1
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Li GB, Liu J, He JX, Li GM, Zhao YD, Liu XL, Hu XH, Zhang X, Wu JL, Shen S, Liu XX, Zhu Y, He F, Gao H, Wang H, Zhao JH, Li Y, Huang F, Huang YY, Zhao ZX, Zhang JW, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, He M, Chen X, Wang J, Li W, Wu XJ, Ning Y, Sun W, Xu ZJ, Wang WM, Fan J. Rice false smut virulence protein subverts host chitin perception and signaling at lemma and palea for floral infection. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2000-2020. [PMID: 38299379 PMCID: PMC11062437 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The flower-infecting fungus Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, which is a severe emerging disease threatening rice (Oryza sativa) production worldwide. False smut not only reduces yield, but more importantly produces toxins on grains, posing a great threat to food safety. U. virens invades spikelets via the gap between the 2 bracts (lemma and palea) enclosing the floret and specifically infects the stamen and pistil. Molecular mechanisms for the U. virens-rice interaction are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that rice flowers predominantly employ chitin-triggered immunity against U. virens in the lemma and palea, rather than in the stamen and pistil. We identify a crucial U. virens virulence factor, named UvGH18.1, which carries glycoside hydrolase activity. Mechanistically, UvGH18.1 functions by binding to and hydrolyzing immune elicitor chitin and interacting with the chitin receptor CHITIN ELICITOR BINDING PROTEIN (OsCEBiP) and co-receptor CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (OsCERK1) to impair their chitin-induced dimerization, suppressing host immunity exerted at the lemma and palea for gaining access to the stamen and pistil. Conversely, pretreatment on spikelets with chitin induces a defense response in the lemma and palea, promoting resistance against U. virens. Collectively, our data uncover a mechanism for a U. virens virulence factor and the critical location of the host-pathogen interaction in flowers and provide a potential strategy to control rice false smut disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xue He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gao-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya-Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621023, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Gao
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
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2
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Zhou L, Mubeen M, Iftikhar Y, Zheng H, Zhang Z, Wen J, Khan RAA, Sajid A, Solanki MK, Sohail MA, Kumar A, Massoud EES, Chen L. Rice false smut pathogen: implications for mycotoxin contamination, current status, and future perspectives. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1344831. [PMID: 38585697 PMCID: PMC10996400 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1344831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice serves as a staple food across various continents worldwide. The rice plant faces significant threats from a range of fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. Among these, rice false smut disease (RFS) caused by Villosiclava virens is one of the devastating diseases in rice fields. This disease is widespread in major rice-growing regions such as China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and others, leading to significant losses in rice plantations. Various toxins are produced during the infection of this disease in rice plants, impacting the fertilization process as well. This review paper lightens the disease cycle, plant immunity, and infection process during RFS. Mycotoxin production in RFS affects rice plants in multiple ways, although the exact phenomena are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mustansar Mubeen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Iftikhar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hongxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Ashara Sajid
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Sciences, IES University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity University of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Ehab El Sayed Massoud
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Dahran Aljnoub, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Liezhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Wang B, Duan G, Liu L, Long Z, Bai X, Ou M, Wang P, Jiang D, Li D, Sun W. UvHOS3-mediated histone deacetylation is essential for virulence and negatively regulates ustilaginoidin biosynthesis in Ustilaginoidea virens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13429. [PMID: 38353606 PMCID: PMC10866089 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens is the causal agent of rice false smut, which has recently become one of the most important rice diseases worldwide. Ustilaginoidins, a major type of mycotoxins produced in false smut balls, greatly deteriorates grain quality. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are involved in regulating secondary metabolism in fungi. However, little is yet known on the functions of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis in U. virens. Here, we characterized the functions of the HDAC UvHOS3 in U. virens. The ΔUvhos3 deletion mutant exhibited the phenotypes of retarded growth, increased mycelial branches and reduced conidiation and virulence. The ΔUvhos3 mutants were more sensitive to sorbitol, sodium dodecyl sulphate and oxidative stress/H2 O2 . ΔUvhos3 generated significantly more ustilaginoidins. RNA-Seq and metabolomics analyses also revealed that UvHOS3 is a key negative player in regulating secondary metabolism, especially mycotoxin biosynthesis. Notably, UvHOS3 mediates deacetylation of H3 and H4 at H3K9, H3K18, H3K27 and H4K8 residues. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that UvHOS3 regulates mycotoxin biosynthesis, particularly for ustilaginoidin and sorbicillinoid production, by modulating the acetylation level of H3K18. Collectively, this study deepens the understanding of molecular mechanisms of the HDAC UvHOS3 in regulating virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis in phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
- College of Plant ProtectionSanya Institute of China Agricultural UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Guohua Duan
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhaoyi Long
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaolong Bai
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Mingming Ou
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Peiying Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Du Jiang
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionSanya Institute of China Agricultural UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
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4
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Qin H, Yin W, Luo C, Liu L. The Identification, Characterization, and Functional Analysis of the Sugar Transporter Gene Family of the Rice False Smut Pathogen, Villosiclava virens. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:600. [PMID: 38203770 PMCID: PMC10779207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
False smut, caused by Villosiclava virens, is becoming increasingly serious in modern rice production systems, leading to yield losses and quality declines. Successful infection requires efficient acquisition of sucrose, abundant in rice panicles, as well as other sugars. Sugar transporters (STPs) may play an important role in this process. STPs belong to a major facilitator superfamily, which consists of large multigenic families necessary to partition sugars between fungal pathogens and their hosts. This study identified and characterized the STP family of V. viren, and further analyzed their gene functions to uncover their roles in interactions with rice. Through genome-wide and systematic bioinformatics analyses, 35 STPs were identified from V.virens and named from VvSTP1 to VvSTP35. Transmembrane domains, gene structures, and conserved motifs of VvSTPs have been identified and characterized through the bioinformatic analysis. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis revealed relationship between VvSTPs and STPs from the other three reference fungi. According to a qRT-PCR and RNA-sequencing analysis, VvSTP expression responded differently to different sole carbon sources and H2O2 treatments, and changed during the pathogenic process, suggesting that these proteins are involved in interactions with rice and potentially functional in pathogenesis. In total, 12 representative VvSTPs were knocked out through genetic recombination in order to analyze their roles in pathogenicity of V. virens. The knock-out mutants of VvSTPs showed little difference in mycelia growth and conidiation, indicating a single gene in this family cannot influence vegetative growth of V. virens. It is clear, however, that these mutants result in a change in infection efficiency in a different way, indicating that VvSTPs play an important role in the pathogenicity of virens. This study is expected to contribute to a better understanding of how host-derived sugars contribute to V. virens pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China;
| | - Weixiao Yin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Lianmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China;
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5
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Xue M, Hou X, Gu G, Dong J, Yang Y, Pan X, Zhang X, Xu D, Lai D, Zhou L. Activation of Ustilaginoidin Biosynthesis Gene uvpks1 in Villosiclava virens Albino Strain LN02 Influences Development, Stress Responses, and Inhibition of Rice Seed Germination. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:31. [PMID: 38248941 PMCID: PMC10817433 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Villosiclava virens (anamorph: Ustilaginoidea virens) is the pathogen of rice false smut (RFS), which is a destructive rice fungal disease. The albino strain LN02 is a natural white-phenotype mutant of V. virens due to its incapability to produce toxic ustilaginoidins. In this study, three strains including the normal strain P1, albino strain LN02, and complemented strain uvpks1C-1 of the LN02 strain were employed to investigate the activation of the ustilaginoidin biosynthesis gene uvpks1 in the albino strain LN02 to influence sporulation, conidia germination, pigment production, stress responses, and the inhibition of rice seed germination. The activation of the ustilaginoidin biosynthesis gene uvpks1 increased fungal tolerances to NaCl-induced osmotic stress, Congo-red-induced cell wall stress, SDS-induced cell membrane stress, and H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The activation of uvpks1 also increased sporulation, conidia germination, pigment production, and the inhibition of rice seed germination. In addition, the activation of uvpks1 was able to increase the mycelial growth of the V. virens albino strain LN02 at 23 °C and a pH from 5.5 to 7.5. The findings help in understanding the effects of the activation of uvpks1 in albino strain LN02 on development, pigment production, stress responses, and the inhibition of rice seed germination by controlling ustilaginoidin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.X.); (X.H.); (G.G.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (X.P.); (X.Z.); (D.X.); (D.L.)
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6
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Savary S. A Global Assessment of the State of Plant Health. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3649-3665. [PMID: 37172970 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-23-0166-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Global Plant Health Assessment (GPHA) is a collective, volunteer-based effort to assemble expert opinions on plant health and disease impacts on ecosystem services based on published scientific evidence. The GPHA considers a range of forest, agricultural, and urban systems worldwide. These are referred to as (Ecoregion × Plant System), i.e., selected case examples involving keystone plants in given parts of the world. The GPHA focuses on infectious plant diseases and plant pathogens, but encompasses the abiotic (e.g., temperature, drought, and floods) and other biotic (e.g., animal pests and humans) factors associated with plant health. Among the 33 (Ecoregion × Plant System) considered, 18 are assessed as in fair or poor health, and 20 as in declining health. Much of the observed state of plant health and its trends are driven by a combination of forces, including climate change, species invasions, and human management. Healthy plants ensure (i) provisioning (food, fiber, and material), (ii) regulation (climate, atmosphere, water, and soils), and (iii) cultural (recreation, inspiration, and spiritual) ecosystem services. All these roles that plants play are threatened by plant diseases. Nearly none of these three ecosystem services are assessed as improving. Results indicate that the poor state of plant health in sub-Saharan Africa gravely contributes to food insecurity and environmental degradation. Results further call for the need to improve crop health to ensure food security in the most populated parts of the world, such as in South Asia, where the poorest of the poor, the landless farmers, are at the greatest risk. The overview of results generated from this work identifies directions for future research to be championed by a new generation of scientists and revived public extension services. Breakthroughs from science are needed to (i) gather more data on plant health and its consequences, (ii) identify collective actions to manage plant systems, (iii) exploit the phytobiome diversity in breeding programs, (iv) breed for plant genotypes with resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, and (v) design and implement plant systems involving the diversity required to ensure their adaptation to current and growing challenges, including climate change and pathogen invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Savary
- National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (INRAE), Paris, France
- Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
- University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- ITC, University of Twente, the Netherlands
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7
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Fan K, Yu Y, Hu Z, Qian S, Zhao Z, Meng J, Zheng S, Huang Q, Zhang Z, Nie D, Han Z. Antifungal Activity and Action Mechanisms of 2,4-Di- tert-butylphenol against Ustilaginoidea virens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17723-17732. [PMID: 37938806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens is a destructive phytopathogenic fungus that causes false smut disease in rice. In this study, the natural product 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) was found to be an environmentally friendly and effective agent for the first time, which exhibited strong antifungal activity against U. virens, with an EC50 value of 0.087 mmol/L. The scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence staining, and biochemical assays indicated that 2,4-DTBP could destroy the cell wall, cell membrane, and cellular redox homeostasis of U. virens, ultimately resulting in fungal cell death. Through the transcriptomic analysis, a total of 353 genes were significantly upregulated and 367 genes were significantly downregulated, focusing on the spindle microtubule assembly, cell wall and membrane, redox homeostasis, mycotoxin biosynthesis, and intracellular metabolism. These results enhanced the understanding of the antifungal activity and action mechanisms of 2,4-DTBP against U. virens, supporting it to be a potential antifungal agent for the control of false smut disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Yu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen'an Qian
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Meng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Simin Zheng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwen Huang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxia Nie
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Road, Shanghai 201403, People's Republic of China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
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8
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Xue M, Zhao S, Gu G, Xu D, Zhang X, Hou X, Miao J, Dong H, Hu D, Lai D, Zhou L. A Genome-Wide Comparison of Rice False Smut Fungus Villosiclava virens Albino Strain LN02 Reveals the Genetic Diversity of Secondary Metabolites and the Cause of Albinism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15196. [PMID: 37894876 PMCID: PMC10607355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS) caused by Villosiclava virens (anamorph: Ustilaginoidea virens) has become one of the most destructive fungal diseases to decrease the yield and quality of rice grains. An albino strain LN02 was isolated from the white RFS balls collected in the Liaoning Province of China in 2019. The strain LN02 was considered as a natural albino mutant of V. virens by analyzing its phenotypes, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) conserved sequence, and biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolites. The total assembled genome of strain LN02 was 38.81 Mb, which was comprised of seven nuclear chromosomes and one mitochondrial genome with an N50 value of 6,326,845 bp and 9339 protein-encoding genes. In addition, the genome of strain LN02 encoded 19 gene clusters for biosynthesis of secondary metabolites mainly including polyketides, terpenoids and non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs). Four sorbicillinoid metabolites were isolated from the cultures of strain LN02. It was found that the polyketide synthase (PKS)-encoding gene uspks1 for ustilaginoidin biosynthesis in strain LN02 was inactivated due to the deletion of four bases in the promoter sequence of uvpks1. The normal uvpks1 complementary mutant of strain LN02 could restore the ability to synthesize ustilaginoidins. It demonstrated that deficiency of ustilaginoidin biosynthesis is the cause of albinism for RFS albino strain LN02, and V. virens should be a non-melanin-producing fungus. This study further confirmed strain LN02 as a white phenotype mutant of V. virens. The albino strain LN02 will have a great potential in the development and application of secondary metabolites. The physiological and ecological functions of ustilaginoidins in RFS fungus are needed for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (G.G.); (D.X.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (D.L.)
| | - Siji Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (G.G.); (D.X.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (D.L.)
| | - Gan Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (G.G.); (D.X.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (D.L.)
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (G.G.); (D.X.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (D.L.)
| | - Xuping Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (G.G.); (D.X.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (D.L.)
| | - Xuwen Hou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (G.G.); (D.X.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (D.L.)
| | - Jiankun Miao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Science, Shenyang 110161, China; (J.M.); (H.D.)
| | - Hai Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Science, Shenyang 110161, China; (J.M.); (H.D.)
| | - Dongwei Hu
- Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (G.G.); (D.X.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (D.L.)
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (G.G.); (D.X.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (D.L.)
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9
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Hu X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wu X, Li R, Li M. Visualization of the entire process of rice spikelet infection by Ustilaginoidea virens through nondestructive inoculation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1228597. [PMID: 37637108 PMCID: PMC10450503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a destructive fungal disease encountered in many rice-producing areas worldwide. To determine the process by which U. virens infects rice spikelets in the field. Methods The green fluorescent protein-labeled U. virens was used as an inoculum to conduct artificial inoculation on rice at the booting stage via non-destructive panicle sheath instillation inoculation. Results The results showed that the conidia of U. virens germinated on the surface of rice glumes and produced hyphae, which clustered at the mouth of rice glumes and entered the glumes through the gap between the palea and lemma. The conidia of U. virens colonized in rice floral organs, which led to pollen abortion of rice. U. virens wrapped the whole rice floral organ, and the floral organ-hyphae complex gradually expanded to open the glumes to form a rice false smut ball, which was two to three times larger than that observed in normal rice. Discussion Panicle sheath instillation inoculation was shown to be a non-destructive inoculation method that could simulate the natural infection of U. virens in the field. The entire infection process of U. virens was visualized, providing a theoretical reference for formulating strategies to control rice false smut in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Hu
- College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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10
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Fang A, Zhang R, Qiao W, Peng T, Qin Y, Wang J, Tian B, Yu Y, Sun W, Yang Y, Bi C. Sensitivity Baselines, Resistance Monitoring, and Molecular Mechanisms of the Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens to Prochloraz and Azoxystrobin in Four Regions of Southern China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:832. [PMID: 37623603 PMCID: PMC10456073 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of rice (Oryza sativa) worldwide. Prochloraz and azoxystrobin belong to the groups of demethylation inhibitors and quinone outside inhibitors, respectively, and are commonly used for controlling this disease. In this study, we analyzed the sensitivities of 100 U. virens isolates from Yunnan, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Zhejiang in Southern China to prochloraz and azoxystrobin. The ranges of EC50 for prochloraz and azoxystrobin were 0.004-0.536 and 0.020-0.510 μg/mL, with means and standard errors of 0.062 ± 0.008 and 0.120 ± 0.007 μg/mL, respectively. However, the sensitivity frequency distributions of U. virens to prochloraz and azoxystrobin indicated the emergence of subpopulations with decreased sensitivity. Therefore, the mean EC50 values of 74% and 68% of the isolates at the main peak, 0.031 ± 0.001 and 0.078 ± 0.004 μg/mL, were used as the sensitivity baselines of U. virens to prochloraz and azoxystrobin, respectively. We found significant sensitivity differences to azoxystrobin among different geographical populations and no correlation between the sensitivities of U. virens to prochloraz and azoxystrobin. Among 887 U. virens isolates, the isolate 5-3-1 from Zhejiang showed moderate resistance to prochloraz, with a resistance factor of 22.45, while no nucleotide variation in the 1986-bp upstream or 1827-bp gene regions of CYP51 from 5-3-1 was detected. Overexpression of CYP51 is probably responsible for its resistance to prochloraz. Finally, artificial inoculation showed that 5-3-1 was highly pathogenic to rice, suggesting that the resistance of U. virens to prochloraz must be monitored and managed in Zhejiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ruixuan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Wei Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Tao Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yubao Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.F.); (R.Z.); (W.Q.); (T.P.); (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (Y.Y.)
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11
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Fu R, Wang J, Chen C, Liu Y, Zhao L, Lu D. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanism of the Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10805. [PMID: 37445981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens, is a worldwide rice fungal disease. However, the molecular mechanism of the pathogenicity of the fungus U. virens remains unclear. To understand the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of the fungus U. virens, we performed an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of strongly (S) and weakly (W) virulent strains both before and after the infection of panicles. A total of 7932 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using transcriptome analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and metabolic pathway enrichment analysis indicated that amino acid metabolism, autophagy-yeast, MAPK signaling pathway-yeast, and starch and sucrose metabolism were closely related to the pathogenicity of U. virens. Genes related to pathogenicity were significantly upregulated in the strongly virulent strain, and were ATG, MAPK, STE, TPS, and NTH genes. However, genes involved in the negative regulation of pathogenesis were significantly downregulated and contained TOR kinase, TORC1, and autophagy-related protein genes. Metabolome analysis identified 698 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including 13 categories of organic acids and derivatives, lipids and lipid-like molecules, organoheterocyclic compounds. The significantly enriched pathways of DAMs mainly included amino acids and carbohydrates, and they accumulated after infection by the S strain. To understand the relevance of DEGs and DAMs in the pathogenicity of U. virens, transcriptomic and metabolomic data were integrated and analyzed. These results further confirmed that the pathogenesis of U. virens was regulated by DEGs and DAMs related to these four pathways, involving arginine and proline metabolism, lysine biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and starch and sugar metabolism. Therefore, we speculate that the pathogenicity of U. virens is closely related to the accumulation of amino acids and carbohydrates, and to the changes in the expression of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Environment-Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Daihua Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
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12
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Khanal S, Gaire SP, Zhou XG. Kernel Smut and False Smut: The Old-Emerging Diseases of Rice-A Review. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:931-944. [PMID: 36441871 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-22-0226-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Kernel smut, caused by Tilletia horrida, is a disease characterized by the replacement of rice grains with black sooty masses of teliospores or chlamydospores. Kernel smut differs from rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, in the color of chlamydospores. False smut is characterized by globose, velvety spore balls ranging from orangish yellow to greenish black in color. Both kernel smut and false smut have been persistent but are considered minor diseases in many countries since they were discovered in the late 1870s to the 1980s due to their sporadic outbreaks and limited economic impacts. In recent years, however, kernel smut and false smut have emerged as two of the most economically important diseases in rice, including organic rice, in many countries, especially in the United States. The increased use of susceptible rice cultivars, especially hybrids, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer, and short crop rotations have resulted in an increase in kernel smut and false smut, causing significant losses in grain yield and quality. In this article, we provide a review of the distribution and economic importance of kernel smut; our current understanding of the taxonomy, biology, and epidemiology of kernel smut; and the genomics of the kernel smut fungus as compared with false smut and its causal agent. We also provide an update on the current management strategies of pathogen exclusion, cultivar resistance, fungicides, biological control, and cultural practices for kernel smut and false smut of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Khanal
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Beaumont, TX 77713
| | | | - Xin-Gen Zhou
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Beaumont, TX 77713
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13
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Fu X, Jin Y, Paul MJ, Yuan M, Liang X, Cui R, Huang Y, Peng W, Liang X. Inhibition of rice germination by ustiloxin A involves alteration in carbon metabolism and amino acid utilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1168985. [PMID: 37223794 PMCID: PMC10200953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1168985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ustiloxins are the main mycotoxin in rice false smut, a devastating disease caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. A typical phytotoxicity of ustiloxins is strong inhibition of seed germination, but the physiological mechanism is not clear. Here, we show that the inhibition of rice germination by ustiloxin A (UA) is dose-dependent. The sugar availability in UA-treated embryo was lower while the starch residue in endosperm was higher. The transcripts and metabolites responsive to typical UA treatment were investigated. The expression of several SWEET genes responsible for sugar transport in embryo was down-regulated by UA. Glycolysis and pentose phosphate processes in embryo were transcriptionally repressed. Most of the amino acids detected in endosperm and embryo were variously decreased. Ribosomal RNAs for growth were inhibited while the secondary metabolite salicylic acid was also decreased under UA. Hence, we propose that the inhibition of seed germination by UA involves the block of sugar transport from endosperm to embryo, leading to altered carbon metabolism and amino acid utilization in rice plants. Our analysis provides a framework for understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ustiloxins on rice growth and in pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Fu
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Minxuan Yuan
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingwei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruqiang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenwen Peng
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaogui Liang
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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14
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Zhang X, Hou X, Xu D, Xue M, Zhang J, Wang J, Yang Y, Lai D, Zhou L. Effects of Carbon, Nitrogen, Ambient pH and Light on Mycelial Growth, Sporulation, Sorbicillinoid Biosynthesis and Related Gene Expression in Ustilaginoidea virens. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040390. [PMID: 37108845 PMCID: PMC10142091 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorbicillinoids are a class of hexaketide metabolites produced by Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens), an important fungal pathogen that causes a devastating rice disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of environmental factors, including carbon and nitrogen sources, ambient pH and light exposure, on mycelial growth, sporulation, as well as the accumulation of sorbicillinoids, and the expression of related genes involved in sorbicillinoid biosynthesis. It was found that the environmental factors had great influences on mycelial growth and sporulation of U. virens. Fructose and glucose, complex nitrogen sources, acidic conditions and light exposure were favorable for sorbicillinoid production. The relative transcript levels of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis genes were up-regulated when U. virens was separately treated with those environmental factors that favored sorbicillinoid production, indicating that sorbicillinoid biosynthesis was mainly regulated at the transcriptional level by different environmental factors. Two pathway-specific transcription factor genes, UvSorR1 and UvSorR2, were found to participate in the regulation of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis. These results will provide useful information to better understand the regulation mechanisms of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis, and be conducive to develop effective means for controlling sorbicillinoid production in U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuwen Hou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyao Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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15
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Bai Z, Qin Y, Cao K, Du J, Han Y, Tan Z, Wu G, Tian B, Yang Y, Yu Y, Bi C, Sun W, Fang A. Genetic Diversity and Pathogenic Variation of the Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens from Different Rice Cultivars. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:549-558. [PMID: 36346376 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0099-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, has become one of the most devastating grain diseases of rice worldwide. Understanding the genetic diversity of U. virens is essential for efficient disease control and breeding for disease resistance. However, little is known about the genetic variation of U. virens from different rice cultivars. We investigated the genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of U. virens isolates from 10 rice cultivars in Zhejiang, China. A total of 260 polymorphic loci and 27 haplotypes were identified based on the 2,137-bp combined DNA fragments of all individuals; hap_4 was the most common haplotype, represented by 41 isolates. Phylogeny indicated that all isolates were divided into four genetic groups. Group I was the largest, with 98 isolates, distributed mainly in eight cultivar populations, whereas 90% of the isolates collected from a Changxiang cultivar were clustered in Group IV. Furthermore, the pairwise FST values exhibited significant genetic differentiation in 27 of the pairwise comparisons between populations, accounting for 23.21% of the total genetic variation. The genetic composition of the isolates of the CX population was distinguishable from that of the other nine populations, and genetic recombination was found in a few isolates. Finally, 27 haplotype representative isolates showed high variation in pathogenicity, and the isolates from the genetic subpopulation I were likely to be more virulent than those from genetic subpopulations II and III. Collectively, these findings suggest that differences in rice cultivars play an important role in the genetic variation of U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxu Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yubao Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kuirong Cao
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxing 314016, China
| | - Jianhang Du
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanqing Han
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Ze Tan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gentu Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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16
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Yang D, He N, Huang F, Jin Y, Li S. The Genetic Mechanism of the Immune Response to the Rice False Smut (RFS) Fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:741. [PMID: 36840089 PMCID: PMC9961370 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS), which is caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (U. virens), has become one of the most devastating diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. The disease results in a significant yield loss and poses health threats to humans and animals due to producing mycotoxins. In this review, we update the understanding of the symptoms and resistance genes of RFS, as well as the genomics and effectors in U. virens. We also highlight the genetic mechanism of the immune response to RFS. Finally, we analyse and explore the identification method for RFS, breeding for resistance against the disease, and interactions between the effector proteins and resistance (R) proteins, which would be involved in the development of rice disease resistance materials for breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Yang
- Institute of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Niqing He
- Institute of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Fenghuang Huang
- Institute of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Yidan Jin
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shengping Li
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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17
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Liu L, Zhao K, Cai L, Zhang Y, Fu Q, Huang S. Combination effects of tebuconazole with Bacillus subtilis to control rice false smut and the related synergistic mechanism. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:234-243. [PMID: 36129117 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of rice false smut is based mainly on chemical control, which poses many safety and environmental challenges. The other option, biological control with biofungicides, does not have such problems but is not as reliable because of low systemic ability, and lower and unstable efficacy. Therefore, it is necessary to combine application of chemical fungicides and biological control agents (BCAs) and elucidate their synergistic mechanism. RESULTS A combination of tebuconazole and a proven BCA, Bacillus subtilis H158, was evaluated for control of rice false smut. Tebuconazole at low application rates stimulated growth of B. subtilis, prolonged the effective period of B. subtilis by enhancing its persistence on the surface of rice plants, accelerated biofilm formation of the BCA to facilitate colonization, promoted induced systemic resistance in rice by regulating defense-related enzymes and genes, and reduced the natural resistance of the pathogen by suppressing the key gene for fungal resistance to tebuconazole. However, at high application rates, tebuconazole had adverse effects on these factors and showed antagonistic combination effects with B. subtilis. The combination of B. subtilis with tebuconazole at low application rates showed great synergistic effects, but at high application rates showed only antagonistic effects in field experiments over two consecutive years. CONCLUSION The combination of B. subtilis with tebuconazole had significant synergistic effects at low application rates. The synergistic effects are the result of multiple mechanisms involved in BCA, rice and the fungal pathogen. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianmeng Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kehan Zhao
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lubin Cai
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiwen Huang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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18
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Song J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang S, Lei T, Liang Y, Dai Q, Huo Z, Xu K, Chen S. Prevalence of Carbendazin Resistance in Field Populations of the Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens from Jiangsu, China, Molecular Mechanisms, and Fitness Stability. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121311. [PMID: 36547644 PMCID: PMC9783980 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS), caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is an important fungal disease of rice. In China, Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates (MBCs), including carbendazim, are common fungicides used to control RFS and other rice diseases. In this study, resistance of U. virens to carbendazim was monitored for three consecutive years during 2018 to 2020. A total of 321 U. virens isolates collected from Jiangsu Province of China were tested for their sensitivity to carbendazim on PSA. The concentration at which mycelial growth is inhibited by 50% (EC50) of the carbendazim-sensitive isolates was 0.11 to 1.38 µg/mL, with a mean EC50 value of 0.66 μg/mL. High level of resistance to carbendazim was detected in 14 out of 321 isolates. The resistance was stable but associated with a fitness penalty. There was a statistically significant and moderate negative correlation (r= −0.74, p < 0.001) in sensitivity between carbendazim and diethofencarb. Analysis of the U. virens genome revealed two potential MBC targets, Uvβ1Tub and Uvβ2Tub, that putatively encode β-tubulin gene. The two β-tubulin genes in U. virens share 78% amino acid sequence identity, but their function in MBC sensitivity has been unclear. Both genes were identified and sequenced from U. virens sensitive and resistant isolates. It is known that mutations in the β2-tubulin gene have been shown to confer resistance to carbendazim in other fungi. However, no mutation was found in the Uvβ2Tub gene in either resistant or sensitive isolates. Variations including point mutations, non-sense mutations, codon mutations, and frameshift mutations were found in the Uvβ1Tub gene from the 14 carbendazim-resistant isolates, which have not been reported in other fungi before. Thus, these results indicated that variations of Uvβ1Tub result in the resistance to carbendazim in field isolates of Ustilaginoidea virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehui Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sijie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tengyu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qigen Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhongyang Huo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (K.X.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (K.X.); (S.C.)
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19
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Song J, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wang Y, Liang Y, Dai Q, Huo Z, Xu K. The Toxicity of Salicylhydroxamic Acid and Its Effect on the Sensitivity of Ustilaginoidea virens to Azoxystrobin and Pyraclostrobin. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111231. [PMID: 36422052 PMCID: PMC9692728 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS) caused by Ustilaginoidea virens has been one of the most severe rice diseases. Fungicide-based chemical control is a significant measure to control RFS. In the sensitivity determination of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide in vitro, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) has been commonly added to artificial culture media in order to inhibit alternative oxidase of phytopathogenic fungi. However, some studies showed that artificial media should not include SHAM due to its toxicity. Whether SHAM should be added in the assay of U. virens sensitivity to QoI fungicide remains unknown. In this study, two appropriate media, potato sucrose agar (PSA) and minimal medium (MM), were selected to test SHAM toxicity and sensitivity of U. virens to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin. The mycelial growth and sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin had no significant difference between on PSA and MM. SHAM could significantly inhibit mycelial growth, conidial germination, peroxidase (POD) and esterase activity of U. virens. Average effective concentration for inhibiting 50% (EC50) values of SHAM against mycelial growth of ten U. virens were 27.41 and 12.75 μg/mL on PSA and MM, respectively. The EC50 values of SHAM against conidial germination of isolates HWD and JS60 were 70.36 and 44.69 μg/mL, respectively. SHAM at 30 μg/mL significantly inhibited POD and esterase activity of isolates HWD and JS60, and even SHAM at 10 μg/mL significantly inhibited POD activity of isolate HWD. In addition, SHAM significantly reduced EC50 values and EC90 values of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin on both PSA and MM. Even in the presence of SHAM at 10 μg/mL, average EC50 values of ten U. virens isolates for azoxystrobin decreased 1.7-fold on PSA and 4.8-fold on MM, and for pyraclostrobin that decreased 2.8-fold on PSA and 4.8-fold on MM. Therefore, these results suggest that SHAM should not be included in artificial media in the assay of U. virens sensitivity to QoI fungicides.
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20
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Li GB, He JX, Wu JL, Wang H, Zhang X, Liu J, Hu XH, Zhu Y, Shen S, Bai YF, Yao ZL, Liu XX, Zhao JH, Li DQ, Li Y, Huang F, Huang YY, Zhao ZX, Zhang JW, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, Qin P, Li S, Chen X, Wang J, He M, Li W, Wu XJ, Xu ZJ, Wang WM, Fan J. Overproduction of OsRACK1A, an effector-targeted scaffold protein promoting OsRBOHB-mediated ROS production, confers rice floral resistance to false smut disease without yield penalty. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1790-1806. [PMID: 36245122 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grain formation is fundamental for crop yield but is vulnerable to abiotic and biotic stresses. Rice grain production is threatened by the false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, which specifically infects rice floral organs, disrupting fertilization and seed formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the U. virens-rice interaction and the genetic basis of floral resistance. Here, we report that U. virens secretes a cytoplasmic effector, UvCBP1, to facilitate infection of rice flowers. Mechanistically, UvCBP1 interacts with the rice scaffold protein OsRACK1A and competes its interaction with the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase OsRBOHB, leading to inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Although the analysis of natural variation revealed no OsRACK1A variants that could avoid being targeted by UvCBP1, expression levels of OsRACK1A are correlated with field resistance against U. virens in rice germplasm. Overproduction of OsRACK1A restores the OsRACK1A-OsRBOHB association and promotes OsRBOHB phosphorylation to enhance ROS production, conferring rice floral resistance to U. virens without yield penalty. Taken together, our findings reveal a new pathogenic mechanism mediated by an essential effector from a flower-specific pathogen and provide a valuable genetic resource for balancing disease resistance and crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xue He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi-Fei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zong-Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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21
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Zhou J, Xie Y, Liao Y, Li X, Li Y, Li S, Ma X, Lei S, Lin F, Jiang W, He YQ. Characterization of a Bacillus velezensis strain isolated from Bolbostemmatis Rhizoma displaying strong antagonistic activities against a variety of rice pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983781. [PMID: 36246295 PMCID: PMC9555170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control is an effective measure in the green control of rice diseases. To search for biocontrol agents with broad-spectrum and high efficiency against rice diseases, in this study, a strain of antagonistic bacterium BR-01 with strong inhibitory effect against various rice diseases was isolated from Bolbostemmatis Rhizoma by plate confrontation method. The strain was identified as Bacillus velezensis by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical identification, and molecular characterization by 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequencing analysis. The confrontation test (dual culture) and Oxford cup assays demonstrated that B. velezensis BR-01 had strong antagonistic effects on Magnaporthe oryzae, Ustilaginoidea virens, Fusarium fujikuroi, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the major rice pathogens. The genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (ituA, ituD, bmyB, bmyC, srfAA, fenB, fenD, bacA, and bacD) were found in B. velezensis BR-01 by PCR amplification with specific primers. B. velezensis BR-01 could produce protease, cellulase, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, indoleacetic acid, siderophore, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, and might produce three lipopeptide antibiotics, surfactin, iturin, and fengycin based on Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results. Furthermore, the plant assays showed that B. velezensis BR-01 had significant control effects on rice bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak by pot experiments in greenhouse. In conclusion, B. velezensis BR-01 is a broad-spectrum antagonistic bacterium and has the potential as the ideal biocontrol agent in controlling multiple rice diseases with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource and College of Life Science and Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Yunqiao Xie
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuhong Liao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yiming Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource and College of Life Science and Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource and College of Life Science and Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuguo Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shimin Lei
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fei Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource and College of Life Science and Technology, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Jiang,
| | - Yong-Qiang He
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource and College of Life Science and Technology, Nanning, China
- Yong-Qiang He,
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22
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Zhang X, Xu D, Hou X, Wei P, Fu J, Zhao Z, Jing M, Lai D, Yin W, Zhou L. UvSorA and UvSorB Involved in Sorbicillinoid Biosynthesis Contribute to Fungal Development, Stress Response and Phytotoxicity in Ustilaginoidea virens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911056. [PMID: 36232357 PMCID: PMC9570055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens) is an important fungal pathogen that causes a devastating rice disease. It can produce mycotoxins including sorbicillinoids. The biosynthesis and biological functions of sorbicillinoids have not been reported in U. virens. In this study, we identified a sorbicillinoid biosynthetic gene cluster in which two polyketide synthase genes UvSorA and UvSorB were responsible for sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in U. virens. In ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants, the mycelial growth, sporulation and hyphal hydrophobicity were increased dramatically, while the resistances to osmotic pressure, metal cations, and fungicides were reduced. Both phytotoxic activity of rice germinated seeds and cell wall integrity were also reduced. Furthermore, mycelia and cell walls of ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants showed alterations of microscopic and submicroscopic structures. In addition, feeding experiment showed that sorbicillinoids could restore mycelial growth, sporulation, and cell wall integrity in ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants. The results demonstrated that both UvSorA and UvSorB were responsible for sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in U. virens, and contributed to development (mycelial growth, sporulation, and cell wall integrity), stress responses, and phytotoxicity through sorbicillinoid mediation. It provides an insight into further investigation of biological functions and biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuwen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Penglin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiajin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingpeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Daowan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ligang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (L.Z.)
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23
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Zheng X, Fang A, Qiu S, Zhao G, Wang J, Wang S, Wei J, Gao H, Yang J, Mou B, Cui F, Zhang J, Liu J, Sun W. Ustilaginoidea virens secretes a family of phosphatases that stabilize the negative immune regulator OsMPK6 and suppress plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3088-3109. [PMID: 35639755 PMCID: PMC9338817 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is emerging as a devastating disease of rice (Oryza sativa) worldwide; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying U. virens virulence and pathogenicity remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the small cysteine-rich secreted protein SCRE6 in U. virens is translocated into host cells during infection as a virulence factor. Knockout of SCRE6 leads to attenuated U. virens virulence to rice. SCRE6 and its homologs in U. virens function as a novel family of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases harboring no canonical phosphatase motif. SCRE6 interacts with and dephosphorylates the negative immune regulator OsMPK6 in rice, thus enhancing its stability and suppressing plant immunity. Ectopic expression of SCRE6 in transgenic rice promotes pathogen infection by suppressing the host immune responses. Our results reveal a previously unidentified fungal infection strategy in which the pathogen deploys a family of tyrosine phosphatases to stabilize a negative immune regulator in the host plant to facilitate its infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guosheng Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baohui Mou
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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24
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Li X, Xu L, Lv Z, Li F, Xue J, Peng Y, Wei X, Li L. Antifungal Mechanism of MTE-1, a Novel Oligosaccharide Ester, against Ustilaginoidea virens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7441-7446. [PMID: 35671376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens is a pathogenic fungus that causes false smut disease in rice during the flowering stage through stamen filaments. Currently, there is a need to develop safe and effective antifungal agents for the control of this disease. In our preliminary experiments, we found that MTE-1, a new trisaccharide ester, exhibits significant inhibitory activity against U. virens. Hence, the effects and inhibitory mechanism of MTE-1 in U. virens were investigated. Results showed that the MTE-1 inhibited the hyphae growth of U. virens with an IC50 of 5.67 μg/mL. Similarly, MTE-1 disrupted the endomembrane system in U. virens, especially the plasma membrane, mitochondria, and lipidosome. Moreover, transcriptome and proteome analysis indicated that MTE-1 inhibited the growth of U. virens by inhibiting the synthesis of lipids, altering the primary metabolic pathways including carbohydrates and amino acid metabolism, and affecting the intracellular redox dyshomeostasis, thus leading to the disorder of active oxygen metabolism. These findings lay the foundation for the future application of MTE-1-derived agents in the management of antifungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou 510607, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liangxiong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou 510607, China
| | - Zhencheng Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou 510607, China
| | - Fengming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou 510607, China
| | - Jinghua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yonghong Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou 510607, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ling Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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25
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Sun Q, Liu H, Zhang Y, Yi X, Kong R, Cheng S, Man J, Zheng L, Huang J, Su G, Letcher RJ, Giesy JP, Liu C. Global distribution of ustiloxins in rice and their male-biased hepatotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:118992. [PMID: 35157931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ustiloxins, a group of bioactive metabolites produced by the pathogen of rice false smut (RFS), have emerged as ubiquitous contaminants in RFS-occurred paddy fields and could accumulate in rice. Nevertheless, the prevalence of ustiloxins in rice and exposure risks of humans are limited. In this study, concentrations of ustiloxin A (UA) and ustiloxins B (UB), which are two predominant ustiloxins, were measured in 240 rice samples from China and 72 rice samples from 12 other counties. The detection rates (DRs) of UA and UB were 82.1% and 49.3%, respectively, and their concentrations in rice ranged from below detection limit (LOD: 0.22 μg/kg) to 85.96 μg/kg dw. Furthermore, for the first time, we reported the occurrence of UA (DR = 22.8%) in urine collected from residues of Enshi city, China. Urinary UA were significantly correlated with the activities of alanine aminotransferase in male, and this male-biased hepatotoxicity was further confirmed in mice exposure experiment. This study for the first time reported the widespread geographical distribution of ustiloxins in rice, as well as emphasized the occurrence of internal exposure and potential health risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xun'e Yi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shiyang Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Man
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Yu M, Yu J, Cao H, Pan X, Song T, Qi Z, Du Y, Huang S, Liu Y. The Velvet Protein UvVEA Regulates Conidiation and Chlamydospore Formation in Ustilaginoidea virens. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050479. [PMID: 35628735 PMCID: PMC9148152 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a serious disease of rice worldwide, severely reducing the quantity and quality of rice production. The conserved fungal velvet proteins are global regulators of diverse cellular processes. We identified and functionally characterized two velvet genes, UvVEA and UvVELB, in U. virens. The deletion of these genes affected the conidiation of U. virens but had no effect on the virulence of this pathogen. Interestingly, the ΔUvVEA mutants appeared in the form of smaller false smut balls with a reduced number of chlamydospores compared with the wide-type strains. In addition, the deletion of UvVEA affected the expression of some transmembrane transport genes during chlamydospore formation and rice false smut balls development. Furthermore, the ΔUvVEA mutants were shown to be defective in the utilization of glucose. These findings proved the regulatory mechanism underlying the formation of rice false smut balls and chlamydospores and provided a basis for the further exploration of the mechanism of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.Y.); (S.H.)
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (X.P.); (T.S.); (Z.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (X.P.); (T.S.); (Z.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (X.P.); (T.S.); (Z.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (X.P.); (T.S.); (Z.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (X.P.); (T.S.); (Z.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (X.P.); (T.S.); (Z.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (X.P.); (T.S.); (Z.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shiwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (X.P.); (T.S.); (Z.Q.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8439-1002
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Hu X, Wang J, Li R, Wu X, Gao X, Li M. Establishment of an Artificial Inoculation Method of Ustilaginoidea virens Without Damaging the Rice Panicle Sheaths. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:289-296. [PMID: 34515502 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2746-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS) is a destructive disease of rice worldwide caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. Nevertheless, there is a lack of efficient and stable artificial inoculation method to simulate the natural infection of U. virens, which is an important factor limiting further research on the pathogen. The purpose of this study was to establish an artificial inoculation method, which can simulate the natural infection process of U. virens without destroying the panicle sheath structure of rice. In this research, rice plants were inoculated by soaking roots at the seedling stage, spraying at the tillering stage, injecting at the booting stage, and again spraying at the flowering stage to determine the appropriate artificial inoculation time. Meanwhile, the panicle sheath instillation method and the injection inoculation method were compared. The results show that stages 6 to 8 of young panicle differentiation are an important period for U. virens infection. There were no significant differences in the mean rates of infected panicles, mean rates of infected grains, and maximum infected grains per panicle between the two inoculation methods. However, the frequency of RFS ball occurrence at the upper part of the panicles was significantly higher on the spikelets inoculated by the injection method than that of spikelets inoculated by natural infection and panicle sheath instillation. Therefore, panicle sheath instillation method was more similar to the natural infection of U. virens in the field. This research exhibited an innovative artificial inoculation method for identification of U. virens pathogenicity and evaluation of rice resistance against RFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Hu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xiubing Gao
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
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Li X, Huang R, Liu J, Xu G, Yuan M. Engineering false smut resistance rice via host-induced gene silencing of two chitin synthase genes of Ustilaginoidea virens. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2386-2388. [PMID: 34558165 PMCID: PMC8633497 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renyan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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29
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Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of CCHC-Type Zinc Finger Genes in Ustilaginoidea virens. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110947. [PMID: 34829234 PMCID: PMC8619310 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a serious disease of rice (Oryza sativa), severely reducing plant mass and yields worldwide. We performed genome-wide analysis of the CCHC-type zinc-finger transcription factor family in this pathogen. We identified and functionally characterized seven UvCCHC genes in U. virens. The deletion of various UvCCHC genes affected the stress responses, vegetative growth, conidiation, and virulence of U. virens. ∆UvCCHC5 mutants infected rice spikelets normally but could not form smut balls. Sugar utilization experiments showed that the ∆UvCCHC5 mutants were defective in the utilization of glucose, sucrose, lactose, stachyose, and trehalose. Deletion of UvCCHC5 did not affect the expression of rice genes associated with grain filling, as revealed by RT-qPCR. We propose that the ∆UvCCHC5 mutants are impaired in transmembrane transport, and the resulting nutrient deficiencies prevent them from using nutrients from rice to form smut balls. RNA-seq data analysis indicated that UvCCHC4 affects the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, ribosomes, transporters, and ribosome biogenesis. These findings improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying smut ball formation in rice by U. virens.
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Bao J, Wang R, Gao S, Wang Z, Fang Y, Wu L, Wang M. High-Quality Genome Sequence Resource of a Rice False Smut Fungus Ustilaginoidea virens Isolate, UV-FJ-1. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1889-1892. [PMID: 34732059 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0007-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens is the fungal pathogen causing rice false smut, resulting in not only yield lost but also grain pollution with toxic mycotoxins. Here we deployed PacBio Sequel II HIFI-read sequencing technology to generate a near-complete genome assembly for the U. virens isolate UV-FJ-1 (38.48 Mb), which was isolated from Fujian province, China. The genome assembly contains 116 contigs with N50 of 0.65 Mb and a maximum length of 2.10 Mb, and the genome completeness is ≥98% assessed by benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs (BUSCOs) and the mapping rate of Illumina short reads. Excluding 35.78% repeat sequences, we identified a total of 7,164 protein-coding genes, of which 5,818 were functionally annotated and 223 encode putative effector proteins. Moreover, 21 secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters were found in UV-FJ-1 genome. Taken together, this high-quality genome assembly and gene annotation resource will provide a better insight for characterizing the biological and pathogenic mechanisms of U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Bao
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shilei Gao
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lv Wu
- Gongzhuling Sub-center for New Plant Variety Tests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 136100, China
| | - Mo Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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31
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Neelam K, Kumar K, Kaur A, Kishore A, Kaur P, Babbar A, Kaur G, Kamboj I, Lore JS, Vikal Y, Mangat GS, Kaur R, Khanna R, Singh K. High-resolution mapping of the quantitative trait locus (QTLs) conferring resistance to false smut disease in rice. J Appl Genet 2021; 63:35-45. [PMID: 34535887 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-021-00659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS), an emerging major fungal disease worldwide caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, affects rice grain quality and yield. RFS cause 2.8-49% global yield loss depending upon disease severity and cultivars. In India, the yield loss due to RFS ranged from 2 to 75%. Identification of the genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing disease resistance would be of utmost importance towards mitigating the economic losses incurred due to RFS. Here, we report mapping of RFS resistance QTLs from a resistant breeding line RYT2668. The mapping population was evaluated for RFS resistance under the field condition in three cropping seasons 2013, 2015, and 2016. A positive correlation among infected panicle/plant, total smut ball/panicle, and disease score was observed in the years 2013, 2015, and the mean data. A total of seven QTLs were mapped on rice chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 7, and 9 using 2326 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Of these, two QTLs, qRFSr5.3 and qRFSr7.1a, were associated with the infected panicle per plant, one QTL qRFsr9.1 with total smut ball per panicle, and four QTLs qRFSr2.2, qRFSr4.3, qRFSr5.4, and qRFSr7.1b with disease score. Among them, a novel QTL qRFSr9.1 on chromosome 9 exhibits the largest phenotypic effect. The prediction of putative candidate genes within the qRFSr9.1 revealed four nucleotide-binding sites-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domain-containing disease resistance proteins. In summary, our findings mark the hotspot region of rice chromosomes carrying genes/QTLs for resistance to the RFS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Neelam
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - Kishor Kumar
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
- Faculty Centre for Integrated Rural Development and Management, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Narendrapur, Kolkata, 700103, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Amit Kishore
- AccuScript Consultancy, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Pavneet Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Ankita Babbar
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Gurwinder Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Ishwinder Kamboj
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Jagjeet Singh Lore
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Yogesh Vikal
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - G S Mangat
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Renu Khanna
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110073, India
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Leaf Transcriptome Analysis of Broomcorn Millet Uncovers Key Genes and Pathways in Response to Sporisorium destruens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179542. [PMID: 34502461 PMCID: PMC8430493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) affected by smut (caused by the pathogen Sporisorium destruens) has reduced production yields and quality. Determining the tolerance of broomcorn millet varieties is essential for smut control. This study focuses on the differences in the phenotypes, physiological characteristics, and transcriptomes of resistant and susceptible broomcorn millet varieties under Sporisorium destruens stress. In diseased broomcorn millet, the plant height and stem diameter were reduced, while the number of nodes increased. After infection, the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase decreased, and malondialdehyde and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) decreased. Transcriptome analysis showed 514 and 5452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant and susceptible varieties, respectively. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that pathways related to plant disease resistance, such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant–pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction, were significantly enriched. In addition, the transcriptome changes of cluster leaves and normal leaves in diseased broomcorn millet were analysed. Gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that photosynthesis played an important role in both varieties. These findings lay a foundation for future research on the molecular mechanism of the interaction between broomcorn millet and Sporisorium destruens.
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Detection of Ustiloxin A in urine by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with two-step solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122916. [PMID: 34500402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to global outbreak of rice false smut disease, ustiloxin A (UA) was detected in rice. However, accurate methods for monitoring UA in human body fluids were lacking. In this context, a UPLC-MS/MS method based on two-step SPE was constructed for measuring UA in urine. The limits of UA quantification in human and mice urine were 58.3 and 108.7 ng/L, respectively. The proposed method was applied to detect UA in urine samples collected from human and mice. After dietary exposure, the contents of UA in mice urine were from 6.03 to 16.76 μg/g of creatine, accounting for approximate 14% of daily intake dose. Furthermore, due to the trace residues in rice (78-109 ng/kg), no detectable UA was observed in the urine of 20 volunteers. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to report the occurrence of UA in mammal urine.
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Jiehui S, Yan W, Linrong C, Sijie Z, Chuan N, Di Z, You L, Junfei L, Zhi D, Hui G, Qigen D, Ke X, Zhongyang H. Higher relative humidity and more moderate temperatures increase the severity of rice false smut disease in the rice–crayfish coculture system. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Song Jiehui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Wang Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Chen Linrong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Zhang Sijie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Ni Chuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Zhu Di
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Liang You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Luo Junfei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Dou Zhi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Gao Hui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Dai Qigen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Xu Ke
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Huo Zhongyang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
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Li GB, Fan J, Wu JL, He JX, Liu J, Shen S, Gishkori ZGN, Hu XH, Zhu Y, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, Zhao JH, Zhao ZX, Wang H, Zhang JW, Huang YY, Li Y, Huang F, Wang WM. The Flower-Infecting Fungus Ustilaginoidea virens Subverts Plant Immunity by Secreting a Chitin-Binding Protein. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733245. [PMID: 34421978 PMCID: PMC8377610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens is a biotrophic fungal pathogen specifically colonizing rice floral organ and causes false smut disease of rice. This disease has emerged as a serious problem that hinders the application of high-yield rice cultivars, by reducing grain yield and quality as well as introducing mycotoxins. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of U. virens are still enigmatic. Here we demonstrate that U. virens employs a secreted protein UvCBP1 to manipulate plant immunity. In planta expression of UvCBP1 led to compromised chitin-induced defense responses in Arabidopsis and rice, including burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), callose deposition, and expression of defense-related genes. In vitro-purified UvCBP1 protein competes with rice chitin receptor OsCEBiP to bind to free chitin, thus impairing chitin-triggered rice immunity. Moreover, UvCBP1 could significantly promote infection of U. virens in rice flowers. Our results uncover a mechanism of a floral fungus suppressing plant immunity and pinpoint a universal role of chitin-battlefield during plant-fungi interactions.
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Bag MK, Basak N, Bagchi T, Masurkar P, Ray A, Adak T, Jena M, Chandra Rath P. Consequences of Ustilaginoidea virens infection, causal agent of false smut disease of rice, on production and grain quality of rice. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang B, Liu L, Li Y, Zou J, Li D, Zhao D, Li W, Sun W. Ustilaginoidin D induces hepatotoxicity and behaviour aberrations in zebrafish larvae. Toxicology 2021; 456:152786. [PMID: 33872729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidins, a group of bis-naphtho-γ-pyrones, are one of the major mycotoxins produced by Ustilaginoidea virens. This group of bis-naphtho-γ-pyrone mycotoxins has been demonstrated to have antibacterial and immunological inhibitory activities and strong cytotoxicity to human oral epidermoid carcinoma. However, little is yet known about the toxicity of ustilaginoidins to animals or toxicity mechanisms. In this study, toxicity assays to zebrafish larvae show that ustilaginoidin D is highly toxic to zebrafish with an LC50 of ∼7.50 μM. Ustilaginoidin D causes an obvious yolk sac absorption delay and liver damage in zebrafish, which is indicated by liver atrophy and the increased alanine and aspartate transaminase activities. Interestingly, different doses of ustilaginoidin D can alter zebrafish movement behavior in a distinct manner. Transcriptome analyses show that global gene expression profiling in zebrafish is significantly changed in response to ustilaginoidin D exposure. KEGG pathway analyses reveal that differentially expressed genes are enriched in the pathways related to lipid metabolism and hyperbilirubinemia, which are indicators of severe liver injury. Consistently, the expression of the marker genes for hepatotoxic responses is significantly induced by ustilaginoidin D. The findings indicate that ustilaginoidin D induces lipid metabolism disorders and hepatotoxicity in zebrafish larvae and poses a potential risk to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Yuejiao Li
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaying Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wang H, Yang X, Wei S, Wang Y. Proteomic Analysis of Mycelial Exudates of Ustilaginoidea virens. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030364. [PMID: 33803797 PMCID: PMC8003167 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS) disease, which is caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, has been widespread all over the world in recent years, causing irreversible losses. Under artificial culture conditions, exudates will appear on colonies of U. virens during the growth of the hyphae. Exudation of droplets is a common feature in many fungi, but the functions of exudates are undetermined. As the executors of life functions, proteins can intuitively reflect the functions of exudates. Shotgun proteomics were used in this study. A total of 650 proteins were identified in the exudate of U. virens, and the raw data were made available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD019861. There were 57 subcategories and 167 pathways annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, respectively. Through protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, it was found that 20 proteins participated in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Two separate PPI analyses were performed for carbon metabolism and microbial metabolism in diverse environments. After comparing and annotating the functions of proteins of the exudate, it was speculated that the exudate was involved in the construction and remodeling of the fungal cell wall. Pathogenicity, sporulation, and antioxidant effects might all be affected by the exudate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154007, China;
| | - Songhong Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.W.)
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Tang J, Chen X, Yan Y, Huang J, Luo C, Tom H, Zheng L. Comprehensive transcriptome profiling reveals abundant long non-coding RNAs associated with development of the rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4998-5013. [PMID: 33587785 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in biological processes but regulation and function of lncRNAs remain largely unelucidated, especially in fungi. Ustilaginoidea virens is an economically important fungus causing a devastating disease of rice. By combining microscopic and RNA-seq analyses, we comprehensively characterized lncRNAs of this fungus in infection and developmental processes and defined four serial typical stages. RNA-seq analyses revealed 1724 lncRNAs in U. virens, including 1084 long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs), 51 intronic RNAs (incRNAs), 566 natural antisense transcripts (lncNATs) and 23 sense transcripts. Gene Ontology enrichment of differentially expressed lincRNAs and lncNATs demonstrated that these were mainly involved in transport-related regulation. Functional studies of transport-related lncRNAs revealed that UvlncNAT-MFS, a cytoplasm localized lncNAT of a putative MFS transporter gene, UvMFS, could form an RNA duplex with UvMFS and was required for regulation of growth, conidiation and various stress responses. Our results were the first to elucidate the lncRNA profiles during infection and development of this important phytopathogen U. virens. The functional discovery of the novel lncRNA, UvlncNAT-MFS, revealed the potential of lncRNAs in regulation of life processes in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintian Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yaqin Yan
- Institute of Vegetables Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hsiang Tom
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Frawley D, Bayram Ö. The pheromone response module, a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway implicated in the regulation of fungal development, secondary metabolism and pathogenicity. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103469. [PMID: 32950720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are highly conserved from yeast to human and are required for the regulation of a multitude of biological processes in eukaryotes. A pentameric MAPK pathway known as the Fus3 pheromone module was initially characterised in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was shown to regulate cell fusion and sexual development. Individual orthologous pheromone module genes have since been found to be highly conserved in fungal genomes and have been shown to regulate a diverse array of cellular responses, such as cell growth, asexual and sexual development, secondary metabolite production and pathogenicity. However, information regarding the assembly and structure of orthologous pheromone modules, as well as the mechanisms of signalling and their biological significance is limited, specifically in filamentous fungal species. Recent studies have provided insight on the utilization of the pheromone module as a central signalling hub for the co-ordinated regulation of fungal development and secondary metabolite production. Various proteins of this pathway are also known to regulate reproduction and virulence in a range of plant pathogenic fungi. In this review, we discuss recent findings that help elucidate the structure of the pheromone module pathway in a myriad of fungal species and its implications in the control of fungal growth, development, secondary metabolism and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Frawley
- Biology Department, Callan Building, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Biology Department, Callan Building, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Sun W, Fan J, Fang A, Li Y, Tariqjaveed M, Li D, Hu D, Wang WM. Ustilaginoidea virens: Insights into an Emerging Rice Pathogen. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:363-385. [PMID: 32364825 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
False smut of rice, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, has become one of the most important diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. The disease causes a significant yield loss and imposes health threats to humans and animals by producing mycotoxins. In this review, we update our understanding of the pathogen, including the disease cycle and infection strategies, the decoding of the U. virens genome, comparative/functional genomics, and effector biology. Whereas the decoding of the U. virens genome unveils specific adaptations of the pathogen in successfully occupying rice flowers, progresses in comparative/functional genomics and effector biology have begun to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying U. virens virulence and pathogenicity. We highlight the identification and characterization of the produced mycotoxins and their biosynthetic pathways in U. virens.The management strategies for this disease are also discussed. The flower-specific infection strategy makes the pathogen a unique tool to unveil novel mechanisms for the interactions between nonobligate biotrophic pathogens and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Dongwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
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Li S, Xiang S, Wang Y, Zhou J, Hai Y, Peng X, Wang Y, Wei S. UvHrip1, an effector secreted by Ustilaginoidea virens, suppresses basal defense and promotes disease development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 2020; 751:144776. [PMID: 32428700 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS), caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is one of the most detrimental rice fungal diseases and pose a severe threat to rice production and quality. Effectors in U. virens often act as a set of essential virulence factors that play crucial roles in the interaction between host and the pathogen. Thus, the functions of each effector in U. virens need to be further explored. Here, a conserved small secreted hypersensitive response-inducing protein (hrip) was named UvHrip1. Functional validation was investigated to prove that UvHrip1 suppressed cell death symptom and ROS accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana triggered by Burkholderia glumae. We performed transgenic technology to demonstrate UvHrip1 remarkably inhibited pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced defense responses in Arabidopsis seedlings and plants, including the expression of defense-response genes. Furthermore, disease progression caused by the type III secretion system-defective mutant from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 was strongly facilitated in transgenic Arabidopsis ectopic expressing UvHrip1. Our data demonstrated UvHrip1 suppresses plant innate immunity and promoting disease multiplication in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Shibo Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yingling Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Jianming Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yingfan Hai
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Xunwen Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Songhong Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
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Meng S, Xiong M, Jagernath JS, Wang C, Qiu J, Shi H, Kou Y. UvAtg8-Mediated Autophagy Regulates Fungal Growth, Stress Responses, Conidiation, and Pathogenesis in Ustilaginoidea virens. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:56. [PMID: 32785866 PMCID: PMC7423828 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ustilaginoidea virens has become one of the most devastating rice pathogens in China, as well as other rice-growing areas. Autophagy is an important process in normal cell differentiation and development among various organisms. To date, there has been no optimized experimental system introduced for the study of autophagy in U. virens. In addition, the function of autophagy in pathogenesis remains unknown in U. virens. Therefore, the functional analyses of UvAtg8 may potentially shed some light on the regulatory mechanism and function of autophagy in U. virens. RESULTS In this study, we characterized the functions of UvAtg8, which is a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ScAtg8, in the rice false smut fungus U. virens. The results showed that UvATG8 is essential for autophagy in U. virens. Also, the GFP-UvATG8 strain, which could serve as an appropriate marker for monitoring autophagy in U. virens, was generated. Furthermore, this study found that the ΔUvatg8 mutant was defective in the vegetative growth, conidiation, adaption to oxidative, hyperosmotic, cell wall stresses, and production of toxic compounds. Pathogenicity assays indicated that deletion of UvATG8 resulted in significant reduction in virulence of U. virens. Further microscopic examinations of the infection processes revealed that the severe virulence defects in the ∆Uvatg8 were mainly caused by the highly reduced conidiation and secondary spore formation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the UvAtg8 is necessary for the fungal growth, stresses responses, conidiation, secondary spore formation, and pathogenicity of U. virens. Moreover, our research finding will potentially assist in further clarifying the molecular mechanism of U. virens infection, as well as provide a good marker for autophagy in U. virens and a good reference value for the further development of effective fungicides based on gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Meng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU)/Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Jane Sadhna Jagernath
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
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Yong M, Yu J, Pan X, Yu M, Cao H, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Song T, Yin X, Chen Z, Liu W, Liu Y. MAT1-1-3, a Mating Type Gene in the Villosiclava virens, Is Required for Fruiting Bodies and Sclerotia Formation, Asexual Development and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1337. [PMID: 32714294 PMCID: PMC7344243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Villosiclava virens is the prevalent causative pathogen of rice false smut, a destructive rice disease. Mating-type genes play a vital role in the evolution of mating systems in fungi. Some fungi have lost MAT1-1-3, one of the mating-type genes, during evolution, whereas others still retain MAT1-1-3. However, how MAT1-1-3 regulates the sexual development of heterothallic V. virens remains unknown. Here, we generated the MAT1-1-3 mutants, which exhibited defects in vegetative growth, stress response, pathogenicity, sclerotia formation and fruiting body maturation. An artificial outcrossing inoculation assay showed that the Δmat1-1-3 mutant was unable to produce sclerotia. Unexpectedly, the Δmat1-1-3 mutant could form immature fruiting bodies without mating on potato sucrose agar medium (PSA) compared with the wild-type strain, most likely by activating the truncated MAT1-2-1 transcription to regulate the sexual development. Moreover, RNA-seq data showed that knockout of MAT1-1-3 results in misregulation of a subset of genes involved in sexual development, MAPK signaling, cell wall integrity, autophagy, epigenetic modification, and transcriptional regulation. Collectively, this study reveals that MAT1-1-3 is required for asexual and sexual development, and pathogenicity of V. virens, thereby provides new insights into the function of mating-type genes in the fungi life cycle and infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Umemura M. Peptides derived from Kex2-processed repeat proteins are widely distributed and highly diverse in the Fungi kingdom. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 32626593 PMCID: PMC7329392 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, a gene cluster responsible for biosynthesis of ustiloxin in Aspergillus flavus was identified as the first case of a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) synthetic pathway in Ascomycota. RiPPs are biosynthesized from precursor peptides, which are processed to produce the RiPP backbone (core peptides) for further modifications such as methylation and cyclization. Ustiloxin precursor peptide has two distinctive features: a signal peptide for translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum and highly repeated core sequences cleaved by Kex2 protease in the Golgi apparatus. On the basis of these characteristics, the ustiloxin-type RiPP precursor peptides or Kex2-processed repeat proteins (KEPs) in strains belonging to the Fungi kingdom were computationally surveyed, in order to investigate the distribution and putative functions of KEPs in fungal ecology. Results In total, 7878 KEPs were detected in 1345 of 1461 strains belonging to 8 phyla. The average number of KEPs per strain was 5.25 in Ascomycota and 5.30 in Basidiomycota, but only 1.35 in the class Saccharomycetes (Ascomycota) and 1.00 in the class Tremellomycetes (Basidiomycota). The KEPs were classified into 838 types and 2560 stand-alone ones, which had no homologs. Nearly 200 types were distributed in more than one genus, and 14 types in more than one phylum. These types included yeast α-mating factors and fungal pheromones. Genes for 22% KEPs were accompanied by genes for DUF3328-domain-containing proteins, which are indispensable for cyclization of the core peptides. DUF3328-domain-containing protein genes were located at an average distance of 3.09 genes from KEP genes. Genes for almost all (with three exceptions) KEPs annotated as yeast α-mating factors or fungal pheromones were not accompanied by DUF3328-domain-containing protein genes. Conclusion KEPs are widely distributed in the Fungi kingdom, but their repeated sequences are highly diverse. From these results and some examples, a hypothesis was raised that KEPs initially evolved as unmodified linear peptides (e.g., mating factors), and then those that adopted a modified cyclic form emerged (e.g., toxins) to utilize their strong bioactivity against predators and competitive microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Umemura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
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46
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Yong M, Yu J, Pan X, Yu M, Cao H, Song T, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Yin X, Liu W, Liu Y. Two mating-type genes MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2 with significant functions in conidiation, stress response, sexual development, and pathogenicity of rice false smut fungus Villosiclava virens. Curr Genet 2020; 66:989-1002. [PMID: 32572596 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Villosiclava virens is one of the destructive diseases on panicles of rice. Sexual development of V. virens, controlled by mating-type locus, plays an important role in the prevalence of rice false smut and genetic diversity of the pathogen. However, how the mating-type genes mediate sexual development of the V. virens remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the two mating-type genes, MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2, in V. virens. MAT1-1-1 knockout mutant showed defects in hyphal growth, conidia morphogenesis, sexual development, and increase in the tolerance to salt and osmotic stress. Targeted deletion of MAT1-1-2 not only impaired the sclerotia formation and pathogenicity of V. virens, but also reduced the production of conidia. The MAT1-1-2 mutant showed increases in tolerance to salt and hydrogen peroxide stress, but decreases in tolerance to osmotic stress. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that MAT1-1-1 interacted with MAT1-1-2, indicating that those proteins might form a complex to regulate sexual development. In addition, MAT1-1-1 localized in the nucleus, and MAT1-1-2 localized in the cytoplasm. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2 play important roles in the conidiation, stress response, sexual development, and pathogenicity of V. virens, thus providing new insights into the function of mating-type gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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Wang Y, Li J, Xiang S, Zhou J, Peng X, Hai Y, Wang Y, Li S, Wei S. A putative effector UvHrip1 inhibits BAX-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, and infection of Ustilaginoidea virens suppresses defense-related genes expression. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9354. [PMID: 32566413 PMCID: PMC7295024 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS), caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is one of the most detrimental rice fungal diseases and pose a severe threat to rice production and quality. Effectors in U. virens often act as a set of essential virulence factors that play crucial roles in the interaction between host and the pathogen. Thus, the functions of each effector in U. virens need to be further explored. Here, we performed multiple alignment analysis and demonstrated a small secreted hypersensitive response-inducing protein (hrip), named UvHrip1, was highly conserved in fungi. The predicted SP of UvHrip1 was functional, which guided SUC secreted from yeast and was recognized by plant cells. The localization of UvHrip1 was mainly in the nucleus and cytoplasm monitored through the GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. uvhrip1 was drastically up-regulated in the susceptible cultivar LYP9 of rice during the pathogen infection, while did not in the resistant cultivar IR28. We also proved that UvHrip1 suppressed the mammalian BAX-induced necrosis-like defense symptoms in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, patterns of expression of defense-related genes, OsPR1#012 and OsPR10b, were regulated over U. virens infection in rice. Collectively, our data demonstrated that infection of U. virens suppresses defense-related genes expression and UvHrip1 was most likely a core effector in regulating plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingling Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shibo Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianming Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xunwen Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingfan Hai
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Songhong Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Wei S, Wang Y, Zhou J, Xiang S, Sun W, Peng X, Li J, Hai Y, Wang Y, Li S. The Conserved Effector UvHrip1 interacts with OsHGW, and Infection of Ustilaginoidea virens Regulates Defense- and Heading Date-Related Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3376. [PMID: 32397668 PMCID: PMC7246986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens, which causes rice false smut (RFS), is one of the most detrimental rice fungal diseases and poses a severe threat to rice production and quality. Effectors in U. virens often act as a group of essential virulence factors that play crucial roles in the interaction between host and the pathogen. Thus, the functions of individual effectors in U. virens need to be further explored. Here, we demonstrated a small secreted hypersensitive response-inducing protein (hrip), named UvHrip1, which was highly conserved in U. virens isolates. UvHrip1 was also proven to suppress necrosis-like defense symptoms in N. benthamiana induced by the oomycete elicitor INF1. The localization of UvHrip1 was mainly in the nuclei and cytoplasm via monitoring the UvHrip1-GFP fusion protein in rice cells. Furthermore, Y2H and BiFC assay demonstrated that UvHrip1 interacted with OsHGW, which is a critical regulator in heading date and grain weight signaling pathways in rice. Expression patterns of defense- and heading date-related genes, OsPR1#051 and OsMYB21, were down-regulated over U. virens infection in rice. Collectively, our data provide a theory for gaining an insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the UvHrip1 virulence function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhong Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingling Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jianming Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shibo Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Xunwen Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jing Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingfan Hai
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
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49
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Fan J, Liu J, Gong ZY, Xu PZ, Hu XH, Wu JL, Li GB, Yang J, Wang YQ, Zhou YF, Li SC, Wang L, Chen XQ, He M, Zhao JQ, Li Y, Huang YY, Hu DW, Wu XJ, Li P, Wang WM. The false smut pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens requires rice stamens for false smut ball formation. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:646-659. [PMID: 31797523 PMCID: PMC7028044 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rice false smut has emerged as a serious grain disease in rice production worldwide. The disease is characterized by the transformation of individual rice florets into false smut balls, which is caused by the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. To date, little is known about the host factors required for false smut ball formation by U. virens. In this study, we identified histological determinants for the formation of false smut balls by inoculating U. virens into rice floral mutants defective with respect to individual floral parts. The results showed that U. virens could form mature false smut balls in rice floral mutants with defective pistils, but failed to develop false smut balls in the superwoman mutant lacking stamens, identifying that U. virens requires rice stamens to complete its infection cycle. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated a list of candidate host genes that may facilitate nutrient acquisition by U. virens from the rice stamens, such as SWEET11, SWEET14 and SUT5, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of trehalose and raffinose family sugars. These data pinpoint rice stamens as the key target organ of U. virens infection and provide a valuable starting point for dissecting the molecular mechanism of false smut ball formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhi-You Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei-Zhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jin-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ji-Qun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dong-Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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50
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Wang Y, Wang F, Xie S, Liu Y, Qu J, Huang J, Yin W, Luo C. Development of rice conidiation media for Ustilaginoidea virens. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217667. [PMID: 31647810 PMCID: PMC6812814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the ascomycete Ustilaginoidea virens, is a serious disease of rice worldwide. Conidia are very important infectious propagules of U. virens, but the ability of pathogenic isolates to produce conidia frequently decreases in culture, which influences pathogenicity testing. Here, we developed tissue media with rice leaves or panicles that stimulate conidiation of U. virens. Among the tested media, 0.10 g/ml panicle medium was most efficient for conidiation. Whereas, some rice leaf media more effectively increased conidiation than panicle media except 0.10 g/ml panicle medium, and certain non-filtered tissue media were better than their filtered counterparts. Although the conidia induced in rice tissue media were smaller, they were able to germinate on potato sucrose agar medium and infect rice normally. The rice tissue medium is also workable in inducing conidia for conidiation-defective isolates. This method provides a foundation for the production of conidia by U. virens that will be widely applicable in pathogenicity testing as well as in genetic analyses for false smut resistance in rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufu Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songlin Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinsong Qu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weixiao Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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