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Rabone M, Wiethase JH, Simon-Lledó E, Emery AM, Jones DOB, Dahlgren TG, Bribiesca-Contreras G, Wiklund H, Horton T, Glover AG. How many metazoan species live in the world's largest mineral exploration region? Curr Biol 2023; 33:2383-2396.e5. [PMID: 37236182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The global surge in demand for metals such as cobalt and nickel has created unprecedented interest in deep-sea habitats with mineral resources. The largest area of activity is a 6 million km2 region known as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the central and eastern Pacific, regulated by the International Seabed Authority (ISA). Baseline biodiversity knowledge of the region is crucial to effective management of environmental impact from potential deep-sea mining activities, but until recently this has been almost completely lacking. The rapid growth in taxonomic outputs and data availability for the region over the last decade has allowed us to conduct the first comprehensive synthesis of CCZ benthic metazoan biodiversity for all faunal size classes. Here we present the CCZ Checklist, a biodiversity inventory of benthic metazoa vital to future assessments of environmental impacts. An estimated 92% of species identified from the CCZ are new to science (436 named species from a total of 5,578 recorded). This is likely to be an overestimate owing to synonyms in the data but is supported by analysis of recent taxonomic studies suggesting that 88% of species sampled in the region are undescribed. Species richness estimators place total CCZ metazoan benthic diversity at 6,233 (+/-82 SE) species for Chao1, and 7,620 (+/-132 SE) species for Chao2, most likely representing lower bounds of diversity in the region. Although uncertainty in estimates is high, regional syntheses become increasingly possible as comparable datasets accumulate. These will be vital to understanding ecological processes and risks of biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Rabone
- Deep-Sea Systematics and Ecology Group, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW7 5BD London, UK.
| | - Joris H Wiethase
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Erik Simon-Lledó
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK
| | - Aidan M Emery
- Deep-Sea Systematics and Ecology Group, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW7 5BD London, UK
| | - Daniel O B Jones
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas G Dahlgren
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre, 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Guadalupe Bribiesca-Contreras
- Deep-Sea Systematics and Ecology Group, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW7 5BD London, UK
| | - Helena Wiklund
- Deep-Sea Systematics and Ecology Group, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW7 5BD London, UK; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tammy Horton
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK
| | - Adrian G Glover
- Deep-Sea Systematics and Ecology Group, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW7 5BD London, UK
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Platt RN, Le Clec'h W, Chevalier FD, McDew‐White M, LoVerde PT, Ramiro de Assis R, Oliveira G, Kinung'hi S, Djirmay AG, Steinauer ML, Gouvras A, Rabone M, Allan F, Webster BL, Webster JP, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Anderson TJC. Genomic analysis of a parasite invasion: Colonization of the Americas by the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2242-2263. [PMID: 35152493 PMCID: PMC9305930 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni, a snail-borne, blood fluke that infects humans, was introduced into the Americas from Africa during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. As this parasite shows strong specificity to the snail intermediate host, we expected that adaptation to South American Biomphalaria spp. snails would result in population bottlenecks and strong signatures of selection. We scored 475,081 single nucleotide variants in 143 S. mansoni from the Americas (Brazil, Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico) and Africa (Cameroon, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda), and used these data to ask: (i) Was there a population bottleneck during colonization? (ii) Can we identify signatures of selection associated with colonization? (iii) What were the source populations for colonizing parasites? We found a 2.4- to 2.9-fold reduction in diversity and much slower decay in linkage disequilibrium (LD) in parasites from East to West Africa. However, we observed similar nuclear diversity and LD in West Africa and Brazil, suggesting no strong bottlenecks and limited barriers to colonization. We identified five genome regions showing selection in the Americas, compared with three in West Africa and none in East Africa, which we speculate may reflect adaptation during colonization. Finally, we infer that unsampled populations from central African regions between Benin and Angola, with contributions from Niger, are probably the major source(s) for Brazilian S. mansoni. The absence of a bottleneck suggests that this is a rare case of a serendipitous invasion, where S. mansoni parasites were pre-adapted to the Americas and able to establish with relative ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy N. Platt
- Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou—Fiocruz/MGBelo HorizonteBrazil
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
| | | | - Amadou Garba Djirmay
- Réseau International Schistosomiases Environnemental Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL)NiameyNiger
| | | | | | | | - Fiona Allan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic DiseasesUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic DiseasesUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - David Rollinson
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
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Huettner I, Krumm SA, Serna S, Brzezicka K, Monaco S, Walpole S, van Diepen A, Allan F, Hicks T, Kimuda S, Emery AM, Landais E, Hokke CH, Angulo J, Reichardt N, Doores KJ. Cross-reactivity of glycan-reactive HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies with parasite glycans. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110611. [PMID: 35354052 PMCID: PMC10073069 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Env is heavily glycosylated with host-derived N-glycans, and many bnAbs bind to, or are dependent upon, Env glycans for neutralization. Although glycan-binding bnAbs are frequently detected in HIV-infected individuals, attempts to elicit them have been unsuccessful because of the poor immunogenicity of Env N-glycans. Here, we report cross-reactivity of glycan-binding bnAbs with self- and non-self N-glycans and glycoprotein antigens from different life-stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Using the IAVI Protocol C HIV infection cohort, we examine the relationship between S. mansoni seropositivity and development of bnAbs targeting glycan-dependent epitopes. We show that the unmutated common ancestor of the N332/V3-specific bnAb lineage PCDN76, isolated from an HIV-infected donor with S. mansoni seropositivity, binds to S. mansoni cercariae while lacking reactivity to gp120. Overall, these results present a strategy for elicitation of glycan-reactive bnAbs which could be exploited in HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Brzezicka
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Serena Monaco
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Samuel Walpole
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona Allan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Thomas Hicks
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon Kimuda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aidan M Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | | | - Elise Landais
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jesus Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Niels Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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4
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Stroehlein AJ, Korhonen PK, Lee VV, Ralph SA, Mentink-Kane M, You H, McManus DP, Tchuenté LAT, Stothard JR, Kaur P, Dudchenko O, Aiden EL, Yang B, Yang H, Emery AM, Webster BL, Brindley PJ, Rollinson D, Chang BCH, Gasser RB, Young ND. Chromosome-level genome of Schistosoma haematobium underpins genome-wide explorations of molecular variation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010288. [PMID: 35167626 PMCID: PMC8846543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium and is one of the most neglected tropical diseases worldwide, afflicting > 100 million people. It is characterised by granulomata, fibrosis and calcification in urogenital tissues, and can lead to increased susceptibility to HIV/AIDS and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. To complement available treatment programs and break the transmission of disease, sound knowledge and understanding of the biology and ecology of S. haematobium is required. Hybridisation/introgression events and molecular variation among members of the S. haematobium-group might effect important biological and/or disease traits as well as the morbidity of disease and the effectiveness of control programs including mass drug administration. Here we report the first chromosome-contiguous genome for a well-defined laboratory line of this blood fluke. An exploration of this genome using transcriptomic data for all key developmental stages allowed us to refine gene models (including non-coding elements) and annotations, discover ‘new’ genes and transcription profiles for these stages, likely linked to development and/or pathogenesis. Molecular variation within S. haematobium among some geographical locations in Africa revealed unique genomic ‘signatures’ that matched species other than S. haematobium, indicating the occurrence of introgression events. The present reference genome (designated Shae.V3) and the findings from this study solidly underpin future functional genomic and molecular investigations of S. haematobium and accelerate systematic, large-scale population genomics investigations, with a focus on improved and sustained control of urogenital schistosomiasis. More than 100 million people are infected with the carcinogenic blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium, the aetiological agent of urogenital schistosomiasis—a neglected tropical disease (NTD). In spite of its major significance, little is known about this fluke, its interactions with the human and snail intermediate hosts and the pathogenesis of the urogenital form of schistosomiasis at the molecular and biochemical levels. To enable research in these areas, we report the first chromosome-level genome and markedly enhanced gene models for S. haematobium. Comparative genomic analyses also reveal evidence of past introgression events between or among closely related schistosome species. This present reference genome for S. haematobium and the findings from this study should underpin future functional genomic and molecular investigations of S. haematobium and accelerate systematic, large-scale population genomics investigations, with a focus on improved control of urogenital schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J. Stroehlein
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - V. Vern Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Margaret Mentink-Kane
- NIH-NIAID Schistosomiasis Resource Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong You
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech, Pudong, China
- Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bicheng Yang
- BGI Australia, Oceania, BGI Group, CBCRB Building, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Unknown Pathogen Identification, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Parasites and Vectors Division, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Parasites and Vectors Division, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - David Rollinson
- Parasites and Vectors Division, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Bill C. H. Chang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (RBG); (NDY)
| | - Neil D. Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (RBG); (NDY)
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5
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Landeryou T, Rabone M, Allan F, Maddren R, Rollinson D, Webster BL, Tchuem-Tchuenté LA, Anderson RM, Emery AM. Genome-wide insights into adaptive hybridisation across the Schistosoma haematobium group in West and Central Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010088. [PMID: 35100291 PMCID: PMC8803156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern across sub-Saharan Africa; current control programmes rely on accurate mapping and high mass drug administration (MDA) coverage to attempt disease elimination. Inter-species hybridisation can occur between certain species, changing epidemiological dynamics within endemic regions, which has the potential to confound control interventions. The impact of hybridisation on disease dynamics is well illustrated in areas of Cameroon where urogenital schistosomiasis, primarily due to Schistosoma haematobium and hybrid infections, now predominate over intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma guineensis. Genetic markers have shown the ability to identify hybrids, however the underlying genomic architecture of divergence and introgression between these species has yet to be established. In this study, restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) was used on archived adult worms initially identified as; Schistosoma bovis (n = 4), S. haematobium (n = 9), S. guineensis (n = 3) and S. guineensis x S. haematobium hybrids (n = 4) from Mali, Senegal, Niger, São Tomé and Cameroon. Genome-wide evidence supports the existence of S. guineensis and S. haematobium hybrid populations across Cameroon. The hybridisation of S. guineensis x S. haematobium has not been demonstrated on the island of São Tomé, where all samples showed no introgression with S. haematobium. Additionally, all S. haematobium isolates from Nigeria, Mali and Cameroon indicated signatures of genomic introgression from S. bovis. Adaptive loci across the S. haematobium group showed that voltage-gated calcium ion channels (Cav) could play a key role in the ability to increase the survivability of species, particularly in host systems. Where admixture has occurred between S. guineensis and S. haematobium, the excess introgressive influx of tegumental (outer helminth body) and antigenic genes from S. haematobium has increased the adaptive response in hybrids, leading to increased hybrid population fitness and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Landeryou
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Rabone
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Allan
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Maddren
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roy M. Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Le Clec'h W, Chevalier FD, Mattos ACA, Strickland A, Diaz R, McDew-White M, Rohr CM, Kinung'hi S, Allan F, Webster BL, Webster JP, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Djirmay AG, Al Mashikhi KM, Al Yafae S, Idris MA, Moné H, Mouahid G, LoVerde P, Marchant JS, Anderson TJC. Genetic analysis of praziquantel response in schistosome parasites implicates a transient receptor potential channel. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabj9114. [PMID: 34936381 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj9114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec'h
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | | | - Ana Carolina A Mattos
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Robbie Diaz
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | | | - Claudia M Rohr
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Safari Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Fiona Allan
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Bonnie L Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Aidan M Emery
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - David Rollinson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Amadou Garba Djirmay
- Réseau International Schistosomiases Environnemental Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL), Niamey, Niger.,World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Khalid M Al Mashikhi
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhofar Governorate, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Salem Al Yafae
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhofar Governorate, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Hélène Moné
- Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions Laboratory, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Gabriel Mouahid
- Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions Laboratory, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Philip LoVerde
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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7
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Hazell L, Allan F, Emery AM, Templeton MR. Ultraviolet disinfection of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae in water. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009572. [PMID: 34228750 PMCID: PMC8284627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that is transmitted by skin contact with waterborne schistosome cercariae. Mass drug administration with praziquantel is an effective control method, but it cannot prevent reinfection if contact with cercariae infested water continues. Providing safe water for contact activities such as laundry and bathing can help to reduce transmission. In this study we examine the direct effect of UV light on Schistosoma mansoni cercariae using ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) and a low-pressure (LP) mercury arc discharge lamp. METHODOLOGY S. mansoni cercariae were exposed to UV light at four peak wavelengths: 255 nm, 265 nm, 285 nm (UV LEDs), and 253.7 nm (LP lamp) using bench scale collimated beam apparatus. The UV fluence ranged from 0-300 mJ/cm2 at each wavelength. Cercariae were studied under a stereo-microscope at 0, 60, and 180 minutes post-exposure and the viability of cercariae was determined by assessing their motility and morphology. CONCLUSION Very high UV fluences were required to kill S. mansoni cercariae, when compared to most other waterborne pathogens. At 265 nm a fluence of 247 mJ/cm2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 234-261 mJ/cm2) was required to achieve a 1-log10 reduction at 0 minutes post-exposure. Cercariae were visibly damaged at lower fluences, and the log reduction increased with time post-exposure at all wavelengths. Fluences of 127 mJ/cm2 (95% CI: 111-146 mJ/cm2) and 99 mJ/cm2 (95% CI: 85-113 mJ/cm2) were required to achieve a 1-log10 reduction at 60 and 180 minutes post-exposure at 265 nm. At 0 minutes post-exposure 285 nm was slightly less effective, but there was no statistical difference between 265 nm and 285 nm after 60 minutes. The least effective wavelengths were 255 nm and 253.7 nm. Due to the high fluences required, UV disinfection is unlikely to be an energy- or cost-efficient water treatment method against schistosome cercariae when compared to other methods such as chlorination, unless it can be demonstrated that UV-damaged cercariae are non-infective using alternative assay methods or there are improvements in UV LED technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Hazell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Fiona Allan
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Rabone M, Wiethase J, Clark PF, Rollinson D, Cumberlidge N, Emery AM. Endemicity of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and mapping reveals stability of transmission in endemic foci for a multi-host parasite system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009120. [PMID: 33544705 PMCID: PMC7891758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paragonimiasis is caused by zoonotic trematodes of Paragonimus spp., found in Asia, the Americas and Africa, particularly in tropical regions. These parasites have a complex, multi-host life cycle, with mammalian definitive hosts and larval stages cycling through two intermediate hosts (snails and freshwater decapod crustaceans). In Africa, paragonimiasis is particularly neglected, and remains the only human parasitic disease without a fully characterised life cycle. However paragonimiasis has potentially significant impacts on public health in Africa, and prevalence has likely been underestimated through under-reporting and misdiagnosis as tuberculosis due to a similar clinical presentation. We identified the need to synthesise current knowledge and map endemic foci for African Paragonimus spp. together with Poikilorchis congolensis, a rare, taxonomically distant trematode with a similar distribution and morphology. We present the first systematic review of the literature relating to African paragonimiasis, combined with mapping of all reported occurrences of Paragonimus spp. throughout Africa, from the 1910s to the present. In human surveys, numerous reports of significant recent transmission in Southeast Nigeria were uncovered, with high prevalence and intensity of infection. Overall prevalence was significantly higher for P. uterobilateralis compared to P. africanus across studies. The potential endemicity of P. africanus in Côte d'Ivoire is also reported. In freshwater crab intermediate hosts, differences in prevalence and intensity of either P. uterobilateralis or P. africanus were evident across genera and species, suggesting differences in susceptibility. Mapping showed temporal stability of endemic foci, with the majority of known occurrences of Paragonimus found in the rainforest zone of West and Central Africa, but with several outliers elsewhere on the continent. This suggests substantial under sampling and localised infection where potential host distributions overlap. Our review highlights the urgent need for increased sampling in active disease foci in Africa, particularly using molecular analysis to fully characterise Paragonimus species and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Rabone
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joris Wiethase
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. Clark
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Cumberlidge
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
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Braun L, Sylivester YD, Zerefa MD, Maru M, Allan F, Zewge F, Emery AM, Kinung’hi S, Templeton MR. Chlorination of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008665. [PMID: 32822356 PMCID: PMC7467251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a water-based disease acquired through contact with cercaria-infested water. Communities living in endemic regions often rely on parasite-contaminated freshwater bodies for their daily water contact activities, resulting in recurring schistosomiasis infection. In such instances, water treatment can provide safe water on a household or community scale. However, to-date there are no water treatment guidelines that provide information on how to treat water containing schistosome cercariae. Here, we rigorously test the effectiveness of chlorine against Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. METHOD S. mansoni cercariae were chlorinated using sodium hypochlorite under lab and field condition. The water pH was controlled at 6.5, 7.0 or 7.5, the water temperature at 20°C or 27°C, and the chlorine dose at 1, 2 or 3 mg/l. Experiments were conducted up to contact times of 45 minutes. 100 cercariae were used per experiment, thereby achieving up to 2-log10 inactivations of cercariae. Experiments were replicated under field conditions at Lake Victoria, Tanzania. CONCLUSION A CT (residual chlorine concentration x chlorine contact time) value of 26±4 mg·min/l is required to achieve a 2-log10 inactivation of S. mansoni cercariae under the most conservative condition tested (pH 7.5, 20°C). Field and lab-cultivated cercariae show similar chlorine sensitivities. A CT value of 30 mg·min/l is therefore recommended to disinfect cercaria-infested water, though safety factors may be required, depending on water quality and operating conditions. This CT value can be achieved with a chlorine residual of 1 mg/l after a contact time of 30 minutes, for example. This recommendation can be used to provide safe water for household and recreational water activities in communities that lack safe alternative water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Braun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Meseret Dessalegne Zerefa
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Arat Kilo, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muluwork Maru
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Arat Kilo, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fiona Allan
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Departssment of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Feleke Zewge
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Arat Kilo, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Departssment of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Safari Kinung’hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Center, Isamilo Street, Ilemela, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Michael R. Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Gu MJ, Li YW, Emery AM, Li SZ, Jiang YZ, Dong HF, Zhao QP. The genetic variation of different developmental stages of Schistosoma japonicum: do the distribution in snails and pairing preference benefit the transmission? Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:360. [PMID: 32690109 PMCID: PMC7372819 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma japonicum is a waterborne parasite that causes schistosomiasis in humans and in more than 40 animal species. Schistosoma japonicum shows distinct genetic differentiation among geographical populations and multiple hosts, but the genetic diversity of different developmental stages of S. japonicum from is less studied. Such studies could elucidate ecological mechanisms in disease transmission by analysing feedbacks in individual physiology and population state. METHODS After infection using cercariae from a pool of snails shedding together (Method I) and infection using mixed equal numbers of cercariae from individually shed snails (Method II), different developmental stages of S. japonicum were genotyped with microsatellite loci, including 346 cercariae, 701 adult worms and 393 miracidia. Genetic diversity and molecular variation were calculated at different population levels. Kinships (I') among cercariae at intra-snail and inter-snail levels were evaluated. Genetic distance (Dsw) was compared between paired and unpaired worms, and partner changing was investigated through paternity identification for miracidia. RESULTS The cercaria clones in individual snails varied from 1 to 8 and the kinship of cercariae within individual snails was significant higher (P < 0.001) than that among different snails after deleting near-identical multi-locus genotypes (niMLGs). The allelic diversity of worms in Method I was lower (P < 0.001) than that in Method II, and allele frequency among mice in Method I was also less consistent. The parents of some miracidia were worms that were not paired when collected. The Dsw between each female of paired and unpaired males was much larger (P < 0.001) than that between the female and male in each pair. CONCLUSIONS Most of the infected snails contained multiple miracidia clones. The aggregation of genetically similar S. japonicum miracidia in individual snails and the unbalanced distribution of miracidia among snails suggests a non-uniform genetic distribution of cercariae among snails in the field. This further influenced the genetic structure of adult worms from infections with different cercariae sampling methods. Schistosoma japonicum in mice can change paired partner, preferring to mate with genetically similar worms. These characteristics provide implications for understanding the balance in genetic diversity of S. japonicum related to the transmission of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Gu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yong-Zhong Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Hui-Fen Dong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Qin-Ping Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
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Allan F, Ame SM, Tian-Bi YNT, Hofkin BV, Webster BL, Diakité NR, N’Goran EK, Kabole F, Khamis IS, Gouvras AN, Emery AM, Pennance T, Rabone M, Kinung’hi S, Hamidou AA, Mkoji GM, McLaughlin JP, Kuris AM, Loker ES, Knopp S, Rollinson D. Snail-Related Contributions from the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation Program Including Xenomonitoring, Focal Mollusciciding, Biological Control, and Modeling. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:66-79. [PMID: 32400353 PMCID: PMC7351297 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) was created in 2008 to answer questions of importance to program managers working to reduce the burden of schistosomiasis in Africa. In the past, intermediate host snail monitoring and control was an important part of integrated schistosomiasis control. However, in Africa, efforts to control snails have declined dramatically over the last 30 years. A resurgence of interest in the control of snails has been prompted by the realization, backed by a World Health Assembly resolution (WHA65.21), that mass drug administration alone may be insufficient to achieve schistosomiasis elimination. SCORE has supported work on snail identification and mapping and investigated how xenomonitoring techniques can aid in the identification of infected snails and thereby identify potential transmission areas. Focal mollusciciding with niclosamide was undertaken in Zanzibar and Côte d'Ivoire as a part of elimination studies. Two studies involving biological control of snails were conducted: one explored the association of freshwater riverine prawns and snail hosts in Côte d'Ivoire and the other assessed the current distribution of Procambarus clarkii, the invasive Louisiana red swamp crayfish, in Kenya and its association with snail hosts and schistosomiasis transmission. SCORE also supported modeling studies on the importance of snail control in achieving elimination and a meta-analysis of the impact of molluscicide-based snail control programs on human schistosomiasis prevalence and incidence. SCORE's snail control studies contributed to increased investment in building capacity, and specimens collected during SCORE research deposited in the Schistosomiasis Collections at the Natural History Museum (SCAN) will provide a valuable resource for the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Allan
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shaali M. Ame
- Public Health Laboratory - Ivo de Carneri, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Yves-Nathan T. Tian-Bi
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Bruce V. Hofkin
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nana R. Diakité
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliezer K. N’Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Fatma Kabole
- Neglected Tropical Disease Unit, Unguja, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Iddi S. Khamis
- Neglected Tropical Disease Unit, Unguja, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Anouk N. Gouvras
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Pennance
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Rabone
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Safari Kinung’hi
- National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Amina Amadou Hamidou
- Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL-Niger), Niamey, Niger
| | - Gerald M. Mkoji
- Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John P. McLaughlin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Armand M. Kuris
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Stefanie Knopp
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Braun L, Hazell L, Webb AJ, Allan F, Emery AM, Templeton MR. Determining the viability of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae using fluorescence assays: An application for water treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008176. [PMID: 32214320 PMCID: PMC7138324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosome cercariae are the human-infectious stage of the Schistosoma parasite. They are shed by snail intermediate hosts living in freshwater, and penetrate the skin of the human host to develop into schistosomes, resulting in schistosomiasis infection. Water treatment (e.g. filtration or chlorination) is one way of cutting disease transmission; it kills or removes cercariae to provide safe water for people to use for activities such as bathing or laundry as an alternative to infested lakes or rivers. At present, there is no standard method for assessing the effectiveness of water treatment processes on cercariae. Examining cercarial movement under a microscope is the most common method, yet it is subjective and time-consuming. Hence, there is a need to develop and verify accurate, high-throughput assays for quantifying cercarial viability. METHOD We tested two fluorescence assays for their ability to accurately determine cercarial viability in water samples, using S. mansoni cercariae released from infected snails in the Schistosomiasis Collection at the Natural History Museum, London. These assays consist of dual stains, namely a vital and non-vital dye; fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Hoechst, and FDA and Propidium Iodide. We also compared the results of the fluorescence assays to the viability determined by microscopy. CONCLUSION Both fluorescence assays can detect the viability of cercariae to an accuracy of at least 92.2% ± 6.3%. Comparing the assays to microscopy, no statistically significant difference was found between the method's viability results. However, the fluorescence assays are less subjective and less time-consuming than microscopy, and therefore present a promising method for quantifying the viability of schistosome cercariae in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Braun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucinda Hazell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Webb
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Allan
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Chevalier FD, Le Clec’h W, McDew-White M, Menon V, Guzman MA, Holloway SP, Cao X, Taylor AB, Kinung'hi S, Gouvras AN, Webster BL, Webster JP, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Garba Djirmay A, Al Mashikhi KM, Al Yafae S, Idris MA, Moné H, Mouahid G, Hart PJ, LoVerde PT, Anderson TJC. Oxamniquine resistance alleles are widespread in Old World Schistosoma mansoni and predate drug deployment. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007881. [PMID: 31652296 PMCID: PMC6834289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Do mutations required for adaptation occur de novo, or are they segregating within populations as standing genetic variation? This question is key to understanding adaptive change in nature, and has important practical consequences for the evolution of drug resistance. We provide evidence that alleles conferring resistance to oxamniquine (OXA), an antischistosomal drug, are widespread in natural parasite populations under minimal drug pressure and predate OXA deployment. OXA has been used since the 1970s to treat Schistosoma mansoni infections in the New World where S. mansoni established during the slave trade. Recessive loss-of-function mutations within a parasite sulfotransferase (SmSULT-OR) underlie resistance, and several verified resistance mutations, including a deletion (p.E142del), have been identified in the New World. Here we investigate sequence variation in SmSULT-OR in S. mansoni from the Old World, where OXA has seen minimal usage. We sequenced exomes of 204 S. mansoni parasites from West Africa, East Africa and the Middle East, and scored variants in SmSULT-OR and flanking regions. We identified 39 non-synonymous SNPs, 4 deletions, 1 duplication and 1 premature stop codon in the SmSULT-OR coding sequence, including one confirmed resistance deletion (p.E142del). We expressed recombinant proteins and used an in vitro OXA activation assay to functionally validate the OXA-resistance phenotype for four predicted OXA-resistance mutations. Three aspects of the data are of particular interest: (i) segregating OXA-resistance alleles are widespread in Old World populations (4.29–14.91% frequency), despite minimal OXA usage, (ii) two OXA-resistance mutations (p.W120R, p.N171IfsX28) are particularly common (>5%) in East African and Middle-Eastern populations, (iii) the p.E142del allele has identical flanking SNPs in both West Africa and Puerto Rico, suggesting that parasites bearing this allele colonized the New World during the slave trade and therefore predate OXA deployment. We conclude that standing variation for OXA resistance is widespread in S. mansoni. It has been argued that drug resistance is unlikely to spread rapidly in helminth parasites infecting humans. This is based, at least in part, on the premise that resistance mutations are rare or absent within populations prior to treatment, and take a long time to reach appreciable frequencies because helminth parasite generation time is long. This argument is critically dependent on the starting frequency of resistance alleles–if high levels of “standing variation” for resistance are present prior to deployment of treatment, resistance may spread rapidly. We examined frequencies of oxamniquine resistance alleles present in Schistosoma mansoni from Africa and the Middle East where oxamniquine has seen minimal use. We found that oxamniquine resistance alleles are widespread in the Old World, ranging from 4.29% in the Middle East to 14.91% in East African parasite populations. Furthermore, we show that resistance alleles from West African and the Caribbean schistosomes share a common origin, suggesting that these alleles travelled to the New World with S. mansoni during the transatlantic slave trade. Together, these results demonstrate extensive standing variation for oxamniquine resistance. Our results have important implications for both drug treatment policies and drug development efforts, and demonstrate the power of molecular surveillance approaches for guiding helminth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric D. Chevalier
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FDC); (TJCA)
| | - Winka Le Clec’h
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vinay Menon
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meghan A. Guzman
- Departments of Pathology and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Holloway
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaohang Cao
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander B. Taylor
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Safari Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Anouk N. Gouvras
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amadou Garba Djirmay
- Réseau International Schistosomiases Environnemental Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL), Niamey, Niger
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Khalid M. Al Mashikhi
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhofar Governorate, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Salem Al Yafae
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhofar Governorate, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Hélène Moné
- Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions laboratory, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Gabriel Mouahid
- Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions laboratory, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - P. John Hart
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip T. LoVerde
- Departments of Pathology and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. C. Anderson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FDC); (TJCA)
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14
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Platt RN, McDew-White M, Le Clec’h W, Chevalier FD, Allan F, Emery AM, Garba A, Hamidou AA, Ame SM, Webster JP, Rollinson D, Webster BL, Anderson TJC. Ancient Hybridization and Adaptive Introgression of an Invadolysin Gene in Schistosome Parasites. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:2127-2142. [PMID: 31251352 PMCID: PMC6759076 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introgression among parasite species has the potential to transfer traits of biomedical importance across species boundaries. The parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium causes urogenital schistosomiasis in humans across sub-Saharan Africa. Hybridization with other schistosome species is assumed to occur commonly, because genetic crosses between S. haematobium and livestock schistosomes, including S. bovis, can be staged in the laboratory, and sequencing of mtDNA and rDNA amplified from microscopic miracidia larvae frequently reveals markers from different species. However, the frequency, direction, age, and genomic consequences of hybridization are unknown. We hatched miracidia from eggs and sequenced the exomes from 96 individual S. haematobium miracidia from infected patients from Niger and the Zanzibar archipelago. These data revealed no evidence for contemporary hybridization between S. bovis and S. haematobium in our samples. However, all Nigerien S. haematobium genomes sampled show hybrid ancestry, with 3.3-8.2% of their nuclear genomes derived from S. bovis, providing evidence of an ancient introgression event that occurred at least 108-613 generations ago. Some S. bovis-derived alleles have spread to high frequency or reached fixation and show strong signatures of directional selection; the strongest signal spans a single gene in the invadolysin gene family (Chr. 4). Our results suggest that S. bovis/S. haematobium hybridization occurs rarely but demonstrate profound consequences of ancient introgression from a livestock parasite into the genome of S. haematobium, the most prevalent schistosome species infecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy N Platt
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Winka Le Clec’h
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Frédéric D Chevalier
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Fiona Allan
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amadou Garba
- Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL-Niger), Niamey, Niger
| | - Amina A Hamidou
- Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL-Niger), Niamey, Niger
| | - Shaali M Ame
- Public Health Laboratory - Ivo de Carneri, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Joanne P Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L Webster
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J C Anderson
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
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15
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Oey H, Zakrzewski M, Gravermann K, Young ND, Korhonen PK, Gobert GN, Nawaratna S, Hasan S, Martínez DM, You H, Lavin M, Jones MK, Ragan MA, Stoye J, Oleaga A, Emery AM, Webster BL, Rollinson D, Gasser RB, McManus DP, Krause L. Whole-genome sequence of the bovine blood fluke Schistosoma bovis supports interspecific hybridization with S. haematobium. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007513. [PMID: 30673782 PMCID: PMC6361461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric infection by the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma bovis is a common veterinary problem in Africa and the Middle East and occasionally in the Mediterranean Region. The species also has the ability to form interspecific hybrids with the human parasite S. haematobium with natural hybridisation observed in West Africa, presenting possible zoonotic transmission. Additionally, this exchange of alleles between species may dramatically influence disease dynamics and parasite evolution. We have generated a 374 Mb assembly of the S. bovis genome using Illumina and PacBio-based technologies. Despite infecting different hosts and organs, the genome sequences of S. bovis and S. haematobium appeared strikingly similar with 97% sequence identity. The two species share 98% of protein-coding genes, with an average sequence identity of 97.3% at the amino acid level. Genome comparison identified large continuous parts of the genome (up to several 100 kb) showing almost 100% sequence identity between S. bovis and S. haematobium. It is unlikely that this is a result of genome conservation and provides further evidence of natural interspecific hybridization between S. bovis and S. haematobium. Our results suggest that foreign DNA obtained by interspecific hybridization was maintained in the population through multiple meiosis cycles and that hybrids were sexually reproductive, producing viable offspring. The S. bovis genome assembly forms a highly valuable resource for studying schistosome evolution and exploring genetic regions that are associated with species-specific phenotypic traits. In this article we detail the assembly and functional annotation of the Schistosoma bovis genome. S. bovis is a parasitic flatworm that primarily infects bovines, with important economic consequences in affected countries. However, it is also a close relative of the human carcinogenic parasite Schistosoma haematobium which is a serious health issue in many endemic countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The close relationship and overlapping geographical distribution of S. bovis and S. haematobium allows these to hybridise in the wild increasing their genetic diversity and presenting the risk of zoonotic transmission, i.e. the transmission from animals to humans. The hybridization between human and ruminant schistosomes is of particular interest as interspecific hybridization may have dramatic impacts on transmission rates, disease dynamics, control interventions and parasite evolution. By whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics we present evidence that fertile hybrids are indeed present in the wild, presenting the potential risk of transmission from animal reservoirs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Oey
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martha Zakrzewski
- Genetics & Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kerstin Gravermann
- Faculty of Technology and Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Neil D. Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N. Gobert
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Sujeevi Nawaratna
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shihab Hasan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Genetics & Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David M. Martínez
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hong You
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin Lavin
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A. Ragan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jens Stoye
- Faculty of Technology and Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ana Oleaga
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Natural History Museum, Life Sciences Department, Parasites and Vectors Division, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Natural History Museum, Life Sciences Department, Parasites and Vectors Division, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- Natural History Museum, Life Sciences Department, Parasites and Vectors Division, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lutz Krause
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Genetics & Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail:
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16
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Allan F, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Emery AM, Paulo R, Mirante C, Sebastião A, Brito M, Rollinson D. Mapping freshwater snails in north-western Angola: distribution, identity and molecular diversity of medically important taxa. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:460. [PMID: 29017583 PMCID: PMC5634851 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to determine the distribution and identity of potential intermediate snail hosts of Schistosoma spp. in Bengo, Luanda, Kwanza Norte and Malanje Provinces in north-western Angola. This is an area where infection with Schistosoma haematobium, causing urogenital schistosomiasis, is common but little is yet known about transmission of the disease. Angola has had a varied past with regard to disease control and is revitalising efforts to combat neglected tropical diseases. METHODS Snails were sampled from 60 water-contact points. Specimens of the genera Bulinus, Biomphalaria or Lymnaea were screened for trematode infections by inducing cercarial shedding. Snails were initially identified using shell morphology; subsequently a cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene fragment was amplified from a subset of snails from each site, for molecular identification. Cercariae were captured onto FTA cards for molecular analysis. Specimens of Bulinus angolensis collected from the original locality of the type specimen have been characterised and comparisons made with snails collected in 1957 held at the Natural History Museum, London, UK. RESULTS In total snails of nine genera were identified using morphological characteristics: Biomphalaria, Bulinus, Gyraulus, Lanistes, Lentorbis, Lymnaea, Melanoides, Physa and Succinea. Significant for schistosomiasis transmission, was the discovery of Bulinus globosus, B. canescens, B. angolensis, B. crystallinus and Biomphalaria salinarum in their type-localities and elsewhere. Bulinus globosus and B. angolensis occurred in two distinct geographical areas. The cox1 sequence for B. globosus differed markedly from those from specimens of this species collected from other countries. Bulinus angolensis is more closely related to B. globosus than originally documented and should be included in the B. africanus group. Schistosoma haematobium cercariae were recovered from B. globosus from two locations: Cabungo, Bengo (20 snails) and Calandula, Malanje (5 snails). Schistosoma haematobium cercariae were identified as group 1 cox1 corresponding to the type common throughout the African mainland. CONCLUSIONS Various freshwater bodies in north-western Angola harbour potential intermediate snail hosts for urogenital schistosomiasis, highlighting the need to map the rest of the country to identify areas where transmission can occur and where control efforts should be targeted. The molecular phylogeny generated from the samples confirmed that considerable variation exists in B. globosus, which is the primary snail host for S. haematobium in many regions of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Allan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK. .,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK.
| | - Jose Carlos Sousa-Figueiredo
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (Health Research Center in Angola), Rua direita do Caxito, Hospital Provincial, Bengo, Angola
| | - Aidan M Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK
| | - Rossely Paulo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (Health Research Center in Angola), Rua direita do Caxito, Hospital Provincial, Bengo, Angola.,Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Clara Mirante
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (Health Research Center in Angola), Rua direita do Caxito, Hospital Provincial, Bengo, Angola
| | - Alfredo Sebastião
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (Health Research Center in Angola), Rua direita do Caxito, Hospital Provincial, Bengo, Angola
| | - Miguel Brito
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (Health Research Center in Angola), Rua direita do Caxito, Hospital Provincial, Bengo, Angola.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Rollinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK
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17
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Ressurreição M, Elbeyioglu F, Kirk RS, Rollinson D, Emery AM, Page NM, Walker AJ. Molecular characterization of host-parasite cell signalling in Schistosoma mansoni during early development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35614. [PMID: 27762399 PMCID: PMC5071895 DOI: 10.1038/srep35614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection of their human definitive host, schistosomes transform rapidly from free-swimming infective cercariae in freshwater to endoparasitic schistosomules. The 'somules' next migrate within the skin to access the vasculature and are surrounded by host molecules that might activate intracellular pathways that influence somule survival, development and/or behaviour. However, such 'transactivation' by host factors in schistosomes is not well defined. In the present study, we have characterized and functionally localized the dynamics of protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation during early somule development in vitro and demonstrate activation of these protein kinases by human epidermal growth factor, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor I, particularly at the parasite surface. Further, we provide evidence that support the existence of specialized signalling domains called lipid rafts in schistosomes and propose that correct signalling to ERK requires proper raft organization. Finally, we show that modulation of PKC and ERK activities in somules affects motility and reduces somule survival. Thus, PKC and ERK are important mediators of host-ligand regulated transactivation events in schistosomes, and represent potential targets for anti-schistosome therapy aimed at reducing parasite survival in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Ressurreição
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
| | - Firat Elbeyioglu
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth S. Kirk
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel M. Page
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
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18
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Webster BL, Rabone M, Pennance T, Emery AM, Allan F, Gouvras A, Knopp S, Garba A, Hamidou AA, Mohammed KA, Ame SM, Rollinson D, Webster JP. Erratum to: Development of novel multiplex microsatellite polymerase chain reactions to enable high-throughput population genetic studies of Schistosoma haematobium. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:519. [PMID: 26453014 PMCID: PMC4600265 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B L Webster
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK. .,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - M Rabone
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - T Pennance
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,RVC Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertsfordshire, AL97TA, UK
| | - A M Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - F Allan
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - A Gouvras
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - S Knopp
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, 4002, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, 4003, Switzerland
| | - A Garba
- Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL-Niger), 333, Avenue des Zarmakoye, Niamey, B.P. 13724, Niger
| | - A A Hamidou
- Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL-Niger), 333, Avenue des Zarmakoye, Niamey, B.P. 13724, Niger
| | - K A Mohammed
- Public Health Laboratory - Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), Wawi, Chake Chake, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - S M Ame
- Public Health Laboratory - Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), Wawi, Chake Chake, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - D Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - J P Webster
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.,RVC Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertsfordshire, AL97TA, UK
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19
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Ressurreição M, Kirk RS, Rollinson D, Emery AM, Page NM, Walker AJ. Sensory Protein Kinase Signaling in Schistosoma mansoni Cercariae: Host Location and Invasion. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1787-97. [PMID: 26401028 PMCID: PMC4633769 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni cercariae display specific behavioral responses to abiotic/biotic stimuli enabling them to locate and infect the definitive human host. Here we report the effect of such stimulants on signaling pathways of cercariae in relation to host finding and invasion. Cercariae exposed to various light/temperature regimens displayed modulated protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activities, with distinct responses at 37°C and intense light/dark, when compared to 24°C under normal light. Kinase activities were localized to regions including the oral sensory papillae, acetabular ducts, tegument, acetabular glands, and nervous system. Furthermore, linoleic acid modulated PKC and ERK activities concurrent with the temporal release of acetabular gland components. Attenuation of PKC, ERK, and p38 MAPK activities significantly reduced gland component release, particularly in response to linoleic acid, demonstrating the importance of these signaling pathways to host penetration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Ressurreição
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames
| | - Ruth S Kirk
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames
| | - David Rollinson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel M Page
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames
| | - Anthony J Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames
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20
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Ressurreição M, De Saram P, Kirk RS, Rollinson D, Emery AM, Page NM, Davies AJ, Walker AJ. Protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinase regulate movement, attachment, pairing and egg release in Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2924. [PMID: 24921927 PMCID: PMC4055629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases C (PKCs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are evolutionary conserved cell signalling enzymes that coordinate cell function. Here we have employed biochemical approaches using ‘smart’ antibodies and functional screening to unravel the importance of these enzymes to Schistosoma mansoni physiology. Various PKC and ERK isotypes were detected, and were differentially phosphorylated (activated) throughout the various S. mansoni life stages, suggesting isotype-specific roles and differences in signalling complexity during parasite development. Functional kinase mapping in adult worms revealed that activated PKC and ERK were particularly associated with the adult male tegument, musculature and oesophagus and occasionally with the oesophageal gland; other structures possessing detectable activated PKC and/or ERK included the Mehlis' gland, ootype, lumen of the vitellaria, seminal receptacle and excretory ducts. Pharmacological modulation of PKC and ERK activity in adult worms using GF109203X, U0126, or PMA, resulted in significant physiological disturbance commensurate with these proteins occupying a central position in signalling pathways associated with schistosome muscular activity, neuromuscular coordination, reproductive function, attachment and pairing. Increased activation of ERK and PKC was also detected in worms following praziquantel treatment, with increased signalling associated with the tegument and excretory system and activated ERK localizing to previously unseen structures, including the cephalic ganglia. These findings support roles for PKC and ERK in S. mansoni homeostasis, and identify these kinase groups as potential targets for chemotherapeutic treatments against human schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease of enormous public health significance. Parasitic blood flukes, also called schistosomes, cause human schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease and major public health problem in developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainable control of schistosomiasis is difficult, mainly because the complex life cycle of the parasite involves a freshwater snail host, and the ability of the parasite to evade the immune response of the human host and to survive for many years. Little is yet known about the cellular mechanisms in schistosomes and how they regulate parasite homeostasis, development and behaviour. In this paper, the nature of intracellular signalling by protein kinases C (PKCs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in schistosomes is studied and these proteins are found to be vital for the coordination of processes fundamental to parasite survival, such as muscular activity and reproductive function. Our results contribute to an understanding of molecular events regulating schistosome function and identify PKCs and ERKs as possible targets for the development of new chemotherapeutic treatments against schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Ressurreição
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paulu De Saram
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth S. Kirk
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel M. Page
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Davies
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Zahoor Z, Lockyer AE, Davies AJ, Kirk RS, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Jones CS, Noble LR, Walker AJ. Differences in the gene expression profiles of haemocytes from schistosome-susceptible and -resistant biomphalaria glabrata exposed to Schistosoma mansoni excretory-secretory products. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93215. [PMID: 24663063 PMCID: PMC3963999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During its life cycle, the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni uses the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata as an intermediate host to reproduce asexually generating cercariae for infection of the human definitive host. Following invasion of the snail, the parasite develops from a miracidium to a mother sporocyst and releases excretory-secretory products (ESPs) that likely influence the outcome of host infection. To better understand molecular interactions between these ESPs and the host snail defence system, we determined gene expression profiles of haemocytes from S. mansoni-resistant or -susceptible strains of B. glabrata exposed in vitro to S. mansoni ESPs (20 μg/ml) for 1 h, using a 5K B. glabrata cDNA microarray. Ninety-eight genes were found differentially expressed between haemocytes from the two snail strains, 57 resistant specific and 41 susceptible specific, 60 of which had no known homologue in GenBank. Known differentially expressed resistant-snail genes included the nuclear factor kappa B subunit Relish, elongation factor 1α, 40S ribosomal protein S9, and matrilin; known susceptible-snail specific genes included cathepsins D and L, and theromacin. Comparative analysis with other gene expression studies revealed 38 of the 98 identified genes to be uniquely differentially expressed in haemocytes in the presence of ESPs, thus identifying for the first time schistosome ESPs as important molecules that influence global snail host-defence cell gene expression profiles. Such immunomodulation may benefit the schistosome, enabling its survival and successful development in the snail host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahida Zahoor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratory, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E. Lockyer
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratory, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Davies
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth S. Kirk
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratory, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratory, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S. Jones
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie R. Noble
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Allan F, Dunn AM, Emery AM, Stothard JR, Johnston DA, Kane RA, Khamis AN, Mohammed KA, Rollinson D. Use of sentinel snails for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium transmission on Zanzibar and observations on transmission patterns. Acta Trop 2013; 128:234-40. [PMID: 23318933 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is an important public health issue in Zanzibar. Transmission of the parasite to the human population is related to the distribution of the intermediate snail host, Bulinus globosus. We measured B. globosus abundance and Schistosoma haematobium prevalence within snails in a series of naturally occurring populations and compared prevalence detected by observing cercarial shedding for patent infections, and by PCR using DraI repeat. A total of 2146 B. globosus were collected throughout the study period from 2003 to 2007; of these 85 (3.96%) were shedding cercariae. The levels of infection detected by PCR were consistently higher (40-100 percent). Levels of exposure to miracidia in the field were measured using sentinel snails. B. globosus (a susceptible host) and B. nasutus (a non-susceptible host) were placed in cages at transmission sites for 72h to observe rates of penetration by miracidia. Both B. globosus and B. nasutus tested positive for S. haematobium by PCR (up to 24% infected) indicating frequent contamination of the waterbodies with S. haematobium miracidia. The use of sentinel snails coupled with PCR diagnostics could be a sensitive tool for mapping and monitoring transmission of schistosomiasis in areas of low prevalence.
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Glenn TC, Lance SL, McKee AM, Webster BL, Emery AM, Zerlotini A, Oliveira G, Rollinson D, Faircloth BC. Significant variance in genetic diversity among populations of Schistosoma haematobium detected using microsatellite DNA loci from a genome-wide database. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:300. [PMID: 24499537 PMCID: PMC3874762 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium is widely distributed across Africa and is increasingly being targeted for control. Genome sequences and population genetic parameters can give insight into the potential for population- or species-level drug resistance. Microsatellite DNA loci are genetic markers in wide use by Schistosoma researchers, but there are few primers available for S. haematobium. METHODS We sequenced 1,058,114 random DNA fragments from clonal cercariae collected from a snail infected with a single Schistosoma haematobium miracidium. We assembled and aligned the S. haematobium sequences to the genomes of S. mansoni and S. japonicum, identifying microsatellite DNA loci across all three species and designing primers to amplify the loci in S. haematobium. To validate our primers, we screened 32 randomly selected primer pairs with population samples of S. haematobium. RESULTS We designed >13,790 primer pairs to amplify unique microsatellite loci in S. haematobium, (available at http://www.cebio.org/projetos/schistosoma-haematobium-genome). The three Schistosoma genomes contained similar overall frequencies of microsatellites, but the frequency and length distributions of specific motifs differed among species. We identified 15 primer pairs that amplified consistently and were easily scored. We genotyped these 15 loci in S. haematobium individuals from six locations: Zanzibar had the highest levels of diversity; Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, and Senegal were nearly as diverse; but the sample from South Africa was much less diverse. CONCLUSIONS About half of the primers in the database of Schistosoma haematobium microsatellite DNA loci should yield amplifiable and easily scored polymorphic markers, thus providing thousands of potential markers. Sequence conservation among S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni is relatively high, thus it should now be possible to identify markers that are universal among Schistosoma species (i.e., using DNA sequences conserved among species), as well as other markers that are specific to species or species-groups (i.e., using DNA sequences that differ among species). Full genome-sequencing of additional species and specimens of S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni is desirable to better characterize differences within and among these species, to develop additional genetic markers, and to examine genes as well as conserved non-coding elements associated with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602 GA, USA
| | - Stacey L Lance
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken 29802 SC, USA
| | - Anna M McKee
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602 GA, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens 30602 GA, USA
| | - Bonnie L Webster
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Present address; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine (St Mary’s Campus), Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Aidan M Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Adhemar Zerlotini
- Rene Rachou Research Center, National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, BarroPreto, Belo Horizonte CEP 30190-002 MG, Brazil
- Present address: Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Av. Andre Tosello, 209, Campinas 13083-886 SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Rene Rachou Research Center, National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, BarroPreto, Belo Horizonte CEP 30190-002 MG, Brazil
| | - David Rollinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Brant C Faircloth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095 CA, USA
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Marco A, Kozomara A, Hui JHL, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Griffiths-Jones S, Ronshaugen M. Sex-biased expression of microRNAs in Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2402. [PMID: 24069470 PMCID: PMC3772069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important neglected tropical disease caused by digenean helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosomes are unusual in that they are dioecious and the adult worms live in the blood system. MicroRNAs play crucial roles during gene regulation and are likely to be important in sex differentiation in dioecious species. Here we characterize 112 microRNAs from adult Schistosoma mansoni individuals, including 84 novel microRNA families, and investigate the expression pattern in different sexes. By deep sequencing, we measured the relative expression levels of conserved and newly identified microRNAs between male and female samples. We observed that 13 microRNAs exhibited sex-biased expression, 10 of which are more abundant in females than in males. Sex chromosomes showed a paucity of female-biased genes, as predicted by theoretical evolutionary models. We propose that the recent emergence of separate sexes in Schistosoma had an effect on the chromosomal distribution and evolution of microRNAs, and that microRNAs are likely to participate in the sex differentiation/maintenance process. Schistosomiasis is the second most common disease caused by a parasite, affecting over 200 million people. The parasites involved are flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. Unlike most non-parasitic flatworms, Schistosoma species have separate sexes, and the emergence of sex has been associated with the development of a parasitic lifestyle. The identification of gene products that are expressed in a sex-biased fashion permits the study of the origin of sexual dimorphism and, in the case of the schistosomes, the evolution of a human parasite. Here we investigated the differential expression of microRNAs in male and female individuals of the species Schistosoma mansoni. MicroRNAs are crucial gene regulators. We observed that many new microRNAs emerged in the evolutionary lineage leading to the schistosomes. However, many sex-biased microRNAs were present in the hermaphrodite ancestor of the flatworms, and therefore acquired sex-biased expression later on. Our results suggest that changes in microRNA expression patterns were associated with the emergence of separate sexes in the schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marco
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Kozomara
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome H. L. Hui
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Griffiths-Jones
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SGJ); (MR)
| | - Matthew Ronshaugen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SGJ); (MR)
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Golan R, Gower CM, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Webster JP. Isolation and characterization of the first polymorphic microsatellite markers for Schistosoma haematobium and their application in multiplex reactions of larval stages. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 8:647-9. [PMID: 21585859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of microsatellite loci to reveal genetic diversity within the trematode Schistosoma haematobium is demonstrated for the first time. Nine novel polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and their viability assessed on 36 S. haematobium adult worm individuals from three geographical populations. Allelic diversity and gene diversity ranged from two to seven and from 0.29 to 0.76, respectively, suggesting high variability between individuals and between unrelated populations. Three primers also amplified Schistosoma mansoni and two Schistosoma japonicum. The results suggest these primers are useful for population genetic analyses of S. haematobium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Golan
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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de Saram PSR, Ressurreição M, Davies AJ, Rollinson D, Emery AM, Walker AJ. Functional mapping of protein kinase A reveals its importance in adult Schistosoma mansoni motor activity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e1988. [PMID: 23326613 PMCID: PMC3542114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase/protein kinase A (PKA) is the major transducer of cAMP signalling in eukaryotic cells. Here, using laser scanning confocal microscopy and 'smart' anti-phospho PKA antibodies that exclusively detect activated PKA, we provide a detailed in situ analysis of PKA signalling in intact adult Schistosoma mansoni, a causative agent of debilitating human intestinal schistosomiasis. In both adult male and female worms, activated PKA was consistently found associated with the tegument, oral and ventral suckers, oesophagus and somatic musculature. In addition, the seminal vesicle and gynaecophoric canal muscles of the male displayed activated PKA whereas in female worms activated PKA localized to the ootype wall, the ovary, and the uterus particularly around eggs during expulsion. Exposure of live worms to the PKA activator forskolin (50 µM) resulted in striking PKA activation in the central and peripheral nervous system including at nerve endings at/near the tegument surface. Such neuronal PKA activation was also observed without forskolin treatment, but only in a single batch of worms. In addition, PKA activation within the central and peripheral nervous systems visibly increased within 15 min of worm-pair separation when compared to that observed in closely coupled worm pairs. Finally, exposure of adult worms to forskolin induced hyperkinesias in a time and dose dependent manner with 100 µM forskolin significantly increasing the frequency of gross worm movements to 5.3 times that of control worms (P≤0.001). Collectively these data are consistent with PKA playing a central part in motor activity and neuronal communication, and possibly interplay between these two systems in S. mansoni. This study, the first to localize a protein kinase when exclusively in an activated state in adult S. mansoni, provides valuable insight into the intricacies of functional protein kinase signalling in the context of whole schistosome physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulu S. R. de Saram
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Margarida Ressurreição
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Zoology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Davies
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Zoology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Zoology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Lockyer AE, Emery AM, Kane RA, Walker AJ, Mayer CD, Mitta G, Coustau C, Adema CM, Hanelt B, Rollinson D, Noble LR, Jones CS. Early differential gene expression in haemocytes from resistant and susceptible Biomphalaria glabrata strains in response to Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51102. [PMID: 23300533 PMCID: PMC3530592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome of infection in the host snail Biomphalaria glabrata with the digenean parasite Schistosoma mansoni is determined by the initial molecular interplay occurring between them. The mechanisms by which schistosomes evade snail immune recognition to ensure survival are not fully understood, but one possibility is that the snail internal defence system is manipulated by the schistosome enabling the parasite to establish infection. This study provides novel insights into the nature of schistosome resistance and susceptibility in B. glabrata at the transcriptomic level by simultaneously comparing gene expression in haemocytes from parasite-exposed and control groups of both schistosome-resistant and schistosome-susceptible strains, 2 h post exposure to S. mansoni miracidia, using an novel 5K cDNA microarray. Differences in gene expression, including those for immune/stress response, signal transduction and matrix/adhesion genes were identified between the two snail strains and tests for asymmetric distributions of gene function also identified immune-related gene expression in resistant snails, but not in susceptible. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinone biosynthesis and electron carrier activity were consistently up-regulated in resistant snails but down-regulated in susceptible. This supports the hypothesis that schistosome-resistant snails recognize schistosomes and mount an appropriate defence response, while in schistosome-susceptible snails the parasite suppresses this defence response, early in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Lockyer
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Kane
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Walker
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Claus D. Mayer
- BioSS (Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland) Office, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Ecologie et Evolution des interactions, CNRS Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Christine Coustau
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRA-CNRS-UNS, 06903 Sophia Antopolis, France
| | - Coen M. Adema
- CETI (Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology), Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ben Hanelt
- CETI (Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology), Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie R. Noble
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Natural History Museum (NHM) is developing a repository for schistosomiasis-related material, the Schistosomiasis Collection at NHM (SCAN) as part of its existing Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratory (WWBL). This is timely because a major research and evaluation effort to understand control and move towards elimination of schistosomiasis in Africa has been initiated by the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE), resulting in the collection of many important biological samples, including larval schistosomes and snails. SCAN will collaborate with a number of research groups and control teams and the repository will acquire samples relevant to both immediate and future research interest. The samples collected through ongoing research and field activities, WWBL's existing collections, and other acquisitions will be maintained over the long term and made available to the global research community for approved research purposes. Goals include: ·Consolidation of the existing NHM schistosome and snail collections and transfer of specimens into suitable long-term storage systems for DNA retrieval, ·Long-term and stable storage of specimens collected as part of on going field programmes initially in Africa especially relating to the SCORE research programmes, ·Provision of access to snail and schistosome collections for approved research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan M Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Laboratories, Dept of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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Ressurreição M, Rollinson D, Emery AM, Walker AJ. A role for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in early post-embryonic development of Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 180:51-5. [PMID: 21787807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) to Schistosoma mansoni miracidium to mother-sporocyst development was investigated. Western blotting revealed that phosphorylation (activation) of p38 MAPK was low in larvae after 4h development in vitro but increased markedly during transformation, with ∼2.7- and ∼3.7-fold increases after 19h and 28h culture, respectively. Immunohistochemistry of larvae undergoing transformation revealed activated p38 MAPK associated with regions including the tegument, neural mass and germinal cells. Inhibition of larval p38 MAPK with SB203580 reduced significantly the rate of development of miracidia to mother sporocysts, whereas activation of p38 MAPK with anisomycin had the opposite effect. These results provide insight into p38 MAPK signalling in schistosomes and support a role for p38 MAPK in the early post-embryonic development of S. mansoni.
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Ressurreição M, Rollinson D, Emery AM, Walker AJ. A role for p38 MAPK in the regulation of ciliary motion in a eukaryote. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:6. [PMID: 21269498 PMCID: PMC3040701 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motile cilia are essential to the survival and reproduction of many eukaryotes; they are responsible for powering swimming of protists and small multicellular organisms and drive fluids across respiratory and reproductive surfaces in mammals. Although tremendous progress has been made to comprehend the biochemical basis of these complex evolutionarily-conserved organelles, few protein kinases have been reported to co-ordinate ciliary beat. Here we present evidence for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) playing a role in the ciliary beat of a multicellular eukaryote, the free-living miracidium stage of the platyhelminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. RESULTS Fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed that non-motile miracidia trapped within eggs prior to hatching displayed phosphorylated (activated) p38 MAPK associated with their ciliated surface. In contrast, freshly-hatched, rapidly swimming, miracidia lacked phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry demonstrated that treatment of miracidia with the p38 MAPK activator anisomycin resulted in a rapid, sustained, activation of p38 MAPK, which was primarily localized to the cilia associated with the ciliated epidermal plates, and the tegument. Freshly-hatched miracidia possessed swim velocities between 2.17 - 2.38 mm/s. Strikingly, anisomycin-mediated p38 MAPK activation rapidly attenuated swimming, reducing swim velocities by 55% after 15 min and 99% after 60 min. In contrast, SB 203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, increased swim velocity by up to 15% over this duration. Finally, by inhibiting swimming, p38 MAPK activation resulted in early release of ciliated epidermal plates from the miracidium thus accelerating development to the post-miracidium larval stage. CONCLUSIONS This study supports a role for p38 MAPK in the regulation of ciliary-beat. Given the evolutionary conservation of signalling processes and cilia structure, we hypothesize that p38 MAPK may regulate ciliary beat and beat-frequency in a variety of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Ressurreição
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
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Kane RA, Stothard JR, Emery AM, Rollinson D. Molecular characterization of freshwater snails in the genus Bulinus: a role for barcodes? Parasit Vectors 2008; 1:15. [PMID: 18544153 PMCID: PMC2441610 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable and consistent methods are required for the identification and classification of freshwater snails belonging to the genus Bulinus (Gastropoda, Planorbidae) which act as intermediate hosts for schistosomes of both medical and veterinary importance. The current project worked towards two main objectives, the development of a cost effective, simple screening method for the routine identification of Bulinus isolates and the use of resultant sequencing data to produce a model of relationships within the group. Results Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequence for a large section (1009 bp) of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) for isolates of Bulinus demonstrated superior resolution over that employing the second internal transcribed spacer (its2) of the ribosomal gene complex. Removal of transitional substitutions within cox1 because of saturation effects still allowed identification of snails at species group level. Within groups, some species could be identified with ease but there were regions where the high degree of molecular diversity meant that clear identification of species was problematic, this was particularly so within the B. africanus group. Conclusion The sequence diversity within cox1 is such that a barcoding approach may offer the best method for characterization of populations and species within the genus from different geographical locations. The study has confirmed the definition of some accepted species within the species groups but additionally has revealed some unrecognized isolates which underlines the need to use molecular markers in addition to more traditional methods of identification. A barcoding approach based on part of the cox1 gene as defined by the Folmer primers is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Kane
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, South Kensington, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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DeJong RJ, Emery AM, Adema CM. The mitochondrial genome of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Basommatophora), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 2004; 90:991-7. [PMID: 15562597 DOI: 10.1645/ge-284r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial (Mt) genome of the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, a major intermediate host for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, was sequenced. The circular genome, the first determined from a basommatophoran snail, is AT rich (74.6%) and the smallest Mt genome (13,670 nucleotides [nt]) characterized from mollusks to date. Sequences from 2 B. glabrata strains, M-line and 1742, differed by only 18 nt. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S and ND1 sequences confirmed the Brazilian ancestry of both B. glabrata strains. Gene predictions indicated 22 transfer RNA, 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and 13 protein-encoding genes, as is typical for metazoans. Of the mollusk Mt genomes currently known, the gene order was most similar to that of stylommatophoran gastropods, concordant with the monophyly of pulmonate gastropods. Screening of GenBank (expressed sequence tags database [dbEST]) with the Mt sequence identified 108 entries from B. glabrata as Mt-derived sequences, including 12S and 16S rRNA sequences. Moreover, 11 sequences originating from the Mt genome of B. glabrata were identified among EST entries ascribed to intramolluskan stages of S. mansoni. The availability of this Mt sequence will facilitate further molecular investigations into the biology of Biomphalaria sp. and interactions between this intermediate host and intramolluskan stages of S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J DeJong
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Emery AM, Loxton NJ, Stothard JR, Jones CS, Spinks J, Llewellyn-Hughes J, Noble LR, Rollinson D. Microsatellites in the freshwater snail Bulinus globosus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) from Zanzibar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Myklejord DJ, Pritzker MR, Nicoloff DM, Emery AM, Emery RW. Clinical evaluation of the on-line Sensicath blood gas monitoring system. Heart Surg Forum 2001; 1:60-4. [PMID: 11276442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/1998] [Accepted: 05/29/1998] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood gas analysis is an integral part of the management of open heart surgery and post-surgical intensive care patients. This study was conducted to compare the results of on-line blood gas analysis using the new Sensicath (SC) optical sensor technology against standard blood gas assay. METHODS Comparative blood gas analysis was performed on 45 postoperative cardiovascular surgical patients and 5 patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. Simultaneous samples were obtained. One sample was sent to the central hospital laboratory for measurement using a Radiometer ABL 500 blood gas analyzer and the second sample was drawn past the optical sensor. Comparisons between the two methods for pH, pO2 and pCO2 were analyzed using linear regression and the method of Bland and Altman for the intensive care unit samples (N = 451) while the T test was used to compare data points obtained during cardiopulmonary bypass (N = 57). Bias, accuracy and precision were also calculated. RESULTS The regression lines (r2) for pH, pO2, and pCO2 and were 0.69, 0.94, and 0.68 with slopes of 1.000, 0.0957, and 1.052 respectively for postoperative surgical patients. During cardiopulmonary bypass, the T test did not show any significant difference between the Sensicath and the reference values for the arterial and venous pH, pO2 and pCO2. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study found the Sensicath to be an accurate, useful tool which permits immediate blood gas analysis without blood exposure and constitutes an advance in the field of intensive care monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Myklejord
- Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
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Emery AM, Wilson IJ, Craig S, Boyle PR, Noble LR. Assignment of paternity groups without access to parental genotypes: multiple mating and developmental plasticity in squid. Mol Ecol 2001; 10:1265-78. [PMID: 11380883 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel approach to investigating sibling relationships and reconstructing parental genotypes from a progeny array. The Bayesian method we have employed is flexible and may be applicable to a variety of situations in addition to the one presented here. While mutation rates and breeding population allele frequencies can be taken into account, the model requires relatively few loci and makes few assumptions. Paternity of 270 veined squid (Loligo forbesi) hatchlings from three egg strings collected from one location was assigned using five microsatellite loci. Paternal and maternal genotypes reconstructed for each of the three strings were identical, strongly indicating that a single female produced the strings that were fertilized by the same four males. The proportion of eggs fertilized was not equal between males in all three strings, with male 1 siring most offspring (up to 68% in string 1), through to male 4 siring the least (as low as 2.4% in string 1). Although temperature had a profound effect on incubation time, paternity did not affect this trait at 12 degrees C or 8 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Emery
- University of Aberdeen, Department of Zoology, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Greatorex EC, Jones CS, Murphy J, Key LN, Emery AM, Boyle PR. Microsatellite markers for investigating population structure in octopus vulgaris (Mollusca: cephalopoda). Mol Ecol 2000; 9:641-2. [PMID: 10792712 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00882-7.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Greatorex
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Emery AM, Shaw PW, Greatorex EC, Boyle PR, Noble LR. New microsatellite markers for assessment of paternity in the squid Loligo forbesi (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Mol Ecol 2000; 9:110-2. [PMID: 10652082 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00764-3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Emery
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Emery RW, Arom KV, Flavin TF, Emery AM. A case for minimally invasive coronary surgery as primary treatment for left anterior descending coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 16 Suppl 2:S112-6. [PMID: 10613570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The introduction of minimally invasive coronary bypass surgery has allowed the application of multiple approaches to coronary artery disease. METHODS Technologic developments have resolved patency and myocardial ischemic issues and increased surgical experience and training have combined to make more coronary bypass surgeons facile in minimally invasive surgical techniques. RESULTS These advances, along with the decreased invasiveness, shortened recovery and lower cost, suggest the application of these techniques to the primary treatment of disease of the anterior descending artery. CONCLUSION In selected circumstances such as these in which patient co-morbid risk factors would suggest high recurrence rates in complex lesions or total occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery and present in cases of in-stent restenosis, primary application of minimally invasive bypass techniques may create long-term benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Emery
- Cardiac Surgical Associates, P.A. Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
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Emery RW, Arom KV, Emery AM. Complete revascularization on cardiopulmonary bypass: a closer look at existing technology. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 16 Suppl 1:S66-8. [PMID: 10536952 DOI: 10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Emery RW, Arom KV, Emery AM. Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery: state of the art. Adv Card Surg 1999; 10:1-23. [PMID: 9917898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R W Emery
- Minneapolis Heart Institute, St. Paul Heart and Lung Institute, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This communication briefly details the goals, indications, surgical approaches, and limitations of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCABG). The experimental experiences from various institutions are summarized. METHODS The clinical experiences of 72 consecutive MIDCABG procedures performed at our institutions between June 5, 1995, and August 13, 1996, were analyzed. We have divided patients into two groups. Group A consists of healthy low-risk patients with single lesions of the left anterior descending coronary artery or the right coronary artery, or with both lesions of both arteries. Group B consists of high-risk patients who had major contraindications to conventional cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. There were 55 patients in group A and 17 patients in group B. Using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons preoperative predicted risk module, group A had a 1% predicted mortality versus 4% in group B. RESULTS The 30-day mortality was 2% in group A and 6% in group B. The mean postoperative length of stay was 4 days for group A and 5 1/2 days for group B. Short-term follow-up of the survivors appears promising, and 81% of patients were angina free at the time of last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The MIDCABG techniques are still developing. The short-term results during the learning period appear to be quite good, but long-term results remain yet to be seen. The addition of new equipment to facilitate construction of the anastomosis will enhance application and results. The lessons learned from these approaches are already being applied to other areas of cardiac surgery including valve replacement and the repair of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Arom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minnesota, USA
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Emery RW, Emery AM, Flavin TF, Nissen MD, Mooney MR, Arom KV. Revascularization using angioplasty and minimally invasive techniques documented by thermal imaging. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62:591-3. [PMID: 8694640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting offers mortality and morbidity advantages to selected patients. To broaden indications for such, an appropriate and combined disciplinary approach using angioplasty and minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting is described in a patient requiring reoperative grafting. Documentation of patency of new left internal mammary artery-to-left anterior descending artery anastomoses performed without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass was obtained intraoperatively using a Thermal Imaging Camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Emery
- Cardiac Surgical Associates, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55407, USA
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Emery AM, Ready PD, Billingsley PF, Djamgoz MB. A single isoform of the Na+/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit in Diptera: evidence from characterization of the first extracellular domain. Insect Mol Biol 1995; 4:179-192. [PMID: 8589845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1995.tb00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The first extracellular domain of the alpha-subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium/potassium pump) is functionally important, affecting sensitivity of the enzyme to cardiac glycosides (e.g. ouabain) and being implicated in the transport of K+. This domain is also variable among mammalian isoforms of the alpha-subunit. Using PCR, we have isolated from seven insect species with contrasting physiologies a DNA fragment containing this region, in order to help determine whether tissue-specific expression might be associated with isoforms encoded by a gene family, as it is in mammals. A single sequence (with one ORF) characteristic of Na+/K+-ATPase was obtained from genomic DNA of each species. Only the fragment from Manduca sexta contained an intron, but at a location different to that found in mammals. For all Diptera so far characterized, the species phylogeny is the same as the alpha-subunit gene phylogeny (based on the sequences of the first extracellular domain and flanking transmembrane domains). The results strongly indicate a single, ouabain-sensitive isoform of the alpha-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase is present in Diptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Emery
- Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London
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Harper AS, Farrally MR, Emery AM, McGlew TJ, Lyon A, Docherty G, Russell M. The Vale of Leven health promotion project. Br J Gen Pract 1990; 40:64-6. [PMID: 2107854 PMCID: PMC1371143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A two stage health promotion programme is in progress in the Vale of Leven in Dunbartonshire. The first stage has been completed within a local factory (Polaroid UK Limited), the largest private employer in the district. A total of 1205 employees, representing 87% of the workforce, took part in the programme and were initially screened for coronary artery risk factors. Blood pressure, serum cholesterol, body composition and aerobic fitness were measured and smoking habits determined. Aspects of lifestyle were assessed by questionnaire. All employees whose initial cholesterol concentration was greater than 6.5 mM were given simple dietary advice and their cholesterol concentration thereafter remeasured. Eighty-two per cent of these men and 72% of these women succeeded in reducing their cholesterol, the men by a mean of 1.3 mM, the women by a mean of 0.7 mM. The health initiatives undertaken within the factory at the same time as screening are also described in this paper.
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