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Guarneri N, Schwelm A, Goverse A, Smant G. Switching perspectives: The roles of plant cellular reprogramming during nematode parasitism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2327-2335. [PMID: 38393297 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Summary statementWe propose exploring plant biotrophic parasitism from both a pathogen‐centred and a plant‐centred perspective. This can generate novel research questions and reveal common plant mitigation strategies in response to biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Guarneri
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Schwelm
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Environment, Soils and Landuse, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Yu Z, Fredua-Agyeman R, Strelkov SE, Hwang SF. RNA-Seq Bulked Segregant Analysis of an Exotic B. napus ssp. napobrassica (Rutabaga) F 2 Population Reveals Novel QTLs for Breeding Clubroot-Resistant Canola. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4596. [PMID: 38731814 PMCID: PMC11083300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a rutabaga (Brassica napus ssp. napobrassica) donor parent FGRA106, which exhibited broad-spectrum resistance to 17 isolates representing 16 pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae, was used in genetic crosses with the susceptible spring-type canola (B. napus ssp. napus) accession FG769. The F2 plants derived from a clubroot-resistant F1 plant were screened against three P. brassicae isolates representing pathotypes 3A, 3D, and 3H. Chi-square (χ2) goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the F2 plants inherited two major clubroot resistance genes from the CR donor FGRA106. The total RNA from plants resistant (R) and susceptible (S) to each pathotype were pooled and subjected to bulked segregant RNA-sequencing (BSR-Seq). The analysis of gene expression profiles identified 431, 67, and 98 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the R and S bulks. The variant calling method indicated a total of 12 (7 major + 5 minor) QTLs across seven chromosomes. The seven major QTLs included: BnaA5P3A.CRX1.1, BnaC1P3H.CRX1.2, and BnaC7P3A.CRX1.1 on chromosomes A05, C01, and C07, respectively; and BnaA8P3D.CRX1.1, BnaA8P3D.RCr91.2/BnaA8P3H.RCr91.2, BnaA8P3H.Crr11.3/BnaA8P3D.Crr11.3, and BnaA8P3D.qBrCR381.4 on chromosome A08. A total of 16 of the DEGs were located in the major QTL regions, 13 of which were on chromosome C07. The molecular data suggested that clubroot resistance in FGRA106 may be controlled by major and minor genes on both the A and C genomes, which are deployed in different combinations to confer resistance to the different isolates. This study provides valuable germplasm for the breeding of clubroot-resistant B. napus cultivars in Western Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (Z.Y.); (S.-F.H.)
| | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (Z.Y.); (S.-F.H.)
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3
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Spasibionek S, Mikołajczyk K, Matuszczak M, Kaczmarek J, Ramzi N, Jędryczka M. HO-CR and HOLL-CR: new forms of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) with altered fatty acid composition and resistance to selected pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot). J Appl Genet 2024:10.1007/s13353-024-00867-y. [PMID: 38637489 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The priority in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) research and breeding programs worldwide is to combine different features to develop cultivars tailored to specific applications of this crop. In this study, forms with a modified fatty acid composition of seed oil were successfully combined with a source of resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., a harmful protist-causing clubroot. Three HO-type recombinants in F6-F12 generations with oleic acid content of 80.2-82.1% and one HOLL-type F6 inbred mutant recombinant (HOmut × LLmut), with a high oleic acid content (80.9%) and reduced linolenic acid content (2.3%), were crossed with the cultivar Tosca, resistant to several pathotypes of P. brassicae. The work involved genotyping with the use of DNA markers specific for allelic variants of desaturase genes responsible for the synthesis of oleic and linolenic fatty acids, CAPS (FAD2 desaturase, C18:1), and SNaPshot (FAD3 desaturase, C18:3), respectively. Of 350 progenies in the F3 generation, 192 (55%) were selected for further studies. Among them, 80 HO (≥ 72%) lines were identified, 10 of which showed resistance to at least one up to four P. brassicae pathotypes. Thirty lines in the selected progeny contained high oleic acid and less than 5% linolenic acid; eight of them belonged to the HOLL type conferring resistance to at least one pathotype. Two HO lines and two HOLL lines were resistant to four pathotypes. The resulting HO-CR and HOLL-CR inbred lines with altered seed oil fatty acid composition and resistance to P. brassicae represent unique oilseed rape material with the desired combination of valuable traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Spasibionek
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Department of Oilseed Crops, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mikołajczyk
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Department of Oilseed Crops, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Matuszczak
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Department of Oilseed Crops, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaczmarek
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Noor Ramzi
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Zamani-Noor N, Jędryczka M. Pathotyping Systems and Pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae-Navigating toward the Optimal Classification. Pathogens 2024; 13:313. [PMID: 38668268 PMCID: PMC11053400 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, an obligate biotrophic soil-borne pathogen, poses a significant threat to cruciferous crops worldwide by causing the devastating disease known as clubroot. Pathogenic variability in P. brassicae populations has been recognized since the 1930s based on its interactions with Brassica species. Over time, numerous sets of differential hosts have been developed and used worldwide to explore the pathogenic variability within P. brassicae populations. These sets encompass a range of systems, including the Williams system, the European Clubroot Differential set (ECD), the Brassica napus set, the Japanese Clubroot Differential Set, the Canadian Clubroot Differential Set (CCS), the Korean Clubroot Differential Set, and the Chinese Sinitic Clubroot Differential set (SCD). However, all existing systems possess both advantages as well as limitations regarding the detection of pathotypes from various Brassica species and their corresponding virulence pattern on Brassica genotypes. This comprehensive review aims to compare the main differential systems utilized in classifying P. brassicae pathotypes worldwide. Their strengths, limitations, and implications are evaluated, thereby enhancing our understanding of pathogenic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Zamani-Noor
- Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Jędryczka
- Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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5
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Fang T, Han X, Yue Y. Disease-resistant varieties of Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) inhibit Plasmodiophora brassicae infestation by stabilising root flora structure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1328845. [PMID: 38504895 PMCID: PMC10950205 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1328845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The application of disease-resistant varieties is the most cost-effective method for solving the problem of clubroot. "Shangpin," a disease-resistant variety of Chinese cabbage with broad-spectrum immunity to Plasmodiophora brassicae (P. brassicae), was screened in a previous study. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing technology, we annotated the compositional differences between the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and endosphere bacterial communities of "Shangpin" and "83-1" under P. brassicae stress. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the abundance of microorganisms in the root system of "83-1" changed more than that of "Shangpin" after P. brassicae infestation, and Beta diversity analysis indicated that Flavobacterium and Sphingomonas may mediate clubroot resistance, while Nitrospira, Nitrosospira, and Pseudomonas may mediate P. brassicae infestation among the bacteria in the Top 10 abundances. Microbial functional analyses showed that the root microorganisms of "83-1" were metabolically weakened after P. brassicae inoculation and were inhibited in competition with pathogenic bacteria. Conversely, the root microorganisms of "Shangpin" maintained the strength of their metabolic capacity, which took a favorable position in competition with the pathogen and inhibited the growth and development of the pathogen, thus showing resistance. Root secretions of "Shangpin" significantly inhibited the incidence and disease index of clubroot, which indicated that under clubroot stress, resistant varieties maintain root microbial diversity and microbial community functions through specific root exudates, enriching the genera Flavobacterium and Sphingomonas, thus showing resistance. The results of this study reveal the resistance mechanism of resistant varieties to clubroot and provide new insights into the prevention and control of clubroot in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanling Yue
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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6
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Jia R, Yu L, Chen J, Hu L, Cao S, Dong X, Ma Q, Wang Y. Molecular evolution of methylesterase family genes and the BnMES34 is a positive regulator of Plasmodiophora brassicae stress response in Arabidopsis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129333. [PMID: 38218279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Methylesterases (MES) are involved in hydrolysis of carboxylic esters, which have substantial roles in plant metabolic activities and defense mechanisms. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate Brassica napus BnMESs and characterize their role in response to Plasmodiophora brassicae stress. Forty-four BnMES members were identified and categorized into three groups based on their phylogenetic relationships and structural similarities. Through functional predictions in the promoter regions and analysis of RNA-Seq data, BnMES emerged as pivotal in growth, development, and stress responses to B. napus, particularly BnMES34, was strongly induced in response to P. brassicae infection. Gene Ontology analyses highlighted BnMES34's role in regulation of plant disease resistance responses. Furthermore, overexpression of BnMES34 in A. thaliana exhibited milder clubroot symptoms, and reduced disease indices, suggesting positive regulatory role of BnMES34 in plant's response to P. brassicae stress. Molecular docking and enzyme activity verification indicated that BnMES34 has the ability to generate salicylic acid via methyl salicylate, and further experimentally validated in vivo. This discovery indicates that the overexpression of BnMES34 in Arabidopsis confers resistance against clubroot disease. Overall, our research suggests that BnMES34 has a beneficial regulatory role in enhancing stress resistance to P. brassicae in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ligang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shang Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaomin Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China..
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Przemieniecki SW, Ruraż K, Kosewska O, Oćwieja M, Gorczyca A. The impact of various forms of silver nanoparticles on the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - Shifts in microbiome structure and predicted microbial metabolic functions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169824. [PMID: 38185142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of different silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the soil microbiome and wheat growth. For comparison purposes, a commercial fungicide and silver nitrate (AgNO3) were used. The results revealed three distinct groups of nanoparticles based on their impacts. Small-size AgNPs (10 nm) with a negative charge, as well as fungicide had limited effects on the microbiome, similar to the no-treatment control. Bigger in size (30-60 nm) and a negative charge AgNPs showed the most beneficial effects on soil microbiota shifts. These AgNPs increased the abundance of bacteria with beneficial traits such as nitrogen-fixing, urease, protease, and lignin degradation bacteria. The third type of AgNPs had a positive charge of nanostructure and influenced specific microbial populations, increasing the abundance of anaerobic and autotrophic groups of microorganisms, which could be assessed as a harmful shift for plants growth promotions and was similar to the AgNO3 treatment. Overall, the study emphasized the potential of AgNPs in agriculture not only as biocidal. The conducted study proved that AgNPs with bigger size/negative charge, used in low concentration can have a surprisingly stimulating effect on the positive characteristics of the rhizosphere microbiome. Moreover, the surface charge of AgNPs is a significant factor affecting microbial activity of wheat rhizosphere soil, which in this treatment is significantly similar to the AgNO3 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wojciech Przemieniecki
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Karolina Ruraż
- Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Olga Kosewska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Oćwieja
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Gorczyca
- Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland.
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Li C, Luo S, Feng L, Wang Q, Cheng J, Xie J, Lin Y, Fu Y, Jiang D, Chen T. Protist ubiquitin ligase effector PbE3-2 targets cysteine protease RD21A to impede plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1764-1778. [PMID: 38035763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases of Brassica oil and vegetable crops worldwide. Understanding the pathogen infection strategy is crucial for the development of disease control. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, the molecular mechanism by which this pathogen promotes infection remains largely unknown. P. brassicae E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 (PbE3-2) is a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in P. brassicae with E3 ligase activity in vitro. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase assay and apoplast washing fluid extraction showed that PbE3-2 harbors a functional signal peptide. Overexpression of PbE3-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in higher susceptibility to P. brassicae and decreases in chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and expression of marker genes in salicylic acid signaling. PbE3-2 interacted with and ubiquitinated host cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 21A (RD21A) in vitro and in vivo. Mutant plants deficient in RD21A exhibited similar susceptibility and compromised immune responses as in PbE3-2 overexpression plants. We show that PbE3-2, which targets RD21A, is an important virulence factor for P. brassicae. Two other secretory RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in P. brassicae performed the same function as PbE3-2 and ubiquitinated RD21A. This study reveals a substantial virulence functional role of protist E3 ubiquitin ligases and demonstrates a mechanism by which protist E3 ubiquitin ligases degrade host immune-associated cysteine proteases to impede host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shaofeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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Salih R, Brochu AS, Labbé C, Strelkov SE, Franke C, Bélanger R, Pérez-López E. A Hydroponic-Based Bioassay to Facilitate Plasmodiophora brassicae Phenotyping. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:131-138. [PMID: 37536345 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0959-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the canola/oilseed rape (Brassica napus) industry worldwide. Currently, the planting of clubroot-resistant (CR) cultivars is the most effective strategy used to restrict the spread and the economic losses linked to the disease. However, virulent P. brassicae isolates have been able to infect many of the currently available CR cultivars, and the options to manage the disease are becoming limited. Another challenge has been achieving consistency in evaluating host reactions to P. brassicae infection, with most bioassays conducted in soil and/or potting medium, which requires significant space and can be labor intensive. Visual scoring of clubroot symptom development can also be influenced by user bias. Here, we have developed a hydroponic bioassay using well-characterized P. brassicae single-spore isolates representative of clubroot virulence in Canada, as well as field isolates from three Canadian provinces in combination with canola inbred homozygous lines carrying resistance genetics representative of CR cultivars available to growers in Canada. To improve the efficiency and consistency of disease assessment, symptom severity scores were compared with clubroot evaluations based on the scanned root area. According to the results, this bioassay offers a reliable, less expensive, and reproducible option to evaluate P. brassicae virulence, as well as to identify which canola resistance profile(s) may be effective against particular isolates. This bioassay will contribute to the breeding of new CR canola cultivars and the identification of virulence genes in P. brassicae that could trigger resistance and that have been very elusive to this day.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Salih
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Brochu
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Labbé
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen E Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Coreen Franke
- Nutrien Ag Solutions Canada, Saskatoon, SK S4N 4L8, Canada
| | - Richard Bélanger
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Ochoa JC, Mukhopadhyay S, Bieluszewski T, Jędryczka M, Malinowski R, Truman W. Natural variation in Arabidopsis responses to Plasmodiophora brassicae reveals an essential role for Resistance to Plasmodiophora brasssicae 1 (RPB1). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1421-1440. [PMID: 37646674 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the identification of clubroot resistance genes in various Brassica crops our understanding of the genetic basis of immunity to Plasmodiophora brassicae infection in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana remains limited. To address this issue, we performed a screen of 142 natural accessions and identified 11 clubroot-resistant Arabidopsis lines. Genome-wide association analysis identified several genetic loci significantly linked with resistance. Three genes from two of these loci were targeted for deletion by CRISPR/Cas9 mutation in resistant accessions Est-1 and Uod-1. Deletion of Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae 1 (RPB1) rendered both lines susceptible to the P. brassicae pathotype P1+. Further analysis of rpb1 knock-out Est-1 and Uod-1 lines showed that the RPB1 protein is required for activation of downstream defence responses, such as the expression of phytoalexin biosynthesis gene CYP71A13. RPB1 has recently been shown to encode a cation channel localised in the endoplasmic reticulum. The clubroot susceptible Arabidopsis accession Col-0 lacks a functional RPB1 gene; when Col-0 is transformed with RPB1 expression driven by its native promoter it is capable of activating RPB1 transcription in response to infection, but this is not sufficient to confer resistance. Transient expression of RPB1 in Nicotiana tabacum induced programmed cell death in leaves. We conclude that RPB1 is a critical component of the defence response to P. brassicae infection in Arabidopsis, acting downstream of pathogen recognition but required for the elaboration of effective resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Ochoa
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Soham Mukhopadhyay
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bieluszewski
- Laboratory of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jędryczka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - William Truman
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
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He Z. WeiTsing, the warrior of root battleground. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2445-2447. [PMID: 37306900 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuhua He
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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12
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Liao R, Wei X, Zhao Y, Xie Z, Nath UK, Yang S, Su H, Wang Z, Li L, Tian B, Wei F, Yuan Y, Zhang X. bra-miR167a Targets ARF8 and Negatively Regulates Arabidopsis thaliana Immunity against Plasmodiophora brassicae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11850. [PMID: 37511608 PMCID: PMC10380745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is a soil-borne disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, which can seriously affect the growth and production of cruciferous crops, especially Chinese cabbage crops, worldwide. At present, few studies have been conducted on the molecular mechanism of this disease's resistance response. In this experiment, we analyzed the bioinformation of bra-miR167a, constructed a silencing vector (STTM167a) and an overexpression vector (OE-miR167a), and transformed them to Arabidopsis to confirm the role of miR167a in the clubroot resistance mechanism of Arabidopsis. Afterwards, phenotype analysis and expression level analysis of key genes were conducted on transgenic plants. From the result, we found that the length and number of lateral roots of silence transgenic Arabidopsis STTM167a was higher than that of WT and OE-miR167a. In addition, the STTM167a transgenic Arabidopsis induced up-regulation of disease resistance-related genes (PR1, PR5, MPK3, and MPK6) at 3 days after inoculation. On the other hand, the auxin pathway genes (TIR1, AFB2, and AFB3), which are involved in maintaining the balance of auxin/IAA and auxin response factor (ARF), were down-regulated. These results indicate that bra-miR167a is negative to the development of lateral roots and auxins, but positive to the expression of resistance-related genes. This also means that the STTM167a can improve the resistance of clubroot by promoting lateral root development and the level of auxin, and can induce resistance-related genes by regulating its target genes. We found a positive correlation between miR167a and clubroot disease, which is a new clue for the prevention and treatment of clubroot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujiao Liao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.X.); (B.T.)
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.X.); (B.T.)
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Zhengqing Xie
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.X.); (B.T.)
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Shuangjuan Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Henan Su
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Baoming Tian
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.X.); (B.T.)
| | - Fang Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.X.); (B.T.)
| | - Yuxiang Yuan
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (H.S.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Z.X.); (B.T.)
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Bíbová J, Kábrtová V, Večeřová V, Kučerová Z, Hudeček M, Plačková L, Novák O, Strnad M, Plíhal O. The Role of a Cytokinin Antagonist in the Progression of Clubroot Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020299. [PMID: 36830668 PMCID: PMC9953476 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing clubroot disease in cruciferous plants. Infected plant organs are subject to profound morphological changes, the roots form characteristic galls, and the leaves are chlorotic and abscise. The process of gall formation is governed by timely changes in the levels of endogenous plant hormones that occur throughout the entire life cycle of the clubroot pathogen. The homeostasis of two plant hormones, cytokinin and auxin, appears to be crucial for club development. To investigate the role of cytokinin and auxin in gall formation, we used metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with clubroot, focusing on the late stages of the disease, where symptoms were more pronounced. Loss-of-function mutants of three cytokinin receptors, AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4, were employed to further study the homeostasis of cytokinin in response to disease progression; ahk double mutants developed characteristic symptoms of the disease, albeit with varying intensity. The most susceptible to clubroot disease was the ahk3 ahk4 double mutant, as revealed by measuring its photosynthetic performance. Quantification of phytohormone levels and pharmacological treatment with the cytokinin antagonist PI-55 showed significant changes in the levels of endogenous cytokinin and auxin, which was manifested by both enhanced and reduced development of disease symptoms in different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Bíbová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kábrtová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Večeřová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kučerová
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hudeček
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (O.P.)
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14
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Integrative Transcriptome, miRNAs, Degradome, and Phytohormone Analysis of Brassica rapa L. in Response to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032414. [PMID: 36768734 PMCID: PMC9916777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is an infectious root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica crops, which can cause immeasurable losses. We analyzed integrative transcriptome, small RNAs, degradome, and phytohormone comprehensively to explore the infection mechanism of P. brassicae. In this study, root samples of Brassica rapa resistant line material BrT24 (R-line) and susceptible line material Y510-9 (S-line) were collected at four different time points for cytological, transcriptome, miRNA, and degradome analyses. We found the critical period of disease resistance and infection were at 0-3 DAI (days after inoculation) and 9-20 DAI, respectively. Based on our finding, we further analyzed the data of 9 DAI vs. 20 DAI of S-line and predicted the key genes ARF8, NAC1, NAC4, TCP10, SPL14, REV, and AtHB, which were related to clubroot disease development and regulating disease resistance mechanisms. These genes are mainly related to auxin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid, and ethylene cycles. We proposed a regulatory model of plant hormones under the mRNA-miRNA regulation in the critical period of P. brassicae infection by using the present data of the integrative transcriptome, small RNAs, degradome, and phytohormone with our previously published results. Our integrative analysis provided new insights into the regulation relationship of miRNAs and plant hormones during the process of disease infection with P. brassicae.
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