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Coelho PRS, López-Hernández D, Oliveira NMT, Gomes DS, Geiger SM, Pinto HA. Idiopyrgus souleyetianus (Gastropoda: Tomichiidae) as an intermediate host of the liver fluke Amphimerus sp. (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae) in Brazil. Parasitol Int 2024; 100:102867. [PMID: 38364969 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite the importance of fish-borne trematodes of the family Opisthorchiidae as causative agents of human liver fluke disease, studies on these parasites outside Asia are relativally scarce. In South America, human focus of amphimerosis is known in Ecuador since the mid-20th century, and Amphimerus spp. have also been reported in wild and domestic mammals. Nevertheless, the knowledge on the snails that act as the first intermediate host of these potentially zoonotic parasites are scarce. Herein, a new cercaria of the pleurolophocercous morphotype found in the freshwater snail Idiopyrgus souleyetianus from Brazil was subjected to morphological and molecular studies. Multigene phylogenetic analyses based on 28S, 5.8S-ITS-2 and Cox-1 sequences enabled the identification of Amphimerus sp., a species distinct from that reported in humans from Ecuador. This cercariae was morphologically compared with other opisthorchiid cercariae known. The possible occurrence of human amphimerosis in Brazil is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R S Coelho
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália M T Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dharliton S Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stefan M Geiger
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hudson A Pinto
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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2
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Dumidae A, Subkrasae C, Ardpairin J, Pansri S, Homkaew C, Gordon CN, Mangkit B, Thanwisai A, Vitta A. Assessment of the genetic diversity of lymnaeid (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) snails and their infection status with trematode cercariae in different regions of Thailand. Infect Genet Evol 2024; 119:105576. [PMID: 38408586 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Lymnaeid snails are some of the most widespread snails and are the first intermediate host of trematode parasites that affect human and livestock health. A full understanding of the genetic relationship of hosts and parasites is of paramount importance for effective parasite management. The present study assessed the prevalence of trematode larvae in lymnaeid snails and examined the genetic diversity of these snails collected across Thailand. We collected 672 lymnaeid snails from 39 locations in 22 provinces of six regions in Thailand. Subsequently, cercarial infection in the snails was observed by using the shedding method. Lymnaeid snails released 5 types of trematode cercariae, namely, xiphidiocercariae, echinostome cercariae I, echinostome cercariae II, furcocercous cercariae, and strigea cercariae. The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS2 and 28S rDNA sequences revealed 5 cercaria types assigned to four trematode families, of which two belong to the group of human intestinal flukes. Combination of shell morphology and sequence analysis of the mitochondrial COI and 16S rDNA genes, the lymnaeid snails were classified into two species, Radix rubiginosa and Orientogalba viridis. Moreover, the combined dataset of mtDNA genes (COI + 16S rDNA) from R. rubiginosa and O. viridis revealed 32 and 15 different haplotypes, respectively, of which only a few haplotypes were infected with cercariae. The genetic diversity and genetic structure revealed that R. rubiginosa and O. viridis experienced a bottleneck phenomenon, and showed limited gene flow between populations. Population demographic history analyses revealed that R. rubiginosa and O. viridis experienced population reductions followed by recent population expansion. These findings may improve our understanding of parasite-lymnaeid evolutionary relationships, as well as the underlying molecular genetic basis, which is information that can be used for further effective control of the spread of trematode disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhakam Dumidae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Chanakan Subkrasae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jiranun Ardpairin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Supawan Pansri
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Chanatinat Homkaew
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Chadaporn Nuchjangreed Gordon
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi Province 20131, Thailand
| | - Bandid Mangkit
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900
| | - Aunchalee Thanwisai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Apichat Vitta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
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Arttra T, Wongsawad P, Wongsawad C, Nantarat N, Butboonchoo P, Chai JY. Morphological and molecular characteristics of Paralecithodendrium longiforme (Digenea: Lecithodendriidae) adults and cercariae from Chinese pipistrelle bats and viviparid snails in Thailand. Parasites Hosts Dis 2024; 62:85-97. [PMID: 38443773 PMCID: PMC10915260 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the morphological and molecular characteristics of Paralecithodendrium longiforme (Digenea: Lecithodendriidae) adults and cercariae isolated in Thailand. Adult flukes were isolated from the Chinese pipistrelle bat (Hypsugo sp.), and cercariae were detected in the viviparid snail (Filopaludina martensi martensi) from Chiang Mai province. The morphological characteristics were observed and described using conventional methods, and the molecular characteristics with internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and 28S rDNA gene sequences. The adult flukes were fusiform, 0.84-0.98 mm in length, and 0.37-0.49 mm in width, and were distinguishable from other species by the presence of longitudinal uterine coils. The cercariae were nonvirgulate xiphidiocercariae, with the oral sucker bigger than the acetabulum, the tail without fin fold, a body size of 117.5-138.3 × 48.3-52.2 µm, and a tail size of 100.7-103.7 × 15.0-18.9 µm. Molecular studies revealed that the adults and cercariae shared 99.3% (ITS2) and 99.6% (28S rDNA) homology with each other. They were phylogenetically close to P. longiforme with an identity of 94.5% for ITS2 and 98.7% for 28S rDNA. This study provides new information on the natural definitive host and first intermediate host of P. longiforme in Thailand. The discovery of its cercarial stage in Filopaludina snails highlights the importance of monitoring the associated second intermediate host and prevention and control of this potentially zoonotic trematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitichai Arttra
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
| | - Pheravut Wongsawad
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Economic Plant Genome Service Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
| | - Chalobol Wongsawad
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
| | - Nattawadee Nantarat
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Butboonchoo
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
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Dumidae A, Subkrasae C, Ardpairin J, Pansri S, Polseela R, Thanwisai A, Vitta A. Population genetic structure of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Thailand and its infection with trematode cercariae. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297761. [PMID: 38277375 PMCID: PMC10817173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Indoplanorbis exustus is a freshwater gastropod belonging to the family Planorbidae. This snail is widely distributed across the tropics and plays an important role as the intermediate host for trematodes. However, relatively little is understood regarding the genetic relationship between I. exustus and trematodes. The goals of this study were to investigate the current transmission status of trematode cercariae in I. exustus in Thailand and to examine the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and demographic history of I. exustus. We collected 575 I. exustus from 21 provinces across six regions of Thailand and investigated cercarial infections by using the shedding method. I. exustus from two provinces were infected with cercarial trematodes, and two types of cercarial stages were molecularly identified as furcocercous cercaria and xiphidiocercariae. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on 28S rDNA and ITS2 sequences demonstrated that furcocercous cercaria and xiphidiocercariae were closely clustered with a clade of Euclinostomum sp. and Xiphidiocercariae sp., respectively. Phylogenetic and network analyses of I. exustus haplotypes based on the COI, 16S rDNA, and ITS1 genes demonstrated four main clades. Only snails in clade A were distributed in all regions of Thailand and harbored trematode cercariae. The level of genetic diversity of I. exustus was relatively high, but most populations were not genetically different, thus suggesting the appearance of gene flow within the I. exustus populations. Overall, the haplotype network was star-shaped, thus suggesting the recent demographic expansion of populations. This result was also supported by the unimodal mode of the mismatch distribution graph and the large negative values of the neutrality tests. Therefore, the I. exustus snail was likely another freshwater snail of the invasive species in Thailand. This information will aid in monitoring the spread of the parasitic trematodes carried by I. exustus from different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhakam Dumidae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Chanakan Subkrasae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jiranun Ardpairin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Supawan Pansri
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Raxsina Polseela
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Aunchalee Thanwisai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Apichat Vitta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Sun HY, Zhang JY, Zhang HX, Xu Q, Lu DB. Genetic difference between two Schistosoma japonicum isolates with contrasting cercarial shedding patterns revealed by whole genome sequencing. Parasite 2023; 30:59. [PMID: 38084940 PMCID: PMC10714679 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma japonicum is one of the major infectious agents of human schistosomiasis, mainly endemic in China and the Philippines. We have previously reported the finding of two schistosome isolates, each with a different cercarial emergence pattern adapted to their different hosts. However, there are currently no whole-genome sequencing studies to investigate the underlining genetics of the adaptive traits. We sampled schistosomes in 2013 and 2020 from a hilly area Shitai (ST) and a marshland area Hexian (HX) of Anhui, China. Ten to 15 male or female adult worms from each site/year were sent for whole genome sequencing. Genetics were analyzed, and selection signals along genomes were detected. Gene enrichment analysis was performed for the genome regions under selection. The results revealed considerable genetic differentiation between the two isolates. The genome "windows" affected by natural selection were fewer in ST (64 windows containing 78 genes) than in HX (318 windows containing 276 genes). Twelve significantly enriched genes were identified in ST, but none in HX. These genes were mainly related to specific DNA binding and intercellular signaling transduction. Some functional region changes identified along the genome of the hilly schistosome may be related to its unique late afternoon cercarial emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Sun
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Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University 199 RenAi Road, Industrial Park Avenue Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| | - Jie-Ying Zhang
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Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University 199 RenAi Road, Industrial Park Avenue Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| | - Han-Xiang Zhang
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Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University 199 RenAi Road, Industrial Park Avenue Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| | - Qing Xu
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Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University 199 RenAi Road, Industrial Park Avenue Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| | - Da-Bing Lu
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Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University 199 RenAi Road, Industrial Park Avenue Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
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Martinez LE, Gilardoni C, Medina C, Cremonte F, Etchegoin JA. The elucidation of the life cycle of Saccocoelioides nanii Szidat, 1954 (Digenea: Haploporidae) using molecular techniques. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e80. [PMID: 37919931 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In South America, the knowledge of trematode diversity parasitizing freshwater fishes is still scarce, as less than 5% of the freshwater fish fauna has been examined for parasites. A similar situation applies to studies on digenean life cycles, which have become increasingly rare. Among the digenean families parasitizing freshwater fishes in the region, Haploporidae is considered the richest in species diversity. However, information about the developmental stages of haploporid life cycles remains fragmentary. Particularly, in Argentina, nine cercariae attributed to the family Haploporidae have been described using morphological analysis, and only two life cycles of this family have been completely elucidated. In this study a new type of cercaria, morphologically assigned to the family Haploporidae and collected from the snail Heleobia parchappii (Cochliopidae) in Los Padres shallow lake, Buenos Aires province, was identified using morphological and molecular techniques. The molecular analysis, based on 28S and ITS2 sequences, revealed that the cercariae were 100% identical to adult specimens of Saccocoelioides nanii (Haploporidae) parasitizing the fish Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae) from Los Talas, Buenos Aires province. Our results not only provide information about the life cycle of S.nanii but also show that a molecular and morphological approach can be extremely useful in identifying the developmental stages of digeneans and elucidating their life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Martinez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC-PBA, Juan B. Justo 2550 (7600), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Gilardoni
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, (9120), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - C Medina
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, (9120), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - F Cremonte
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, (9120), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - J A Etchegoin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC-PBA, Juan B. Justo 2550 (7600), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Suwancharoen C, Phuangsri C, Siriwechviriya P, Bunsong T, Japa O. Diversity of trematode cercariae among naturally infected lymnaeid snails from Phayao, Thailand. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2691-2708. [PMID: 37698606 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Lymnaeids are aquatic snails playing an important role in the transmission of many parasitic trematode species of veterinary and medical importance. In this study, we assessed the presence of cercarial flukes in naturally infected lymnaeid snails from Phayao province, Thailand, and determined the species diversity of both the intermediate snail hosts and parasite larvae. A total of 3,185 lymnaeid snails were collected from paddy fields at 31 sites in eight districts of Phayao province between October 2021 and December 2022. Larval fluke infection was assessed using the cercarial shedding method. The collected snails as well as emerging cercariae were identified at the species level via morphological and molecular methods. The sequences of snail internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and cercarial 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S rDNA) and cytochrome C oxidase1 (Cox1) were determined by PCR amplification and sequencing. Three species of lymnaeid snails were detected in this study, including Radix (Lymnaea) rubiginosa (Michelin, 1831), Radix (Lymnaea) swinhoei (Adams, 1866) and Austropeplea viridis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832), of which R. rubiginosa was the most abundant, followed by A. viridis and R. swinhoei. The overall rate of trematode cercarial infection in the lymnaeid snails was 2.8% (90/3,185); the cercarial infection rate in R. rubiginosa and A. viridis was 3.5% (60/1,735) and 3.1% (30/981), respectively. No larval fluke infection was observed in the studied R. swinhoei (0/469). Nine morphotypes of cercariae were detected at 15 sites from four districts. The emerging cercariae were molecularly identified as Clinostomum sp., Aporocotylidae sp., Apharyngostrigea sp., Trichobilharzia sp., Apatemon sp., Pegosomum sp., Petasiger sp., Echinostoma revolutum and Plagiorchis sp. These findings emphasize the occurrence and diversity of trematode cercariae among naturally infected lymnaeid snails in Phayao province and could contribute to broadening our understanding of the host-parasite relationships between trematodes and their first intermediate hosts as well as developing effective interventions to control trematode parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittakun Suwancharoen
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Chorpaka Phuangsri
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Pannawich Siriwechviriya
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Thanakon Bunsong
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ornampai Japa
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
- Scientific Instrument and Product Standard Quality Inspection Center, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand.
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Krupenko D, Miroliubov A, Kryukov E, Faure L, Minemizu R, Haag L, Lundgren M, Kameneva P, Kastriti ME, Adameyko I. Polymorphic parasitic larvae cooperate to build swimming colonies luring hosts. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4524-4531.e4. [PMID: 37741283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Parasites have evolved a variety of astonishing strategies to survive within their hosts, yet the most challenging event in their personal chronicles is the passage from one host to another. It becomes even more complex when a parasite needs to pass through the external environment. Therefore, the free-living stages of parasites present a wide range of adaptations for transmission. Parasitic flatworms from the group Digenea (flukes) have free-living larvae, cercariae, which are remarkably diverse in structure and behavior.1,2 One of the cercariae transmission strategies is to attain a prey-like appearance for the host.3 This can be done through the formation of a swimming aggregate of several cercariae adjoined together by their tails.4 Through the use of live observations and light, electron, and confocal microscopy, we described such a supposedly prey-mimetic colony comprising cercariae of two distinct morphotypes. They are functionally specialized: larger morphotype (sailors) enable motility, and smaller morphotype (passengers) presumably facilitate infection. The analysis of local read alignments between the two samples reveals that both cercaria types have identical 18S, 28S, and 5.8S rRNA genes. Further phylogenetic analysis of these ribosomal sequences indicates that our specimen belongs to the digenean family Acanthocolpidae, likely genus Pleorchis. This discovery provides a unique example and a novel insight into how morphologically and functionally heterogeneous individuals of the same species cooperate to build colonial organisms for the purpose of infection. This strategy bears resemblance to the cooperating castes of the same species found among insects.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Krupenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Aleksei Miroliubov
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Universitetskaya Embankment, 1, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Emil Kryukov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts. Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Louis Faure
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ryo Minemizu
- Ryo Minemizu Photo Office, Shizuoka 411-0907, Japan
| | - Lars Haag
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lundgren
- Department of Organismal Biology, University of Uppsala, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Polina Kameneva
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Le Clec’h W, Chevalier FD, Jutzeler K, Anderson TJC. No evidence for schistosome parasite fitness trade-offs in the intermediate and definitive host. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:132. [PMID: 37069704 PMCID: PMC10111729 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni uses an aquatic snail intermediate and a vertebrate definitive host to complete its life cycle. We previously showed that a key transmission trait-the number of cercariae larvae shed from infected Biomphalaria spp. snails-varies significantly within and between different parasite populations and is genetically controlled by five loci. We investigated the hypothesis that the success of parasite genotypes showing high propagative fitness in the intermediate snail host may be offset by lower reproductive fitness in the definitive vertebrate host. METHODS We investigated this trade-off hypothesis by selecting parasite progeny producing high or low number of larvae in the snail and then comparing fitness parameters and virulence in the rodent host. We infected inbred BALB/c mice using two Schistosoma mansoni parasite lines [high shedder (HS) and low shedder (LS) lines] isolated from F2 progeny generated by genetic crosses between SmLE (HS parent) and SmBRE (LS parent) parasites. We used the F3 progeny to infect two populations of inbred Biomphalaria glabrata snails. We then compared life history traits and virulence of these two selected parasite lines in the rodent host to understand pleiotropic effects of genes determining cercarial shedding in parasites infecting the definitive host. RESULTS HS parasites shed high numbers of cercariae, which had a detrimental impact on snail physiology (measured by laccase-like activity and hemoglobin rate), regardless of the snail genetic background. In contrast, selected LS parasites shed fewer cercariae and had a lower impact on snail physiology. Similarly, HS worms have a higher reproductive fitness and produced more viable F3 miracidia larvae than LS parasites. This increase in transmission is correlated with an increase in virulence toward the rodent host, characterized by stronger hepato-splenomegaly and hepatic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS These experiments revealed that schistosome parasite propagative and reproductive fitness was positively correlated in intermediate and definitive host (positive pleiotropy). Therefore, we rejected our trade-off hypothesis. We also showed that our selected schistosome lines exhibited low and high shedding phenotype regardless of the intermediate snail host genetic background. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec’h
- Host Parasite Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA
| | - Frédéric D. Chevalier
- Host Parasite Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA
| | - Kathrin Jutzeler
- Host Parasite Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA
- UT Health, Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Timothy J. C. Anderson
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA
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Faltýnková A, Kudlai O, Pantoja C, Jouet D, Skírnisson K. Prey-mimetism in cercariae of Apatemon (Digenea, Strigeidae) in freshwater in northern latitudes. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:815-831. [PMID: 36670312 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cercariae, the free-living larval stages of trematodes, have adopted an amazing variety of transmission strategies. One of them is prey-mimetism, i.e. cercariae mimicking prey to attract motile hosts to be eaten. In a period between 2002 and 2019, we examined small planorbid snails, Bathyomphalus contortus, Gyraulus parvus and Planorbis planorbis from lakes in Finland and Iceland and from the Curonian Lagoon in Lithuania. Cercariae with conspicuously enlarged tails and unusual swimming behaviour, likely mimicking invertebrate prey, were detected and studied by the use of morphological and molecular (cox1, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S rDNA) methods. Cercariae of two species belonging to the genus Apatemon (Strigeidae) were recognised. We consider Apatemon sp. 5 ex P. planorbis from the Curonian Lagoon identical to Cercaria globocaudata U. Szidat, 1940. Cercariae ex G. parvus from Iceland and ex B. contortus from Finland were conspecific, and we named them Apatemon sp. 6; these cercariae could not be associated with any known species. For the first time, we verified that cercariae of the Bulbocauda group belong to the genus Apatemon. We provide a mini-review on records of furcocercariae of the family Strigeidae with enlarged tails reported in freshwaters of the northern hemisphere and reveal that it is not only Apatemon but also Australapatemon and most likely Strigea which belong to the Bulbocauda group, rendering it a purely ecological assemblage. Understanding which invertebrate swimming behaviour these cercariae are mimicking will enhance our knowledge of the processes behind trematode transmission and will help to assess evolutionary pathways of host-finding strategies in trematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Faltýnková
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Camila Pantoja
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Damien Jouet
- BioSpecT EA7506, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Karl Skírnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112, Reykjavík, Iceland
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11
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Lozano-Cobo H, Oceguera-Figueroa A, Silva-Segundo CA, Robinson CJ, Gómez-Gutiérrez J. Finding a needle in a haystack: larval stages of Didymozoidae (Trematoda: Digenea) parasitizing marine zooplankton. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2661-2672. [PMID: 35857092 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Larval didymozoids (Trematoda: Digenea) were discovered parasitizing the hemocoel of the heteropod Firoloida desmarestia (redia mean intensity = 13) and the chaetognaths Flaccisagitta enflata and Flaccisagitta hexaptera (metacercaria mean intensity = 1) during a 2014-2016 systematic study of parasites of zooplankton collected in the central and southern regions of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Didymozoid infection route during the early life cycle was inferred combining morphological (light microscopy) and molecular (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, cox1) evidence. Didymozoid rediae parasitizing F. desmarestia were observed, just after field collection of the host, containing hundredths of completely developed cystophorous cercariae, releasing them though the birth pore at approximately one cercaria every 12 s. Cercariae lost their tails developing into a 'young metacercaria' in 1 d at 22 °C without need of an intermediate host. Molecular analysis of cox1 showed that rediae found in F. desmarestia belong to two distinct didymozoid species (Didymozoidae sp. 1 and sp. 2). Metacercariae parasitizing chaetognaths were morphologically identified as Didymozoidae type Monilicaecum and cox1 sequences showed that metacercariae of chaetognaths matched with these two Didymozoidae sp. 1, and sp. 2 species found parasitizing F. desmarestia, plus a third distinct Didymozoidae sp. 3. These are the first DNA sequences of cox1 gene from didymozoid larvae for any zooplankton taxonomic group in the world. We concluded that F. desmarestia is the first intermediate host of rediae and cercariae, and the chaetognaths are the second intermediate hosts where non-encysted metacercariae were found. The definitive host is still unknown because cox1 sequences of present study did not genetically match with any available cox1 sequence of adult didymozoid. Our results demonstrate a potential overlap in the distribution of two carnivorous zooplankton taxonomic groups that are intermediate hosts of didymozoids in the pelagic habitat. The didymozoid specimens were not identified to species level because any of the cox1 sequences generated here matched with the sequences of adult didymozoids currently available in GenBank and Bold System databases. This study provides baseline information for the future morphological and molecular understanding of the Didymozoidae larvae that has been previously based on the recognition of the 12 known morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Lozano-Cobo
- Departamento de Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma, 09310, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN s/n, 23096, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia A Silva-Segundo
- Departamento Académico de Ingeniería en Pesquerías, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, km 5.5 Carretera al Sur, 23080, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico
| | - Carlos J Robinson
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN s/n, 23096, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico.
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12
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Pennance T, Ame SM, Amour AK, Suleiman KR, Muhsin MA, Kabole F, Ali SM, Archer J, Allan F, Emery A, Rabone M, Knopp S, Rollinson D, Cable J, Webster BL. Transmission and diversity of Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis and their freshwater intermediate snail hosts Bulinus globosus and B. nasutus in the Zanzibar Archipelago, United Republic of Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010585. [PMID: 35788199 PMCID: PMC9286283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Zanzibar Archipelago (Pemba and Unguja islands) is targeted for the elimination of human urogenital schistosomiasis caused by infection with Schistosoma haematobium where the intermediate snail host is Bulinus globosus. Following multiple studies, it has remained unclear if B. nasutus (a snail species that occupies geographically distinct regions on the Archipelago) is involved in S. haematobium transmission on Zanzibar. Additionally, S. haematobium was thought to be the only Schistosoma species present on the Zanzibar Archipelago until the sympatric transmission of S. bovis, a parasite of ruminants, was recently identified. Here we re-assess the epidemiology of schistosomiasis on Pemba and Unguja together with the role and genetic diversity of the Bulinus spp. involved in transmission. Methodology/Principal findings Malacological and parasitological surveys were conducted between 2016 and 2019. In total, 11,116 Bulinus spp. snails were collected from 65 of 112 freshwater bodies surveyed. Bulinus species identification were determined using mitochondrial cox1 sequences for a representative subset of collected Bulinus (n = 504) and together with archived museum specimens (n = 6), 433 B. globosus and 77 B. nasutus were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 haplotypes revealed three distinct populations of B. globosus, two with an overlapping distribution on Pemba and one on Unguja. For B. nasutus, only a single clade with matching haplotypes was observed across the islands and included reference sequences from Kenya. Schistosoma haematobium cercariae (n = 158) were identified from 12 infected B. globosus and one B. nasutus collected between 2016 and 2019 in Pemba, and cercariae originating from 69 Bulinus spp. archived in museum collections. Schistosoma bovis cercariae (n = 21) were identified from seven additional B. globosus collected between 2016 and 2019 in Pemba. By analysing a partial mitochondrial cox1 region and the nuclear ITS (1–5.8S-2) rDNA region of Schistosoma cercariae, we identified 18 S. haematobium and three S. bovis haplotypes representing populations associated with mainland Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands (Zanzibar, Madagascar, Mauritius and Mafia). Conclusions/Significance The individual B. nasutus on Pemba infected with S. haematobium demonstrates that B. nasutus could also play a role in the local transmission of S. haematobium. We provide preliminary evidence that intraspecific variability of S. haematobium on Pemba may increase the transmission potential of S. haematobium locally due to the expanded intermediate host range, and that the presence of S. bovis complicates the environmental surveillance of schistosome infections. Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Human urogenital schistosomiasis is targeted for elimination on the Zanzibar Archipelago, United Republic of Tanzania, with multiple interventions being implemented to curtail transmission of the parasite to humans on the islands since 2012. Environmental surveillance for schistosomiasis transmission by collecting intermediate host snails, checking snails for Schistosoma infection, and preserving collected snails and Schistosoma parasites offers the possibility for molecular analyses to investigate the evolutionary/genetic relationships of both snails and parasites. Schistosome transmission on Zanzibar was believed to involve a single schistosome species (Schistosoma haematobium) transmitted via a single intermediate host species (Bulinus globosus). However, our findings demonstrate the locally established presence of S. bovis, responsible for bovine intestinal schistosomiasis, and an extended intermediate host compatibility of S. haematobium with the snail B. nasutus on Pemba. Increased parasite diversity and intermediate host species compatibility may increase the transmission of Schistosoma species on Zanzibar and stretch resources for public health interventions with the need for Schistosoma species specific surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Pennance
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific–Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shaali Makame Ame
- Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Amour Khamis Amour
- Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Mtumweni Ali Muhsin
- Neglected Diseases Program, Ministry of Health Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Fatma Kabole
- Neglected Diseases Program, Ministry of Health Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Said Mohammed Ali
- Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - John Archer
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Allan
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan Emery
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Rabone
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Knopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Rollinson
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
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Prastowo J, Priyowidodo D, Sahara A, Nurcahyo W, Nugraheni YR, Awaludin A. Molecular identification of cercaria Fasciola gigantica in lymnaeid snails in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 30:100707. [PMID: 35431065 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lymnaeid snails play an essential role in transmitting fasciolosis as intermediate hosts. Therefore, this study aims to use the molecular method to identify liver fluke in lymnaeid snails. A total of 320 lymnaeid snails were collected from a rice field. The samples were dissected to collect cercaria and identified using polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) was used as the target gene to identify the species of cercaria. The result showed that 3.75% (12/320) of the snails were infected by Fasciola gigantica, while the phylogenetic tree based on ITS2 showed that the cercaria in this study was monophyletic and similar to species from several countries in Southeast Asia, including China. Furthermore, the haplotype network showed that all four cercaria samples were similar with sequences from several countries. This study suggests that the F. gigantica cercaria isolated from lymnaeid snails in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, has a sequence similar to that of other species in Southeast Asian countries, although no hybrid type was detected in these sequences. This is the first report on the molecular identification of cercaria F. gigantica isolated from lymnaeid snails in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joko Prastowo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna no.2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Dwi Priyowidodo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna no.2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ana Sahara
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna no.2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna no.2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Yudhi Ratna Nugraheni
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna no.2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Aan Awaludin
- Livestock Production Study Program, Department of Animal Husbandry, Politeknik Negeri Jember, 68101, Indonesia
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Dellagnola FA, Campoy-Diaz AD, Vega IA. First morphological and molecular identification of the cercaria of Stomylotrema vicarium from the endemic apple snail Pomacea americanista. Parasitology 2022; 149:95-104. [PMID: 35184782 PMCID: PMC11010495 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100158x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The adult fluke Stomylotrema vicarium (Stomylotrematidae, Microphalloidea) was described for the first time in Theristicus caerulescens in 1901, but the complete life cycle has remained unknown to date. Here, we found a stomylotrematid trematode in the digestive gland of the endemic apple snail Pomacea americanista. The digestive gland's tubuloacini were compressed by the trematode larvae placed on connective tissues and haemocoel spaces. Non-virgulate, stylet-bearing cercariae showed three pairs of penetration glands with a body, oral sucker and stylet morphometrically similar to those of stylet-bearing, unencysted young metacercariae of S. vicarium found in the aquatic coleopteran Megadytes glaucus, and at a lesser extent with cercariae of S. gratiosus found in the apple snail Pomacea maculata. The larvae molecular phylogeny was inferred using the markers rRNA 28S and ITS1, being these sequences grouped with the sequences of S. vicarium obtained from adult flukes. Together, these findings indicate that the life cycle of S. vicarium begins in P. americanista, thus supporting the hypothesis that the ampullariid snails act as a first intermediate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico A. Dellagnola
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza City, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza City, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza City, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alejandra D. Campoy-Diaz
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza City, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza City, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Israel A. Vega
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza City, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza City, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza City, Mendoza, Argentina
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Gasan TA, Kuipers ME, Roberts GH, Padalino G, Forde-Thomas JE, Wilson S, Wawrzyniak J, Tukahebwa EM, Hoffmann KF, Chalmers IW. Schistosoma mansoni Larval Extracellular Vesicle protein 1 (SmLEV1) is an immunogenic antigen found in EVs released from pre-acetabular glands of invading cercariae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009981. [PMID: 34793443 PMCID: PMC8639091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are an integral component of cellular/organismal communication and have been found in the excreted/secreted (ES) products of both protozoan and metazoan parasites. Within the blood fluke schistosomes, EVs have been isolated from egg, schistosomula, and adult lifecycle stages. However, the role(s) that EVs have in shaping aspects of parasite biology and/or manipulating host interactions is poorly defined. Herein, we characterise the most abundant EV-enriched protein in Schistosoma mansoni tissue-migrating schistosomula (Schistosoma mansoni Larval Extracellular Vesicle protein 1 (SmLEV1)). Comparative sequence analysis demonstrates that lev1 orthologs are found in all published Schistosoma genomes, yet homologs are not found outside of the Schistosomatidae. Lifecycle expression analyses collectively reveal that smlev1 transcription peaks in cercariae, is male biased in adults, and is processed by alternative splicing in intra-mammalian lifecycle stages. Immunohistochemistry of cercariae using a polyclonal anti-recombinant SmLEV1 antiserum localises this protein to the pre-acetabular gland, with some disperse localisation to the surface of the parasite. S. mansoni-infected Ugandan fishermen exhibit a strong IgG1 response against SmLEV1 (dropping significantly after praziquantel treatment), with 11% of the cohort exhibiting an IgE response and minimal levels of detectable antigen-specific IgG4. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with rSmLEV1 show a slightly reduced parasite burden upon challenge infection and significantly reduced granuloma volumes, compared with control animals. Collectively, these results describe SmLEV1 as a Schistosomatidae-specific, EV-enriched immunogen. Further investigations are now necessary to uncover the full extent of SmLEV1's role in shaping schistosome EV function and definitive host relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Gasan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Marije E. Kuipers
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Grisial H. Roberts
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Gilda Padalino
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine E. Forde-Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Wawrzyniak
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karl F. Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Iain W. Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
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Hagerty JR, Kim HC, Jolly ER. Multiomic analysis of Schistosoma mansoni reveals unique expression profiles in cercarial heads and tails. Commun Biol 2021; 4:860. [PMID: 34253841 PMCID: PMC8275615 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes require both molluscan and mammalian hosts for development. The larval cercaria exits the snail host and swims to identify and invade the mammalian host. The cercaria has two macrostructures, the head and the tail. The head invades the host, where it matures into an adult worm. The tail is lost after host invasion. Translation in the cercaria differs in each macrostructure, with higher levels of translation in the cercarial tail and little to no translational activity in the cercarial head. We compared the transcriptome and proteome of the cercarial head and tail and observed stark differences between the two macrostructures. We identified unique and differentially expressed transcripts and proteins, including ribosomal components expressed in higher levels in tails than in heads, which may explain the differences in translation levels between heads and tails. We also characterized the weak correlation between transcription and translation in infectious cercarial heads and tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hagerty
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hyung Chul Kim
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emmitt R Jolly
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Western Reserve University, Center for Global Health and Disease, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Wiroonpan P, Chontananarth T, Purivirojkul W. Cercarial trematodes in freshwater snails from Bangkok, Thailand: prevalence, morphological and molecular studies and human parasite perspective. Parasitology 2021; 148:366-383. [PMID: 33100233 PMCID: PMC11010064 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence, morphological characters and molecular classifications of trematode cercariae in freshwater snails randomly collected from 59 sampling localities in Bangkok from May 2018 to March 2019. We used a crushing technique to observe the cercarial stage inside each snail body and amplified the internal transcribed spacer 2 regions of cercarial DNA using polymerase chain reaction methodology. The associated phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using Bayesian inference analyses. A total of 517 of 15 621 examined snails were infected with trematode cercariae, and the infected snails were classified into 11 species of seven families with a 3.31% overall prevalence of the infection. The Bithynia siamensis siamensis snail displayed the highest prevalence of infection (16.16%), whereas the Physella acuta snail exhibited the lowest prevalence (0.08%) of infection. Eight morphological types of cercariae were observed. The highest prevalence of infection was observed in mutabile cercaria (1.86%). Based on molecular investigations, the phylogram revealed eight cercaria types assigned to at least nine digenean trematode families, of which five belong to groups of human intestinal flukes. Although, with the exception of schistosome cercaria, trematode cercariae are not known to directly damage humans, understanding the general biology of trematode cercariae (including diversity, distribution, infection rates and host range) is important and necessary for the prevention and control of parasitic transmission that impacts aquatic cultivations, livestock farming and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichit Wiroonpan
- Animal Systematics and Ecology Speciality Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bang Khen Campus, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Thapana Chontananarth
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasitic Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watchariya Purivirojkul
- Animal Systematics and Ecology Speciality Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bang Khen Campus, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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Montenegro D, Romero MS, González MT. Morphological and molecular characterization of larval digenean trematodes (Parvatrema: Gymnophallidae) and their pathological effects on the clam Leukoma thaca (=Protothaca thaca) (Bivalvia:Veneridae) (Molina, 1782) from northern Chile. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102238. [PMID: 33147501 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trematodes are one of the largest taxa of mollusk parasites. The clam Leukoma thaca is an economically exploited bivalve found along the south-eastern Pacific coast of Peru and Chile. This bivalve is parasitized by various unidentified larval stages of digeneans in the mantle, gonads and digestive gland. The aims of this study were to determine and describe the different larval stages of the digeneans based on morphological characteristics, to identify them at the species level by performing molecular analyses, and to evaluate pathologies associated with the parasites of this clam. Individuals of L. thaca were collected in San Jorge Bay (23°S), Chile, between November 2018 and February 2019. Morphological description was carried out using in vivo and fixed specimens, and analyses including histological and scanning electron microscopy were performed. Individuals were also isolated for molecular analysis using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), including partial subunit 18S rDNA (18S) and small subunit 5.8S gene (5.8S). Morphological characteristics indicated that the metacercaria larval stage belongs to the family Gymnophallidae, genus Parvatrema, which was supported by molecular analysis. Molecular results revealed that metacercaria, sporocysts and cercaria stages found in this clam belong to the same species of Parvatrema (genetic distance 0%), evidencing that this species uses L. thaca as the first and second intermediate host. Pathologies examined in the host were similar in nature to those reported in other gymnophallids in bivalves, but high prevalence of cercariae (20%) in gonads suggested an important castrator effect on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Montenegro
- Master's program in Ecology of Aquatic Systems, University of Antofagasta, Casilla 170, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - María Soledad Romero
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Recursos del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - María Teresa González
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Facultad de Recursos del Mar, University of Antofagasta, Casilla 170, Antofagasta, Chile
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Zhu B, Luo F, Shen Y, Yang W, Sun C, Wang J, Li J, Mo X, Xu B, Zhang X, Li Y, Hu W. Schistosoma japonicum cathepsin B2 (SjCB2) facilitates parasite invasion through the skin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008810. [PMID: 33104723 PMCID: PMC7644097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cercariae invasion of the human skin is the first step in schistosome infection. Proteases play key roles in this process. However, little is known about the related hydrolytic enzymes in Schistosoma japonicum. Here, we investigated the biochemical features, tissue distribution and biological roles of a cathepsin B cysteine protease, SjCB2, in the invasion process of S. japonicum cercariae. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that recombinant SjCB2 is a typical cysteine protease with optimum temperature and pH for activity at 37°C and 4.0, respectively, and can be totally inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64. Immunoblotting showed that both the zymogen (50 kDa) and mature enzyme (30.5 kDa) forms of SjCB2 are expressed in the cercariae. It was observed that SjCB2 localized predominantly in the acetabular glands and their ducts of cercariae, suggesting that the protease could be released during the invasion process. The protease degraded collagen, elastin, keratin, fibronectin, immunoglobulin (A, G and M) and complement C3, protein components of the dermis and immune system. In addition, proteomic analysis demonstrated that SjCB2 can degrade the human epidermis. Furthermore, it was showed that anti-rSjCB2 IgG significantly reduced (22.94%) the ability of the cercariae to invade the skin. The cysteine protease, SjCB2, located in the acetabular glands and their ducts of S. japonicum cercariae. We propose that SjCB2 facilitates skin invasion by degrading the major proteins of the epidermis and dermis. However, this cysteine protease may play additional roles in host-parasite interaction by degrading immunoglobins and complement protein. Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in the world, with about 200 million humans infected in 74 tropical countries. The infection of schistosome is initiated when the larvae, cercariae, penetrate the human skin. Proteolytic enzymes are likely involved in the invasion process, but these have yet to be characterized for S. japonicum. Here, we have functionally expressed a recombinant form of the cathepsin B cysteine protease SjCB2 in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Our study showed that SjCB2 degraded a number of proteins associated with the skin and immune systems, and disrupted the structure of the human epidermis. The enzyme was located in the acetabular glands and their ducts in the cercariae, where it would be stored before released into the skin. Antibody-blocking studies revealed that SjCB2 had a 22.94% contribution during the cercariae invasion process. Taken together, our findings suggest that SjCB2 helped cercariae penetrating the skin barrier and evading the immune attack to allow successful infection in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkuan Zhu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Yang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengsong Sun
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Dermatology Department, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Mo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (WH)
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (WH)
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Liu S, Piao X, Hou N, Cai P, Ma Y, Chen Q. Duplex real-time PCR for sexing Schistosoma japonicum cercariae based on W chromosome-specific genes and its applications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008609. [PMID: 32822351 PMCID: PMC7467314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a unique feature among otherwise hermaphroditic trematodes, Schistosoma species are gonochoric parasites whose sex is genetically determined (ZZ for males and ZW for females). However, schistosome larvae are morphologically identical, and sex can only be discriminated by molecular methods. Here, we integrated published Schistosoma. japonicum transcriptome and genome data to identify W chromosome-specific genes as sex biomarkers. Three W chromosome-specific genes of S. japonicum were identified as sex biomarkers from a panel of 12 genes expressed only in females. An efficient duplex real-time PCR (qPCR) method for sexing cercariae was developed which could identify the sex of cercariae within 2 h without DNA extraction. Moreover, this method can be used to identify not only single-sex but also mixed-sex schistosome-infected snails. We observed a nearly equal proportion of single-male, single-female, and mixed-sex schistosome infections in artificially infected snails. Sex-known schistosome-infected snail models can be efficiently constructed with the aid of duplex qPCR. A field study revealed that single-sex schistosome infections were predominant among naturally infected snails. Finally, a schistosomiasis mouse model based on sex-known cercariae infection was shown to be more reliable than a model based on sex-unknown cercariae infection. The developed duplex qPCR method for sexing S. japonicum cercariae can be widely used for schistosomiasis modeling, genetic experiments, and field-based molecular epidemiological studies. Schistosoma japonicum is a major causative agent of human schistosomiasis. Unlike other parasitic worms, S. japonicum females are determined by the heterogametic sex chromosome (ZW) and males by the homogametic sex chromosome (ZZ). The life cycle of S. japonicum includes the egg, miracidium, mother sporocyst, daughter sporocyst, cercaria, schistosomulum, and adult stages. The sex of adult male and female worms can be morphologically distinguished, whereas the sex of larvae, such as cercariae, can only be discriminated by molecular methods. In this study, we established an efficient duplex real-time PCR method for sexing S. japonicum cercariae based on newly identified W chromosome-specific genes. The established duplex real-time PCR method will facilitate construction of sex-controlled schistosome-infected intermediate host or definitive host models for schistosome-host interplays and schistosomiasis studies. This method is also a powerful tool for investigating the epidemiology of single-sex and mixed-sex schistosome-infected snails in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (SL); (QC)
| | - Xianyu Piao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Nan Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yu Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qijun Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (SL); (QC)
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Gu MJ, Li YW, Emery AM, Li SZ, Jiang YZ, Dong HF, Zhao QP. The genetic variation of different developmental stages of Schistosoma japonicum: do the distribution in snails and pairing preference benefit the transmission? Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:360. [PMID: 32690109 PMCID: PMC7372819 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma japonicum is a waterborne parasite that causes schistosomiasis in humans and in more than 40 animal species. Schistosoma japonicum shows distinct genetic differentiation among geographical populations and multiple hosts, but the genetic diversity of different developmental stages of S. japonicum from is less studied. Such studies could elucidate ecological mechanisms in disease transmission by analysing feedbacks in individual physiology and population state. METHODS After infection using cercariae from a pool of snails shedding together (Method I) and infection using mixed equal numbers of cercariae from individually shed snails (Method II), different developmental stages of S. japonicum were genotyped with microsatellite loci, including 346 cercariae, 701 adult worms and 393 miracidia. Genetic diversity and molecular variation were calculated at different population levels. Kinships (I') among cercariae at intra-snail and inter-snail levels were evaluated. Genetic distance (Dsw) was compared between paired and unpaired worms, and partner changing was investigated through paternity identification for miracidia. RESULTS The cercaria clones in individual snails varied from 1 to 8 and the kinship of cercariae within individual snails was significant higher (P < 0.001) than that among different snails after deleting near-identical multi-locus genotypes (niMLGs). The allelic diversity of worms in Method I was lower (P < 0.001) than that in Method II, and allele frequency among mice in Method I was also less consistent. The parents of some miracidia were worms that were not paired when collected. The Dsw between each female of paired and unpaired males was much larger (P < 0.001) than that between the female and male in each pair. CONCLUSIONS Most of the infected snails contained multiple miracidia clones. The aggregation of genetically similar S. japonicum miracidia in individual snails and the unbalanced distribution of miracidia among snails suggests a non-uniform genetic distribution of cercariae among snails in the field. This further influenced the genetic structure of adult worms from infections with different cercariae sampling methods. Schistosoma japonicum in mice can change paired partner, preferring to mate with genetically similar worms. These characteristics provide implications for understanding the balance in genetic diversity of S. japonicum related to the transmission of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Gu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yong-Zhong Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Hui-Fen Dong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Qin-Ping Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
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Gilardoni C, Etchegoin J, Cribb T, Pina S, Rodrigues P, Diez ME, Cremonte F. Cryptic speciation of the zoogonid digenean Diphterostomum flavum n. sp. demonstrated by morphological and molecular data. Parasite 2020; 27:44. [PMID: 32553099 PMCID: PMC7301638 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphterostomum brusinae (Zoogonidae) is a digenean species that has been recorded worldwide parasitizing marine fishes. Several species have been synonymized with D. brusinae because they lack conspicuous morphological differences. However, due to the breadth of its geographic distribution and the variety of hosts involved in the life cycles, it is likely to be an assemblage of cryptic species. Diphterostomum flavum n. sp. is described here as a morphologically cryptic relative of D. brusinae, in the fish Pinguipes brasilianus (Pinguipedidae) off the Patagonian coast, Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, and its life cycle is elucidated through morphology and molecular analysis. This species uses the gastropod Buccinanops deformis (Nassariidae) as first and second intermediate host with metacercariae encysting within sporocysts. They also, however, use the polychaete Kinbergonuphis dorsalis (Onuphidae) as second intermediate host. No morphological differences were found between adults of D. flavum n. sp. and D. brusinae; however, the number of penetration glands of the cercariae, a diagnostic feature, differed (9 vs. 3 pairs), as well as the ITS2 sequences for the two species. This work provides morphological and molecular evidence of cryptic diversification among species described as D. brusinae, in which the only clear differences are in larval morphology and host spectrum. The strict specificity to the snail acting as the first intermediate host and the variety of fishes with different feeding habits acting as definitive hosts support the likely existence of multiple cryptic species around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gilardoni
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Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (CCT CONICET-CENPAT) Boulevard Brown 2915 U9120ACF Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | - Jorge Etchegoin
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Laboratorio de Parasitología, IIPROSAM – Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata – CONICET Juan B. Justo 2550 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Thomas Cribb
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School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Susana Pina
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Laboratorio de Sanidade, ICBAS – Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
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Laboratorio de Sanidade, ICBAS – Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
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Laboratorio de Imunidade Inata e Ferro, I3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto R. Alfredo Allen 4200-135 Porto Portugal
| | - María Emilia Diez
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Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (CCT CONICET-CENPAT) Boulevard Brown 2915 U9120ACF Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | - Florencia Cremonte
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Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (CCT CONICET-CENPAT) Boulevard Brown 2915 U9120ACF Puerto Madryn Argentina
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Fornillos RJC, Sato MO, Tabios IKB, Sato M, Leonardo LR, Chigusa Y, Minamoto T, Kikuchi M, Legaspi ER, Fontanilla IKC. Detection of Schistosoma japonicum and Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi environmental DNA and its potential utility to schistosomiasis japonica surveillance in the Philippines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224617. [PMID: 31747401 PMCID: PMC6867693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the prevalence and infection intensity of Schistosoma japonicum in endemic areas of the Philippines have significantly decreased due to yearly population-based treatment strategies, yet transmission rates remain high and uninterrupted. An important indicator of active disease transmission is the presence of Schistosoma japonicum and its snail intermediate host Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi in freshwater habitats. In this study, we sought to apply a species-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection of S. japonicum and O. hupensis quadrasi in freshwater samples using environmental DNA approach that can complement the commonly utilized malacological survey in determining potential transmission foci in order to have a more effective snail surveillance strategy for schistosomiasis japonica in endemic areas. The newly developed assay was specific to S. japonicum and O. hupensis quadrasi with no amplification detected against non-target trematode Fasciola spp. and snails such as Lymnaea spp., Pomacea canaliculata, and Melanoides spp. that typically co-exist in the same environment. The assay effectiveness was determined using 19 environmental water samples collected from Northern Samar (N = 5 sites), Leyte (N = 11 sites) and Compostela Valley (N = 3 sites) and compared to malacological survey for determining O. hupensis quadrasi snail colonies and snail crushing to visualize S. japonicum cercariae. TaqMan qPCR targeting a short fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene was positive for S. japonicum in 9 sites, for O. hupensis quadrasi in 9 sites, and for both S. japonicum and O. hupensis quadrasi in 5 sampling sites. Moreover, it was able to detect O. hupensis quadrasi in 3 out of 12 sites found negative and 6 out of 7 sites found positive through malacological survey, and in 4 of the 5 snail sites positive for snails with cercariae. Overall, this method can complement malacological surveys for monitoring of schistosomes in endemic areas of the Philippines, especially those with high risk of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffy Jay C. Fornillos
- DNA Barcoding Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, P. Velasquez St. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Marcello Otake Sato
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ian Kim B. Tabios
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita Manilla, Philippines
| | - Megumi Sato
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Lydia R. Leonardo
- DNA Barcoding Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Graduate School, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Yuichi Chigusa
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Minamoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mihoko Kikuchi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Emelda R. Legaspi
- Medical Zoology Laboratory, Schistosomiasis Research and Training Center, Palo Leyte, Philippines
| | - Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla
- DNA Barcoding Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, P. Velasquez St. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Hagerty JR, Jolly ER. Heads or tails? Differential translational regulation in cercarial heads and tails of schistosome worms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224358. [PMID: 31658287 PMCID: PMC6816793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes are obligate helminths responsible for over 218 million cases of human schistosomiasis in 78 countries around the world. Infection occurs when free-swimming cercariae penetrate human skin and initiate developmental progression into parasitic obligate worms that consume red blood cells. Transcriptomic studies of infectious cercariae reveal abundant mRNAs associated with energy metabolism and host invasion. However, the cercaria is mostly transcriptionally quiescent, suggesting that most mRNAs are primed prior to cercarial escape from the snail host. The use of transcriptomics to understand protein expression presumes that transcription and translation are functionally coupled and the cercarial stage has categorically been treated as a single unit for -omic analysis. Per contra, the relationship between transcription and translation in infectious cercariae has not been described. To understand the correlation between transcription and translation in cercariae, we separately measured nascent translation levels in cercarial heads, cercarial tails and in the developing schistosomula, the next stage of its life cycle. The loss of the cercarial tail is essential for the transformation from a cercaria to a schistosomulum. We observed that translation was initially limited and the translation rate accelerated during the first 72-hours after tail loss. When we tested nascent translation in cercarial heads, cercarial tails, whole cercariae, and 4-hour schistosomula, we found that translation is significantly upregulated in the cercarial tail when compared to the cercarial head and that translation was undetectable in heads using immunofluorescent image quantification (p = .0005). These data represent a major shift in how we understand the cercarial stage. The cercarial head is mostly transcriptionally and translationally quiescent while being sufficient for progression into a schistosomulum. In addition, transcription and translation are not linked in Schistosoma mansoni cercaria. Thus, our current conceptual approach of treating the cercaria as a single functional unit for -omic studies may be insufficient to understand cercarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Hagerty
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Emmitt R. Jolly
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Case Western Reserve University, Center for Global Health and Disease, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Buddenborg SK, Kamel B, Hanelt B, Bu L, Zhang SM, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. The in vivo transcriptome of Schistosoma mansoni in the prominent vector species Biomphalaria pfeifferi with supporting observations from Biomphalaria glabrata. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007013. [PMID: 31568484 PMCID: PMC6797213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The full scope of the genes expressed by schistosomes during intramolluscan development has yet to be characterized. Understanding the gene products deployed by larval schistosomes in their snail hosts will provide insights into their establishment, maintenance, asexual reproduction, ability to castrate their hosts, and their prolific production of human-infective cercariae. Using the Illumina platform, the intramolluscan transcriptome of Schistosoma mansoni was investigated in field-derived specimens of the prominent vector species Biomphalaria pfeifferi at 1 and 3 days post infection (d) and from snails shedding cercariae. These S. mansoni samples were derived from the same snails used in our complementary B. pfeifferi transcriptomic study. We supplemented this view with microarray analyses of S. mansoni from B. glabrata at 2d, 4d, 8d, 16d, and 32d to highlight robust features of S. mansoni transcription, even when a different technique and vector species was used. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Transcripts representing at least 7,740 (66%) of known S. mansoni genes were expressed during intramolluscan development, with the greatest number expressed in snails shedding cercariae. Many transcripts were constitutively expressed throughout development featuring membrane transporters, and metabolic enzymes involved in protein and nucleic acid synthesis and cell division. Several proteases and protease inhibitors were expressed at all stages, including some proteases usually associated with cercariae. Transcripts associated with G-protein coupled receptors, germ cell perpetuation, and stress responses and defense were well represented. We noted transcripts homologous to planarian anti-bacterial factors, several neural development or neuropeptide transcripts including neuropeptide Y, and receptors that may be associated with schistosome germinal cell maintenance that could also impact host reproduction. In at least one snail the presence of larvae of another digenean species (an amphistome) was associated with repressed S. mansoni transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This in vivo study, emphasizing field-derived snails and schistosomes, but supplemented with observations from a lab model, provides a distinct view from previous studies of development of cultured intramolluscan stages from lab-maintained organisms. We found many highly represented transcripts with suspected or unknown functions, with connection to intramolluscan development yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Buddenborg
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Bishoy Kamel
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Ben Hanelt
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Lijing Bu
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Gerald M. Mkoji
- Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairob,i Kenya
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
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Xu J, Li C, Duan Z, Yu D, Zhang T, Ma H, Wang X, Zhan T, Xia C. Multiplex PCR for sexing Schistosoma japonicum cercariae and its utility. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2885-2890. [PMID: 31448385 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accurate discrimination of the Schistosoma japonicum cercariae gender is very important for establishing monosexual infection animal models and for standardizing the real intensity of infection. In this study, a multiplex PCR technique consisting of two pairs of primers, of which one amplifies a 185-bp band specific for the W chromosome and the other amplifies a 420-bp band for the Z chromosome, was established to sex the S. japonicum cercariae. For male cercariae (ZZ), a single 420-bp band is expected, and for female cercariea (ZW), two distinct 185-bp and 420-bp bands can be observed. There was no cross-reaction with S. mansoni, S. haematobium, Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, and Trichinella spiralis. After sexing the cercariae escaped from a single snail, mice in group A were infected with 60 male cercariae and mice of group B were infected with 40 female cercariae. Meanwhile, mice in group C were infected with 10 male and 10 female cercariae that were sexed by multiplex PCR. At 45 days postinfection, male and female adult worms were recovered to verify the accuracy of multiplex PCR for sexing S. japonicum cercariae and to calculate the male and female survival rate and paired worm ratio. Our results showed that the multiplex PCR technique could distinguish male cercariae with 100% accuracy. However, sometimes the discrimination results of multiplex PCR mis-scored mixed sexual cercariae as female cercariae. The mean male adult worm burden in mice of group C was 10.7 ± 2.4, and the mean female adult worm burden was 7.7 ± 2.5. There was a significant difference between the male worm burden and female worm burden in group C. The P value was 0.013. The real paired worm ratio of group C was 74.2% (95%CI 56.6~91.8%). These results demonstrated a male-biased sex ratio in the mice model with equilibrated sex ratio cercariae infection, as predicted by our multiplex PCR technique. In conclusion, our multiplex PCR technique is an effective tool for sexing S. japonicum cercariae, especially for distinguishing male cercariae, which is of great value for establishing monosexual cercariae infection mice models to harvest male adult worms for anti-schistosomal drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongliang Duan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tingzheng Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chaoming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Rudko SP, Reimink RL, Froelich K, Gordy MA, Blankespoor CL, Hanington PC. Use of qPCR-Based Cercariometry to Assess Swimmer's Itch in Recreational Lakes. Ecohealth 2018; 15:827-839. [PMID: 30120669 PMCID: PMC6267424 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Swimmer's itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a nuisance encountered by bathers and recreational water users worldwide. The condition is caused by the penetration of larval digenean trematodes (cercariae) of the family Schistosomatidae, into the skin, following their release into freshwater from pulmonate snails that serve as the intermediate hosts for these parasites. This study utilizes qPCR-based cercariometry to monitor and quantify cercariae from water samples collected at 5 lakes in northern Michigan. The resolution provided by qPCR facilitated assessment of the environmental and biological drivers of swimmer's itch-causing cercariae concentrations, allowing us to demonstrate that cercarial abundance is greatest at the top of the water column, in locations with prevailing on- and alongshore winds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney P Rudko
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | | | | | - Michelle A Gordy
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Curtis L Blankespoor
- Jackson College, Jackson, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, MI, USA
| | - Patrick C Hanington
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada.
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Dao TTH, Nguyen TTG, Gabriël S, Bui KL, Dorny P, Le TH. Updated molecular phylogenetic data for Opisthorchis spp. (Trematoda: Opisthorchioidea) from ducks in Vietnam. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:575. [PMID: 29157282 PMCID: PMC5697094 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An opisthorchiid liver fluke was recently reported from ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in Binh Dinh Province of Central Vietnam, and referred to as "Opisthorchis viverrini-like". This species uses common cyprinoid fishes as second intermediate hosts as does Opisthorchis viverrini, with which it is sympatric in this province. In this study, we refer to the liver fluke from ducks as "Opisthorchis sp. BD2013", and provide new sequence data from the mitochondrial (mt) genome and the nuclear ribosomal transcription unit. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted to clarify the basal taxonomic position of this species from ducks within the genus Opisthorchis (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae). METHODS Adults and eggs of liver flukes were collected from ducks, metacercariae from fishes (Puntius brevis, Rasbora aurotaenia, Esomus metallicus) and cercariae from snails (Bithynia funiculata) in different localities in Binh Dinh Province. From four developmental life stage samples (adults, eggs, metacercariae and cercariae), the complete cytochrome b (cob), nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes, and near-complete 18S and partial 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences were obtained by PCR-coupled sequencing. The alignments of nucleotide sequences of concatenated cob + nad1 + cox1, and of concatenated 18S + 28S were separately subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Homologous sequences from other trematode species were included in each alignment. RESULTS Phylogenetic trees were inferred from concatenated (cob + nad1 + cox1) nucleotide sequences and combined 18S + 28S nucleotide sequences of five Opisthorchis sp. BD2013 samples and additional reference taxa. Both trees demonstrated the anticipated clustering of taxa within the superfamily Opisthorchioidea, the paraphyly of the genus Opisthorchis and the sister-species relationship of Opisthorchis sp. BD2013 with O. viverrini. CONCLUSIONS While it is likely that Opisthorchis sp. BD2013 is distinct from O. viverrini, it is clearly a sister taxon of O. viverrini within the limited number of Opisthorchis species for which appropriate sequence data are available. The new sequences provided here will assist the diagnosis and the taxonomic clarification of the opisthorchiid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Thi Ha Dao
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86. Truong Chinh Street, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, B9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thanh Thi Giang Nguyen
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86. Truong Chinh Street, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Khanh Linh Bui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, B9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Wongsawad C, Wongsawad P, Sukontason K, Phalee A, Noikong-Phalee W, Chai JY. DISCRIMINATION 28S RIBOSOMAL GENE OF TREMATODE CERCARIAE IN SNAILS FROM CHIANG MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2016; 47:199-206. [PMID: 27244956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trematode cercariae are commonly found in many freshwater gastropods. These cercariae can serve to identify the occurrence of such trematodes as Centrocestus formosanus, Haplorchis taichui, Haplorchoides sp, and Stellantchasmus falcatus, which are important parasites in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. As the species of these cercariae cannot be identified accurately based on morphology, this study employed sequencing of a fragment of 28S ribosomal DNA and phylogenetic analysis to identify the trematode cercariae found in freshwater gastropods in Chiang Mai Province. Eight types of trematode cercariae were identified, namely, distome cercaria (grouped with Philophthalmus spp clade), echinostome cercaria (grouped with Echinostoma spp clade), furcocercous cercaria (grouped with Posthodiplostomum sp/Alaria taxideae/Hysteromorpha triloba clade), monostome cercaria (grouped with Catatropis indicus clade), parapleurolophocercous cercaria (grouped with Haplorchoides sp clade), pleurolophocercous cercaria (grouped with Centrocestusformosanus clade), transversotrema cercaria (grouped with Transversotrema spp clade), and xiphidiocercaria (grouped with Prosthodendrium spp clade). These results provide important information that can be used for identifying these parasites in epidemiological surveys.
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Wang T, Zhao M, Rotgans BA, Strong A, Liang D, Ni G, Limpanont Y, Ramasoota P, McManus DP, Cummins SF. Proteomic Analysis of the Schistosoma mansoni Miracidium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147247. [PMID: 26799066 PMCID: PMC4723143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive control efforts, schistosomiasis continues to be a major public health problem in developing nations in the tropics and sub-tropics. The miracidium, along with the cercaria, both of which are water-borne and free-living, are the only two stages in the life-cycle of Schistosoma mansoni which are involved in host invasion. Miracidia penetrate intermediate host snails and develop into sporocysts, which lead to cercariae that can infect humans. Infection of the snail host by the miracidium represents an ideal point at which to interrupt the parasite’s life-cycle. This research focuses on an analysis of the miracidium proteome, including those proteins that are secreted. We have identified a repertoire of proteins in the S. mansoni miracidium at 2 hours post-hatch, including proteases, venom allergen-like proteins, receptors and HSP70, which might play roles in snail-parasite interplay. Proteins involved in energy production and conservation were prevalent, as were proteins predicted to be associated with defence. This study also provides a strong foundation for further understanding the roles that neurohormones play in host-seeking by schistosomes, with the potential for development of novel anthelmintics that interfere with its various life-cycle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Wang
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Min Zhao
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Rotgans
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - April Strong
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Di Liang
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Guoying Ni
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pongrama Ramasoota
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Donald P. McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Scott F. Cummins
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Pinto HA, Griffin MJ, Quiniou SM, Ware C, Melo AL. Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae) as an intermediate host of Drepanocephalus spp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Brazil: a morphological and molecular study. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:51-62. [PMID: 25982569 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Species of trematodes belonging to the genus Drepanocephalus are intestinal parasites of piscivorous birds, primarily cormorants (Phalachrocorax spp.), and are widely reported in the Americas. During a 4-year malacological study conducted on an urban lake in Brazil, 27-collar-spined echinostome cercariae were found in 1665/15,459 (10.7 %) specimens of Biomphalaria straminea collected. The cercariae were identified as Drepanocephalus spp. by sequencing the 18S (SSU) rDNA, ITS1/5.8S rDNA/ITS2 (ITS), 28S (LSU) rDNA region, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) markers. In experimental life cycle studies, metacercariae developed in laboratory-reared guppies (Poecilia reticulata); however, attempts to infect birds and rodents were unsuccessful. Two closely related morphotypes of cercariae were characterized. One species, identified by molecular markers as a genetic variant of Drepanocephalus auritus (99.9 % similarity at SSU, ITS, LSU; 97.2 % at CO1; 95.8 % at ND1), differs slightly from an archived North American isolate of this species also sequenced as part of this study. A second species, putatively identified as Drepanocephalus sp., has smaller cercariae and demonstrates significant differences from D. auritus at the CO1 (11.0 %) and ND1 (13.6 %) markers. Aspects related to the morphological taxonomic identification of 27-collar-spined echinostome metacercariae are briefly discussed. This is the first report of the involvement of molluscs of the genus Biomphalaria in the transmission of Drepanocephalus and the first report of D. auritus in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson A Pinto
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Biologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, C.P. 486, 30123-970.
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Sylvie M Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Alan L Melo
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Biologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, C.P. 486, 30123-970
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Barnett LJ, Miller TL, Cribb TH. A review of the currently recognised opecoelid cercariae, including the identification and emergence ecology of Cercaria capricornia XII (Digenea: Opecoelidae) from Nassarius olivaceus (Gastropoda: Nassariidae) in Central Queensland, Australia. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:670-82. [PMID: 24786729 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie J Barnett
- Central Queensland University, Academic Learning Services Unit, Bruce Highway, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia.
| | - Terrence L Miller
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia.
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Barnett LJ, Miller TL, Cribb TH. A review of the currently recognised zoogonid cercariae, including the identification and emergence ecology of Cercaria capricornia XI (Digenea: Zoogonidae) from Nassarius olivaceus (Gastropoda: Nassariidae) in Central Queensland, Australia. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2014; 61:322-330. [PMID: 25185403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we review the known zoogonid cercariae, summarise their life-cycles and first intermediate host distributions, and present a new cercaria, Cercaria capricornia XI (Digenea: Zoogonidae), which was found in one of three nassariid gastropods, Nassarius olivaceus (Bruguière), surveyed in the intertidal zone in the Capricornia region of Central Queensland, Australia. Morphological data and molecular analysis of the ITS2 rDNA region support placement of this cercaria in the family Zoogonidae but do not allow any further resolution of its identity. There are now fifteen cercariae described as belonging to the Zoogonidae; thirteen of these, including the present species, infect neogastropods as first intermediate hosts and two use vetigastropods. This study reinforces the pattern that the Nassariidae is by far the most commonly reported family for the Zoogonidae. Given its richness we predict that the Nassariidae will prove to harbour many more zoogonid species.
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Pereira RV, Vieira HGS, de Oliveira VF, Gomes MDS, Passos LKJ, Borges WDC, Guerra-Sá R. Conservation and developmental expression of ubiquitin isopeptidases in Schistosoma mansoni. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:1-8. [PMID: 24271000 PMCID: PMC4005531 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genes related to the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway, including those coding for proteasome subunits and conjugation enzymes, are differentially expressed during the Schistosoma mansoni life cycle. Although deubiquitinating enzymes have been reported to be negative regulators of protein ubiquitination and shown to play an important role in Ub-dependent processes, little is known about their role in S. mansoni . In this study, we analysed the Ub carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (UCHs) proteins found in the database of the parasite's genome. An in silico ana- lysis (GeneDB and MEROPS) identified three different UCH family members in the genome, Sm UCH-L3, Sm UCH-L5 and Sm BAP-1 and a phylogenetic analysis confirmed the evolutionary conservation of the proteins. We performed quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and observed a differential expression profile for all of the investigated transcripts between the cercariae and adult worm stages. These results were corroborated by low rates of Z-Arg-Leu-Arg-Gly-Gly-AMC hydrolysis in a crude extract obtained from cercariae in parallel with high Ub conjugate levels in the same extracts. We suggest that the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in the cercaria and early schistosomulum stages is related to a decrease in 26S proteasome activity. Taken together, our data suggest that UCH family members contribute to regulating the activity of the Ub-proteasome system during the life cycle of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Verciano Pereira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de
Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Helaine Graziele Santos Vieira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de
Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Victor Fernandes de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de
Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Matheus de Souza Gomes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia,
Patos de Minas, MG, Brasil, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de
Uberlândia, Campus Avançado Patos de Minas, MG, Brasil
| | | | - William de Castro Borges
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de
Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de
Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
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Souza SS, Barbosa LM, Guimarães IC, Blank WA, Reis RB, Reis MG, Blanton RE, Andrade ZA. Genetic population structure of cercariae from an urban foci of Schistosoma mansoni, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:843-9. [PMID: 22949518 PMCID: PMC3516259 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid urbanization in Brazil has meant that many persons from rural areas where Schistosoma mansoni is endemic have migrated to cities. Discovery of a focus of active transmission in the city of Salvador prompted a citywide survey for active and potential transmission sites. Cercariae shed from infected snails collected from four locations were used to determine how these samples were related and if they were representative of the parasite population infecting humans. Each cercarial collection was greatly differentiated from the others, and diversity was significantly lower when compared with eggs from natural human infections in one site. Egg samples collected 7 years apart in one neighborhood showed little differentiation (Jost's D = 0.01-0.03). Given the clonal nature of parasite reproduction in the snail host and the short-term acquisition of parasites, cercariae from collections at one time point are unlikely to be representative of the diversity in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaly S Souza
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Ingram JR, Rafi SB, Eroy-Reveles AA, Ray M, Lambeth L, Hsieh I, Ruelas D, Lim KC, Sakanari J, Craik CS, Jacobson MP, McKerrow JH. Investigation of the proteolytic functions of an expanded cercarial elastase gene family in Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1589. [PMID: 22509414 PMCID: PMC3317910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cercarial elastase is the major invasive larval protease in Schistosoma mansoni, a parasitic blood fluke, and is essential for host skin invasion. Genome sequence analysis reveals a greatly expanded family of cercarial elastase gene isoforms in Schistosoma mansoni. This expansion appears to be unique to S. mansoni, and it is unknown whether gene duplication has led to divergent protease function. Methods Profiling of transcript and protein expression patterns reveals that cercarial elastase isoforms are similarly expressed throughout the S. mansoni life cycle. Computational modeling predicts key differences in the substrate-binding pockets of various cercarial elastase isoforms, suggesting a diversification of substrate preferences compared with the ancestral gene of the family. In addition, active site labeling of SmCE reveals that it is activated prior to exit of the parasite from its intermediate snail host. Conclusions The expansion of the cercarial gene family in S. mansoni is likely to be an example of gene dosage. In addition to its critical role in human skin penetration, data presented here suggests a novel role for the protease in egress from the intermediate snail host. This study demonstrates how enzyme activity-based analysis complements genomic and proteomic studies, and is key in elucidating proteolytic function. Schistosome parasites are a major cause of disease in the developing world. The larval stage of the parasite transitions between an intermediate snail host and a definitive human host in a dramatic fashion, burrowing out of the snail and subsequently penetrating human skin. This process is facilitated by secreted proteases. In Schistosoma mansoni, cercarial elastase is the predominant secreted protease and essential for host skin invasion. Genomic analysis reveals a greatly expanded cercarial elastase gene family in S. mansoni. Despite sequence divergence, SmCE isoforms show similar expression profiles throughout the S. mansoni life cycle and have largely similar substrate specificities, suggesting that the majority of protease isoforms are functionally redundant and therefore their expansion is an example of gene dosage. However, activity-based profiling also indicates that a subset of SmCE isoforms are activated prior to the parasite's exit from its intermediate snail host, suggesting that the protease may also have a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Ingram
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Salma B. Rafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - A. Alegra Eroy-Reveles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Manisha Ray
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Lambeth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ivy Hsieh
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Debbie Ruelas
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - K. C. Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Judy Sakanari
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prokof'ev VV, Levakin IA, Losev EA, Zavirinskiĭ IV, Galaktionov KV. [Clonal variability in expression of geo- and photoorientation in cercariae of Himasthla elongata (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)]. Parazitologiia 2011; 45:345-357. [PMID: 22292263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The study was carried out on Himasthla elongata, a digenean common in the coastal ecosystems of the northern European seas. This species utilises intertidal prosobranchs Littorina spp. as the first intermediate host, bivalves (in the White Sea, Mytilus edulis) as the second intermediate host and gulls as the final host. The periwinkles Littorina littorea infected with H. elongata rediae (parthenogenetic generations) were sampled in the intertidal of the White Sea (66 degrees 20' N, 33 degrees 38' E) and used as the source of cercariae. Periwinkles were collected from the settlement with the low prevalence of H. elongata. As shown earlier with the use of AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) method, rediae groups in all the infected periwinkles of this settlement arise from the infection of a mollusc with a single miracidium. Therefore, the cercariae shed by an infected mollusc have the same genotype or, in other words, represent a clone. Photo- and geoorientation of cercariae originating from different clones and aged 1 h and 6 h were analysed separately. It was shown that in general the larvae of each clone followed the behavioural pattern characteristics of the species (positive geoorientation and negative photoorientation). However, the degree of expression of this typical behaviour was different in different clones. An especially high variability was observed in the manifestation of geoorientation (in several clones, most larvae demonstrated negative geoorientation). Differences in the distribution of cercariae in the illumination gradient were almost equally associated with the interclonal variability and the age of the larvae. On the whole, as the age of cercariae increased, the positive geoorientation became more prominent, whereas the ratio of cercariae with the typical (negative) photoorientation decreased. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the cercarial clones both in the initial manifestation of geo- and photoorientation and in the changes in the character of these reactions with the larval age. Taking into account that each cercarial clone investigated had the same genotype, it seems very likely that the interclonal differences noted in this study are hereditary. Maintenance of a rather high level of genetic polymorphism by the character "expression of orientation reaction" in trematode cercariae may enhance the chances for successful transmission of these larvae. Such variability increases the scale of cercarial dispersion in space and promotes the successful infection of the hosts, whose behaviour is also subject to intra- and inter-population variability. Besides, cercariae whose behaviour deviates from the basic behaviour of the species may play the role of the population's potential for colonisation of new species of animal hosts.
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Qin YH, Zhou SF, Wang SP. [Immuno-screening of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae cDNA library by the sera of anti-soluble cercariae 66 to approximately 68 kD antigens]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2008; 33:1076-1081. [PMID: 19141971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain the coding genes related to Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) cercariae 66 to approximately 68 kD antigens,and to provide antigens for diagnosis and vaccine of schistosomiasis. METHODS Sj cercariae cDNA library was screened using the monospecific anti-sera of rabbit against soluble cercariae 66 to approximately 68 kD antigens as probes.The inserted cDNA fragments of the positive clones were amplified with PCR and identified by agarose gel electrophoresis. Four strong positive clones were further sequenced and analyzed through the internet NCBI/BLAST software. RESULTS Twenty-one positive clones were obtained, 10 of which revealed a single band (0.5 to approximately 3.0 kb).The 4 strong positive clones showed high identity to SJCHGC05187,SJCHGC05173,SJCHGC06989, and SJCHGC01894 at the nucleotide level. CONCLUSION Four coding genes related with Sj antigens are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Qin
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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