1
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Scharte J, Hassa S, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Forlani G, Weis E, von Schaewen A. Metabolic priming in G6PDH isoenzyme-replaced tobacco lines improves stress tolerance and seed yields via altering assimilate partitioning. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1696-1716. [PMID: 37713307 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the basis for better performance of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants with G6PDH-isoenzyme replacement in the cytosol (Xanthi::cP2::cytRNAi, Scharte et al., 2009). After six generations of selfing, infiltration of Phytophthora nicotianae zoospores into source leaves confirmed that defence responses (ROS, callose) are accelerated, showing as fast cell death of the infected tissue. Yet, stress-related hormone profiles resembled susceptible Xanthi and not resistant cultivar SNN, hinting at mainly metabolic adjustments in the transgenic lines. Leaves of non-stressed plants contained twofold elevated fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6P2 ) levels, leading to partial sugar retention (soluble sugars, starch) and elevated hexose-to-sucrose ratios, but also more lipids. Above-ground biomass lay in between susceptible Xanthi and resistant SNN, with photo-assimilates preferentially allocated to inflorescences. Seeds were heavier with higher lipid-to-carbohydrate ratios, resulting in increased harvest yields - also under water limitation. Abiotic stress tolerance (salt, drought) was improved during germination, and in floated leaf disks of non-stressed plants. In leaves of salt-watered plants, proline accumulated to higher levels during illumination, concomitant with efficient NADP(H) use and recycling. Non-stressed plants showed enhanced PSII-induction kinetics (upon dark-light transition) with little differences at the stationary phase. Leaf exudates contained 10% less sucrose, similar amino acids, but more fatty acids - especially in the light. Export of specific fatty acids via the phloem may contribute to both, earlier flowering and higher seed yields of the Xanthi-cP2 lines. Apparently, metabolic priming by F2,6P2 -combined with sustained NADP(H) turnover-bypasses the genetically fixed growth-defence trade-off, rendering tobacco plants more stress-resilient and productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Scharte
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hassa
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften and Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (GZMB), Abteilung Biochemie der Pflanze, Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften and Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (GZMB), Abteilung Biochemie der Pflanze, Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia e Biochimica Vegetale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Universitá degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Engelbert Weis
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Hoshika Y, Cotrozzi L, Gavrichkova O, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Scartazza A, Paoletti E. Functional responses of two Mediterranean pine species in an ozone Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) experiment. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1548-1561. [PMID: 37209141 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Effects of the phytotoxic and widespread ozone (O3) pollution may be species specific, but knowledge on Mediterranean conifer responses to long-term realistic exposure is still limited. We examined responses regarding to photosynthesis, needle biochemical stress markers and carbon and nitrogen (N) isotopes of two Mediterranean pine species (Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinea L.). Seedlings were grown in a Free-Air Controlled Exposure experiment with three levels of O3 (ambient air, AA [38.7 p.p.b. as daily average]; 1.5 × AA and 2.0 × AA) during the growing season (May-October 2019). In P. halepensis, O3 caused a significant decrease in the photosynthetic rate, which was mainly due to a reduction of both stomatal and mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2. Isotopic analyses indicated a cumulative or memory effect of O3 exposure on this species, as the negative effects were highlighted only in the late growing season in association with a reduced biochemical defense capacity. On the other hand, there was no clear effect of O3 on photosynthesis in P. pinea. However, this species showed enhanced N allocation to leaves to compensate for reduced photosynthetic N- use efficiency. We conclude that functional responses to O3 are different between the two species determining that P. halepensis with thin needles was relatively sensitive to O3, while P. pinea with thicker needles was more resistant due to a potentially low O3 load per unit mass of mesophyll cells, which may affect species-specific resilience in O3-polluted Mediterranean pine forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Firenze Unit, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
- Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS), Tito Scalo, Potenza 85050, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa I-56124, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Olga Gavrichkova
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Headquarters Porano, Via G. Marconi 2, Porano 05010, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa I-56124, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa I-56124, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa Unit, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Firenze Unit, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
- Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS), Tito Scalo, Potenza 85050, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
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3
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Alvarez-Fernandez R, Penfold CA, Galvez-Valdivieso G, Exposito-Rodriguez M, Stallard EJ, Bowden L, Moore JD, Mead A, Davey PA, Matthews JSA, Beynon J, Buchanan-Wollaston V, Wild DL, Lawson T, Bechtold U, Denby KJ, Mullineaux PM. Time-series transcriptomics reveals a BBX32-directed control of acclimation to high light in mature Arabidopsis leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1363-1386. [PMID: 34160110 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic capacity of mature leaves increases after several days' exposure to constant or intermittent episodes of high light (HL) and is manifested primarily as changes in chloroplast physiology. How this chloroplast-level acclimation to HL is initiated and controlled is unknown. From expanded Arabidopsis leaves, we determined HL-dependent changes in transcript abundance of 3844 genes in a 0-6 h time-series transcriptomics experiment. It was hypothesized that among such genes were those that contribute to the initiation of HL acclimation. By focusing on differentially expressed transcription (co-)factor genes and applying dynamic statistical modelling to the temporal transcriptomics data, a regulatory network of 47 predominantly photoreceptor-regulated transcription (co-)factor genes was inferred. The most connected gene in this network was B-BOX DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN32 (BBX32). Plants overexpressing BBX32 were strongly impaired in acclimation to HL and displayed perturbed expression of photosynthesis-associated genes under LL and after exposure to HL. These observations led to demonstrating that as well as regulation of chloroplast-level acclimation by BBX32, CRYPTOCHROME1, LONG HYPOCOTYL5, CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 and SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 are important. In addition, the BBX32-centric gene regulatory network provides a view of the transcriptional control of acclimation in mature leaves distinct from other photoreceptor-regulated processes, such as seedling photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ellie J Stallard
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Laura Bowden
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jonathan D Moore
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew Mead
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Phillip A Davey
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Jack S A Matthews
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Jim Beynon
- Department of Statistics, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - David L Wild
- Department of Statistics, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ulrike Bechtold
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Katherine J Denby
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philip M Mullineaux
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
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4
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Blanco NE, Liebsch D, Guinea Díaz M, Strand Å, Whelan J. Dual and dynamic intracellular localization of Arabidopsis thaliana SnRK1.1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2325-2338. [PMID: 30753728 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 1.1 (SnRK1.1; also known as KIN10 or SnRK1α) has been identified as the catalytic subunit of the complex SnRK1, the Arabidopsis thaliana homologue of a central integrator of energy and stress signalling in eukaryotes dubbed AMPK/Snf1/SnRK1. A nuclear localization of SnRK1.1 has been previously described and is in line with its function as an integrator of energy and stress signals. Here, using two biological models (Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana), native regulatory sequences, different microscopy techniques, and manipulations of cellular energy status, it was found that SnRK1.1 is localized dynamically between the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This distribution was confirmed at a spatial and temporal level by co-localization studies with two different fluorescent ER markers, one of them being the SnRK1.1 phosphorylation target HMGR. The ER and nuclear localization displayed a dynamic behaviour in response to perturbations of the plastidic electron transport chain. These results suggest that an ER-associated SnRK1.1 fraction might be sensing the cellular energy status, being a point of crosstalk with other ER stress regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás E Blanco
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEFOBI-CONICET/UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiologyogy, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Daniela Liebsch
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiologyogy, Umeå University, Sweden
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Manuel Guinea Díaz
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Åsa Strand
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiologyogy, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Sciences, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Brazel AJ, Ó'Maoiléidigh DS. Photosynthetic activity of reproductive organs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1737-1754. [PMID: 30824936 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During seed development, carbon is reallocated from maternal tissues to support germination and subsequent growth. As this pool of resources is depleted post-germination, the plant begins autotrophic growth through leaf photosynthesis. Photoassimilates derived from the leaf are used to sustain the plant and form new organs, including other vegetative leaves, stems, bracts, flowers, fruits, and seeds. In contrast to the view that reproductive tissues act only as resource sinks, many studies demonstrate that flowers, fruits, and seeds are photosynthetically active. The photosynthetic contribution to development is variable between these reproductive organs and between species. In addition, our understanding of the developmental control of photosynthetic activity in reproductive organs is vastly incomplete. A further complication is that reproductive organ photosynthesis (ROP) appears to be particularly important under suboptimal growth conditions. Therefore, the topic of ROP presents the community with a challenge to integrate the fields of photosynthesis, development, and stress responses. Here, we attempt to summarize our understanding of the contribution of ROP to development and the molecular mechanisms underlying its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailbhe J Brazel
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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6
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Zhang X, Ding X, Ji Y, Wang S, Chen Y, Luo J, Shen Y, Peng L. Measurement of metabolite variations and analysis of related gene expression in Chinese liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) plants under UV-B irradiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6144. [PMID: 29670187 PMCID: PMC5906665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to UV-B irradiation (280–315 nm wavelength) via elaborate metabolic regulatory mechanisms that help them adapt to this stress. To investigate the metabolic response of the medicinal herb Chinese liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) to UV-B irradiation, we performed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomic analysis, combined with analysis of differentially expressed genes in the leaves of plants exposed to UV-B irradiation at various time points. Fifty-four metabolites, primarily amino acids and flavonoids, exhibited changes in levels after the UV-B treatment. The amino acid metabolism was altered by UV-B irradiation: the Asp family pathway was activated and closely correlated to Glu. Some amino acids appeared to be converted into antioxidants such as γ-aminobutyric acid and glutathione. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that various flavonoids with characteristic groups were induced by UV-B. In particular, the levels of some ortho-dihydroxylated B-ring flavonoids, which might function as scavengers of reactive oxygen species, increased in response to UV-B treatment. In general, unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated by UV-B irradiation. These findings lay the foundation for further analysis of the mechanism underlying the response of G. uralensis to UV-B irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoli Ding
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Yaxi Ji
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Li Peng
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.
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7
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Li Y, Song Y, Xu B, Xie J, Zhang D, Cooke J. Poplar CBF1 functions specifically in an integrated cold regulatory network. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:98-115. [PMID: 28175921 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The C-repeat binding factors (CBFs), also termed dehydration-responsive element-binding protein 1 (DREB1) family members, play crucial roles in the acquisition of stress tolerance, but in trees, the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance remain elusive. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we isolated five CBF1 orthologs from four poplar sections (Populus spp.) and assessed their expression under drought, cold, heat and salt stress conditions. Globally induced expression in response to cold suggested a correlation between poplar CBF1 expression and the acquisition of cold tolerance. Responses that varied between sections may reflect section-specific stress tolerance mechanisms, suggesting an effect of ecological context on the development of CBF1-mediated stress tolerance in poplar. We then used a genome-wide search strategy in Populus trichocarpa to predict 2263 putative CBF target genes; the identified genes participate in multiple biological processes and pathways. Almost all of the putative target genes contained multiple cis-acting elements that mediate responses to various environmental and endogenous signals, consistent with an important role of CBF1s in an integrated cold regulatory network. Finally, analysis of an association population of 528 individuals of Populus simonii identified six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (false discovery rate Q < 0.10) significantly (P < 0.005) associated with malondialdehyde production and electrolyte leakage, suggesting the potential importance of PsCBF1 in the regulation of some membrane-related functions. Our findings provide new insights into the function of PsCBF1 and shed light on the CBF-mediated regulatory network in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuepeng Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Baohua Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianbo Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
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8
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Kaurilind E, Brosché M. Stress Marker Signatures in Lesion Mimic Single and Double Mutants Identify a Crucial Leaf Age-Dependent Salicylic Acid Related Defense Signal. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170532. [PMID: 28107453 PMCID: PMC5249244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to abiotic and biotic stress conditions throughout their lifespans that activates various defense programs. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an extreme defense strategy the plant uses to manage unfavorable environments as well as during developmentally induced senescence. Here we investigated the role of leaf age on the regulation of defense gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Two lesion mimic mutants with misregulated cell death, catalase2 (cat2) and defense no death1 (dnd1) were used together with several double mutants to dissect signaling pathways regulating defense gene expression associated with cell death and leaf age. PCD marker genes showed leaf age dependent expression, with the highest expression in old leaves. The salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis mutant salicylic acid induction deficient2 (sid2) had reduced expression of PCD marker genes in the cat2 sid2 double mutant demonstrating the importance of SA biosynthesis in regulation of defense gene expression. While the auxin- and jasmonic acid (JA)- insensitive auxin resistant1 (axr1) double mutant cat2 axr1 also led to decreased expression of PCD markers; the expression of several marker genes for SA signaling (ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1, PR1 and PR2) were additionally decreased in cat2 axr1 compared to cat2. The reduced expression of these SA markers genes in cat2 axr1 implicates AXR1 as a regulator of SA signaling in addition to its known role in auxin and JA signaling. Overall, the current study reinforces the important role of SA signaling in regulation of leaf age-related transcript signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Kaurilind
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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9
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Vaattovaara A, Salojärvi J, Wrzaczek M. Extraction and Curation of Gene Models for Plant Receptor Kinases for Phylogenetic Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1621:79-91. [PMID: 28567645 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7063-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of gene families and identification of homologous genes are important for phylogenetic analysis and for translating results from model to crop species. While numerous plant genomes have been sequenced and made available, the identification of gene models can be difficult, in particular for large gene families arranged in tandem repeats or encoding proteins with a variable number of internal repeats. Thus, correct annotation of plant receptor kinases (PRK) is a challenge. Here, we describe a workflow for the semi-manual extraction, annotation, and verification of genes from annotated gene models as well as from non-annotated DNA regions. This protocol allows the efficient identification of gene family member of PRK from most available plant genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksia Vaattovaara
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1 (POB65), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1 (POB65), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Wrzaczek
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1 (POB65), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Sun AZ, Guo FQ. Chloroplast Retrograde Regulation of Heat Stress Responses in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:398. [PMID: 27066042 PMCID: PMC4814484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that intracellular signaling from chloroplast to nucleus plays a vital role in stress responses to survive environmental perturbations. The chloroplasts were proposed as sensors to heat stress since components of the photosynthetic apparatus housed in the chloroplast are the major targets of thermal damage in plants. Thus, communicating subcellular perturbations to the nucleus is critical during exposure to extreme environmental conditions such as heat stress. By coordinating expression of stress specific nuclear genes essential for adaptive responses to hostile environment, plants optimize different cell functions and activate acclimation responses through retrograde signaling pathways. The efficient communication between plastids and the nucleus is highly required for such diverse metabolic and biosynthetic functions during adaptation processes to environmental stresses. In recent years, several putative retrograde signals released from plastids that regulate nuclear genes have been identified and signaling pathways have been proposed. In this review, we provide an update on retrograde signals derived from tetrapyrroles, carotenoids, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and organellar gene expression (OGE) in the context of heat stress responses and address their roles in retrograde regulation of heat-responsive gene expression, systemic acquired acclimation, and cellular coordination in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang-Qing Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai) and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
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11
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Sun AZ, Guo FQ. Chloroplast Retrograde Regulation of Heat Stress Responses in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:398. [PMID: 27066042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00398/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that intracellular signaling from chloroplast to nucleus plays a vital role in stress responses to survive environmental perturbations. The chloroplasts were proposed as sensors to heat stress since components of the photosynthetic apparatus housed in the chloroplast are the major targets of thermal damage in plants. Thus, communicating subcellular perturbations to the nucleus is critical during exposure to extreme environmental conditions such as heat stress. By coordinating expression of stress specific nuclear genes essential for adaptive responses to hostile environment, plants optimize different cell functions and activate acclimation responses through retrograde signaling pathways. The efficient communication between plastids and the nucleus is highly required for such diverse metabolic and biosynthetic functions during adaptation processes to environmental stresses. In recent years, several putative retrograde signals released from plastids that regulate nuclear genes have been identified and signaling pathways have been proposed. In this review, we provide an update on retrograde signals derived from tetrapyrroles, carotenoids, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and organellar gene expression (OGE) in the context of heat stress responses and address their roles in retrograde regulation of heat-responsive gene expression, systemic acquired acclimation, and cellular coordination in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Zhen Sun
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai) and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Qing Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai) and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
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PP2A Phosphatase as a Regulator of ROS Signaling in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:antiox5010008. [PMID: 26950157 PMCID: PMC4808757 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) carry out vital functions in determining appropriate stress reactions in plants, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the sensing, signaling and response to ROS as signaling molecules are not yet fully understood. Recent studies have underscored the role of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in ROS-dependent responses involved in light acclimation and pathogenesis responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic studies have demonstrated that trimeric PP2A phosphatases control metabolic changes and cell death elicited by intracellular and extracellular ROS signals. Associated with this, PP2A subunits contribute to transcriptional and post-translational regulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymes. This review highlights the emerging role of PP2A phosphatases in the regulatory ROS signaling networks in plants.
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Durian G, Rahikainen M, Alegre S, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi S. Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulatory Network Underlying Biotic Stress Resistance in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:812. [PMID: 27375664 PMCID: PMC4901049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stress factors pose a major threat to plant health and can significantly deteriorate plant productivity by impairing the physiological functions of the plant. To combat the wide range of pathogens and insect herbivores, plants deploy converging signaling pathways, where counteracting activities of protein kinases and phosphatases form a basic mechanism for determining appropriate defensive measures. Recent studies have identified Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a crucial component that controls pathogenesis responses in various plant species. Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches have underscored the versatile nature of PP2A, which contributes to the regulation of receptor signaling, organellar signaling, gene expression, metabolic pathways, and cell death, all of which essentially impact plant immunity. Associated with this, various PP2A subunits mediate post-translational regulation of metabolic enzymes and signaling components. Here we provide an overview of protein kinase/phosphatase functions in plant immunity signaling, and position the multifaceted functions of PP2A in the tightly inter-connected regulatory network that controls the perception, signaling and responding to biotic stress agents in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Durian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi,
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Durian G, Rahikainen M, Alegre S, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi S. Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulatory Network Underlying Biotic Stress Resistance in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27375664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00812/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stress factors pose a major threat to plant health and can significantly deteriorate plant productivity by impairing the physiological functions of the plant. To combat the wide range of pathogens and insect herbivores, plants deploy converging signaling pathways, where counteracting activities of protein kinases and phosphatases form a basic mechanism for determining appropriate defensive measures. Recent studies have identified Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a crucial component that controls pathogenesis responses in various plant species. Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches have underscored the versatile nature of PP2A, which contributes to the regulation of receptor signaling, organellar signaling, gene expression, metabolic pathways, and cell death, all of which essentially impact plant immunity. Associated with this, various PP2A subunits mediate post-translational regulation of metabolic enzymes and signaling components. Here we provide an overview of protein kinase/phosphatase functions in plant immunity signaling, and position the multifaceted functions of PP2A in the tightly inter-connected regulatory network that controls the perception, signaling and responding to biotic stress agents in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Durian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
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Plessis A, Hafemeister C, Wilkins O, Gonzaga ZJ, Meyer RS, Pires I, Müller C, Septiningsih EM, Bonneau R, Purugganan M. Multiple abiotic stimuli are integrated in the regulation of rice gene expression under field conditions. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26609814 PMCID: PMC4718725 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on transcriptional dynamics to respond to multiple climatic fluctuations and contexts in nature. We analyzed the genome-wide gene expression patterns of rice (Oryza sativa) growing in rainfed and irrigated fields during two distinct tropical seasons and determined simple linear models that relate transcriptomic variation to climatic fluctuations. These models combine multiple environmental parameters to account for patterns of expression in the field of co-expressed gene clusters. We examined the similarities of our environmental models between tropical and temperate field conditions, using previously published data. We found that field type and macroclimate had broad impacts on transcriptional responses to environmental fluctuations, especially for genes involved in photosynthesis and development. Nevertheless, variation in solar radiation and temperature at the timescale of hours had reproducible effects across environmental contexts. These results provide a basis for broad-based predictive modeling of plant gene expression in the field. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08411.001 Plants need to be able to sense and respond to changes in temperature, light levels and other aspects of their environment. One way in which plants can rapidly respond to these changes is to modify how genes involved in growth and other processes are expressed. Therefore, understanding how this happens may help us to improve the ability of crops to grow when exposed to drought or other extreme environmental conditions. Most previous studies into the effect of the environment on plant gene expression have been carried out under controlled conditions in a laboratory. These findings cannot reflect the full range of gene expression patterns that occur in the natural environment, where multiple factors (e.g. sunlight, water, nutrients) may vary at the same time. Therefore, it is important to also analyze the effect of fluctuations in multiple environmental factors in more complex field experiments. Plessis et al. developed mathematical models to analyze the gene expression patterns of rice plants grown in the tropical environment of the Philippines using two different farming practices. One field of rice was flooded and constantly supplied with fresh water (referred to as the irrigated field), while the other field was dry and only received water from rainfall (the rainfed field). The experiments show that temperature and levels of sunlight (including UV radiation) have a strong impact on gene expression in the rice plants. Short-term variations in temperature and sunlight levels also have the most consistent effect across the different fields and seasons tested. However, for many genes, the plants grown in the irrigated field responded to the changes in environmental conditions in a different way to the plants grown in the rainfed field. Further analysis identified groups of genes whose expression combined responses to several environmental factors at the same time. For example, certain genes that responded to increases in sunlight in the absence of drought responded to both sunlight levels and the shortage of water when a drought occurred. The next step is to test more types of environments and climates to be able to predict gene expression responses under future climatic conditions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08411.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Plessis
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Christoph Hafemeister
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | | | - Rachel Sarah Meyer
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Inês Pires
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, United States
| | | | - Richard Bonneau
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, United States
| | - Michael Purugganan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
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