1
|
Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhang K. Social capital, perceived stress, and mental health of men who have sex with men in China: A cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1134198. [PMID: 37063552 PMCID: PMC10098019 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMental health problems are prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM). Social capital and perceived stress may affect the mental health of MSM. The purpose of this study was to understand the current status of mental health, social capital, and perceived stress among MSM and to explore which variables are influential factors of mental health.MethodsThis study adopted a convenience sampling method and posted recruitment information through online social platforms (Blued, QQ, and WeChat) from January 2022 to June 2022 to recruit participants. The questionnaire included a demographic questionnaire, Social Capital Questionnaire (SCQ), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20). Descriptive analyses of demographic characteristics, social capital, perceived stress, and mental health were conducted using percentages, median, interquartile range, means, and standard deviations. One-way ANOVA and independent-samples t-test were used to test the relationship between demographic characteristics and mental health, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze which variables were influencing factors of mental health. SPSS 24.0 was used for data analysis, and significant differences were found at p < 0.05.ResultsA total of 546 MSM participated in this study. Total social capital score was 18.59 ± 2.62, cognitive social capital, social participation, and social network scores were 6.53 ± 1.05, 4.15 ± 0.97, and 7.91 ± 1.57. PSS score was 26.91 ± 6.44, and SRQ-20 score was 7.5 (3, 11). Education level, relationship status, employed information, monthly income, sexual orientation, perceived stress, and three dimensions of social capital were included in the multiple linear regression based on the results of One-way ANOVA, t-test, and correlation analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that relationship status (in a relationship), sexual orientation (heterosexual, bisexual, other), perceived stress, social participation, and social network had a significant effect on mental health.ConclusionSex with men have poorer mental health. Relationship status, sexual orientation, perceived stress, social networks, and social participation are important factors influencing mental health. The general public should be called upon to treat them with a more tolerant attitude, improve the social environment, and promote their identification with their sexual orientation, thereby reducing perceived stress and promoting the mental health of this population. In addition, from the perspective of social capital, promoting MSM social participation and expanding social networks may also be an important way to promote MSM mental health.
Collapse
|
2
|
Iwamoto S. Developing a Theory of Community Caring for Public Health Nursing. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030349. [PMID: 36766924 PMCID: PMC9914073 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nursing theories focus on individual and community care and human relationships in unique contexts. One of these contexts is the community in which a theory-based systematic nursing practice process is warranted. This article describes a theory of Community Caring for Public Health Nursing (CCPHN), which is grounded in four nursing metaparadigms by Fawcett: persons, environment, health, and nursing. This theory has three assumptions: (1) community caring fosters care demonstrations in nursing, (2) caring communities comprise members with community attachments united by their common values rather than rigid customs, and (3) community caring is expressed competently in mutual-care practices. From these assumptions, a nursing perspective supporting the community caring process is exhibited as the expression of caring by public health nurses toward supportive and promotive nursing processes that enhance a caring community. Nurses play critical roles in leading the establishment of caring communities. In future research, it is critical to verify whether building a caring community by public health nursing practices based on this theory of CCPHN contributes to the health and well-being of the people in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Iwamoto
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Kobe City College of Nursing, 3-4 Gakuennishi-machi, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2103, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee JE, Bae SM. The Relationship Between Social Capital, the Happiness of Others, and the Happiness of Korean Adults: A National Sample Study. Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:958-964. [PMID: 36444159 PMCID: PMC9708869 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to reveal the relationship between social capital, the happiness of others, and the happiness of Korean adults. METHODS Data from 4,890 participants (2,092 males [42.78%] and 2,798 females [57.22%]) aged 19 to 79 years were used. Data used in the analysis were provided by the Survey on Koreans' Happiness and Quality of Life (2019) conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. RESULTS First, age, education, marital status, and subjective economic level were found to be significantly related to individual happiness. Second, social capital, which including trust and social participation, was positively related to individual happiness. Third, the key result of this study was that the happiness of close people was positively associated with individual happiness. Fourth, belonging showed a significant moderating effect on the relationship between the happiness of others and individual happiness. CONCLUSION This study contributes by examining the relationship between the happiness of others and individual happiness after controlling for social capital and demographic variables and examining the moderating effect of social capital on the relationship between the happiness of self and others. These results are expected to help understand the factors that determine the happiness of Korean adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Eun Lee
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Man Bae
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Zeng D, Yang F. Internet Use and Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly: An Analysis of the Mediating Effect Based on Social Capital. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912087. [PMID: 36231387 PMCID: PMC9564528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
At present, the Internet has a profound impact on the lifestyle and ideas of the elderly and has an important impact on the subjective well-being of the elderly. Based on the data of 2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), 4463 elderly people aged 60 years and above were selected in the empirical research, including 2321 males and 2142 females. The average age was 68.07 (SD = 5.75). The ordinary least square regression (OLS) model was used to test the effect of Internet use on the subjective well-being of the elderly; the structural equation model was used to analyze the influence path of social capital in the process of Internet use affecting the subjective well-being of the elderly, and the Sobel test is used to further verify the mediating effect of social capital. The results indicated the important positive effect of Internet use on the improvement of the subjective well-being of the elderly and confirms the mediating role of social capital in the process of Internet use affecting the subjective well-being of the elderly. Among them, the mediating effects of bonding social capital and bridging social capital accounted for 18.69% and 28.17%, respectively. It can be seen that the mediating effect of bridging social capital is significantly higher than that of bonding social capital. Marital status moderates the latter half of the mediation mechanism of "Internet use-bridging social capital-subjective well-being of the elderly", that is, "bridging social capital-subjective well-being of the elderly."
Collapse
|
5
|
Salameh AA, Amin S, Danish MH, Asghar N, Naveed RT, Munir M. Socio-economic determinants of subjective wellbeing toward Sustainable Development Goals: An insight from a developing country. Front Psychol 2022; 13:961400. [PMID: 36186294 PMCID: PMC9515650 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.961400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the goals of happiness research is to identify the key factors that influence it. Therefore, the present research is designed to examine the determining factors of subjective wellbeing (SWB) in Pakistan. The present research is conducted by collecting the data of 1,566 households in Punjab, Pakistan, using the ordered logit and tobit model. The findings of this research confirm that income, education, government effectiveness, no perceived corruption, and perceived institutional quality improve wellbeing, while lower trust in family and friends, poor health status, living on rent, and dissatisfaction with the services of hospitals lower the level of wellbeing. But individuals with more social ties, who face barriers in health services, live more happily satisfied with their lives. Crime victimization and worrisome terrorism also lower the level of SWB. Findings of research strongly emphasize policymakers and government institutions to improve their quality and take essential measures for improving the governance structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anas A. Salameh
- Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajid Amin
- Punjab Economic Research Institute, Planning and Development Department, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan Danish
- School of Commerce and Accountancy, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nabila Asghar
- Division of Management and Administrative Science, Department of Economics, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rana Tahir Naveed
- Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education (UE) Business School, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mubbasher Munir
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Mubbasher Munir,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao X, Liu Q, Zhang S, Li T, Hu B. The Impact of Psychological Capital and Social Capital on Residents’ Mental Health and Happiness During COVID-19: Evidence From China. Front Psychol 2022; 13:962373. [PMID: 35923727 PMCID: PMC9339779 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.962373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis paper studies the mediating and interactive effects of social capital on psychological capital and the feeling of happiness from the impact of COVID-19. Since its emergence, the COVID-19 pandemic has taken a toll on people’s mental health and affected their hopes for the future. Lifestyle and economic conditions have also been affected and have subsequently impacted people’s sense of confidence in life. This could increase the likelihood of many people developing mental health issues, such as anxiety or depression. Therefore, it is vital to study the influence of psychological capital and social capital on people’s subjective psychology and happiness experiences.Materials and MethodsUsing an ordered probit model, this paper studied the independent influence and interaction between psychological capital and social capital on people’s happiness. The ordered probit model was chosen because subjective well-being (SWB) is an ordered variable. We further used structural equation modeling (SEM) to study the mediating effects of social capital on psychological capital and happiness.ResultsThe regression results showed that both psychological capital and social capital were significantly positively correlated with happiness when controlling for other factors. In addition, psychological and social capital significantly interacted, in which the psychological capital promotes the effect of social capital on happiness. Moreover, the effect of psychological capital on happiness was greater than that of social capital, demonstrating that happiness is more greatly influenced by subjective psychological experience. The interaction coefficient of psychological and social capital was also significant, showing that the two have mutually reinforcing effects on happiness. Finally, health, income class, real estate, stranger trust, age, and urban household registration had significant positive effects on happiness, while the view of money, being female, education had a negative relationship with happiness. The SEM results showed that the mediating effect of psychological capital on happiness was partly transmitted through social capital: the total effect of psychological capital on happiness was highly significant (p < 0.0001), as was the total effect of social capital on happiness (p < 0.0001); however, the coefficient for psychological capital was greater than that for social capital. Through heterogeneity analysis, we found that the relationship between psychological capital, social capital, and happiness was significantly positive in each sub-sample group. There was also a significant interaction between psychological and social capital for men, women, urban and rural residents, and higher education background sample groups. However, the interaction was not significant in the sample group without higher education. In addition, the relationship between the happiness of rural residents and their educational background and gender was not significant.ConclusionWe found that psychological and social capital have significant positive relationships and effects on happiness. Psychological capital demonstrated both direct and indirect influences on happiness, and further strengthens the influence of social capital on happiness. These results support a scheme to emphasize psychological support during the COVID-19 pandemic period to enhance the mental health of citizens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Zhao
- School of Economics and Management, Guangzhou City Construction College, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Finance, City University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Faculty of Business, City University of Macau, Macau, China
- School of Logistics, Guangdong Mechanical and Electrical Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Guangzhou City Construction College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tinghua Li
- School of Economics and Management, Guangzhou City Construction College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Liberal Arts College, Changsha Normal University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Hu,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garg N, Mahipalan M, Poulose S, Burgess J. Does Gratitude Ensure Workplace Happiness Among University Teachers? Examining the Role of Social and Psychological Capital and Spiritual Climate. Front Psychol 2022; 13:849412. [PMID: 35529571 PMCID: PMC9072633 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.849412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examines the necessity and sufficiency of gratitude for supporting workplace happiness among Indian university teachers. It also explores the mediating effect of psychological capital and social capital in the relationship between gratitude and workplace happiness. The moderating effect of spiritual climate is investigated. A survey of 726 university staff in India was undertaken to examine the relationship between gratitude and workplace happiness. A series of statistical tests involving correlation, multiple regression, and necessary condition analysis was undertaken from the data set. The mediation effect of psychological capital and social capital was investigated using bootstrapping estimates using PROCESS Macro in SPSS. Also, the moderation effect of spiritual climate was explored using PROCESS Macro in SPSS. The results reveal that gratitude is both a sufficient and necessary condition for workplace happiness. It also suggests a significant mediating effect of psychological capital and social capital. Also, a significant effect of spiritual climate amid the relationship between gratitude and workplace happiness is concluded. The study is one of the first studies that explore the relationship between gratitude and workplace happiness. It examines the mechanism through which gratitude influences happiness in the workplace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naval Garg
- University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Rohini, India
| | | | | | - John Burgess
- Department of Management Studies, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang L, Bai Z, Ji K, Zhu Y, Chen R. Correlations of external social capital in social organizations providing integrated eldercare services with medical care in China. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:101. [PMID: 35078463 PMCID: PMC8787872 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the external social capital of social organizations (SOs) providing integrated eldercare services with medical care in Anhui Province, China. Specifically, we studied the current situation and influencing factors of external social capital and its six dimensions. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in Anhui Province, China using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. We employed Pearson correlation analysis and a binary logistic regression model. Results The final analysis included 49 SOs. Most organizations had a high score in norm dimension (81.6%), participation (61.2%), trust (65.3%), common language (65.3%), and social capital (63.3%). After adjusting for all covariate variables, integrated eldercare services with medical care SOs which served more than 65 elderly people were likely to report lower score in social capital. Conclusions By examining the current situation of integrated eldercare services with medical care SOs in China, this study enriched the relevant evidence of integrated medical and nursing SOs and provides a certain reference value for relevant management departments when formulating policies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-07508-2.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yasunaga A, Koohsari MJ, Shibata A, Ishii K, Miyawaki R, Araki K, Oka K. Sedentary Behavior and Happiness: The Mediation Effects of Social Capital. Innov Aging 2021; 5:igab044. [PMID: 34859156 PMCID: PMC8633129 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives This study aimed to examine the associations between time spent in 6 different domains of sedentary behavior and happiness and whether social capital mediated such associations among adults and older adults living in a rural area of Japan. Research Design and Methods Cross-sectional data from 3,357 participants (mean age: 60 ± 16 years) were used. 6 domains of sedentary behavior, happiness, and social capital were assessed using a self-report questionnaire. Age-stratified multivariable linear regression models adjusted for covariates were used to examine the associations between 6 domains of sedentary behavior and happiness. For relationships where the direct effect was significant, we tested the mediating effects of 2 social capital measures. Results Among both adults and older adults, more time spent viewing television was significantly associated with lower happiness scores, and more time spent engaging in other leisure activities was significantly associated with higher happiness scores. In addition, more time spent using cell phones and computers was significantly associated with lower happiness scores among the adults. Engaging in activities with neighbors significantly mediated the relationship between other leisure activities and happiness in the adults and older adults, and between television viewing and happiness in the older adults. Discussion and Implications Our findings indicated that less television viewing and more mentally active sedentary behavior (e.g., talking with others and engaging in hobbies) were associated with greater happiness. One aspect of social capital, engaging in activities with neighbors, acts as a potential mediator for relationships between sedentary behavior and happiness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akitomo Yasunaga
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Bunka Gakuen University, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammad Javad Koohsari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ai Shibata
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rina Miyawaki
- School of Arts and Letters, Meiji University, Suginami, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniko Araki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Oka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gai Tobe R, Izumida N. Gender disparity in the individual attitude toward longevity among Japanese population: Findings from a national survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254779. [PMID: 34407083 PMCID: PMC8372936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented population aging brings profound influences to the social values of longevity. The individual attitudes toward the expended life time deserves scrutiny, as it reflects the impacts of social networks and social welfare on people’s life and wellbeing. This study aims to examine whether and how gender disparity is affecting the individual anticipation to longevity among Japanese citizen. We used the dataset of National Survey on Social Security and Peoples Life implemented in 2017 to calculate the odds ratios (OR) of the individual anticipation to longevity. Besides gender, other demographic characteristics, physical and mental health, the experience of nursing care for the elderly, financial conditions and social networks are examined by performing the multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analysis. The results indicate the robust effects of gender disparity on the individual aspiration for longevity. The proportion of those who inclined the positive statement on longevity was estimated to be 69.7% (95% CI: 68.6% - 70.9%) in the whole population, and 70.9% (95% CI: 69.4% - 72.5%) and 68.7% (95% CI: 67.1% - 70.2%) in male and female, respectively. Besides gender, independent factors significantly affecting the individual valuation of longevity include age, annual household income, the experience of nursing care, household saving, having a conversation with others and the availability of reliable partner(s) for relevant supports; while the common factors affecting the outcome variable were self-perceived health status and mental distress measured by K6. The interaction of gender and these significant factors were determined as well. In conclusion, with relevant representativeness and quality of data source, this analysis adds knowledge on gender disparity in the individual anticipation on longevity. The findings are suggestive to reform the social security system in the super aged society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Gai Tobe
- Department of Social security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobuyuki Izumida
- Department of Social security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nogi K, Imamura H, Asakura K, Nishiwaki Y. Association of Structural Social Capital and Self-Reported Well-Being among Japanese Community-Dwelling Adults: A Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168284. [PMID: 34444033 PMCID: PMC8392250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown both positive and non-positive associations between social capital and health. However, longitudinal evidence examining its comprehensive effects on well-being is still limited. This study examined whether structural social capital in the local community was related to the later well-being of Japanese people aged 40 or above. A 4-year longitudinal study was conducted in a rural Japanese town. “Well-being” was measured using three indicators (happiness, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms), and those who were high in well-being in the baseline 2015 survey and responded to the follow-up 2019 survey were analyzed (n = 1032 for happiness, 938 for self-rated health, and 471 for depressive symptoms). Multilevel Poisson regression analysis adjusted for covariates showed that having contact with fewer neighbors was associated with a decline in happiness at both the community level (adjusted relative risk = 1.64, 95% confidence interval = 1.20–1.63) and the individual level (adjusted relative risk = 1.51, 95% confidence interval = 1.05–2.17), but participation in local community activities was not. The results suggest that dense personal networks might be more important in areas with thriving local community activities, not only for individuals but also for all community members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nogi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan;
| | - Haruhiko Imamura
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; (K.A.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3762-4151
| | - Keiko Asakura
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; (K.A.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yuji Nishiwaki
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; (K.A.); (Y.N.)
| |
Collapse
|