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Busch FA. Photosynthetic Gas Exchange in Land Plants at the Leaf Level. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:41-61. [PMID: 38649565 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Leaf-level gas exchange enables insights into the physiology and in vivo biochemical processes of plants. Advances in infrared gas analysis have resulted in user-friendly off-the-shelf gas exchange systems that allow researchers to collect physiological measurements with the push of a few buttons. Here, I describe how to set up the gas exchange equipment, what to pay attention to while making measurements, and provide some guidelines on how to analyze and interpret the data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Walker BJ, Driever SM, Kromdijk J, Lawson T, Busch FA. Tools for Measuring Photosynthesis at Different Scales. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:1-26. [PMID: 38649563 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Measurements of in vivo photosynthesis are powerful tools that probe the largest fluxes of carbon and energy in an illuminated leaf, but often the specific techniques used are so varied and specialized that it is difficult for researchers outside the field to select and perform the most useful assays for their research questions. The goal of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of the current tools available for the study of photosynthesis, both in vivo and in vitro, so as to provide a foundation for selecting appropriate techniques, many of which are presented in detail in subsequent chapters. This chapter will also organize current methods into a comparative framework and provide examples of how they have been applied to research questions of broad agronomical, ecological, or biological importance. This chapter closes with an argument that the future of in vivo measurements of photosynthesis lies in the ability to use multiple methods simultaneously and discusses the benefits of this approach to currently open physiological questions. This chapter, combined with the relevant methods chapters, could serve as a laboratory course in methods in photosynthesis research or as part of a more comprehensive laboratory course in general plant physiology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkley J Walker
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Li Q, Liu X, Sun X, Zhao M, Liu L, Wang N, Gao Q, Fan P, Du N, Wang H, Wang R. Effects of drought hardening on the carbohydrate dynamics of Quercus acutissima seedlings under successional drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1184584. [PMID: 37692418 PMCID: PMC10485557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction As precipitation patterns are predicted to become increasingly erratic, the functional maintenance of warm-temperate forests constitutes a key challenge for forest managers. In this study, 2-year-old Quercus acutissima seedlings were selected to elucidate the mechanisms whereby they respond to soil water fluctuations and the drought hardening effects on plant carbohydrate dynamics. Methods Seedlings were trained under different soil water conditions for 2 months: drought (D), well-watered (W), 1-month drought and then 1-month well-watered (D-W), and 1-month well-watered and then 1-month drought (W-D). The functional traits involved in water- and carbon-use strategies were explored at the end of the hardening period. Compared with seedlings in group W, seedlings in groups D, D-W, and W-D had increased potential for carbon uptake (i.e., light saturated point, maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) saturated rate, and electron transport rate) and water uptake (i.e., fine root-to-coarse root ratio) and downregulated growth and mitochondrial respiration to decrease carbon consumption. After water fluctuation hardening, we performed a successional dry-down experiment for 1 month to detect carbohydrate dynamics and explore the acclimation caused by prior hardening. Results and discussion Our results revealed that there were more soluble sugars allocated in the leaves and more starch allocated in the stems and roots of seedlings hardened in the D, W-D, and D-W treatments than that of seedlings hardened in the W treatment. No significant changes in total non-structural carbohydrates were found. In addition, we found near-zero (seedlings trained by D and D-W treatments) or negative (seedlings trained by W-D treatment) growth of structural biomass at the end of the dry-down experiment, which was significantly lower than that of W-hardened seedlings. This suggests that there was a shift in allocation patterns between carbon storage and growth under recurrent soil drought, which can be strengthened by drought memory. We conclude that Q. acutissima seedlings adjusted water- and carbon-use strategies in response to water fluctuations, whereas stress memory can enhance their overall performance in reoccurring drought. Therefore, taking advantage of stress memory is a promising management strategy in forest nurseries, and drought-trained seedlings might be more suitable for afforestation practices in sites characterized by fluctuating soil water content, considering the ongoing global climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinke Sun
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lele Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peixian Fan
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Moon YH, Woo UJ, Sim HS, Lee TY, Shin HR, Jo JS, Kim SK. Development of a semi-open chamber system for the gas exchange measurement of whole-canopy under steady and unsteady states in cucumber seedlings. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:79. [PMID: 37550726 PMCID: PMC10408191 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-scale data on the photosynthetic characteristics of whole crop canopy is crucial for improving yield. However, current data collection methods remain challenging, and the time constraints associated with photosynthetic data collection further complicate matters. Developing a practical yet easy-to-use tool for collecting whole-canopy data is essential to address these challenges. Furthermore, it is necessary to obtain instantaneous measurements of photosynthetic rate over a wide range of CO2 concentrations under an unsteady state to enable faster data collection and obtain reliable biochemical limits of carbon assimilation. This study developed a semi-open chamber system with steady and unsteady state measurement techniques to collect biochemical photosynthetic data from an entire cucumber canopy, emphasizing the correction procedures for CO2 concentration of unsteady state measurements applicable regardless of chamber scale. RESULTS After constructing a semi-open chamber system, we described how to correct measurement errors according to chamber volume. In order to assess the accuracy of the newly developed system, an analysis was conducted to determine the overall measurement error resulting from variations in the reference, sample CO2 concentration, and leakage flow rate. The total measurement error was accurate to no more than 10%. Furthermore, the difference between the photosynthetic rate of the single leaf and that of the whole-canopy was not significant in Rubisco activity-limited carboxylation range. In addition, the Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry (FvCB) model parameters and the photosynthetic rate estimation values were compared to evaluate the steady- and unsteady state measurement methods between the cucumber seedlings' single-leaf and whole-canopy. The average root mean square error of the FvCB model in the steady (standard A-Ci response) and unsteady states (800 to 400 ramp) of the chambers was 1.4 and 2.3, respectively. Results show that the developed system is suitable for measuring the gas exchange rate of the cucumber canopy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the correction method for measurement errors to enable the gas exchange rate of the whole-canopy even in an unsteady state. The correction method of the measurement system of the gas exchange rate for the whole- canopy can be applied regardless of the volume of the chamber, and it can be applied simply to other chamber systems. In addition, an unsteady state measurement method for fast data collection was also applicable. However, it was deemed necessary to identify a more optimal measurement range by conducting measurements across a broader range of values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hyun Moon
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agricultural and Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Ui Jeong Woo
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agricultural and Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Ha Seon Sim
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agricultural and Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agricultural and Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Ha Rang Shin
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agricultural and Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jung Su Jo
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Sung Kyeom Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agricultural and Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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Lin Q, Tian D, Zhao C, Wang B, Yan Z, Stocker BD, Li Y, Fang J. Application of the rapid leaf A-C i response (RACiR) technique: examples from evergreen broadleaved species. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 155:139-146. [PMID: 36346510 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using steady-state photosynthesis-intercellular CO2 concentration (A-Ci) response curves to obtain the maximum rates of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax) is time-consuming and labour-intensive. Instead, the rapid A-Ci response (RACiR) technique provides a potential, high-efficiency method. However, efficient parameter settings of RACiR technique for evergreen broadleaved species remain unclear. Here, we used Li-COR LI-6800 to obtain the optimum parameter settings of RACiR curves for evergreen broadleaved trees and shrubs. We set 11 groups of CO2 gradients ([CO2]), i.e. R1 (400-1500 ppm), R2 (400-200-800 ppm), R3 (420-20-620 ppm), R4 (420-20-820 ppm), R5 (420-20-1020 ppm), R6 (420-20-1220 ppm), R7 (420-20-1520 ppm), R8 (420-20-1820 ppm), R9 (450-50-650 ppm), R10 (650-50 ppm) and R11 (650-50-650 ppm), and then compared the differences between steady-state A-Ci and RACiR curves. We found that Vcmax and Jmax calculated by steady-state A-Ci and RACiR curves overall showed no significant differences across 11 [CO2] gradients (P > 0.05). For the studied evergreens, the efficiency and accuracy of R2, R3, R4, R9 and R10 were higher than the others. Hence, we recommend that the [CO2] gradients of R2, R3, R4, R9 and R10 could be applied preferentially for measurements when using the RACiR technique to obtain Vcmax and Jmax of evergreen broadleaved species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhong Lin
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Di Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Changti Zhao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhengbing Yan
- Institute of Botany, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yu'e Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Saathoff AJ, Welles J. Gas exchange measurements in the unsteady state. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3509-3523. [PMID: 34480484 PMCID: PMC9292621 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf level gas exchange is a widely used technique that provides real-time measurement of leaf physiological properties, including CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance to water vapour (gsw ) and intercellular CO2 (Ci ). Modern open-path gas exchange systems offer greater portability than the laboratory-built systems of the past and take advantage of high-precision infrared gas analyzers and optimized system design. However, the basic measurement paradigm has long required steady-state conditions for accurate measurement. For CO2 response curves, this requirement has meant that each point on the curve needs 1-3 min and a full response curve generally requires 20-35 min to obtain a sufficient number of points to estimate parameters such as the maximum velocity of carboxylation (Vc,max ) and the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax ). For survey measurements, the steady-state requirement has meant that accurate measurement of assimilation has required about 1-2 min. However, steady-state conditions are not a strict prerequisite for accurate gas exchange measurements. Here, we present a new method, termed dynamic assimilation, that is based on first principles and allows for more rapid gas exchange measurements, helping to make the technique more useful for high throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Saathoff
- LI‐COR BiosciencesLincolnNebraskaUSA
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
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Abstract
Since 1893, when the word "photosynthesis" was first coined by Charles Reid Barnes and Conway MacMillan, our understanding of the elements and regulation of this complex process is far from being entirely understood. We aim to review the most relevant advances in photosynthesis research from the last few years and to provide a perspective on the forthcoming research in this field. Recent discoveries related to light sensing, harvesting, and dissipation; kinetics of CO2 fixation; components and regulators of CO2 diffusion through stomata and mesophyll; and genetic engineering for improving photosynthetic and production capacities of crops are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, INAGEA, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, INAGEA, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Zha Q, Xi X, He Y, Yin X, Jiang A. Effect of Short-Time High-Temperature Treatment on the Photosynthetic Performance of Different Heat-Tolerant Grapevine Cultivars. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:763-769. [PMID: 33458838 DOI: 10.1111/php.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To explore the photosynthetic response of short-term high-temperature treatments to the leaves of different grape varieties (Shenyue and Shenfeng), we performed 45°C treatments on annual potted grapes in an artificial climate chamber to simulate the summer high-temperature period. We measured the rapid A-Ci response curve, 1,5-ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Photosynthetic performance-related parameters of grapevine leaves were found to be adversely affected by high temperature; the maximum rates of carboxylation of Rubisco and ribulose diphosphate regeneration and Rubisco activity were all significantly reduced. The JI of the JIP-test curve disappeared under high-temperature treatment, and the K peak appeared, indicating that the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) had been destroyed. Principal component analysis showed that PSII activity (Fv /Fm , DFABS , φEo , ABS/RC) was greatly affected by high temperature. It was also found that the Rubisco activity and OEC destruction strength were greater in one of the cultivars, and we were able to determine heat resistance based on the phenotype and photosynthetic performance. It can be seen from the above that Shenyue leaves have higher heat tolerance and stronger photosynthetic performance than Shenfeng leaves. This shows that photosynthetic performance is strongly correlated with a grapevine's tolerance to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zha
- Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xiaojun Xi
- Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Yani He
- Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xiangjing Yin
- Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Aili Jiang
- Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201403, China
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Vincent C, Pierre M, Stinziano J. Racing against stomatal attenuation: rapid CO 2 response curves more reliably estimate photosynthetic capacity than steady state curves in a low conductance species.. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.28.270785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA/Ci curves are an important gas-exchange-based approach to understanding the regulation of photosynthesis, describing the response of net CO2 assimilation (A) to leaf internal concentration of CO2 (Ci). Low stomatal conductance species pose a challenge to the measurement of A/Ci curves by reducing the signal-to-noise ratio of gas exchange measures. Additionally, the stomatal attenuation effect of elevated ambient CO2 leads to further reduction of conductance and may lead to erroneous interpretation of high Ci responses of A. Rapid A/Ci response (RACiR) curves offer a potential practice to develop A/Ci curves faster than the stomatal closure response to elevated CO2. We used the moderately low conductance Citrus to compare traditional steady state (SS) A/Ci curves with RACiR curves. SS curves failed more often than RACiR curves. Overall parameter estimates were the same between SS and RACiR curves. When low stomatal conductance values were removed, triose-phosphate utilization (TPU) limitation estimates increased. Overall RACiR stomatal conductance values began and remained higher than SS values. Based on the comparable resulting parameter estimates, higher likelihood of success and reduced measurement time, we propose RACiR as a valuable tool to measure A/Ci responses in low conductance species.
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