cercariae among naturally infected lymnaeid snails from Phayao, Thailand. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2691-2708. [PMID: 37698606 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Lymnaeids are aquatic snails playing an important role in the transmission of many parasitic trematode species of veterinary and medical importance. In this study, we assessed the presence of cercarial flukes in naturally infected lymnaeid snails from Phayao province, Thailand, and determined the species diversity of both the intermediate snail hosts and parasite larvae. A total of 3,185 lymnaeid snails were collected from paddy fields at 31 sites in eight districts of Phayao province between October 2021 and December 2022. Larval fluke infection was assessed using the cercarial shedding method. The collected snails as well as emerging cercariae were identified at the species level via morphological and molecular methods. The sequences of snail internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and cercarial 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S rDNA) and cytochrome C oxidase1 (Cox1) were determined by PCR amplification and sequencing. Three species of lymnaeid snails were detected in this study, including Radix (Lymnaea) rubiginosa (Michelin, 1831), Radix (Lymnaea) swinhoei (Adams, 1866) and Austropeplea viridis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832), of which R. rubiginosa was the most abundant, followed by A. viridis and R. swinhoei. The overall rate of trematode cercarial infection in the lymnaeid snails was 2.8% (90/3,185); the cercarial infection rate in R. rubiginosa and A. viridis was 3.5% (60/1,735) and 3.1% (30/981), respectively. No larval fluke infection was observed in the studied R. swinhoei (0/469). Nine morphotypes of cercariae were detected at 15 sites from four districts. The emerging cercariae were molecularly identified as Clinostomum sp., Aporocotylidae sp., Apharyngostrigea sp., Trichobilharzia sp., Apatemon sp., Pegosomum sp., Petasiger sp., Echinostoma revolutum and Plagiorchis sp. These findings emphasize the occurrence and diversity of trematode cercariae among naturally infected lymnaeid snails in Phayao province and could contribute to broadening our understanding of the host-parasite relationships between trematodes and their first intermediate hosts as well as developing effective interventions to control trematode parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittakun Suwancharoen
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Chorpaka Phuangsri
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Pannawich Siriwechviriya
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Thanakon Bunsong
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ornampai Japa
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
- Scientific Instrument and Product Standard Quality Inspection Center, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand.
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3
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Hechinger RF. Let's restart formally naming 'larval' trematodes. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:638-649. [PMID: 37385923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Arguably the most unique biological features of trematode parasites involve their clonal parthenitae and cercariae. These life stages are biologically fascinating, medically and scientifically important, and often studied for years, lacking knowledge of their corresponding sexual adult stages. But sexual adults are the focus of trematode species-level taxonomy, partially explaining the relative neglect of documenting the diversity of parthenitae and cercariae and why researchers who do describe them give them only provisional names. Provisional names are unregulated, unstable, often ambiguous, and, I argue, often unnecessary. I suggest that we recommence formally naming parthenitae and cercariae using an improved naming scheme. The scheme should permit us to reap the benefits of formal nomenclature and thereby enhance research involving these diverse and important parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Hechinger
- Marine Biology Research Division-Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Gacad JLJ, Yurlova NI, Ponomareva NM, Urabe M. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Plagiorchis multiglandularis (Digenea, Plagiorchiidae): Comparison with the members of Xiphidiatan species and phylogenetic implications. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07855-x. [PMID: 37140653 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plagiorchis multiglandularis Semenov, 1927 is a common fluke of birds and mammals, with significant impacts on animals and also human health. However, the systematics of Plagiorchiidae remain ambiguous. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of P. multiglandularis cercariae was sequenced and compared with other digeneans in the order Xiphidiata. The complete circular mt genome of P. multiglandularis was 14,228 bp in length. The mitogenome contains 12 protein-coding genes and 22 transfer RNA genes. The 3' end of nad4L overlaps the 5' end of nad4 by 40 bp, while the atp8 gene is absent. Twenty-one transfer RNA genes transcribe products with conventional cloverleaf structures, while one transfer RNA gene has unpaired D-arms. Comparative analysis with related digenean trematodes revealed that A + T content of mt genome of P. multiglandularis was significantly higher among all the xiphidiatan trematodes. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that Plagiorchiidae formed a monophyletic branch, in which Plagiorchiidae are more closely related to Paragonimidae than Prosthogonimidae. Our data enhanced the Plagiorchis mt genome database and provides molecular resources for further studies of Plagiorchiidae taxonomy, population genetics and systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Laura J Gacad
- Division of Environmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan.
| | - Natalia I Yurlova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 11 Frunze Str., Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia.
| | - Natalia M Ponomareva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 11 Frunze Str., Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
| | - Misako Urabe
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Faculty of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
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Faltýnková A, Kudlai O, Pantoja C, Jouet D, Skírnisson K. Prey-mimetism in cercariae of Apatemon (Digenea, Strigeidae) in freshwater in northern latitudes. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:815-831. [PMID: 36670312 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cercariae, the free-living larval stages of trematodes, have adopted an amazing variety of transmission strategies. One of them is prey-mimetism, i.e. cercariae mimicking prey to attract motile hosts to be eaten. In a period between 2002 and 2019, we examined small planorbid snails, Bathyomphalus contortus, Gyraulus parvus and Planorbis planorbis from lakes in Finland and Iceland and from the Curonian Lagoon in Lithuania. Cercariae with conspicuously enlarged tails and unusual swimming behaviour, likely mimicking invertebrate prey, were detected and studied by the use of morphological and molecular (cox1, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S rDNA) methods. Cercariae of two species belonging to the genus Apatemon (Strigeidae) were recognised. We consider Apatemon sp. 5 ex P. planorbis from the Curonian Lagoon identical to Cercaria globocaudata U. Szidat, 1940. Cercariae ex G. parvus from Iceland and ex B. contortus from Finland were conspecific, and we named them Apatemon sp. 6; these cercariae could not be associated with any known species. For the first time, we verified that cercariae of the Bulbocauda group belong to the genus Apatemon. We provide a mini-review on records of furcocercariae of the family Strigeidae with enlarged tails reported in freshwaters of the northern hemisphere and reveal that it is not only Apatemon but also Australapatemon and most likely Strigea which belong to the Bulbocauda group, rendering it a purely ecological assemblage. Understanding which invertebrate swimming behaviour these cercariae are mimicking will enhance our knowledge of the processes behind trematode transmission and will help to assess evolutionary pathways of host-finding strategies in trematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Faltýnková
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Camila Pantoja
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Damien Jouet
- BioSpecT EA7506, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Karl Skírnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Stanicka A, Cichy A, Bulantová J, Labecka AM, Ćmiel AM, Templin J, Horák P, Żbikowska E. Thinking "outside the box": The effect of nontarget snails in the aquatic community on mollusc-borne diseases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157264. [PMID: 35820526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a great need to understand the impact of complex communities on the free-living parasite stages that are part of them. This task becomes more complex as nonnative species emerge, changing existing relationships and shaping new interactions in the community. A relevant question would be: Can the coexistence of nontarget snails with the target hosts contribute to trematodasis control? We used field and experimental approaches to investigate nonnative competitor-induced parasite dilution. During a three-year field study, we investigated digenean infection in Lymnaea stagnalis from eight Polish lakes inhabited or uninhabited by Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Additionally, we verified the presence of digenean infections in the populations of P. antipodarum. Moreover, we conducted an experimental infection of L. stagnalis with miracidia of Trichobilharzia szidati under increasing densities of P. antipodarum and aimed to infect P. antipodarum with them separately. The prevalence of avian schistosomes in lymnaeid snails was significantly higher in uninhabited lakes than in lakes inhabited by P. antipodarum. Our study indicates that waters with a higher density of invaders have a lower prevalence of avian schistosomes in lymnaeid hosts. The results of experimental studies confirmed that the presence of high densities of P. antipodarum reduces the probability of target host infection. Both field and experimental studies rule out the role of P. antipodarum as a source of avian schistosome cercariae. Here, a nonnative species was tested as a diluter, which in practice may be harmful to the local environment. This work is not a call for the introduction of nonnative species; it is intended to be a stimulus for researchers to continue searching for natural enemies of parasites because, as our results show, they exist. Finding natural enemies to the most dangerous species of human and animal parasites that will pose no threat to the local environment could be groundbreaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stanicka
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Anna Cichy
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Marcin Ćmiel
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. A. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Julita Templin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czechia
| | - Elżbieta Żbikowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Parasites of Selected Freshwater Snails in the Eastern Murray Darling Basin, Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127236. [PMID: 35742485 PMCID: PMC9223292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic snails serve an important role in the ecosystem. They also play an essential role in the life cycle of many parasites as hosts and may pose risks to animal and human health. In Australia, the role of snails in the transmission of parasites of livestock is well studied. However, despite the country’s unique biodiversity and wildlife, little is known about the role of snails in the transmission and survival of parasites in other ecosystems, including aquatic and aquaculture systems. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of parasites in freshwater snails in the eastern Murray Darling Basin. A total of 275 snails were collected from various localities, including aquaculture fishery ponds and natural creeks during the summer and autumn months in the southern hemisphere. Three different species of freshwater snails, all common to the area, were found, including Bullastra lessoni (n = 11), Isidorella hainesii (n = 157), and Haitia acuta (n = 107), of which 9.1%, 1.3%, and 4.7%, respectively, were found to be harboring various developmental stages of Trematoda. No other parasite was found in the examined snails. Parasites were identified as Choanocotyle hobbsi, Plagiorchis sp. and Petasiger sp. based on the sequences of their ITS2, 18S, and 28S ribosomal DNA region. Herein, we report a native parasite Choanocotyle hobbsi in an introduced snail, Haitia acuta, from both natural and aquaculture ponds. As there are no genetic sequences for adult specimens of Petasiger spp. and Plagiorchis spp. collected in Australia for comparison, whether the specimens collected in this study are the larval stage of one of the previously described species or are a new, undescribed species cannot yet be determined. Our results also suggest snails collected from aquaculture ponds may be infected with considerably more parasites.
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Trematodes from Antarctic teleost fishes off Argentine Islands, West Antarctica: molecular and morphological data. Syst Parasitol 2022; 99:491-523. [PMID: 35553301 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-022-10041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2014-2015 and 2019-2021, teleost fishes off Galindez Island (Antarctic Peninsula) were examined for trematodes. Combined morphological and molecular analyses revealed the presence of eight trematode species of four families (Hemiuridae, Lecithasteridae, Opecoelidae, Lepidapedidae) from five fish species. Only adult trematodes were found and all of them are Antarctic endemics with their congeners occurring on other continents. The hemiuroids, Elytrophalloides oatesi (Leiper & Atkinson, 1914), Genolinea bowersi (Leiper & Atkinson, 1914), and Lecithaster macrocotyle Szidat & Graefe, 1967 belong to the most common Antarctic species and together with Lepidapedon garrardi (Leiper & Atkinson, 1914) and Neolebouria georgiensis Gibson, 1976 they were recorded as the least host-specific parasites. The originally sub-Antarctic Neolepidapedon macquariensis Zdzitowiecki, 1993 is a new record for the Antarctic Peninsula and Parachaenichthys charcoti (Vaillant), is a new host record. Neolebouria terranovaensis Zdzitowiecki, Pisano & Vacchi, 1993 is considered a synonym of N. georgiensis because of identical morphology and dimensions. The currently known phylogenetic relationships within the studied families are supported, including the polyphyly of Macvicaria Gibson & Bray, 1982 with the future need to accommodate its Antarctic species in a new genus. The validity of M. georgiana (Kovaleva & Gaevskaja, 1974) and M. magellanica Laskowski, Jezewski & Zdzitowiecki, 2013 needs to be confirmed by further analyses. Genetic sequence data are still scarce from Antarctica, and more studies applying integrative taxonomic approaches and large-scale parasitological examinations of benthic invertebrates are needed to match sequences of larval stages to those of well-characterised adults and to elucidate trematode life-cycles.
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Born-Torrijos A, van Beest GS, Vyhlídalová T, Knudsen R, Kristoffersen R, Amundsen PA, Thieltges DW, Soldánová M. Taxa-specific activity loss and mortality patterns in freshwater trematode cercariae under subarctic conditions. Parasitology 2022; 149:457-468. [PMID: 35331353 PMCID: PMC11010473 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cercarial activity and survival are crucial traits for the transmission of trematodes. Temperature is particularly important, as faster depletion of limited cercarial energy reserves occurs at high temperatures. Seasonal climate conditions in high latitude regions may be challenging to complete trematode life cycle during the 6-month ice-free period, but temperature effects on the activity and survival of freshwater cercariae have not been previously identified. After experimentally simulating natural subarctic conditions during warmer and colder months (13 and 6°C), a statistical approach identifying changes in the tendency of cercarial activity loss and mortality data was used to detect differences in three trematode genera, represented by four taxa (Diplostomum spp., Apatemon spp., small- and large-sized Plagiorchis spp.). A strong temperature-dependent response was identified in both activity loss and mortality in all taxa, with Diplostomum spp. cercariae showing the most gradual changes compared to other taxa. Furthermore, whilst activity loss and mortality dynamics could not be divided into ‘fish- vs invertebrate-infecting cercariae’ groups, the detected taxa-specific responses in relation to life-history traits indicate the swimming behaviour of cercariae and energy allocation among larvae individuals as the main drivers. Cercariae exploit the short transmission window that allows a stable continuance of trematodes’ life cycles in high-latitude freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gabrielle S. van Beest
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071Valencia, Spain
| | - Tereza Vyhlídalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 31, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N9037Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roar Kristoffersen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N9037Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N9037Tromsø, Norway
| | - David W. Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790, AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Miroslava Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Cribb TH, Cutmore SC, Bray RA. The biodiversity of marine trematodes: then, now and in the future. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1085-1097. [PMID: 34757087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trematodes are the richest class of platyhelminths in the marine environment, infecting all classes of marine vertebrates as sexual adults and many phyla of marine invertebrates as part of their life cycles. Despite the cryptic nature of their existence (almost all marine trematodes are internal parasites), they have been the focus of study for almost 250 years, with the first species described in 1774. Here we review progress in the study of the "biodiversity" of these parasites, contrasting the progress made in the last 50 years (post-1971) to that in the almost 200 years before it (pre-1972). We consider an understanding of biodiversity to require knowledge of the species present in the system, an understanding of their evolutionary relationships (which informs higher classification), and, specifically for trematodes, an understanding of their complex life cycles. The fauna is now large, comprising well over 5,000 species. Although species description continues, we see evidence of a slow-down in all aspects of discovery. There has been only one completely new family identified since 1984 and the proposal of new genera is in decline as is the description of new species, especially for those of tetrapods. However, the extent to which this slow-down reflects an approach to the richness asymptote is made uncertain by changes in the field; reduced effort and difficulty of study may be important components of the effect. Regardless of how close we are to a complete description of the fauna, we infer that the outline is well-understood although the details are not. Adoption of molecular methodologies over the last 40 years have complemented morphometric analyses to facilitate objective recognition of species; however, despite these objective data, there is still inconsistency between authors on species delimitation. Molecular methodologies have also completely revolutionised inference of relationships at all levels, from within genera to between orders, and underpinned elucidation of novel life cycles. We expect the next 50 years to produce further dividends from technological innovations. The backdrop to the field will be global environmental concerns and the growing problem of funding for basic biodiversity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rodney A Bray
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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11
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Pantoja C, Faltýnková A, O'Dwyer K, Jouet D, Skírnisson K, Kudlai O. Diversity of echinostomes (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in their snail hosts at high latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:59. [PMID: 34319230 PMCID: PMC8336728 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems globally still leaves much to be discovered, not least in the trematode parasite fauna they support. Echinostome trematode parasites have complex, multiple-host life-cycles, often involving migratory bird definitive hosts, thus leading to widespread distributions. Here, we examined the echinostome diversity in freshwater ecosystems at high latitude locations in Iceland, Finland, Ireland and Alaska (USA). We report 14 echinostome species identified morphologically and molecularly from analyses of nad1 and 28S rDNA sequence data. We found echinostomes parasitising snails of 11 species from the families Lymnaeidae, Planorbidae, Physidae and Valvatidae. The number of echinostome species in different hosts did not vary greatly and ranged from one to three species. Of these 14 trematode species, we discovered four species (Echinoparyphium sp. 1, Echinoparyphium sp. 2, Neopetasiger sp. 5, and Echinostomatidae gen. sp.) as novel in Europe; we provide descriptions for the newly recorded species and those not previously associated with DNA sequences. Two species from Iceland (Neopetasiger islandicus and Echinoparyphium sp. 2) were recorded in both Iceland and North America. All species found in Ireland are new records for this country. Via an integrative taxonomic approach taken, both morphological and molecular data are provided for comparison with future studies to elucidate many of the unknown parasite life cycles and transmission routes. Our reports of species distributions spanning Europe and North America highlight the need for parasite biodiversity assessments across large geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pantoja
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic - Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Anna Faltýnková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Katie O'Dwyer
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland
| | - Damien Jouet
- BioSpecT EA7506, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Karl Skírnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic - Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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