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Aragão MGB, He X, Aires CP, Corona SAM. Epigallocatechin gallate reduces the virulence of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilm by affecting the synthesis of biofilm matrix components. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 164:105990. [PMID: 38749386 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There have been reports on the effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against Streptococcus mutans viability and acidogenesis. However, the effects of EGCG on the virulence of S. mutans biofilm development have yet to be fully investigated using validated cariogenic biofilm models. OBJECTIVE Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of EGCG on S. mutans biofilm virulence using a validated cariogenic model and clinically relevant treatment regimens, twice a day for 1.5 min. METHODS Effects of EGCG on bacterial viability, polyssacharide synthesis and biofilm acidogenesis were evaluated. The morphology and 3D structure of the biofilms were evaluated by scanning electron (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. RESULTS No significant change in S. mutans viability or culture medium pH were observed when comparing EGCG-treated and NaCl-treated biofilms. EGCG significantly reduced the accumulation of soluble and insoluble polysaccharides, resulting in the formation of a biofilm with interspaced exopolysaccharide-microcolony complexes unevenly distributed on enamel. The SEM images of the biofilm treated with EGCG depict multilayers of cells arranged in short chains of microorganisms adhered to an unstructured matrix, which is not continuous and does not enmesh or protect the microorganisms entirely. Importantly, confocal images demonstrated that treatment with EGCG affected the 3D structure and organization of S. mutans biofilm, which presented a biofilm matrix more confined to the location of the microcolonies. CONCLUSION In conclusion, EGCG lowered the virulence of S. mutans matrix-rich biofilm by reducing the synthesis of biofilm matrix components, altering the biofilm matrix structure, organization, and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gerusa Brito Aragão
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
| | - Xuesong He
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carolina Patricia Aires
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Zeferino Vaz - Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Silmara Aparecida Milori Corona
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil
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Jin P, Wang L, Chen D, Chen Y. Unveiling the complexity of early childhood caries: Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans cooperative strategies in carbohydrate metabolism and virulence. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2339161. [PMID: 38606339 PMCID: PMC11008315 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2339161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the mechanisms underlying the virulence changes in early childhood caries (ECC) caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and environmental acidification. Methods A review of literature was conducted to understand the symbiotic relationship between C. albicans and S. mutans, and their role in the pathogenesis of ECC. The review also examined how their interactions influence carbohydrate metabolism and environmental acidification in the oral cavity. Results C. albicans and S. mutans play crucial roles in the onset and progression of ECC. C. albicans promotes the adhesion and accumulation of S. mutans, while S. mutans creates an environment favorable for the growth of C. albicans. Their interactions, especially through carbohydrate metabolism, strengthen their pathogenic potential. The review highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms for the development of effective management and treatment protocols for ECC. Conclusion The symbiotic relationship between C. albicans and S. mutans, and their interactions through carbohydrate metabolism and environmental acidification, are key factors in the pathogenesis of ECC. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective strategies to manage and treat ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Jin
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
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Dhull KS, Dutta B, Pattanaik S, Gupta A, Md I, Wandile B. Decoding Early Childhood Caries: A Comprehensive Review Navigating the Impact of Evolving Dietary Trends in Preschoolers. Cureus 2024; 16:e58170. [PMID: 38741840 PMCID: PMC11090680 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between evolving dietary trends in preschoolers and the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC). The investigation meticulously analyzes ECC epidemiology, etiology, and preventive strategies. The review unveils the multifaceted nature of ECC, highlighting microbial, dietary, and environmental factors contributing to its development. Significantly, the study explores the global prevalence of ECC and its substantial implications for the overall health, nutrition, and development of preschool-aged children. The implications for public health and policy are deliberated, advocating for targeted interventions and collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals, policymakers, educators, and parents. The conclusion presents a compelling call to action, urging collective engagement to mitigate the impact of ECC and prioritize the well-being of preschoolers. This review offers valuable insights for healthcare professionals, policymakers, educators, and parents to inform evidence-based strategies for addressing ECC and promoting early childhood oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika S Dhull
- Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Brahmananda Dutta
- Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | | | - Aditi Gupta
- Pediatric Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Indira Md
- Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, IND
| | - Bhushan Wandile
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
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Yang X, Shao J, Zhang Y, Wang T, Ge S, Li J. Microenvironment-Driven Fenton Nanoreactor Enabled by Metal-Phenolic Encapsulation of Calcium Peroxide for Effective Control of Dental Caries. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303466. [PMID: 37985941 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Caries are one of the most common oral diseases caused by pathogenic bacterial infections, which are widespread and persistently harmful to human health. Using nanoparticles to invade biofilms and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ is a promising strategy for killing bacteria and disrupting the structure of biofilms. In this work, a biofilm-targeting Fenton nanoreactor is reported that can generate ROS responsive to the cariogenic microenvironment. The nanoreactor is constructed by metal-phenolic encapsulation of calcium peroxide (CaO2) followed by modification with a biofilm targeting ligand dextran. Within the cariogenic biofilm, the Fenton nanoreactor is activated by an acidic microenvironment to be decomposed into H2O2 and iron ions, triggering a Fenton-like reaction to generate ROS that can eliminate the biofilm by breaking down extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and killing cariogenic bacteria. Meanwhile, the depletion of excess protons in biofilm leads to a reversal of the cariogenic microenvironment. The Fenton nanoreactor can effectively inhibit the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans on ex vivo human teeth and is effective in preventing caries meanwhile maintaining the oral microbial diversity in rat caries infection model. This work provides a novel and efficient modality for acid microenvironment-driven ROS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Yang
- Department of Biomaterials, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jinlong Shao
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- Department of Biomaterials, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of General Debtistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Biomaterials, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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Hager-Mair FF, Bloch S, Schäffer C. Glycolanguage of the oral microbiota. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38515284 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The oral cavity harbors a diverse and dynamic bacterial biofilm community which is pivotal to oral health maintenance and, if turning dysbiotic, can contribute to various diseases. Glycans as unsurpassed carriers of biological information are participating in underlying processes that shape oral health and disease. Bacterial glycoinfrastructure-encompassing compounds as diverse as glycoproteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), cell wall glycopolymers, and exopolysaccharides-is well known to influence bacterial fitness, with direct effects on bacterial physiology, immunogenicity, lifestyle, and interaction and colonization capabilities. Thus, understanding oral bacterias' glycoinfrastructure and encoded glycolanguage is key to elucidating their pathogenicity mechanisms and developing targeted strategies for therapeutic intervention. Driven by their known immunological role, most research in oral glycobiology has been directed onto LPSs, whereas, recently, glycoproteins have been gaining increased interest. This review draws a multifaceted picture of the glycolanguage, with a focus on glycoproteins, manifested in prominent oral bacteria, such as streptococci, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. We first define the characteristics of the different glycoconjugate classes and then summarize the current status of knowledge of the structural diversity of glycoconjugates produced by oral bacteria, describe governing biosynthetic pathways, and list biological roles of these energetically costly compounds. Additionally, we highlight emerging research on the unraveling impact of oral glycoinfrastructure on dental caries, periodontitis, and systemic conditions. By integrating current knowledge and identifying knowledge gaps, this review underscores the importance of studying the glycolanguage oral bacteria speak to advance our understanding of oral microbiology and develop novel antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona F Hager-Mair
- Department of Chemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Luo SC, Wei SM, Luo XT, Yang QQ, Wong KH, Cheung PCK, Zhang BB. How probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics prevent dental caries: an oral microbiota perspective. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:14. [PMID: 38402294 PMCID: PMC10894247 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries, a highly prevalent oral disease, impacts a significant portion of the global population. Conventional approaches that indiscriminately eradicate microbes disrupt the natural equilibrium of the oral microbiota. In contrast, biointervention strategies aim to restore this balance by introducing beneficial microorganisms or inhibiting cariogenic ones. Over the past three decades, microbial preparations have garnered considerable attention in dental research for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. However, unlike related pathologies in the gastrointestinal, vaginal, and respiratory tracts, dental caries occurs on hard tissues such as tooth enamel and is closely associated with localized acid overproduction facilitated by cariogenic biofilms. Therefore, it is insufficient to rely solely on previous mechanisms to delineate the role of microbial preparations in the oral cavity. A more comprehensive perspective should involve considering the concepts of cariogenic biofilms. This review elucidates the latest research progress, mechanisms of action, challenges, and future research directions regarding probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics for the prevention and treatment of dental caries, taking into account the unique pathogenic mechanisms of dental caries. With an enhanced understanding of oral microbiota, personalized microbial therapy will emerge as a critical future research trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Chen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Si-Min Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xin-Tao Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qiong-Qiong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Bo-Bo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China.
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Bloch S, Hager-Mair FF, Andrukhov O, Schäffer C. Oral streptococci: modulators of health and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1357631. [PMID: 38456080 PMCID: PMC10917908 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral streptococci play in the interaction with the host is ambivalent. On the one hand, they function as gatekeepers of homeostasis and are a prerequisite for the maintenance of oral health - they shape the oral microbiota, modulate the immune system to enable bacterial survival, and antagonize pathogenic species. On the other hand, also recognized pathogens, such as oral Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which trigger the onset of dental caries belong to the genus Streptococcus. In the context of periodontitis, oral streptococci as excellent initial biofilm formers have an accessory function, enabling late biofilm colonizers to inhabit gingival pockets and cause disease. The pathogenic potential of oral streptococci fully unfolds when their dissemination into the bloodstream occurs; streptococcal infection can cause extra-oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis and hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, the taxonomic diversity of oral streptococci, their role and prevalence in the oral cavity and their contribution to oral health and disease will be discussed, focusing on the virulence factors these species employ for interactions at the host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bloch
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona F. Hager-Mair
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Sharma A, Singh M, Sharma V, Vashishth A, Raj M, Upadhyay SK, Singh S, Ramniwas S, Dhama K, Sharma AK, Bhatia SK. Current paradigms in employing self-assembled structures: Drug delivery implications with improved therapeutic potential. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113745. [PMID: 38241890 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent efforts have focused on developing improved drug delivery systems with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and minimal side effects. Micelles, self-assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous solutions, have gained considerable attention for drug delivery. However, there is a need to further enhance their efficiency. These micelles offer benefits like biodegradability, biocompatibility, sustained drug release, and improved patient compliance. Yet, researchers must address stability issues and reduce toxicity. Nanoscale self-assembled structures have shown promise as efficient drug carriers, offering an alternative to conventional methods. Fine-tuning at the monomeric and molecular levels, along with structural modifications, is crucial for optimal drug release profiles. Various strategies, such as entrapping hydrophobic drugs and using polyethylene oxide diblock copolymer micelles to resist protein adsorption and cellular adhesion, protect the hydrophobic core from degradation. The polyethylene oxide corona also provides stealth properties, prolonging blood circulation for extended drug administration. Amphiphilic copolymers are attractive for drug delivery due to their adjustable properties, allowing control over micelle size and morphology. Emerging tools promise complex and multifunctional platforms. This article summarizes about the challenges as far as the use of micelles is concerned, including optimizing performance, rigorous pre-clinical and clinical research, and suggests further improvement for drug delivery efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University, Tikker - Kharwarian, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India; Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Career Point University, Tikker - Kharwarian, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 176041, India.
| | - Manoj Singh
- Department of Bio-sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
| | - Varruchi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh 160019, India.
| | - Amit Vashishth
- Department of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed to be University) Delhi-NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, UP 201204, India.
| | - Mayank Raj
- Department of Bio-sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
| | - Sushil K Upadhyay
- Department of Bio-sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector -26, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Biotechnology Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, India.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India.
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 82 A, IT City Rd, Block D, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Biotransformation and Biomaterials Lab, Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, KonkukUniversity, Hwayang-dong Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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Aragão MGB, Tedesco AC, Borges HS, Aires CP, Corona SAM. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with epigallocatechin-3-gallate: synthesis, characterisation, and effects against Streptococcus mutans biofilmEpigallocatechin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: effects against Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38206896 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2302321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against Streptococcus mutans biofilm. EGCG-loaded chitosan (Nchi + EGCG) nanoparticles and Chitosan (Nchi) nanoparticles were prepared by ion gelation process and characterised regarding particle size, polydispersion index, zeta potential, and accelerated stability. S mutans biofilms were treated twice daily with NaCl 0.9% (negative control), Nchi, Nchi + EGCG, and chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% (positive control). After 67 h, the biofilms were evaluated for acidogenesis, bacterial viability and dry weight. Biofilm morphology and structure were analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The nanoformulations presented medium to short-term stability, size of 500 nm, and polydispersion index around 0.400. Treatments affected cell morphology and biofilm structure. However, no effects on microbial viability, biofilm dry weight, and acidogenesis were observed. Thus, the nanoformulations disassembled the biofilm matrix without affecting microbial viability, which makes them promising candidates for the development of dental caries preventive and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gerusa Brito Aragão
- Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antônio Cláudio Tedesco
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Nanotecnologia, Engenharia de Tecidos, Fotobiologia e Fotomedicina, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Hiago Salge Borges
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Nanotecnologia, Engenharia de Tecidos, Fotobiologia e Fotomedicina, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carolina Patrícia Aires
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Silmara Aparecida Milori Corona
- Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Yaghmoor RB, Abdel-Hadi M, Petridis H, Allan E, Young AM. Effects of Novel Dental Composites on Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. J Funct Biomater 2023; 15:13. [PMID: 38248680 PMCID: PMC10817267 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
With the phase-out of amalgam and the increase in minimally invasive dentistry, there is a growing need for high-strength composite materials that can kill residual bacteria and promote tooth remineralization. This study quantifies how antibacterial polylysine (PLS) and re-mineralizing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) affect Streptococcus mutans biofilms and the strength of dental composites. For antibacterial studies, the MCPM-PLS filler percentages were 0-0, 8-4, 12-6, and 16-8 wt% of the composite filler phase. Composite discs were immersed in 0.1% sucrose-supplemented broth containing Streptococcus mutans (UA159) and incubated in an anaerobic chamber for 48 h. Surface biomass was determined by crystal violet (CV) staining. Growth medium pH was measured at 24 and 48 h. Biofilm bacterial viability (CFU), exo-polysaccharide (water-soluble glucan (WSG) and water-insoluble glucan (WIG)), and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were quantified. This was by serial dilution plate counting, phenol-sulfuric acid microassay, and fluorometry, respectively. The biaxial flexural strengths were determined after water immersion for 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year. The MCPM-PLS wt% were 8-4, 8-8, 16-4 and 16-8. The normalized biomass, WSG, and WIG showed a linear decline of 66%, 64%, and 55%, respectively, as the PLS level increased up to 8%. The surrounding media pH (4.6) was all similar. A decrease in bacterial numbers with the 12-6 formula and a significant reduction with 16-8 compared to the 0-0 formulation was observed. The eDNA concentrations in biofilms formed on 12-6 and 16-8 formulations were significantly less than the 0-0 control and 8-4 formulations. Doubling MCPM and PLS caused a 14 and 19% reduction in strength in 1 week, respectively. Average results were lower at 1 month and 1 year but affected less upon doubling MCPM and PLS levels. Moreover, a 4% PLS may help to reduce total biomass and glucan levels in biofilms on the above composites. Higher levels are required to reduce eDNA and provide bactericidal action, but these can decrease early strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan B. Yaghmoor
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Hadi
- Unit of Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Rockefeller Building, London WC1E 6HX, UK; (M.A.-H.); (H.P.)
| | - Haralampos Petridis
- Unit of Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Rockefeller Building, London WC1E 6HX, UK; (M.A.-H.); (H.P.)
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Anne M. Young
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
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Zhou S, He TC, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Comparison of the main pathogenic microorganisms of various common oral diseases in children and adults. PEDIATRIC DISCOVERY 2023; 1:e35. [PMID: 38371743 PMCID: PMC10874635 DOI: 10.1002/pdi3.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The microorganisms in the human body gradually change and maintain a dynamic balance with the development of physiology and pathology. Oral microbiota is one of the most important microbiota in human body. It is not only closely related to the occurrence and development of oral diseases, but also plays an important role in the overall health. In childhood, the population of oral microorganisms is relatively small, but with the growth of age and tooth development, the species and quantity of oral microorganisms are gradually increasing. Different oral diseases also have their corresponding main microorganisms, and these dominant microorganisms change at different stages of the disease. In this review, we summarized and compared the main pathogenic microorganisms of several common oral diseases in children and adults. In addition, the possible association and difference between adults and children of the main pathogenic microorganisms in different stages of the same or different diseases are also discussed in order to provide research data for the development and diagnosis of common oral diseases in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Shao Q, Feng D, Yu Z, Chen D, Ji Y, Ye Q, Cheng D. The role of microbial interactions in dental caries: Dental plaque microbiota analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106390. [PMID: 37858633 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental caries is a result of the ecological dysfunction of the polymicrobial community on the tooth surface, which evolves through microbial interactions. In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of the dental plaque microbiome to comprehend its multi-microbial aetiology. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this study, plaque was collected from healthy tooth surfaces, shallow carious teeth and deep carious teeth, and bacterial composition and abundance were assessed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Random forest and LEfSe were used to profile various microorganisms at each stage. Additionally, we developed a molecular ecological network (MEN) based on random matrix theory (RMT) to examine microbial interactions for the first time. RESULTS Our results reveal that Scardovia wiggsiae, Streptococcus mutans, and Propionibacterium acidifaciens may be associated with initial caries, and Propionibacterium acidifaciens differentiates between shallow and deep caries. As caries progressed, the alpha diversity index declined, indicating a decrease in microbial variety. The network topological indices such as centralization betweenness revealed that the caries network had become more complex, involving more microbial interactions. The shallow network revealed a high negative correlation ratio across nodes, indicating that microbes competed heavily. In contrast, the positive correlation ratio of deep network nodes was high, and microorganisms transitioned from a competitive to a synergistic state. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that microbial diversity and interactions are critical to caries progression and that future caries research should give greater consideration to the role of microbial interaction factors in caries progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Shao
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danfeng Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhendi Yu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danlei Chen
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youqi Ji
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dongqing Cheng
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
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Ugolini A, Porro F, Carli F, Agostino P, Silvestrini-Biavati A, Riccomagno E. Probabilistic graphical modelling of early childhood caries development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293221. [PMID: 37903153 PMCID: PMC10615302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to develop a statistical model for complex interactions among factors affecting early childhood caries development (ECC), 234 children from the "XXXX oral growth longitudinal study" were analysed at ages 3, 4 and 5. A questionnaire for children's parents (clinical history, nutritional and oral hygiene habits) and clinical oral examinations were recorded each year. The probabilistic dependence structure on the most significant factors was modelled with an Undirected Graphical Model (UGM or Markov random fields) which provides a probabilistic reasoning approach for the establishment of multi-way associations. The best fitting UGM was estimated through the maximum likelihood principle and two-way factor associations were verified through Fisher's exact statistical hypothesis tests for count data. The effect of sugar intake on caries incidence is mediated by oral hygiene; for caries incidence, oral hygiene quality is more relevant than toothbrushing time; the effect of pacifier on caries incidence is statistically significant only when considered in combination with breastfeeding time. Among behavioural ECC risk factors, the quality of oral hygiene, and not the toothbrushing frequency, is a primary factor that modulates the sugar intake in his primary role of the ECC developer. School-based oral health programs for ECC prevention should be improved with supervised toothbrushing program. UGM analysis could improve the school-based oral health programs with more effective and efficient prevention strategies based on the hierarchical interactions among the ECC risk factors. Oral hygiene plays a pivotal role in early childhood caries and can modulate positively or negatively their development. Supervised toothbrushing is a crucial intervention to be included in the daily educational and clinical practice and in the school-based oral health promotion programs. Trial registration: Clinical trial registration number: NCT02798809.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ugolini
- Department of Surgical and Integrated Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Porro
- Department of Mathematics, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carli
- Department of Mathematics, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Agostino
- Department of Surgical and Integrated Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Eva Riccomagno
- Department of Mathematics, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Cho MY, Lee ES, Jung HI, Kim BI. Anti-biofilm activity of a novel nanoemulsion containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil. J Dent 2023; 137:104647. [PMID: 37536430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to solubilize Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil (CXO) using nanoemulsification and evaluate its inhibitory effects against biofilm formation. METHODS The components of CXO were evaluated through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Healthy human saliva was inoculated onto hydroxyapatite discs to form microcosm biofilms for four days and treated six times with each antimicrobial agent: distilled water (DW), CXO emulsion (EM), CXO nanoemulsion (NE), and positive controls (Listerine and chlorhexidine). Biofilm fluorescence imaging was performed using quantitative light-induced fluorescence, and cell viability and dry-weight measurements were obtained. We compared the bacterial cell and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) biovolume and thickness using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS HPLC analysis revealed that CXO was composed of approximately 47% xanthorrhizol. Compared with DW, NE exhibited significantly lower red fluorescence intensity and area (42% and 37%, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), and reduced total and aciduric bacterial cell viability (7.3% and 3.9%, p < 0.001, p = 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the bacterial cell and EPS biovolume and thickness in NE decreased by 40-80% compared to DW, similar to chlorhexidine. Conversely, EM showed a significant difference only in cell viability against total bacteria when compared with DW (p = 0.003), with EPS biovolume and thickness exhibiting higher values than DW. CONCLUSIONS Nanoemulsification successfully solubilized CXO and demonstrated superior anti-biofilm effects compared to the emulsion form. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest the potential use of NE as a novel antimicrobial agent for preventing oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Yeol Cho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Song Lee
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoi-In Jung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baek-Il Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
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Lueyar TK, Karygianni L, Attin T, Thurnheer T. Dynamic interactions between Candida albicans and different streptococcal species in a multispecies oral biofilm. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1381. [PMID: 37877656 PMCID: PMC10548025 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is colonized by a plethora of bacteria, fungi, and archaea, including streptococci of the mitis group (MSG) and the yeast Candida albicans. This study aims to investigate the role of streptococcal species in the development of oral biofilm and the cross-kingdom interactions between some of the members of the commensal MSG and the pathogen yeast C. albicans using a multispecies supragingival biofilm model. A total of nine different in vitro biofilms were grown, quantified with culture analyses, and visually examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A four-species biofilm without any streptococcal species was used as a basic biofilm. In each subsequent inoculum, one species of MSG was added and afterward combined with Streptococcus mutans. The eight-species biofilm contained all eight strains used in this study. Culture analyses showed that the presence of S. mutans in a four-species biofilm with Streptococcus oralis or S. oralis subsp. tigurinus did not differ significantly in C. albicans colony-forming unit (CFU) counts compared to biofilms without S. mutans. However, compared to other mitis species, Streptococcus gordonii combined with S. mutans resulted in the lowest CFUs of C. albicans. Visual observation by CLSM showed that biofilms containing both S. mutans and one species of MSG seemed to induce the formation of filamentous form of C. albicans. However, when several species of MSG were combined with S. mutans, C. albicans was again found in its yeast form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Kunchok Lueyar
- Division of Clinical Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive DentistryCenter of Dental Medicine, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Division of Clinical Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive DentistryCenter of Dental Medicine, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Attin
- Division of Clinical Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive DentistryCenter of Dental Medicine, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Division of Clinical Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive DentistryCenter of Dental Medicine, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Rapala-Kozik M, Surowiec M, Juszczak M, Wronowska E, Kulig K, Bednarek A, Gonzalez-Gonzalez M, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Zawrotniak M, Satała D, Kozik A. Living together: The role of Candida albicans in the formation of polymicrobial biofilms in the oral cavity. Yeast 2023; 40:303-317. [PMID: 37190878 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity of humans is colonized by diversity of microbial community, although dominated by bacteria, it is also constituted by a low number of fungi, often represented by Candida albicans. Although in the vast minority, this usually commensal fungus under certain conditions of the host (e.g., immunosuppression or antibiotic therapy), can transform into an invasive pathogen that adheres to mucous membranes and also to medical or dental devices, causing mucosal infections. This transformation is correlated with changes in cell morphology from yeast-like cells to hyphae and is supported by numerous virulence factors exposed by C. albicans cells at the site of infection, such as multifunctional adhesins, degradative enzymes, or toxin. All of them affect the surrounding host cells or proteins, leading to their destruction. However, at the site of infection, C. albicans can interact with different bacterial species and in its filamentous form may produce biofilms-the elaborated consortia of microorganisms, that present increased ability to host colonization and resistance to antimicrobial agents. In this review, we highlight the modification of the infectious potential of C. albicans in contact with different bacterial species, and also consider the mutual bacterial-fungal relationships, involving cooperation, competition, or antagonism, that lead to an increase in the propagation of oral infection. The mycofilm of C. albicans is an excellent hiding place for bacteria, especially those that prefer low oxygen availability, where microbial cells during mutual co-existence can avoid host recognition or elimination by antimicrobial action. However, these microbial relationships, identified mainly in in vitro studies, are modified depending on the complexity of host conditions and microbial dominance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Surowiec
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kulig
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miriam Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Satała
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Lee SH, Lee H, You HS, Sung HJ, Hyun SH. Metabolic pathway prediction of core microbiome based on enterotype and orotype. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1173085. [PMID: 37424791 PMCID: PMC10325833 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1173085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Identification of key microbiome components has been suggested to help address the maintenance of oral and intestinal health in humans. The core microbiome is similar in all individuals, whereas the diverse microbiome varies across individuals, based on their unique lifestyles and phenotypic and genotypic determinants. In this study, we aimed to predict the metabolism of core microorganisms in the gut and oral environment based on enterotyping and orotyping. Materials and methods Gut and oral samples were collected from 83 Korean women aged 50 years or older. The extracted DNA was subjected to next-generation sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA hypervariable regions V3-V4. Results Gut bacteria were clustered into three enterotypes, while oral bacteria were clustered into three orotypes. Sixty-three of the core microbiome between the gut and oral population were correlated, and different metabolic pathways were predicted for each type. Eubacterium_g11, Actinomyces, Atopobium, and Enterococcus were significantly positively correlated between the gut and oral abundance. The four bacteria were classified as type 3 in orotype and type 2 in enterotype. Conclusion Overall, the study suggested that collapsing the human body's multidimensional microbiome into a few categories may help characterize the microbiomes better and address health issues more deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sang You
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immunology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-joong Sung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School, Eulji University, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Daniel SG, Kim HE, Koo H, Korostoff J, Teles F, Bittinger K, Hwang G. Addition of cariogenic pathogens to complex oral microflora drives significant changes in biofilm compositions and functionalities. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:123. [PMID: 37264481 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is a microbe and sugar-mediated biofilm-dependent oral disease. Of particular significance, a virulent type of dental caries, known as severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), is characterized by the synergistic polymicrobial interaction between the cariogenic bacterium, Streptococcus mutans, and an opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Although cross-sectional studies reveal their important roles in caries development, these exhibit limitations in determining the significance of these microbial interactions in the pathogenesis of the disease. Thus, it remains unclear the mechanism(s) through which the cross-kingdom interaction modulates the composition of the plaque microbiome. Here, we employed a novel ex vivo saliva-derived microcosm biofilm model to assess how exogenous pathogens could impact the structural and functional characteristics of the indigenous native oral microbiota. RESULTS Through shotgun whole metagenome sequencing, we observed that saliva-derived biofilm has decreased richness and diversity but increased sugar-related metabolism relative to the planktonic phase. Addition of S. mutans and/or C. albicans to the native microbiome drove significant changes in its bacterial composition. In addition, the effect of the exogenous pathogens on microbiome diversity and taxonomic abundances varied depending on the sugar type. While the addition of S. mutans induced a broader effect on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) ortholog abundances with glucose/fructose, S. mutans-C. albicans combination under sucrose conditions triggered unique and specific changes in microbiota composition/diversity as well as specific effects on KEGG pathways. Finally, we observed the presence of human epithelial cells within the biofilms via confocal microscopy imaging. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed that the presence of S. mutans and C. albicans, alone or in combination, as well as the addition of different sugars, induced unique alterations in both the composition and functional attributes of the biofilms. In particular, the combination of S. mutans and C. albicans seemed to drive the development (and perhaps the severity) of a dysbiotic/cariogenic oral microbiome. Our work provides a unique and pragmatic biofilm model for investigating the functional microbiome in health and disease as well as developing strategies to modulate the microbiome. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Scott G Daniel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hye-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Korostoff
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Flavia Teles
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang JS, Chen Z, Chu CH, Yu OY. Effect of silver diamine fluoride upon the microbial community of carious lesions: A scoping review. J Dent 2023; 134:104554. [PMID: 37220834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on the microbial community of carious lesions. DATA Original studies evaluating the effect of SDF treatment on the microbial community of human carious lesions were included. SOURCES A systematic search of English-language publications was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Gray literature was searched in ClinicalTrials.gov and Google Scholar. STUDY SELECTION/RESULTS This review included seven publications reporting the effects of SDF on microbial community of dental plaque or carious dentin, including the microbial biodiversity, relative abundance of microbial taxa, and predicted functional pathways of the microbial community. The studies on microbial community of dental plaque reported that SDF did not have a significant effect on both the within-community species diversity (alpha-diversity) and inter-community microbial compositional dissimilarity (beta-diversity) of the plaque microbial communities. However, SDF changed the relative abundance of 29 bacterial species of plaque community, inhibited carbohydrate transportation and interfered with the metabolic functions of the plaque microbial community. A study on the microbial community in dentin carious lesions reported that SDF affected its beta-diversity and changed the relative abundance of 14 bacterial species. CONCLUSION SDF showed no significant effects on the biodiversity of the plaque microbial community but changed the beta-diversity of the carious dentin microbial community. SDF could change the relative abundance of certain bacterial species in the dental plaque and the carious dentin. SDF could also affect the predicted functional pathways of the microbial community. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provided comprehensive evidence on the potential effect of SDF treatment on the microbial community of carious lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Shizhen Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun-Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ollie Yiru Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Besnard C, Marie A, Sasidharan S, Harper RA, Shelton RM, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. Synchrotron X-ray Studies of the Structural and Functional Hierarchies in Mineralised Human Dental Enamel: A State-of-the-Art Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:98. [PMID: 37185477 PMCID: PMC10137518 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hard dental tissues possess a complex hierarchical structure that is particularly evident in enamel, the most mineralised substance in the human body. Its complex and interlinked organisation at the Ångstrom (crystal lattice), nano-, micro-, and macro-scales is the result of evolutionary optimisation for mechanical and functional performance: hardness and stiffness, fracture toughness, thermal, and chemical resistance. Understanding the physical-chemical-structural relationships at each scale requires the application of appropriately sensitive and resolving probes. Synchrotron X-ray techniques offer the possibility to progress significantly beyond the capabilities of conventional laboratory instruments, i.e., X-ray diffractometers, and electron and atomic force microscopes. The last few decades have witnessed the accumulation of results obtained from X-ray scattering (diffraction), spectroscopy (including polarisation analysis), and imaging (including ptychography and tomography). The current article presents a multi-disciplinary review of nearly 40 years of discoveries and advancements, primarily pertaining to the study of enamel and its demineralisation (caries), but also linked to the investigations of other mineralised tissues such as dentine, bone, etc. The modelling approaches informed by these observations are also overviewed. The strategic aim of the present review was to identify and evaluate prospective avenues for analysing dental tissues and developing treatments and prophylaxis for improved dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Besnard
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Ali Marie
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sisini Sasidharan
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Robert A. Harper
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Richard M. Shelton
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Alexander M. Korsunsky
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
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Słotwińska-Pawlaczyk A, Orzechowska-Wylęgała B, Latusek K, Roszkowska AM. Analysis of the Clinical Status and Treatment of Facial Cellulitis of Odontogenic Origin in Pediatric Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4874. [PMID: 36981782 PMCID: PMC10049628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The most common cause of the development of odontogenic infection is untreated dental caries, which initially leads to pulpitis. If an odontogenic infection is left untreated, it will pass through the limiting bone plate and will infiltrate deeper structures. Odontogenic infections are different in adults and children. The study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology and Pediatric Head and Neck Surgery of Upper Silesian Children's Health Center in Katowice in the 2020-2022. We included 27 patients aged 2-16 in the study. Patients were diagnosed with an active, acute odontogenic inflammatory process in the head and neck area. We assessed pain, trismus, extraoral and intraoral swelling and the level of CRP [C Reactive Protein], WBC [White Blood Cells], NLR [Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio], D-dimers and Prealbumins. The results were analyzed in terms of the location of the source of inflammation: maxilla or mandible and the type of source of infection: deciduous tooth or permanent tooth. Deciduous teeth are more often the cause of odontogenic infection in the maxilla, while permanent teeth in the mandible. Trismus, extraoral, and intraoral swelling occurred in all infections caused by permanent teeth. The CRP and NLR ratio is statistically higher in infection, which originates from permanent teeth. The mean hospitalization time was also longer for infections from permanent teeth 3.42 days than for deciduous teeth 2.2 days. The varied clinical picture of odontogenic infections in children requires periodic analyzes of statistical data related to epidemiology, etiology, and symptomatology in order to update diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Słotwińska-Pawlaczyk
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chairs of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Bogusława Orzechowska-Wylęgała
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chairs of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Latusek
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chairs of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Roszkowska
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
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Özyılkan D, Tosun Ö, İslam A. The Impact of Anemia-Related Early Childhood Caries on Parents' and Children's Quality of Life. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59030521. [PMID: 36984522 PMCID: PMC10052039 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, oral diseases are well-known for their effects, not only on daily life but also on quality of life (QoL). Dental caries, especially early childhood caries (ECC), are considered a public health concern as regards their impact on the life quality of children and parents from multiple aspects. The present research was conducted to assess the effect of anemia on oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in terms of children and parents. Materials and Methods: The current study was performed in two independent stages. In the first stage, the Turkish version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS), and in the second stage, the Turkish version of the Parental-Caregivers Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ) were used to measure the effect of anemia-related dental caries among children and parents. SPSS and Jamovi software were used for all calculations, graphs and comparisons. Results: A total of 204 participants (child-parent pairs) were incorporated in the present study. A considerable number of children (81.5%) reported occasional or more frequent oral/dental pain. Secondly, the subscale scores were determined for child symptoms (2.25 ± 0.067), child function (6.8 ± 0.22), child psychology (3.87 ± 0.128), self-image and social interaction (1.74 ± 0.063), parental distress (3.82 ± 0.143), and family function (3.5 ± 0.121). Additionally, more than half of the parents (56.3%) responded "fair" for the health of their children's teeth, lips, jaws and mouth. Similarly, the child's overall well-being was stated as being affected "a lot" by the condition of their child's teeth, lips, jaws or mouth by half of the parents (49.5%). Conclusions: Anemia-related dental caries has a highly negative impact on the quality of life of children and parents according to both of the questionnaires. Therefore, children with high scores should be prioritized for preventive procedures and timely dental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dila Özyılkan
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Özgür Tosun
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Aylin İslam
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, European University of Lefke, Lefke 99010, Cyprus
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Almuqrin A, Kaur IP, Walsh LJ, Seneviratne CJ, Zafar S. Amelioration Strategies for Silver Diamine Fluoride: Moving from Black to White. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020298. [PMID: 36830209 PMCID: PMC9951939 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical cariostatic agents have become a reasonable alternative for managing dental caries in young children. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a practical topical approach to arrest caries and avoid extensive and risky dental treatment. However, the literature demonstrates a parental hesitation towards accepting SDF because of black unaesthetic tooth discolouration following application. The rapid oxidation of ionic silver darkens demineralised tooth structure permanently. In this regard, nano-metallic antimicrobials could augment or substitute for silver, and thereby enhance SDF aesthetic performance. Recently, biomedical research has drawn attention to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral potencies. Various in vitro studies have examined the effect of SeNPs on the virulence of bacteria. This narrative review explores practical issues when using SDF and suggests future directions to develop it, focusing on antimicrobial metals. Several methods are described that could be followed to reduce the discolouration concern, including the use of nanoparticles of silver, of silver fluoride, or of selenium or other metals with antimicrobial actions. There could also be value in using remineralising agents other than fluoride, such as NPs of hydroxyapatite. There could be variations made to formulations in order to lower the levels of silver and fluoride in the SDF or even to replace one or both of the silver and fluoride components completely. Moreover, since oxidation processes appear central to the chemistry of the staining, adding SeNPs which have antioxidant actions could have an anti-staining benefit; SeNPs could be used for their antimicrobial actions as well. Future research should address the topic of selenium chemistry to optimise how SeNPs would be used with or in place of ionic silver. Incorporating other antimicrobial metals as nanoparticles should also be explored, taking into account the optimal physicochemical parameters for each of these.
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Diarylureas: New Promising Small Molecules against Streptococcus mutans for the Treatment of Dental Caries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010112. [PMID: 36671313 PMCID: PMC9855158 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated disease that represents a worldwide oral health issue. Streptococcus mutans has been ascertained as the main cariogenic pathogen responsible for human dental caries, with a high ability to form biofilms, regulated by the quorum sensing. Diarylureas represent a class of organic compounds that show numerous biological activities, including the antimicrobial one. Two small molecules belonging to this class, specifically to diphenylureas, BPU (1,3-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea) and DMTU (1,3-di-m-tolyl-urea), showed interesting results in studies regarding the antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic bacterium S. mutans. Since there are not many antimicrobials used for the prevention and treatment of caries, further studies on these two interesting compounds and other diarylureas against S. mutans may be useful to design new effective agents for the treatment of caries with generally low cytotoxicity.
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Duque C, Chrisostomo DA, Souza ACA, de Almeida Braga GP, Dos Santos VR, Caiaffa KS, Pereira JA, de Oliveira WC, de Aguiar Ribeiro A, Parisotto TM. Understanding the Predictive Potential of the Oral Microbiome in the Development and Progression of Early Childhood Caries. Curr Pediatr Rev 2023; 19:121-138. [PMID: 35959611 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220811124848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease in young children and a public health problem worldwide. It is characterized by the presence of atypical and fast progressive caries lesions. The aggressive form of ECC, severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), can lead to the destruction of the whole crown of most of the deciduous teeth and cause pain and sepsis, affecting the child's quality of life. Although the multifactorial etiology of ECC is known, including social, environmental, behavioral, and genetic determinants, there is a consensus that this disease is driven by an imbalance between the oral microbiome and host, or dysbiosis, mediated by high sugar consumption and poor oral hygiene. Knowledge of the microbiome in healthy and caries status is crucial for risk monitoring, prevention, and development of therapies to revert dysbiosis and restore oral health. Molecular biology tools, including next-generation sequencing methods and proteomic approaches, have led to the discovery of new species and microbial biomarkers that could reveal potential risk profiles for the development of ECC and new targets for anti-caries therapies. This narrative review summarized some general aspects of ECC, such as definition, epidemiology, and etiology, the influence of oral microbiota in the development and progression of ECC based on the current evidence from genomics, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies and the effect of antimicrobial intervention on oral microbiota associated with ECC. CONCLUSION The evaluation of genetic and proteomic markers represents a promising approach to predict the risk of ECC before its clinical manifestation and plan efficient therapeutic interventions for ECC in its initial stages, avoiding irreversible dental cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Duque
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Daniela Alvim Chrisostomo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Amanda Caselato Andolfatto Souza
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pacheco de Almeida Braga
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Karina Sampaio Caiaffa
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Jesse Augusto Pereira
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Warlley Campos de Oliveira
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Apoena de Aguiar Ribeiro
- Division of Diagnostic Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United State
| | - Thaís Manzano Parisotto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Santos VCED, Maquera-Huacho PM, Imbriani MJM, Minhaco VMTR, Spolidorio DMP. Effects of BlueM® against Streptococcus mutans biofilm and its virulence gene expression. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:19-28. [PMID: 36888841 PMCID: PMC10027103 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the antimicrobial capacity of BlueM® mouthwash against the bacterium Streptococcus mutans and its influence on gbpA gene expression as well as its cytotoxic effect on fibroblast cells. BlueM® showed antimicrobial activity, with MIC and MBC values of 0.005% and 0.01%, respectively. The MBIC was 6.25% for S. mutans. CFU count and confocal microscopy revealed significant effect of BlueM® on S. mutans biofilm pre-formed on dentin surfaces. Interestingly, the analysis of gbpA gene expression indicated a decrease in gene expression after 15 min of treatment with BlueM® at a concentration of 25%. Moreover, BlueM® exhibited low levels of cytotoxicity. In conclusion, our results showed the antimicrobial effectiveness of BlueM® against S. mutans, its ability to modulate the expression of the gbpA gene and its low cytotoxicity. This study supports the therapeutic potential of BlueM® as an alternative agent for the control of oral biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Júlia Mancim Imbriani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian M Tellaroli Rodrigues Minhaco
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise M Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Wang X, Li J, Zhang S, Zhou W, Zhang L, Huang X. pH-activated antibiofilm strategies for controlling dental caries. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1130506. [PMID: 36949812 PMCID: PMC10025512 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1130506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental biofilms are highly assembled microbial communities surrounded by an extracellular matrix, which protects the resident microbes. The microbes, including commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens, coexist with each other to maintain relative balance under healthy conditions. However, under hostile conditions such as sugar intake and poor oral care, biofilms can generate excessive acids. Prolonged low pH in biofilm increases proportions of acidogenic and aciduric microbes, which breaks the ecological equilibrium and finally causes dental caries. Given the complexity of oral microenvironment, controlling the acidic biofilms using antimicrobials that are activated at low pH could be a desirable approach to control dental caries. Therefore, recent researches have focused on designing novel kinds of pH-activated strategies, including pH-responsive antimicrobial agents and pH-sensitive drug delivery systems. These agents exert antibacterial properties only under low pH conditions, so they are able to disrupt acidic biofilms without breaking the neutral microenvironment and biodiversity in the mouth. The mechanisms of low pH activation are mainly based on protonation and deprotonation reactions, acids labile linkages, and H+-triggered reactive oxygen species production. This review summarized pH-activated antibiofilm strategies to control dental caries, concentrating on their effect, mechanisms of action, and biocompatibility, as well as the limitation of current research and the prospects for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingling Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojing Huang,
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Biofilm ecology associated with dental caries: Understanding of microbial interactions in oral communities leads to development of therapeutic strategies targeting cariogenic biofilms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 122:27-75. [PMID: 37085193 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
A biofilm is a sessile community characterized by cells attached to the surface and organized into a complex structural arrangement. Dental caries is a biofilm-dependent oral disease caused by infection with cariogenic pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans, and associated with frequent exposure to a sugar-rich diet and poor oral hygiene. The virulence of cariogenic biofilms is often associated with the spatial organization of S. mutans enmeshed with exopolysaccharides on tooth surfaces. However, in the oral cavity, S. mutans does not act alone, and several other microbes contribute to cariogenic biofilm formation. Microbial communities in cariogenic biofilms are spatially organized into complex structural arrangements of various microbes and extracellular matrices. The balance of microbiota diversity with reduced diversity and a high proportion of acidogenic-aciduric microbiota within the biofilm is closely related to the disease state. Understanding the characteristics of polymicrobial biofilms and the association of microbial interactions within the biofilm (e.g., symbiosis, cooperation, and competition) in terms of their potential role in the pathogenesis of oral disease would help develop new strategies for interventions in virulent biofilm formation.
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Cornejo CF, Soken LJ, Salgado PA, Gliosca LA, Squassi AF. Detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and Their Association with Oral Microbiome Stressors in 6-18-month-old Infants. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023; 16:68-73. [PMID: 37020757 PMCID: PMC10067995 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To determine the presence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) and their association with extrinsic and intrinsic variables in 6-18-month-old infants. Methods This was an analytical, cross-sectional study of 65 6-18-month-old infants who visited the Centers for Early Childhood in Buenos Aires City. Three groups were established according to the presence of teeth-group I (GI)-edentulous infants, group II (GII)-infants with 1-8 teeth, and group III (GIII)-infants with 9-16 teeth. Data on the variables, diet, use of artificial teats, and oral hygiene were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire. An oral examination was performed according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) criterion. A saliva sample was taken by aspiration with a sterile plastic syringe. Cariogenic Streptococci (CS) were counted using the adherence test in modified gold broth (AT-MGB). Molecular detection and quantification were performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (gtfB, gtfT, and tuf). Results A total of 12% of infants received oral hygiene, 38% used bottles, 30% used pacifiers, and 55% had sugar intake. S. sobrinus and S. mutans were detected in 57.1 and 28.6% of the children with caries, respectively. Groups I, II, and III had CS counts of log 2, 3.4, and 3.7, respectively. S. sobrinus was detected in 26.7% of GI, 52.9% of GII, and 85.7% of GIII, while S. mutans was detected in 13.3%, 35.3%, and 57.7%, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of S. sobrinus was higher than S. mutans in all groups. The presence of CS was significantly associated with sugar intake. No association was found between S. mutans and S. sobrinus and the presence of caries, hygiene habits, or use of artificial teats. Clinical Significance This study supports the role of diet in developing a cariogenic biofilm in children under 2 years of age. How to cite this article Cornejo CF, Soken LJ, Salgado PA, et al. Detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and Their Association with Oral Microbiome Stressors in 6-18-month-old Infants. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):68-73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina F Cornejo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Odontología Preventiva y Comunitaria, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud Publica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana J Soken
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Microbiología y Parasitología, Laboratorio de Diagnostico Microbiológico y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Salgado
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Odontología Preventiva y Comunitaria, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud Publica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura A Gliosca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Microbiología y Parasitología, Laboratorio de Diagnostico Microbiológico y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldo F Squassi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Odontología Preventiva y Comunitaria, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud Publica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Antimicrobial Effects of Gum Arabic-Silver Nanoparticles against Oral Pathogens. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:9602325. [PMID: 36561898 PMCID: PMC9767746 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9602325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is considered one of the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide, with a high rate of morbidity among populations. It is a chronic infectious disease with a multifactorial etiology that leads to the destruction of the dental tissues. Due to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant properties; silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are incorporated in dental products to help prevent infectious oral diseases. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of AgNPs synthesized using Gum Arabic extracts (GAE) were examined. The GA-AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of the GA-AgNPs was evaluated on Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) using agar disc diffusion and microdilution assays. The antibiofilm of GA-AgNPs was evaluated on the surface of human tooth enamel that had been exposed to S. mutans with and without the GA-AgNPs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). GA-AgNPs were spherical in shape with a particle size distribution between 4 and 26 nm. The GA-AgNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the tested oral microbes, with GA-AgNPs_0.4g having higher antimicrobial activity. The GA-AgNPs_0.4g inhibited S. mutans adhesion and biofilm formation on the surface of the tooth enamel. Therefore, this study supports the prospective implementation of the plant extract-mediated AgNPs in dental healthcare.
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Inhibitory effect of the combination of xylitol and funoran on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on the uncoated surface. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:723. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sun H, Zhou Q, Qiao P, Zhu D, Xin B, Wu B, Tang C. Short-term head-down bed rest microgravity simulation alters salivary microbiome in young healthy men. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1056637. [PMID: 36439790 PMCID: PMC9684331 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1056637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Microgravity influences are prevalent during orbital flight and can adversely affect astronaut physiology. Notably, it may affect the physicochemical properties of saliva and the salivary microbial community. Therefore, this study simulates microgravity in space using a ground-based -6° head-down bed rest (HDBR) test to observe the effects of microgravity on oral salivary secretion function and the salivary microbiome. Sixteen healthy young male volunteers were recruited for the 15-day -6° HDBR test. Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected on day 1 (pre-HDBR), on days 5, 10, and 15 of HDBR, and day 6 of recovery. Salivary pH and salivary flow rate were measured, and the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and analyzed in 80 saliva samples. The results showed that there were no significant differences in salivary pH, salivary flow rate, and alpha diversity between any two time points. However, beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences between pre-HDBR and the other four time points. After HDBR, the relative abundances of Actinomyces, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Oribacterium, and Capnocytophaga increased significantly, whereas the relative abundances of Neisseria and Haemophilus decreased significantly. However, the relative abundances of Oribacterium and Capnocytophaga did not recover to the pre-HDBR level on day 6 of recovery. Network analysis revealed that the number of relationships between genera decreased, and the positive and negative correlations between genera changed in a complex manner after HDBR and did not reach their original levels on day 6 of recovery. PICRUSt analysis demonstrated that some gene functions of the salivary microbiome also changed after HDBR and remained significantly different from those before HDBR on day 6 of recovery. Collectively, 15 days of -6° HDBR had minimal effect on salivary secretion function but resulted in significant changes in the salivary microbiome, mainly manifested as an increase in oral disease-related bacteria and a decrease in oral health-related commensal bacteria. Further research is required to confirm these oral microbial changes and explore the underlying pathological mechanisms to determine the long-term effects on astronauts embarking on long-duration voyages to outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- 306th Clinical College of PLA, The Fifth Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- 306th Clinical College of PLA, The Fifth Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyan Qiao
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhu
- 306th Clinical College of PLA, The Fifth Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bingmu Xin
- Engineering Research Center of Human Circadian Rhythm and Sleep (Shenzhen), Space Science and Technology Institute (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Wu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chuhua Tang
- 306th Clinical College of PLA, The Fifth Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
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Negrini TDC, Ren Z, Miao Y, Kim D, Simon-Soro Á, Liu Y, Koo H, Arthur RA. Dietary sugars modulate bacterial-fungal interactions in saliva and inter-kingdom biofilm formation on apatitic surface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:993640. [PMID: 36439211 PMCID: PMC9681999 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.993640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi can interact to form inter-kingdom biofilms in the oral cavity. Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are frequently detected in saliva and in dental biofilms associated with early childhood caries (tooth-decay), a prevalent oral disease induced by dietary sugars. However, how different sugars influence this bacterial-fungal interaction remains unclear. Here, we investigate whether specific sugars affect the inter-kingdom interaction in saliva and subsequent biofilm formation on tooth-mimetic surfaces. The microbes were incubated in saliva containing common dietary sugars (glucose and fructose, sucrose, starch, and combinations) and analyzed via fluorescence imaging and quantitative computational analyses. The bacterial and fungal cells in saliva were then transferred to hydroxyapatite discs (tooth mimic) to allow microbial binding and biofilm development. We found diverse bacterial-fungal aggregates which varied in size, structure, and spatial organization depending on the type of sugars. Sucrose and starch+sucrose induced the formation of large mixed-species aggregates characterized by bacterial clusters co-bound with fungal cells, whereas mostly single-cells were found in the absence of sugar or in the presence of glucose and fructose. Notably, both colonization and further growth on the apatitic surface were dependent on sugar-mediated aggregation, leading to biofilms with distinctive spatial organizations and 3D architectures. Starch+sucrose and sucrose-mediated aggregates developed into large and highly acidogenic biofilms with complex network of bacterial and fungal cells (yeast and hyphae) surrounded by an intricate matrix of extracellular glucans. In contrast, biofilms originated from glucose and fructose-mediated consortia (or without sugar) were sparsely distributed on the surface without structural integration, growing predominantly as individual species with reduced acidogenicity. These findings reveal the impact of dietary sugars on inter-kingdom interactions in saliva and how they mediate biofilm formation with distinctive structural organization and varying acidogenicity implicated with human tooth-decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais de Cássia Negrini
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Zhi Ren
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yilan Miao
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Áurea Simon-Soro
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Preventive & Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil,*Correspondence: Rodrigo Alex Arthur,
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Du Q, Ren B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu X. Cross-kingdom interaction between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911623. [PMID: 36406433 PMCID: PMC9668886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a symbiotic fungus that commonly colonizes on oral mucosal surfaces and mainly affects immuno-compromised individuals. Polymicrobial interactions between C. albicans and oral microbes influence the cellular and biochemical composition of the biofilm, contributing to change clinically relevant outcomes of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as pathogenesis, virulence, and drug-resistance. Notably, the symbiotic relationships between C. albicans and oral bacteria have been well-documented in dental caries, oral mucositis, endodontic and periodontal diseases, implant-related infections, and oral cancer. C. albicans interacts with co-existing oral bacteria through physical attachment, extracellular signals, and metabolic cross-feeding. This review discusses the bacterial-fungal interactions between C. albicans and different oral bacteria, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanism and its relevance to the development and clinical management of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Ma Q, Li J, Huang J, Lei L, Zhou X, Cheng L, Zou J, Ren B. Candida albicans CHK1 gene regulates its cross-kingdom interactions with Streptococcus mutans to promote caries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7251-7263. [PMID: 36195704 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cross-kingdom interactions between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans have played important roles in early childhood caries (ECC). However, the key pathways of C. albicans promoting the cariogenicity of S. mutans are still unclear. Here, we found that C. albicans CHK1 gene was highly upregulated in their dual-species biofilms. C. albicans chk1Δ/Δ significantly reduced the synergistical growth promotion, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production of S. mutans, the key cariogenic agent, compared to C. albicans wild type (WT) and CHK1 complementary strains. C. albicans WT upregulated the expressions of S. mutans EPS biosynthesis genes gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD, and their regulatory genes vicR and vicK, but chk1Δ/Δ had no effects. Both C. albicans WT and chk1Δ/Δ failed to promote the biofilm formation and EPS production of S. mutans ΔvicK and antisense-vicR strains, indicating that C. albicans CHK1 upregulated S. mutans vicR and vicK to increase the EPS biosynthesis gene expression, then enhanced the EPS production and biofilm formation to promote the cariogenicity. In rat caries model, the coinfection with chk1Δ/Δ and S. mutans decreased the colonization of S. mutans and developed less caries especially the severe caries compared to that from the combinations of S. mutans with C. albicans WT, indicating the essential role of C. albicans CHK1 gene in the development of dental caries. Our study for the first time demonstrated the key roles of C. albicans CHK1 gene in dental caries and suggested that it may be a practical target to reduce or treat ECC. KEY POINTS: • C. albicans CHK1 gene is important for its interaction with S. mutans. • CHK1 regulates S. mutans two-component system to promote its cariogenicity. • CHK1 gene regulates the cariogenicity of S. mutans in rat dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qizhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Yin W, Zhang Z, Shuai X, Zhou X, Yin D. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) Inhibits Cross-Kingdom Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0157822. [PMID: 35980199 PMCID: PMC9602599 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01578-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans exhibit strong cariogenicity through cross-kingdom biofilm formation during the pathogenesis of dental caries. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural compound, has potential antimicrobial effects on each species individually, but there are no reports of its effect on this dual-species biofilm. This study aimed to explore the effects of CAPE on cariogenic biofilm formation by S. mutans and C. albicans and the related mechanisms. The effect of CAPE on planktonic cell growth was investigated, and crystal violet staining, the anthrone-sulfuric acid assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to evaluate biofilm formation. The structures of the formed biofilms were observed using scanning electron microscopy. To explain the antimicrobial effect of CAPE, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied to monitor the relative expression levels of cariogenic genes. Finally, the biocompatibility of CAPE in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. The results showed that CAPE suppressed the growth, biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) synthesis of C. albicans and S. mutans in the coculture system of the two species. The expression of the gtf gene was also suppressed by CAPE. The efficacy of CAPE was concentration dependent, and the compound exhibited acceptable biocompatibility. Our research lays the foundation for further study of the application of the natural compound CAPE as a potential antimicrobial agent to control dental caries-associated cross-kingdom biofilms. IMPORTANCE Severe dental caries is a multimicrobial infectious disease that is strongly induced by the cross-kingdom biofilm formed by S. mutans and C. albicans. This study aimed to investigate the potential of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) as a natural product in the prevention of severe caries. This study clarified the inhibitory effect of CAPE on cariogenic biofilm formation and the control of cariogenic genes. It deepens our understanding of the synergistic cariogenic effect of S. mutans and C. albicans and provides a new perspective for the prevention and control of dental caries with CAPE. These findings may contribute to the development of CAPE as a promising antimicrobial agent targeting this caries-related cross-kingdom biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wumeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xinxing Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Derong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Interkingdom assemblages in human saliva display group-level surface mobility and disease-promoting emergent functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209699119. [PMID: 36191236 PMCID: PMC9565521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209699119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and bacteria form multicellular biofilms causing many human infections. How such distinctive microbes act in concert spatiotemporally to coordinate disease-promoting functionality remains understudied. Using multiscale real-time microscopy and computational analysis, we investigate the dynamics of fungal and bacterial interactions in human saliva and their biofilm development on tooth surfaces. We discovered structured interkingdom assemblages displaying emergent functionalities to enhance collective surface colonization, survival, and growth. Further analyses revealed an unexpected group-level surface mobility with coordinated “leaping-like” and “walking-like” motions while continuously growing. These mobile groups of growing cells promote rapid spatial spreading of both species across surfaces, causing more extensive tooth decay. Our findings show multicellular interkingdom assemblages acting like supraorganisms with functionalities that cannot be achieved without coassembly. Fungi and bacteria often engage in complex interactions, such as the formation of multicellular biofilms within the human body. Knowledge about how interkingdom biofilms initiate and coalesce into higher-level communities and which functions the different species carry out during biofilm formation remain limited. We found native-state assemblages of Candida albicans (fungi) and Streptococcus mutans (bacteria) with highly structured arrangement in saliva from diseased patients with childhood tooth decay. Further analyses revealed that bacterial clusters are attached within a network of fungal yeasts, hyphae, and exopolysaccharides, which bind to surfaces as a preassembled cell group. The interkingdom assemblages exhibit emergent functions, including enhanced surface colonization and growth rate, stronger tolerance to antimicrobials, and improved shear resistance, compared to either species alone. Notably, we discovered that the interkingdom assemblages display a unique form of migratory spatial mobility that enables fast spreading of biofilms across surfaces and causes enhanced, more extensive tooth decay. Using mutants, selective inactivation of species, and selective matrix removal, we demonstrate that the enhanced stress resistance and surface mobility arise from the exopolymeric matrix and require the presence of both species in the assemblage. The mobility is directed by fungal filamentation as hyphae extend and contact the surface, lifting the assemblage with a “forward-leaping motion.” Bacterial cell clusters can “hitchhike” on this mobile unit while continuously growing, to spread across the surface three-dimensionally and merge with other assemblages, promoting community expansion. Together, our results reveal an interkingdom assemblage in human saliva that behaves like a supraorganism, with disease-causing emergent functionalities that cannot be achieved without coassembly.
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Ito T, Sims KR, Liu Y, Xiang Z, Arthur RA, Hara AT, Koo H, Benoit DSW, Klein MI. Farnesol delivery via polymeric nanoparticle carriers inhibits cariogenic cross-kingdom biofilms and prevents enamel demineralization. Mol Oral Microbiol 2022; 37:218-228. [PMID: 35859523 PMCID: PMC9529802 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are frequently detected together in the plaque from patients with early childhood caries (ECC) and synergistically interact to form a cariogenic cross-kingdom biofilm. However, this biofilm is difficult to control. Thus, to achieve maximal efficacy within the complex biofilm microenvironment, nanoparticle carriers have shown increased interest in treating oral biofilms in recent years. Here, we assessed the anti-biofilm efficacy of farnesol (Far), a hydrophobic antibacterial drug and repressor of Candida filamentous forms, against cross-kingdom biofilms employing drug delivery via polymeric nanoparticle carriers (NPCs). We also evaluated the effect of the strategy on teeth enamel demineralization. The farnesol-loaded NPCs (NPC+Far) resulted in a 2-log CFU/mL reduction of S. mutans and C. albicans (hydroxyapatite disc biofilm model). High-resolution confocal images further confirmed a significant reduction in exopolysaccharides, smaller microcolonies of S. mutans, and no hyphal form of C. albicans after treatment with NPC+Far on human tooth enamel (HT) slabs, altering the biofilm 3D structure. Furthermore, NPC+Far treatment was highly effective in preventing enamel demineralization on HT, reducing lesion depth (79% reduction) and mineral loss (85% reduction) versus vehicle PBS-treated HT, while NPC or Far alone had no differences with the PBS. The drug delivery via polymeric NPCs has the potential for targeting bacterial-fungal biofilms associated with a prevalent and costly pediatric oral disease, such as ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Sims
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhenting Xiang
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rodrigo A. Arthur
- Preventive and Community Dentistry Department, Dental School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Anderson T. Hara
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle S. W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marlise I. Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kalanzi D, Mayanja-Kizza H, Nakanjako D, Semitala F, Mboowa G, Mbabali M, Kigozi E, Katabazi FA, Sserwadda I, Kateete DP, Achan B, Sewankambo NK, Muwonge A. Microbial characteristics of dental caries in HIV positive individuals. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:1004930. [PMID: 36211252 PMCID: PMC9533146 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.1004930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that affects many people. Even though microorganisms play a crucial role in causing dental caries, diagnosis is routinely macroscopic. In order to improve early detection especially in HIV patients who are disproportionately affected, there is need to reconcile the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of dental caries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the oral microbiota profile along the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index using amplicon sequencing data. Methods Amplicon sequencing of the V6-V8 region of the 16S rRNA gene was done on DNA recovered from whole unstimulated saliva of 59 HIV positive and 29 HIV negative individuals. The microbial structure, composition and co-occurrence networks were characterized using QIIME-2, Phyloseq, Microbiome-1.9.2 and Metacoder in R. Results We characterized the oral microbiota into 2,093 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 21 phyla and 239 genera from 2.6 million high quality sequence reads. While oral microbiota did not cluster participants into distinct groups that track with the DMFT index, we observed the following: (a) The proportion of accessory microbiota was highest in the high DMFT category while the core size (∼50% of richness) remained relatively stable across all categories. (b) The abundance of core genera such as Stomatobaculum, Peptostreptococcus and Campylobacter was high at onset of dental caries, (c) A general difference in oral microbial biomass. (d) The onset of dental caries (low DMFT) was associated with significantly lower oral microbial entropy. Conclusions Although oral microbial shifts along the DMFT index were not distinct, we demonstrated the potential utility of microbiota dynamics to characterize oral disease. Therefore, we propose a microbial framework using the DMFT index to better understand dental caries among HIV positive people in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunstan Kalanzi
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Damalie Nakanjako
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Semitala
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Muhammad Mbabali
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edgar Kigozi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Ashaba Katabazi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ivan Sserwadda
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David P. Kateete
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Beatrice Achan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nelson K. Sewankambo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Shi Y, Liang J, Zhou X, Ren B, Wang H, Han Q, Li H, Cheng L. Effects of a Novel, Intelligent, pH-Responsive Resin Adhesive on Cariogenic Biofilms In Vitro. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091014. [PMID: 36145446 PMCID: PMC9502692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Secondary caries often result in a high failure rate of resin composite restoration. Herein, we studied the dodecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate−modified resin adhesive (DMAEM@RA) to investigate its pH-responsive antimicrobial effect on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms and on secondary caries. Methods: Firstly, the pH-responsive antimicrobial experiments including colony-forming units, scanning electron microscopy and exopoly-saccharide staining were measured. Secondly, lactic acid measurement and transverse microradiography analysis were performed to determine the preventive effect of DMAEM@RA on secondary caries. Lastly, quantitative real-time PCR was applied to investigate the antimicrobial effect of DMAEM@RA on cariogenic virulence genes. Results: DMAEM@RA significantly inhibited the growth, EPS, and acid production of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms under acidic environments (p < 0.05). Moreover, at pH 5 and 5.5, DMAEM@RA remarkably decreased the mineral loss and lesion depth of tooth hard tissue (p < 0.05) and down-regulated the expression of cariogenic genes, virulence-associated genes, and pH-regulated genes of dual-species biofilms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: DMAEM@RA played an antibiofilm role on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms, prevented the demineralization process, and attenuated cariogenic virulence in a pH-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingou Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (L.C.)
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Cvanova M, Ruzicka F, Kukletova M, Lipovy B, Gachova D, Izakovicova Holla L, Danek Z, Hola V, Bartosova M, Jarkovsky J, Dusek L, Borilova Linhartova P. Candida species and selected behavioral factors co-associated with severe early childhood caries: Case-control study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:943480. [PMID: 35959372 PMCID: PMC9357982 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.943480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Early Childhood Caries (sECC) is a multifactorial disease associated with the occurrence of specific oral microorganisms and other environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors. This study aimed to construct a multivariable model including the occurrence of Candida spp. and selected behavioral factors (length of breastfeeding, serving sweet beverages and beginning of brushing child’s teeth) to determine their relationships to the occurrence of sECC. In this case-control study 164 children with sECC and 147 children without dental caries were included. MALDI-TOF MS and multiplex qPCR were used to identify Candida spp. and selected bacteria in dental plaque samples, respectively. A questionnaire on oral hygiene, diet, and children’s health was filled in by the parents. The constructed multivariable logistic regression model showed an independent influence of the microbial and behavioral factors in sECC etiopathogenesis. The occurrence of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis was associated with higher odds of sECC development (odds ratio, OR: 9.62 and 16.93, respectively), together with breastfeeding of 6 months or less (OR: 2.71), exposure to sweet beverages (OR: 3.77), and starting to brush child’s teeth after the 12th month of age (OR: 4.10), all statistically significant (p < 0.01). Considering the high occurrence of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis in dental plaque in children with sECC, we propose them as “keystone pathogens” and risk factors for sECC. The models showed that presence of specific species of Candida in dental plaque may be a better descriptor of sECC than the mentioned behavioral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Cvanova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Filip Ruzicka
- Clinic of Microbiology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martina Kukletova
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Bretislav Lipovy
- Clinic of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Institution shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Daniela Gachova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lydie Izakovicova Holla
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Danek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czechia
- Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institution shared with the University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Hola
- Clinic of Microbiology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michaela Bartosova
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Jarkovsky
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ladislav Dusek
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Borilova Linhartova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czechia
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institution shared with the University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Petra Borilova Linhartova,
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Comeau P, Burgess J, Malekafzali N, Leite ML, Lee A, Manso A. Exploring the Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Photocatalytic Antibacterial Properties of a Methacrylate-Based Dental Material Loaded with ZnO Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15145075. [PMID: 35888540 PMCID: PMC9319981 DOI: 10.3390/ma15145075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While resin-based materials meet the many requirements of a restorative material, they lack adequate, long-lasting antimicrobial power. This study investigated a zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP)-loaded resin-blend (RB) toward a new antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT)-based approach for managing dental caries. The results confirmed that up to 20 wt% ZnO NPs could be added without compromising the degree of conversion (DC) of the original blend. The DC achieved for the 20 wt% ZnO NP blend has been the highest reported. The effects on flexural strength (FS), shear bond strength to dentin (SBS), water sorption (WS), solubility (SL), and viability of Streptococcus mutans under 1.35 J/cm2 blue light or dark conditions were limited to ≤20 wt% ZnO NP loading. The addition of up to 20 wt% ZnO NPs had a minimal impact on FS or SBS, while a reduction in the bacteria count was observed. The maximum loading resulted in an increase in SL. Furthermore, 28-day aging in 37 °C water increased the FS for all groups, while it sustained the reduction in bacteria count for the 20 wt% resin blends. Overall, the ZnO NP-loaded resin-based restorative material presents significant potential for use in aPDT.
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Gu M, Jiang S, Xu X, Wu M, Chen C, Yuan Y, Chen Q, Sun Y, Chen L, Shen C, Guo P, Liu S, Zhao E, Chen S, Chen S. Simultaneous Photodynamic Eradication of Tooth Biofilm and Tooth Whitening with an Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106071. [PMID: 35524635 PMCID: PMC9284169 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is among the most prevalent dental diseases globally, which arises from the formation of microbial biofilm on teeth. Besides, tooth whitening represents one of the fastest-growing areas of cosmetic dentistry. It will thus be great if tooth biofilm eradication can be combined with tooth whitening. Herein, a highly efficient photodynamic dental therapy strategy is reported for tooth biofilm eradication and tooth discoloration by employing a photosensitizer (DTTPB) with aggregation-induced emission characteristics. DTTPB can efficiently inactivate S. mutans, and inhibit biofilm formation by suppressing the expression of genes associated with extracellular polymeric substance synthesis, bacterial adhesion, and superoxide reduction. Its inhibition performance can be further enhanced through combined treatment with chlorhexidine. Besides, DTTPB exhibits an excellent tooth-discoloration effect on both colored saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and clinical teeth, with short treatment time (less than 1 h), better tooth-whitening performance than 30% hydrogen peroxide, and almost no damage to the teeth. DTTPB also demonstrates excellent biocompatibility with neglectable hemolysis effect on mouse red blood cells and almost no killing effect on mammalian cells, which enables its potential applications for simultaneous tooth biofilm eradication and tooth whitening in clinical dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
| | - Susu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
| | - Ming‐Yu Wu
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative MedicineKarolinska InstitutetHong Kong999077China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgeryBiomedical Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Translational MedicineHealth Science CenterShenzhen Second People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518035China
| | - Yuncong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
| | - Qingrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
| | - Yidan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
| | - Luojia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
| | - Chao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
| | - Peng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Yanling Taocheng health centerXuchang461226China
| | - Engui Zhao
- School of ScienceHarbin Institute of Technology, ShenzhenHIT Campus of University TownShenzhen518055China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationDepartment of GastroenterologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan Universityand School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430079China
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgeryBiomedical Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Translational MedicineHealth Science CenterShenzhen Second People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518035China
| | - Sijie Chen
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative MedicineKarolinska InstitutetHong Kong999077China
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Al-Jallad N, Ly-Mapes O, Hao P, Ruan J, Ramesh A, Luo J, Wu TT, Dye T, Rashwan N, Ren J, Jang H, Mendez L, Alomeir N, Bullock S, Fiscella K, Xiao J. Artificial intelligence-powered smartphone application, AICaries, improves at-home dental caries screening in children: Moderated and unmoderated usability test. PLOS DIGITAL HEALTH 2022; 1:e0000046. [PMID: 36381137 PMCID: PMC9645586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is the most common childhood disease worldwide and a health disparity among underserved children. ECC is preventable and reversible if detected early. However, many children from low-income families encounter barriers to dental care. An at-home caries detection technology could potentially improve access to dental care regardless of patients' economic status and address the overwhelming prevalence of ECC. Our team has developed a smartphone application (app), AICaries, that uses artificial intelligence (AI)-powered technology to detect caries using children's teeth photos. We used mixed methods to assess the acceptance, usability, and feasibility of the AICaries app among underserved parent-child dyads. We conducted moderated usability testing (Step 1) with ten parent-child dyads using "Think-aloud" methods to assess the flow and functionality of the app and analyze the data to refine the app and procedures. Next, we conducted unmoderated field testing (Step 2) with 32 parent-child dyads to test the app within their natural environment (home) over two weeks. We administered the System Usability Scale (SUS) and conducted semi-structured individual interviews with parents and conducted thematic analyses. AICaries app received a 78.4 SUS score from the participants, indicating an excellent acceptance. Notably, the majority (78.5%) of parent-taken photos of children's teeth were satisfactory in quality for detection of caries using the AI app. Parents suggested using community health workers to provide training to parents needing assistance in taking high quality photos of their young child's teeth. Perceived benefits from using the AICaries app include convenient at-home caries screening, informative on caries risk and education, and engaging family members. Data from this study support future clinical trial that evaluates the real-world impact of using this innovative smartphone app on early detection and prevention of ECC among low-income children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Al-Jallad
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Oriana Ly-Mapes
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Peirong Hao
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, United States of America
| | - Jinlong Ruan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, United States of America
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, United States of America
| | - Jiebo Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, United States of America
| | - Tong Tong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and computational biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Timothy Dye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Noha Rashwan
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Johana Ren
- University of Rochester, United States of America
| | - Hoonji Jang
- Temple University School of Dentistry, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Luis Mendez
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Nora Alomeir
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Kevin Fiscella
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
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Sampaio C, Deng D, Exterkate R, Zen I, Hosida TY, Monteiro DR, Delbem ACB, Pessan JP. Effects of sodium hexametaphosphate microparticles or nanoparticles on the growth of saliva-derived microcosm biofilms. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5733-5740. [PMID: 35585326 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effects of sodium hexametaphosphate microparticles (HMPmicro) or nanoparticles (HMPnano) on the growth of saliva-derived microcosm biofilms MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva-derived biofilms were formed on glass coverslips for 24 h. Thereafter, Streptococcus mutans (C180-2) was incorporated or not into the biofilms. From that time point onwards, solutions containing 0.2% HMPmicro or HMPnano, combined or not with 220 ppm F, were constantly present in the culture medium. In addition, 220 ppm F alone (220F) and McBain medium without any compound were also tested as positive and negative controls (CTL), respectively. After 96 h, the biofilms were plated on anaerobic blood agar or sucrose agar bacitracin for total and S. mutans CFU-counting, respectively. Biofilms' lactic acid production was analysed spectrophotometrically. Data were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis' tests, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls' test (p<0.05; n=12). RESULTS HMPmicro or HMPnano led to significantly lower lactic acid production, and significant reductions in total CFU-counting in microcosm biofilms, supplemented or not with S. mutans, in comparison to both controls, with significant differences between 220F and CTL. No significant differences were observed among the groups treated with HMPmicro or HMPnano (with or without F). The same trend was seen for S. mutans CFU-counting, in biofilms supplemented with S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS HMP significantly reduced total and S. mutans CFU counts, as well as lactic acid production by saliva-derived microcosm biofilms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings in saliva-derived microcosm biofilms suggest that HMP stands as a promising alternative for the control of cariogenic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Sampaio
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Exterkate
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Zen
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayse Yumi Hosida
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, 16015-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Chen Y, Yang B, Cheng L, Xu HHK, Li H, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Liang J, Zou J. Novel Giomers Incorporated with Antibacterial Quaternary Ammonium Monomers to Inhibit Secondary Caries. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050578. [PMID: 35631099 PMCID: PMC9147272 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop novel modified giomers by incorporating the antibacterial quaternary ammonium monomers (QAMs), dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) or dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) into a commercial giomer. The material performances including mechanical properties, surface characteristics, color data, cytotoxicity and fluoride release of the novel giomers were evaluated. Antibacterial activity against severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) saliva-derived biofilms was assessed by lactic acid production measurement, MTT assay, biofilm staining and 16S rRNA sequencing. A rat model was developed and the anti-caries effect was investigated by micro-CT scanning and modified Keyes’ scoring. The results showed that the material properties of the QAMs groups were comparable to those of the control group. The novel giomers significantly inhibited lactic acid production and biofilm viability of S-ECC saliva-derived biofilms. Furthermore, caries-related genera such as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus reduced in QAMs groups, which showed their potential to change the microbial compositions. In the rat model, lesion depth, mineral loss and scoring of the QAMs groups were significantly reduced, without side effects on oral tissues. In conclusion, the novel giomers incorporated with antibacterial QAMs could inhibit the cariogenic biofilms and help prevent secondary caries, with great potential for future application in restorative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.C.); (B.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bina Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.C.); (B.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.C.); (B.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hockin H. K. Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.C.); (B.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.C.); (B.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.C.); (B.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.C.); (B.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingou Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.C.); (B.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.C.); (B.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.Z.)
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Milhan NVM, Chiappim W, Sampaio ADG, Vegian MRDC, Pessoa RS, Koga-Ito CY. Applications of Plasma-Activated Water in Dentistry: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084131. [PMID: 35456947 PMCID: PMC9029124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of water by non-thermal plasma creates a liquid with active constituents referred to as plasma-activated water (PAW). Due to its active constituents, PAW may play an important role in different fields, such as agriculture, the food industry and healthcare. Plasma liquid technology has received attention in recent years due to its versatility and good potential, mainly focused on different health care purposes. This interest has extended to dentistry, since the use of a plasma–liquid technology could bring clinical advantages, compared to direct application of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas (NTAPPs). The aim of this paper is to discuss the applicability of PAW in different areas of dentistry, according to the published literature about NTAPPs and plasma–liquid technology. The direct and indirect application of NTAPPs are presented in the introduction. Posteriorly, the main reactors for generating PAW and its active constituents with a role in biomedical applications are specified, followed by a section that discusses, in detail, the use of PAW as a tool for different oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noala Vicensoto Moreira Milhan
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (A.d.G.S.); (M.R.d.C.V.); (C.Y.K.-I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-12-991851206
| | - William Chiappim
- Plasma and Processes Laboratory, Department of Physics, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (W.C.); (R.S.P.)
| | - Aline da Graça Sampaio
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (A.d.G.S.); (M.R.d.C.V.); (C.Y.K.-I.)
| | - Mariana Raquel da Cruz Vegian
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (A.d.G.S.); (M.R.d.C.V.); (C.Y.K.-I.)
| | - Rodrigo Sávio Pessoa
- Plasma and Processes Laboratory, Department of Physics, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (W.C.); (R.S.P.)
| | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (A.d.G.S.); (M.R.d.C.V.); (C.Y.K.-I.)
- Department of Environment Engineering, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12247-016, Brazil
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48
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Hwang G. In it together: Candida-bacterial oral biofilms and therapeutic strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:183-196. [PMID: 35218311 PMCID: PMC8957517 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Under natural environmental settings or in the human body, the majority of microorganisms exist in complex polymicrobial biofilms adhered to abiotic and biotic surfaces. These microorganisms exhibit symbiotic, mutualistic, synergistic, or antagonistic relationships with other species during biofilm colonization and development. These polymicrobial interactions are heterogeneous, complex and hard to control, thereby often yielding worse outcomes than monospecies infections. Concerning fungi, Candida spp., in particular, Candida albicans is often detected with various bacterial species in oral biofilms. These Candida-bacterial interactions may induce the transition of C. albicans from commensal to pathobiont or dysbiotic organism. Consequently, Candida-bacterial interactions are largely associated with various oral diseases, including dental caries, denture stomatitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and oral cancer. Given the severity of oral diseases caused by cross-kingdom consortia that develop hard-to-remove and highly drug-resistant biofilms, fundamental research is warranted to strategically develop cost-effective and safe therapies to prevent and treat cross-kingdom interactions and subsequent biofilm development. While studies have shed some light, targeting fungal-involved polymicrobial biofilms has been limited. This mini-review outlines the key features of Candida-bacterial interactions and their impact on various oral diseases. In addition, current knowledge on therapeutic strategies to target Candida-bacterial polymicrobial biofilms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding Author: Geelsu Hwang,
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Menon LU, Scoffield JA, Jackson JG, Zhang P. Candida albicans and Early Childhood Caries. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.849274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a highly prevalent and costly chronic oral infectious disease in preschool children. Candida albicans has been frequently detected in children and has demonstrated cariogenic traits. However, since ECC is a multifactorial infectious disease with many predisposing non-microbial factors, it remains to be elucidated whether the presence and accumulation of C. albicans in ECC is merely a consequence of the adaptation of C. albicans to a cariogenic oral environment, or it plays an active role in the initiation and progression of dental caries. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on C. albicans and the risk of ECC, with a focus on its synergistic relationship with the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans. We also highlight recent advances in the development of approaches to disrupt C. albicans-S. mutans cross-kingdom biofilms in ECC prevention and treatment. Longitudinal clinical studies, including interventional clinical trials targeting C. albicans, are necessary to ascertain if C. albicans indeed contributes in a significant manner to the initiation and progression of ECC. In addition, further work is needed to understand the influence of other bacteria and fungi of oral microbiota on C. albicans-S. mutans interactions in ECC.
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50
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陈 冬, 林 焕. [Research Updates: Cariogenic Mechanism of Streptococcus mutans]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2022; 53:208-213. [PMID: 35332719 PMCID: PMC10409355 DOI: 10.12182/20220360508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dental caries remains high, posing a major burden on the public health of the global society. Microorganisms are the main cause of dental caries, among which Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans) is one of the most widely recognized cariogenic bacteria. In recent years, the progress in research technology enabled the academic circle to conduct more in-depth research into caries-inducing S. mutans at the DNA, RNA and protein levels, and to gain thereby a new understanding of the surface structure and extracellular matrix composition of S. mutans. In this paper, we summarized recent findings on the cariogenic mechanism of S. mutans in order to help reveal more targets and potential approaches for the future development of caries prevention agents that target S. mutans, and to promote the development of dental caries prevention campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- 冬茹 陈
- 中山大学光华口腔医学院·附属口腔医院 (广州 510055)Guanghua College of Stomatology and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- 广东省口腔医学重点实验室 (广州 510055)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - 焕彩 林
- 中山大学光华口腔医学院·附属口腔医院 (广州 510055)Guanghua College of Stomatology and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- 广东省口腔医学重点实验室 (广州 510055)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
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