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Rredhi A, Petersen J, Wagner V, Vuong T, Li W, Li W, Schrader L, Mittag M. The UV-A Receptor CRY-DASH1 Up- and Downregulates Proteins Involved in Different Plastidial Pathways. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168271. [PMID: 37699454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Algae encode up to five different types of cryptochrome photoreceptors. So far, relatively little is known about the biological functions of the DASH (Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Synechocystis and Homo)-type cryptochromes. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii encodes two of them. CRY-DASH1 also called DCRY1 has its maximal absorption peak in the UV-A range. It is localized in the chloroplast and plays an important role in balancing the photosynthetic machinery. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of chloroplast proteins from wild type and a knockout mutant of CRY-DASH1 named cry-dash1mut, using label-free quantitative proteomics as well as immunoblotting. Our results show upregulation of enzymes involved in specific pathways in the mutant including key enzymes of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis consistent with increased levels of photosynthetic pigments in cry-dash1mut. There is also an increase in certain redox as well as photosystem I and II proteins, including D1. Strikingly, CRY-DASH1 is coregulated in a D1 deletion mutant, where its amount is increased. In contrast, key proteins of the central carbon metabolism, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, dark fermentation and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway are downregulated in cry-dash1mut. Similarly, enzymes of histidine biosynthesis are downregulated in cry-dash1mut leading to a reduction in the amount of free histidine. Yet, transcripts encoding for several of these proteins are at a similar level in the wild type and cry-dash1mut or even opposite. We show that CRY-DASH1 can bind to RNA, taking the psbA RNA encoding D1 as target. These data suggest that CRY-DASH1 regulates plastidial metabolic pathways at the posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxhela Rredhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Petersen
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany. https://twitter.com/1anPetersen
| | - Volker Wagner
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Trang Vuong
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany. https://twitter.com/trangha593
| | - Wenshuang Li
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Schrader
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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2
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Lee J, Yang JH, Weber APM, Bhattacharya D, Kim WY, Yoon HS. Diurnal Rhythms in the Red Seaweed Gracilariopsis chorda are Characterized by Unique Regulatory Networks of Carbon Metabolism. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae012. [PMID: 38267085 PMCID: PMC10853006 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular and physiological cycles are driven by endogenous pacemakers, the diurnal and circadian rhythms. Key functions such as cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism are under rhythmic regulation, thereby maintaining physiological homeostasis. The photoreceptors phytochrome and cryptochrome, in response to light cues, are central input pathways for physiological cycles in most photosynthetic organisms. However, among Archaeplastida, red algae are the only taxa that lack phytochromes. Current knowledge about oscillatory rhythms is primarily derived from model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in the Viridiplantae, whereas little is known about these processes in other clades of the Archaeplastida, such as the red algae (Rhodophyta). We used genome-wide expression profiling of the red seaweed Gracilariopsis chorda and identified 3,098 rhythmic genes. Here, we characterized possible cryptochrome-based regulation and photosynthetic/cytosolic carbon metabolism in this species. We found a large family of cryptochrome genes in G. chorda that display rhythmic expression over the diurnal cycle and may compensate for the lack of phytochromes in this species. The input pathway gates regulatory networks of carbon metabolism which results in a compact and efficient energy metabolism during daylight hours. The system in G. chorda is distinct from energy metabolism in most plants, which activates in the dark. The green lineage, in particular, land plants, balance water loss and CO2 capture in terrestrial environments. In contrast, red seaweeds maintain a reduced set of photoreceptors and a compact cytosolic carbon metabolism to thrive in the harsh abiotic conditions typical of intertidal zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunMo Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 four), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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3
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Poirier M, Osmers P, Wilkins K, Morgan-Kiss RM, Cvetkovska M. Aberrant light sensing and motility in the green alga Chlamydomonas priscuii from the ice-covered Antarctic Lake Bonney. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2184588. [PMID: 38126947 PMCID: PMC10012900 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2184588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic green alga Chlamydomonas priscuii is an obligate psychrophile and an emerging model for photosynthetic adaptation to extreme conditions. Endemic to the ice-covered Lake Bonney, this alga thrives at highly unusual light conditions characterized by very low light irradiance (<15 μmol m-2 s-1), a narrow wavelength spectrum enriched in blue light, and an extreme photoperiod. Genome sequencing of C. priscuii exposed an unusually large genome, with hundreds of highly similar gene duplicates and expanded gene families, some of which could be aiding its survival in extreme conditions. In contrast to the described expansion in the genetic repertoire in C. priscuii, here we suggest that the gene family encoding for photoreceptors is reduced when compared to related green algae. This alga also possesses a very small eyespot and exhibits an aberrant phototactic response, compared to the model Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We also investigated the genome and behavior of the closely related psychrophilic alga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-MDV, that is found throughout the photic zone of Lake Bonney and is naturally exposed to higher light levels. Our analyses revealed a photoreceptor gene family and a robust phototactic response similar to those in the model Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. These results suggest that the aberrant phototactic response in C. priscuii is a result of life under extreme shading rather than a common feature of all psychrophilic algae. We discuss the implications of these results on the evolution and survival of shade adapted polar algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pomona Osmers
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, OH, Canada
| | - Kieran Wilkins
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, OH, Canada
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4
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Richtová J, Bazalová O, Horák A, Tomčala A, Gonepogu VG, Oborník M, Doležel D. Circadian rhythms and circadian clock gene homologs of complex alga Chromera velia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226027. [PMID: 38143581 PMCID: PMC10739334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms on Earth are affected by periodic changes in their environment. The circadian clock is an endogenous device that synchronizes behavior, physiology, or biochemical processes to an approximately 24-hour cycle, allowing organisms to anticipate the periodic changes of day and night. Although circadian clocks are widespread in organisms, the actual molecular components differ remarkably among the clocks of plants, animals, fungi, and prokaryotes. Chromera velia is the closest known photosynthetic relative of apicomplexan parasites. Formation of its motile stage, zoospores, has been described as associated with the light part of the day. We examined the effects on the periodic release of the zoospores under different light conditions and investigated the influence of the spectral composition on zoosporogenesis. We performed a genomic search for homologs of known circadian clock genes. Our results demonstrate the presence of an almost 24-hour free-running cycle of zoosporogenesis. We also identified the blue light spectra as the essential compound for zoosporogenesis. Further, we developed a new and effective method for zoospore separation from the culture and estimated the average motility speed and lifespan of the C. velia zoospores. Our genomic search identified six cryptochrome-like genes, two genes possibly related to Arabidopsis thaliana CCA/LHY, whereas no homolog of an animal, cyanobacterial, or fungal circadian clock gene was found. Our results suggest that C. velia has a functional circadian clock, probably based mainly on a yet undefined mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Richtová
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Olga Bazalová
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Aleš Horák
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Aleš Tomčala
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Vijaya Geetha Gonepogu
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - David Doležel
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
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McQuillan JL, Cutolo EA, Evans C, Pandhal J. Proteomic characterization of a lutein-hyperaccumulating Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant reveals photoprotection-related factors as targets for increasing cellular carotenoid content. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:166. [PMID: 37925447 PMCID: PMC10625216 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are emerging hosts for the sustainable production of lutein, a high-value carotenoid; however, to be commercially competitive with existing systems, their capacity for lutein sequestration must be augmented. Previous attempts to boost microalgal lutein production have focussed on upregulating carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes, in part due to a lack of metabolic engineering targets for expanding lutein storage. RESULTS Here, we isolated a lutein hyper-producing mutant of the model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and characterized the metabolic mechanisms driving its enhanced lutein accumulation using label-free quantitative proteomics. Norflurazon- and high light-resistant C. reinhardtii mutants were screened to yield four mutant lines that produced significantly more lutein per cell compared to the CC-125 parental strain. Mutant 5 (Mut-5) exhibited a 5.4-fold increase in lutein content per cell, which to our knowledge is the highest fold increase of lutein in C. reinhardtii resulting from mutagenesis or metabolic engineering so far. Comparative proteomics of Mut-5 against its parental strain CC-125 revealed an increased abundance of light-harvesting complex-like proteins involved in photoprotection, among differences in pigment biosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, and translation. Further characterization of Mut-5 under varying light conditions revealed constitutive overexpression of the photoprotective proteins light-harvesting complex stress-related 1 (LHCSR1) and LHCSR3 and PSII subunit S regardless of light intensity, and increased accrual of total chlorophyll and carotenoids as light intensity increased. Although the photosynthetic efficiency of Mut-5 was comparatively lower than CC-125, the amplitude of non-photochemical quenching responses of Mut-5 was 4.5-fold higher than in CC-125 at low irradiance. CONCLUSIONS We used C. reinhardtii as a model green alga and identified light-harvesting complex-like proteins (among others) as potential metabolic engineering targets to enhance lutein accumulation in microalgae. These have the added value of imparting resistance to high light, although partially compromising photosynthetic efficiency. Further genetic characterization and engineering of Mut-5 could lead to the discovery of unknown players in photoprotective mechanisms and the development of a potent microalgal lutein production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie L McQuillan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Edoardo Andrea Cutolo
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Caroline Evans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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6
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Deppisch P, Helfrich-Förster C, Senthilan PR. The Gain and Loss of Cryptochrome/Photolyase Family Members during Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091613. [PMID: 36140781 PMCID: PMC9498864 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cryptochrome/photolyase (CRY/PL) family represents an ancient group of proteins fulfilling two fundamental functions. While photolyases repair UV-induced DNA damages, cryptochromes mainly influence the circadian clock. In this study, we took advantage of the large number of already sequenced and annotated genes available in databases and systematically searched for the protein sequences of CRY/PL family members in all taxonomic groups primarily focusing on metazoans and limiting the number of species per taxonomic order to five. Using BLASTP searches and subsequent phylogenetic tree and motif analyses, we identified five distinct photolyases (CPDI, CPDII, CPDIII, 6-4 photolyase, and the plant photolyase PPL) and six cryptochrome subfamilies (DASH-CRY, mammalian-type MCRY, Drosophila-type DCRY, cnidarian-specific ACRY, plant-specific PCRY, and the putative magnetoreceptor CRY4. Manually assigning the CRY/PL subfamilies to the species studied, we have noted that over evolutionary history, an initial increase of various CRY/PL subfamilies was followed by a decrease and specialization. Thus, in more primitive organisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, simple eukaryotes, and in basal metazoans), we find relatively few CRY/PL members. As species become more evolved (e.g., cnidarians, mollusks, echinoderms, etc.), the CRY/PL repertoire also increases, whereas it appears to decrease again in more recent organisms (humans, fruit flies, etc.). Moreover, our study indicates that all cryptochromes, although largely active in the circadian clock, arose independently from different photolyases, explaining their different modes of action.
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7
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Saletnik B, Saletnik A, Słysz E, Zaguła G, Bajcar M, Puchalska-Sarna A, Puchalski C. The Static Magnetic Field Regulates the Structure, Biochemical Activity, and Gene Expression of Plants. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185823. [PMID: 36144557 PMCID: PMC9506020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review the scientific results and summarise the emerging topic of the effects of statistic magnetic field on the structure, biochemical activity, and gene expression of plants. The literature on the subject reports a wide range of possibilities regarding the use of the magnetic field to modify the properties of plant cells. MFs have a significant impact on the photosynthesis efficiency of the biomass and vigour accumulation indexes. Treating plants with SMFs accelerates the formation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. At the same time, the influence of MFs causes the high activity of antioxidant enzymes, which reduces oxidative stress. SMFs have a strong influence on the shape of the cell and the structure of the cell membrane, thus increasing their permeability and influencing the various activities of the metabolic pathways. The use of magnetic treatments on plants causes a higher content of proteins, carbohydrates, soluble and reducing sugars, and in some cases, lipids and fatty acid composition and influences the uptake of macro- and microelements and different levels of gene expression. In this study, the effect of MFs was considered as a combination of MF intensity and time exposure, for different varieties and plant species. The following article shows the wide-ranging possibilities of applying magnetic fields to the dynamics of changes in the life processes and structures of plants. Thus far, the magnetic field is not widely used in agricultural practice. The current knowledge about the influence of MFs on plant cells is still insufficient. It is, therefore, necessary to carry out detailed research for a more in-depth understanding of the possibilities of modifying the properties of plant cells and achieving the desired effects by means of a magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Saletnik
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Rzeszow University, Ćwiklińskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Aneta Saletnik
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Rzeszow University, Ćwiklińskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Słysz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Rzeszow University, Ćwiklińskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Zaguła
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Rzeszow University, Ćwiklińskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Marcin Bajcar
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Rzeszow University, Ćwiklińskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Puchalska-Sarna
- Laboratory of Physiotherapy in Developmental Disorders, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rzeszow University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Czesław Puchalski
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Rzeszow University, Ćwiklińskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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An ML, Miao JL. Genetic and Molecular Characterization of a Dash Cryptochrome Homologous Gene from Antarctic Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum ICE-H. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322060024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Photosystem stoichiometry adjustment is a photoreceptor-mediated process in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10982. [PMID: 35768472 PMCID: PMC9243065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth under spectrally-enriched low light conditions leads to adjustment in the relative abundance of the two photosystems in an acclimatory response known as photosystem stoichiometry adjustment. Adjustment of photosystem stoichiometry improves the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis but how this process perceives light quality changes and how photosystem amount is regulated remain largely unknown. By using a label-free quantitative mass spectrometry approach in Arabidopsis here we show that photosystem stoichiometry adjustment is primarily driven by the regulation of photosystem I content and that this forms the major thylakoid proteomic response under light quality. Using light and redox signaling mutants, we further show that the light quality-responsive accumulation of photosystem I gene transcripts and proteins requires phytochrome B photoreceptor but not plastoquinone redox signaling as previously suggested. In far-red light, the increased acceptor side limitation might deplete active photosystem I pool, further contributing to the adjustment of photosystem stoichiometry.
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10
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Wen B, Xu L, Tang Y, Jiang Z, Ge M, Liu L, Zhu G. A single amino acid residue tunes the stability of the fully reduced flavin cofactor and photorepair activity in photolyases. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102188. [PMID: 35753350 PMCID: PMC9356274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultraviolet-induced DNA lesions, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4 photoproducts), can be directly photorepaired by CPD photolyases and 6-4 photolyases, respectively. The fully reduced flavin (hydroquinone, HQ) cofactor is required for the catalysis of both types of these photolyases. On the other hand, flavin cofactor in the semi-reduced state, semiquinone (SQ), can be utilized by photolyase homologs, the cryptochromes. However, the evolutionary process of the transition of the functional states of` flavin cofactors in photolyases and cryptochromes remains mysterious. In this work, we investigated three representative photolyases (Escherichia coli CPD photolyase, Microcystis aeruginosa DASH, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum 6-4 photolyase). We show that the residue at a single site adjacent to the flavin cofactor (corresponding to Ala377 in E. coli CPD photolyase, hereafter referred to as site 377) can fine-tune the stability of the HQ cofactor. We found that, in the presence of a polar residue (such as Ser or Asn) at site 377, HQ was stabilized against oxidation. Furthermore, this polar residue enhanced the photorepair activity of these photolyases both in vitro and in vivo. In constrast, substitution of hydrophobic residues, such as Ile, at site 377 in these photolyases adversely affected the stability of HQ. We speculate that these differential residue preferences at site 377 in photolyase proteins might reflect an important evolutionary event that altered the stability of HQ on the timeline from expression of photolyases to that of cryptochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wen
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Yawei Tang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Mengting Ge
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Li Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China.
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11
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Krischer J, König S, Weisheit W, Mittag M, Büchel C. The C-terminus of a diatom plant-like cryptochrome influences the FAD redox state and binding of interaction partners. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1934-1948. [PMID: 35034113 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A plant-like cryptochrome of diatom microalgae, CryP, acts as a photoreceptor involved in transcriptional regulation. It contains FAD and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate as chromophores. Here, we demonstrate that the unstructured C-terminal extension (CTE) of CryP has an influence on the redox state of the flavin. In CryP lacking the CTE, the flavin is in the oxidized state (FADox), whereas it is a neutral radical (FADH•) in the full-length protein. When the CTE of CryP is coupled to another diatom cryptochrome that naturally binds FADox, this chimera also binds FADH•. In full-length CryP, FADH• is the most stable redox state and oxidation to FADox is extremely slow, whereas reduction to FADH2 is reversible in the dark in approximately 1 h. We also identified novel interaction partners of this algal CRY and characterized two of them in depth regarding their binding activities. BolA, a putative transcription factor, binds to monomeric and to dimeric CryP via the CTE, independent of the redox state of the flavin. In contrast, an unknown protein, ID42612, which occurs solely in heterokont algae, binds only to CryP dimers. This binding is independent of the CTE and shows slight differences in strength depending on the flavin's redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krischer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah König
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wolfram Weisheit
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Büchel
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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Goett-Zink L, Kottke T. Plant Cryptochromes Illuminated: A Spectroscopic Perspective on the Mechanism. Front Chem 2021; 9:780199. [PMID: 34900940 PMCID: PMC8653763 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.780199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cryptochromes are central blue light receptors for the control of land plant and algal development including the circadian clock and the cell cycle. Cryptochromes share a photolyase homology region with about 500 amino acids and bind the chromophore flavin adenine dinucleotide. Characteristic for plant cryptochromes is a conserved aspartic acid close to flavin and an exceptionally long C-terminal extension. The mechanism of activation by excitation and reduction of the chromophore flavin adenine dinucleotide has been controversially discussed for many years. Various spectroscopic techniques have contributed to our understanding of plant cryptochromes by providing high time resolution, ambient conditions and even in-cell approaches. As a result, unifying and differing aspects of photoreaction and signal propagation have been revealed in comparison to members from other cryptochrome subfamilies. Here, we review the insight from spectroscopy on the flavin photoreaction in plant cryptochromes and present the current models on the signal propagation from flavin reduction to dissociation of the C-terminal extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Goett-Zink
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Biophysical Chemistry and Diagnostics, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Petersen J, Rredhi A, Szyttenholm J, Oldemeyer S, Kottke T, Mittag M. The World of Algae Reveals a Broad Variety of Cryptochrome Properties and Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:766509. [PMID: 34790217 PMCID: PMC8591175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic (micro-)organisms, lacking roots, leaves, and other organs that are typical for land plants. They live in freshwater, marine, or terrestrial habitats. Together with the cyanobacteria they contribute to about half of global carbon fixation. As primary producers, they are at the basis of many food webs and they are involved in biogeochemical processes. Algae are evolutionarily distinct and are derived either by primary (e.g., green and red algae) or secondary endosymbiosis (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, and brown algae). Light is a key abiotic factor needed to maintain the fitness of algae as it delivers energy for photosynthesis, regulates algal cell- and life cycles, and entrains their biological clocks. However, excess light can also be harmful, especially in the ultraviolet range. Among the variety of receptors perceiving light information, the cryptochromes originally evolved as UV-A and blue-light receptors and have been found in all studied algal genomes so far. Yet, the classification, biophysical properties, wavelength range of absorbance, and biological functions of cryptochromes are remarkably diverse among algal species, especially when compared to cryptochromes from land plants or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petersen
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Anxhela Rredhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Julie Szyttenholm
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Oldemeyer
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Biophysical Chemistry and Diagnostics, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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