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Váczy KZ, Otto M, Gomba-Tóth A, Geiger A, Golen R, Hegyi-Kaló J, Cels T, Geml J, Zsófi Z, Hegyi ÁI. Botrytis cinerea causes different plant responses in grape ( Vitis vinifera) berries during noble and grey rot: diverse metabolism versus simple defence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1433161. [PMID: 39166245 PMCID: PMC11333459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1433161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of the interaction between the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea and grape berries (Vitis vinifera spp.) can result in the formation of either the preferred noble rot (NR) or the loss-making grey rot (GR), depending on the prevailing climatic conditions. In this study, we focus on the functional gene set of V. vinifera by performing multidimensional scaling followed by differential expression and enrichment analyses. The aim of this study is to identify the differences in gene expression between grape berries in the phases of grey rot, noble rot, and developing rot (DR, in its early stages) phases. The grapevine transcriptome at the NR phase was found to exhibit significant differences from that at the DR and GR stages, which displayed strong similarities. Similarly, several plant defence-related pathways, including plant-pathogen interactions as hypersensitive plant responses were found to be enriched. The results of the analyses identified a potential plant stress response pathway (SGT1 activated hypersensitive response) that was found to be upregulated in the GR berry but downregulated in the NR berry. The study revealed a decrease in defence-related in V. vinifera genes during the NR stages, with a high degree of variability in functions, particularly in enriched pathways. This indicates that the plant is not actively defending itself against Botrytis cinerea, which is otherwise present on its surface with high biomass. This discrepancy underscores the notion that during the NR phase, the grapevine and the pathogenic fungi interact in a state of equilibrium. Conversely the initial stages of botrytis infection manifest as a virulent fungus-plant interaction, irrespective of whether the outcome is grey or noble rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Z. Váczy
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Margot Otto
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Adrienn Gomba-Tóth
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Geiger
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Richárd Golen
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Júlia Hegyi-Kaló
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Thomas Cels
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - József Geml
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
- HUN-REN-EKKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Zsófi
- Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Ádám István Hegyi
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
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Lacrampe N, Lugan R, Dumont D, Nicot PC, Lecompte F, Colombié S. Modelling metabolic fluxes of tomato stems reveals that nitrogen shapes central metabolism for defence against Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4093-4110. [PMID: 38551810 PMCID: PMC11233421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Among plant pathogens, the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is one of the most prevalent, leading to severe crop damage. Studies related to its colonization of different plant species have reported variable host metabolic responses to infection. In tomato, high N availability leads to decreased susceptibility. Metabolic flux analysis can be used as an integrated method to better understand which metabolic adaptations lead to effective host defence and resistance. Here, we investigated the metabolic response of tomato infected by B. cinerea in symptomless stem tissues proximal to the lesions for 7 d post-inoculation, using a reconstructed metabolic model constrained by a large and consistent metabolic dataset acquired under four different N supplies. An overall comparison of 48 flux solution vectors of Botrytis- and mock-inoculated plants showed that fluxes were higher in Botrytis-inoculated plants, and the difference increased with a reduction in available N, accompanying an unexpected increase in radial growth. Despite higher fluxes, such as those involved in cell wall synthesis and other pathways, fluxes related to glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and amino acid and protein synthesis were limited under very low N, which might explain the enhanced susceptibility. Limiting starch synthesis and enhancing fluxes towards redox and specialized metabolism also contributed to defence independent of N supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lacrampe
- PSH unit, INRAE, F-84914 Avignon, France
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, F-84916 Avignon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Copier C, Osorio-Navarro C, Maldonado JE, Auger J, Silva H, Esterio M. A Conservative Mutant Version of the Mrr1 Transcription Factor Correlates with Reduced Sensitivity to Fludioxonil in Botrytis cinerea. Pathogens 2024; 13:374. [PMID: 38787226 PMCID: PMC11124108 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fludioxonil is a highly effective phenylpyrrole fungicide for controlling Botrytis cinerea. Although the field efficacy of fludioxonil remains high, Botrytis cinerea isolates with reduced sensitivity have been reported globally. The molecular target of fludioxonil still remains unknown; however, a mechanism of reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil underlies the overexpression of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter AtrB in a dependent pathway of the Mrr1 transcription factor. Fludioxonil is a key player in controlling B. cinerea infection in table grapes in Chile. However, some isolates with a reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil were detected. This study observed endogenous atrB overexpression in Chilean isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil (n = 22) compared to the sensitive isolates (n = 10). All isolates increased the expression of atrB in a growth medium supplemented with fludioxonil (0.05 μg/mL). However, sensitive isolates showed lower atrB expression than those with reduced fludioxonil sensitivity. Remarkably, a mutant version of the transcription factor Mrr1 carrying 21 amino acid modifications was identified in all isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil. These changes alter the protein's transcription factor domain and the C-terminal portion of the protein but not the Zn (2)-C6 fungal-type DNA-binding domain. These results suggest a direct relationship between the conserved and divergent mutant version of mrr1 and sensitivity to fludioxonil. This study provides a new target for developing molecular diagnostic strategies to monitor B. cinerea's sensitivity to fludioxonil in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen Copier
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología Frutal y Molecular, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.C.); (C.O.-N.); (J.A.)
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Bioinformática, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Claudio Osorio-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología Frutal y Molecular, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.C.); (C.O.-N.); (J.A.)
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Jonathan E. Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Bioinformática, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Jaime Auger
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología Frutal y Molecular, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.C.); (C.O.-N.); (J.A.)
| | - Herman Silva
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Bioinformática, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Marcela Esterio
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología Frutal y Molecular, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.C.); (C.O.-N.); (J.A.)
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Malacarne G, Lagreze J, Rojas San Martin B, Malnoy M, Moretto M, Moser C, Dalla Costa L. Insights into the cell-wall dynamics in grapevine berries during ripening and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:38. [PMID: 38605193 PMCID: PMC11009762 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) is the dynamic structure of a plant cell, acting as a barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses. In grape berries, the modifications of pulp and skin CW during softening ensure flexibility during cell expansion and determine the final berry texture. In addition, the CW of grape berry skin is of fundamental importance for winemaking, controlling secondary metabolite extractability. Grapevine varieties with contrasting CW characteristics generally respond differently to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the context of climate change, it is important to investigate the CW dynamics occurring upon different stresses, to define new adaptation strategies. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying CW modifications during grapevine berry fruit ripening, plant-pathogen interaction, or in response to environmental stresses, also considering the most recently published transcriptomic data. Furthermore, perspectives of new biotechnological approaches aiming at modifying the CW properties based on other crops' examples are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy.
| | - Jorge Lagreze
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Barbara Rojas San Martin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
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Aci MM, Tsalgatidou PC, Boutsika A, Dalianis A, Michaliou M, Delis C, Tsitsigiannis DI, Paplomatas E, Malacrinò A, Schena L, Zambounis A. Comparative transcriptome profiling and co-expression network analysis uncover the key genes associated with pear petal defense responses against Monilinia laxa infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1377937. [PMID: 38516670 PMCID: PMC10954844 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1377937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Pear brown rot and blossom blight caused by Monilinia laxa seriously affect pear production worldwide. Here, we compared the transcriptomic profiles of petals after inoculation with M. laxa using two pear cultivars with different levels of sensitivity to disease (Sissy, a relatively tolerant cultivar, and Kristalli, a highly susceptible cultivar). Physiological indexes were also monitored in the petals of both cultivars at 2 h and 48 h after infection (2 HAI and 48 HAI). RNA-seq data and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) allowed the identification of key genes and pathways involved in immune- and defense-related responses that were specific for each cultivar in a time-dependent manner. In particular, in the Kristalli cultivar, a significant transcriptome reprogramming occurred early at 2 HAI and was accompanied either by suppression of key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the modulation of any defense responses or by activation of DEGs acting as sensitivity factors promoting susceptibility. In contrast to the considerably high number of DEGs induced early in the Kristalli cultivar, upregulation of specific DEGs involved in pathogen perception and signal transduction, biosynthesis of secondary and primary metabolism, and other defense-related responses was delayed in the Sissy cultivar, occurring at 48 HAI. The WGCNA highlighted one module that was significantly and highly correlated to the relatively tolerant cultivar. Six hub genes were identified within this module, including three WRKY transcription factor-encoding genes: WRKY 65 (pycom05g27470), WRKY 71 (pycom10g22220), and WRKY28 (pycom17g13130), which may play a crucial role in enhancing the tolerance of pear petals to M. laxa. Our results will provide insights into the interplay of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune responses of petals at the pear-M. laxa pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Miyassa Aci
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Anastasia Boutsika
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Dalianis
- Laboratory of Vegetable Crops, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Michaliou
- Laboratory of Vegetable Crops, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I. Tsitsigiannis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Epaminondas Paplomatas
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonino Malacrinò
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Leonardo Schena
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Antonios Zambounis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Liu M, Wang H, Lin Z, Ke J, Zhang P, Zhang F, Ru D, Zhang L, Xiao Y, Liu X. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inhibit necrotrophic, but not biotrophic, aboveground plant pathogens: a meta-analysis and experimental study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1308-1320. [PMID: 37964601 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial mutualists can profoundly modify host species ecology and evolution, by extension altering interactions with other microbial species, including pathogens. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may moderate infections by pathogens, but the direction and strength of these effects can be idiosyncratic. To assess how the introduction of AMF impacts the incidence and severity of aboveground plant diseases (i.e. 'disease impact'), we conducted a meta-analysis of 130 comparisons derived from 69 published studies. To elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the influence of AMF on pathogens, we conducted three glasshouse experiments involving six non-woody plant species, yielded crucial data on leaf nutrient composition, plant defense compounds, and transcriptomes. Our meta-analysis revealed that the inoculation of AMF lead to a reduction in disease impact. More precisely, AMF inoculation was associated with a decrease in necrotrophic diseases, while no significant impact on biotrophic diseases. Chemical and transcriptome analyses suggested that these effects may be driven by AMF regulation of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling pathways in glasshouse experiments. However, changes in plant nutritional status and secondary chemicals may also regulate disease impact. These results emphasize the importance of incorporating pathogen life history when predicting how microbial mutualisms affect disease impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hongqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ziyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Junsheng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dafu Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Emanuel IB, Cooperstone JL, Hand FP. Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Identification of Metabolites in Winterberry Fruit Putatively Associated with Natural Disease Resistance to Diaporthe ilicicola. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:93-101. [PMID: 37435936 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-23-0130-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata) is an ornamental plant popularly used in landscape design and sold as cut branches for fall and winter seasonal decoration. Latent fruit rot of winterberry is an emerging disease caused by the fungus Diaporthe ilicicola, which can result in up to 100% crop loss. Diaporthe ilicicola infects open flowers in spring, but symptom onset does not occur until the end of the growing season when the fruit is fully mature. This study was conducted to identify compounds displaying significant variation in abundance during fruit maturation and that may be putatively associated with natural disease resistance observed when the fruit is immature. Winterberry 'Sparkleberry' fruits collected at four timepoints during the 2018 and 2019 seasons were extracted in methanol and analyzed using high resolution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed a distinct separation of metabolic profiles based on fruit phenological stage. The top 100 features that were differentially expressed between immature and mature fruit were selected from both electrospray ionization (ESI) (-) and ESI (+) datasets for annotation. Eleven compounds shown to decrease throughout the season included cinnamic acids, a triterpenoid, terpene lactones, stilbene glycosides, a cyanidin glycoside, and a furopyran. Nine compounds shown to accumulate throughout the season included chlorogenic acid derivatives, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoid glycosides, and a triterpene saponin. Future research will further confirm the exact identity of the compounds of interest and determine whether they are biologically active toward D. ilicicola or I. verticillata. The results could inform breeding programs, chemical management programs, and novel antifungal compound development pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel B Emanuel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201
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Zhang S, Miao W, Liu Y, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F, Guan Z. Jasmonate signaling drives defense responses against Alternaria alternata in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:553. [PMID: 37723458 PMCID: PMC10507968 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black spot disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria spp. is one of the most devastating diseases affecting Chrysanthemum morifolium. There is currently no effective way to prevent chrysanthemum black spot. RESULTS We revealed that pre-treatment of chrysanthemum leaves with the methy jasmonate (MeJA) significantly reduces their susceptibility to Alternaria alternata. To understand how MeJA treatment induces resistance, we monitored the dynamics of metabolites and the transcriptome in leaves after MeJA treatment following A. alternata infection. JA signaling affected the resistance of plants to pathogens through cell wall modification, Ca2+ regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and hormonal signaling processes, and the accumulation of anti-fungal and anti-oxidant metabolites. Furthermore, the expression of genes associated with these functions was verified by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and transgenic assays. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that MeJA pre-treatment could be a potential orchestrator of a broad-spectrum defense response that may help establish an ecologically friendly pest control strategy and offer a promising way of priming plants to induce defense responses against A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihao Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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Abbey J, Jose S, Percival D, Jaakola L, Asiedu SK. Modulation of defense genes and phenolic compounds in wild blueberry in response to Botrytis cinerea under field conditions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:117. [PMID: 36849912 PMCID: PMC9972761 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis blight is an important disease of wild blueberry [(Vaccinium angustifolium (Va) and V. myrtilloides (Vm))] with variable symptoms in the field due to differences in susceptibility among blueberry phenotypes. Representative blueberry plants of varying phenotypes were inoculated with spores of B. cinerea. The relative expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PR3, PR4), flavonoid biosynthesis genes, and estimation of the concentration of ten phenolic compounds between uninoculated and inoculated samples at different time points were analyzed. Representative plants of six phenotypes (brown stem Va, green stem Va, Va f. nigrum, tall, medium, and short stems of Vm) were collected and studied using qRT-PCR. The expression of targeted genes indicated a response of inoculated plants to B. cinerea at either 12, 24, 48 or 96 h post inoculation (hpi). The maximum expression of PR3 occurred at 24 hpi in all the phenotypes except Va f. nigrum and tall stem Vm. Maximum expression of both PR genes occurred at 12 hpi in Va f. nigrum. Chalcone synthase, flavonol synthase and anthocyanin synthase were suppressed at 12 hpi followed by an upregulation at 24 hpi. The expression of flavonoid pathway genes was phenotype-specific with their regulation patterns showing temporal differences among the phenotypes. Phenolic compound accumulation was temporally regulated at different post-inoculation time points. M-coumaric acid and kaempferol-3-glucoside are the compounds that were increased with B. cinerea inoculation. Results from this study suggest that the expression of PR and flavonoid genes, and the accumulation of phenolic compounds associated with B. cinerea infection could be phenotype specific. This study may provide a starting point for understanding and determining the mechanisms governing the wild blueberry-B. cinerea pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Abbey
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 2R8, Canada.
| | - Sherin Jose
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 2R8, Canada
| | - David Percival
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 2R8, Canada
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, NO‑1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel K Asiedu
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 2R8, Canada
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10
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Savoi S, Santiago A, Orduña L, Matus JT. Transcriptomic and metabolomic integration as a resource in grapevine to study fruit metabolite quality traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:937927. [PMID: 36340350 PMCID: PMC9630917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.937927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics and metabolomics are methodologies being increasingly chosen to perform molecular studies in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), focusing either on plant and fruit development or on interaction with abiotic or biotic factors. Currently, the integration of these approaches has become of utmost relevance when studying key plant physiological and metabolic processes. The results from these analyses can undoubtedly be incorporated in breeding programs whereby genes associated with better fruit quality (e.g., those enhancing the accumulation of health-promoting compounds) or with stress resistance (e.g., those regulating beneficial responses to environmental transition) can be used as selection markers in crop improvement programs. Despite the vast amount of data being generated, integrative transcriptome/metabolome meta-analyses (i.e., the joint analysis of several studies) have not yet been fully accomplished in this species, mainly due to particular specificities of metabolomic studies, such as differences in data acquisition (i.e., different compounds being investigated), unappropriated and unstandardized metadata, or simply no deposition of data in public repositories. These meta-analyses require a high computational capacity for data mining a priori, but they also need appropriate tools to explore and visualize the integrated results. This perspective article explores the universe of omics studies conducted in V. vinifera, focusing on fruit-transcriptome and metabolome analyses as leading approaches to understand berry physiology, secondary metabolism, and quality. Moreover, we show how omics data can be integrated in a simple format and offered to the research community as a web resource, giving the chance to inspect potential gene-to-gene and gene-to-metabolite relationships that can later be tested in hypothesis-driven research. In the frame of the activities promoted by the COST Action CA17111 INTEGRAPE, we present the first grapevine transcriptomic and metabolomic integrated database (TransMetaDb) developed within the Vitis Visualization (VitViz) platform (https://tomsbiolab.com/vitviz). This tool also enables the user to conduct and explore meta-analyses utilizing different experiments, therefore hopefully motivating the community to generate Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (F.A.I.R.) data to be included in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Savoi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Antonio Santiago
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
| | - Luis Orduña
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
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11
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Soares F, Pimentel D, Erban A, Neves C, Reis P, Pereira M, Rego C, Gama-Carvalho M, Kopka J, Fortes AM. Virulence-related metabolism is activated in Botrytis cinerea mostly in the interaction with tolerant green grapes that remain largely unaffected in contrast with susceptible green grapes. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac217. [PMID: 36479580 PMCID: PMC9720446 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is responsible for the gray mold disease, severely affecting Vitis vinifera grapevine and hundreds of other economically important crops. However, many mechanisms of this fruit-pathogen interaction remain unknown. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of green fruits infected with B. cinerea from susceptible and tolerant genotypes was never performed in any fleshy fruit, mostly because green fruits are widely accepted to be resistant to this fungus. In this work, peppercorn-sized fruits were infected in the field or mock-treated, and berries were collected at green (EL32) stage from a susceptible (Trincadeira) and a tolerant (Syrah) variety. RNAseq and GC-MS data suggested that Syrah exhibited a pre-activated/basal defense relying on specific signaling pathways, hormonal regulation, namely jasmonate and ethylene metabolisms, and linked to phenylpropanoid metabolism. In addition, putative defensive metabolites such as shikimic, ursolic/ oleanolic, and trans-4-hydroxy cinnamic acids, and epigallocatechin were more abundant in Syrah than Trincadeira before infection. On the other hand, Trincadeira underwent relevant metabolic reprogramming upon infection but was unable to contain disease progression. RNA-seq analysis of the fungus in planta revealed an opposite scenario with higher gene expression activity within B. cinerea during infection of the tolerant cultivar and less activity in infected Trincadeira berries. The results suggested an activated virulence state during interaction with the tolerant cultivar without visible disease symptoms. Together, this study brings novel insights related to early infection strategies of B. cinerea and the green berry defense against necrotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Soares
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Pimentel
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Catarina Neves
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Pereira
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Rego
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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12
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Xiao G, Zhang Q, Zeng X, Chen X, Liu S, Han Y. Deciphering the Molecular Signatures Associated With Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Strawberry Flower by Comparative and Dynamic Transcriptome Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:888939. [PMID: 35720571 PMCID: PMC9198642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.888939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, which is considered to be the second most destructive necrotrophic fungus, leads to major economic losses in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) production. B. cinerea preferentially infects strawberry flowers and fruits, leading to flower blight and fruit rot. Compared with those of the fruit, the mechanisms of flower defense against B. cinerea remain largely unexplored. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to unveil the resistance mechanisms of strawberry flower through dynamic and comparative transcriptome analysis with resistant and susceptible strawberry cultivars. Our experimental data suggest that resistance to B. cinerea in the strawberry flower is probably regulated at the transcriptome level during the early stages of infection and strawberry flower has highly complex and dynamic regulatory networks controlling a multi-layered defense response to B. cinerea. First of all, the higher expression of disease-resistance genes but lower expression of cell wall degrading enzymes and peroxidases leads to higher resistance to B. cinerea in the resistant cultivar. Interestingly, CPKs, RBOHDs, CNGCs, and CMLs comprised a calcium signaling pathway especially play a crucial role in enhancing resistance by increasing their expression. Besides, six types of phytohormones forming a complex regulatory network mediated flower resistance, especially JA and auxin. Finally, the genes involved in the phenylpropanoid and amino acids biosynthesis pathways were gene sets specially expressed or different expression genes, both of them contribute to the flower resistance to B. cinerea. These data provide the foundation for a better understanding of strawberry gray mold, along with detailed genetic information and resistant materials to enable genetic improvement of strawberry plant resistance to gray mold.
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13
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Solairaj D, Yang Q, Guillaume Legrand NN, Routledge MN, Zhang H. Molecular explication of grape berry-fungal infections and their potential application in recent postharvest infection control strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Weiller F, Schückel J, Willats WGT, Driouich A, Vivier MA, Moore JP. Tracking cell wall changes in wine and table grapes undergoing Botrytis cinerea infection using glycan microarrays. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:527-543. [PMID: 34192306 PMCID: PMC8422895 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea infects a broad range of fruit crops including domesticated grapevine Vitis vinifera cultivars. Damage caused by this pathogen is severely detrimental to the table and wine grape industries and results in substantial crop losses worldwide. The apoplast and cell wall interface is an important setting where many plant-pathogen interactions take place and where some defence-related messenger molecules are generated. Limited studies have investigated changes in grape cell wall composition upon infection with B. cinerea, with much being inferred from studies on other fruit crops. METHODS In this study, comprehensive microarray polymer profiling in combination with monosaccharide compositional analysis was applied for the first time to investigate cell wall compositional changes in the berries of wine (Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon) and table (Dauphine and Barlinka) grape cultivars during Botrytis infection and tissue maceration. This was used in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) to characterize infection progression. KEY RESULTS Grapes infected at veraison did not develop visible infection symptoms, whereas grapes inoculated at the post-veraison and ripe stages showed evidence of significant tissue degradation. The latter was characterized by a reduction in signals for pectin epitopes in the berry cell walls, implying the degradation of pectin polymers. The table grape cultivars showed more severe infection symptoms, and corresponding pectin depolymerization, compared with wine grape cultivars. In both grape types, hemicellulose layers were largely unaffected, as was the arabinogalactan protein content, whereas in moderate to severely infected table grape cultivars, evidence of extensin epitope deposition was present. CONCLUSIONS Specific changes in the grape cell wall compositional profiles appear to correlate with fungal disease susceptibility. Cell wall factors important in influencing resistance may include pectin methylesterification profiles, as well as extensin reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Weiller
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- DKMS Life Science Lab, Dresden, Germany
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Université de ROUEN Normandie, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche ‘Normandie-Végétal’-FED 4277, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Melané A Vivier
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - John P Moore
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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15
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Li H, James A, Shen X, Wang Y. Roles of microbiota in the formation of botrytized grapes and wines. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.1958925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Armachius James
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
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16
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Wan R, Guo C, Hou X, Zhu Y, Gao M, Hu X, Zhang S, Jiao C, Guo R, Li Z, Wang X. Comparative transcriptomic analysis highlights contrasting levels of resistance of Vitis vinifera and Vitis amurensis to Botrytis cinerea. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:103. [PMID: 33931625 PMCID: PMC8087793 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a major grapevine (Vitis spp.) pathogen, but some genotypes differ in their degree of resistance. For example, the Vitis vinifera cultivar Red Globe (RG) is highly susceptible, but V. amurensis Rupr Shuangyou (SY) is highly resistant. Here, we used RNA sequencing analysis to characterize the transcriptome responses of these two genotypes to B. cinerea inoculation at an early infection stage. Approximately a quarter of the genes in RG presented significant changes in transcript levels during infection, the number of which was greater than that in the SY leaves. The genes differentially expressed between infected leaves of SY and RG included those associated with cell surface structure, oxidation, cell death and C/N metabolism. We found evidence that an imbalance in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox homeostasis probably contributed to the susceptibility of RG to B. cinerea. SY leaves had strong antioxidant capacities and improved ROS homeostasis following infection. Regulatory network prediction suggested that WRKY and MYB transcription factors are associated with the abscisic acid pathway. Weighted gene correlation network analysis highlighted preinfection features of SY that might contribute to its increased resistance. Moreover, overexpression of VaWRKY10 in Arabidopsis thaliana and V. vinifera Thompson Seedless enhanced resistance to B. cinerea. Collectively, our study provides a high-resolution view of the transcriptional changes of grapevine in response to B. cinerea infection and novel insights into the underlying resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunlei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, 066004, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanxun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, 066004, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Songlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rongrong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Grape and Wine Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 53000, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Fajardo TVM, Quecini V. Comparative transcriptome analyses between cultivated and wild grapes reveal conservation of expressed genes but extensive rewiring of co-expression networks. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1-20. [PMID: 33538951 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptomes of wild and cultivated grapes consists of similar expressed genes but distinct wiring of co-expressed modules associated with environmental conditions. Grapevine is an important fruit crop worldwide, with high economic value and widespread distribution. Commercial production is based on Vitis vinifera, and, to a lesser extent, on hybrids with American grapes, such as V. labrusca. Wild grape relatives are important sources of resistance against biotic and abiotic factors; however, their global gene expression patterns remain poorly characterized. We associated genome-wide transcript profiling to phenotypic analyses to investigate the responses of cultivated and wild vines to vineyard conditions. The expressed genes in the Vitis reference transcriptome are largely shared by wild grapes, V. labrusca hybrids and vinifera cultivars. In contrast, significant differential regulation between wild and vinifera genotypes represents 80% of gene expression variation, regardless of the environment. In wild grapes, genes associated to regulatory processes are downregulated, whereas those involved in metabolic pathways are upregulated, in comparison to vinifera. Photosynthesis-related ontologies are overrepresented in the induced genes, in agreement with higher contents of chlorophyll in wild grapes. Co-regulated gene network analyses provide evidence of more complex transcriptome organization in vinifera. In wild grapes, genes involved in signaling pathways of stress-related hormones are overrepresented in modules associated with the environment. Consensus network analyses revealed high preservation within co-regulated gene modules between cultivated and wild grapes, but divergent relationships among the expression clusters. In conclusion, the distinct phenotypes of wild and cultivated grapes are underlain by differences in gene expression, but also by distinct higher-order organization of the transcriptome and contrasting association of co-expressed gene clusters with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor V M Fajardo
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Grape and Wine Research Center), Rua Livramento, 515, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95701-008, Brazil
| | - Vera Quecini
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Grape and Wine Research Center), Rua Livramento, 515, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95701-008, Brazil.
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18
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Santos RB, Figueiredo A. Two sides of the same story in grapevine-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3367-3380. [PMID: 33631010 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are an integral part of plant defence systems, and their role in plant-pathogen interactions is unequivocal. Emerging evidence suggests that different protease families contribute to the establishment not only of hypersensitive response, priming, and signalling, but also of recognition events through complex proteolytic cascades. Moreover, they play a crucial role in pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern (PAMP/MAMP)-triggered immunity as well as in effector-triggered immunity. However, despite important advances in our understanding of the role of proteases in plant defence, the contribution of proteases to pathogen defence in grapevine remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the main grapevine pathosystems and explore the role of serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases from both the host and pathogen point of views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B Santos
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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19
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Griggs RG, Steenwerth KL, Mills DA, Cantu D, Bokulich NA. Sources and Assembly of Microbial Communities in Vineyards as a Functional Component of Winegrowing. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673810. [PMID: 33927711 PMCID: PMC8076609 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes are integral to viticulture and winemaking – collectively termed winegrowing – where diverse fungi and bacteria can exert positive and negative effects on grape health and wine quality. Wine is a fermented natural product, and the vineyard serves as a key point of entry for quality-modulating microbiota, particularly in wine fermentations that are conducted without the addition of exogenous yeasts. Thus, the sources and persistence of wine-relevant microbiota in vineyards critically impact its quality. Site-specific variations in microbiota within and between vineyards may contribute to regional wine characteristics. This includes distinctions in microbiomes and microbiota at the strain level, which can contribute to wine flavor and aroma, supporting the role of microbes in the accepted notion of terroir as a biological phenomenon. Little is known about the factors driving microbial biodiversity within and between vineyards, or those that influence annual assembly of the fruit microbiome. Fruit is a seasonally ephemeral, yet annually recurrent product of vineyards, and as such, understanding the sources of microbiota in vineyards is critical to the assessment of whether or not microbial terroir persists with inter-annual stability, and is a key factor in regional wine character, as stable as the geographic distances between vineyards. This review examines the potential sources and vectors of microbiota within vineyards, general rules governing plant microbiome assembly, and how these factors combine to influence plant-microbe interactions relevant to winemaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid G Griggs
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kerri L Steenwerth
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas A Bokulich
- Laboratory of Food Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Figueiredo L, Santos RB, Figueiredo A. Defense and Offense Strategies: The Role of Aspartic Proteases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:75. [PMID: 33494266 PMCID: PMC7909840 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant aspartic proteases (APs; E.C.3.4.23) are a group of proteolytic enzymes widely distributed among different species characterized by the conserved sequence Asp-Gly-Thr at the active site. With a broad spectrum of biological roles, plant APs are suggested to undergo functional specialization and to be crucial in developmental processes, such as in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Over the last decade, an increasing number of publications highlighted the APs' involvement in plant defense responses against a diversity of stresses. In contrast, few studies regarding pathogen-secreted APs and AP inhibitors have been published so far. In this review, we provide a comprehensive picture of aspartic proteases from plant and pathogenic origins, focusing on their relevance and participation in defense and offense strategies in plant-pathogen interactions.
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21
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Westrick NM, Smith DL, Kabbage M. Disarming the Host: Detoxification of Plant Defense Compounds During Fungal Necrotrophy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651716. [PMID: 33995447 PMCID: PMC8120277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
While fungal biotrophs are dependent on successfully suppressing/subverting host defenses during their interaction with live cells, necrotrophs, due to their lifestyle are often confronted with a suite of toxic metabolites. These include an assortment of plant defense compounds (PDCs) which can demonstrate broad antifungal activity. These PDCs can be either constitutively present in plant tissue or induced in response to infection, but are nevertheless an important obstacle which needs to be overcome for successful pathogenesis. Fungal necrotrophs have developed a number of strategies to achieve this goal, from the direct detoxification of these compounds through enzymatic catalysis and modification, to the active transport of various PDCs to achieve toxin sequestration and efflux. Studies have shown across multiple pathogens that the efficient detoxification of host PDCs is both critical for successful infection and often a determinant factor in pathogen host range. Here, we provide a broad and comparative overview of the various mechanisms for PDC detoxification which have been identified in both fungal necrotrophs and fungal pathogens which depend on detoxification during a necrotrophic phase of infection. Furthermore, the effect that these mechanisms have on fungal host range, metabolism, and disease control will be discussed.
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22
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Del Corpo D, Fullone MR, Miele R, Lafond M, Pontiggia D, Grisel S, Kieffer‐Jaquinod S, Giardina T, Bellincampi D, Lionetti V. AtPME17 is a functional Arabidopsis thaliana pectin methylesterase regulated by its PRO region that triggers PME activity in the resistance to Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1620-1633. [PMID: 33029918 PMCID: PMC7694680 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is synthesized in a highly methylesterified form in the Golgi cisternae and partially de-methylesterified in muro by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Arabidopsis thaliana produces a local and strong induction of PME activity during the infection of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. AtPME17 is a putative A. thaliana PME highly induced in response to B. cinerea. Here, a fine tuning of AtPME17 expression by different defence hormones was identified. Our genetic evidence demonstrates that AtPME17 strongly contributes to the pathogen-induced PME activity and resistance against B. cinerea by triggering jasmonic acid-ethylene-dependent PDF1.2 expression. AtPME17 belongs to group 2 isoforms of PMEs characterized by a PME domain preceded by an N-terminal PRO region. However, the biochemical evidence for AtPME17 as a functional PME is still lacking and the role played by its PRO region is not known. Using the Pichia pastoris expression system, we demonstrate that AtPME17 is a functional PME with activity favoured by an increase in pH. AtPME17 performs a blockwise pattern of pectin de-methylesterification that favours the formation of egg-box structures between homogalacturonans. Recombinant AtPME17 expression in Escherichia coli reveals that the PRO region acts as an intramolecular inhibitor of AtPME17 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Maria R. Fullone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Pasteur Institute‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Rossella Miele
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Pasteur Institute‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie FongiquesINRAAix Marseille University, UMR1163MarseilleFrance
| | | | | | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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Kumar V, Hatan E, Bar E, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Doron-Faigenboim A, Spitzer-Rimon B, Elad Y, Alkan N, Lewinsohn E, Oren-Shamir M. Phenylalanine increases chrysanthemum flower immunity against Botrytis cinerea attack. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:226-240. [PMID: 32645754 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are the most vulnerable plant organ to infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Here we show that pre-treatment of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) flowers with phenylalanine (Phe) significantly reduces their susceptibility to B. cinerea. To comprehend how Phe treatment induces resistance, we monitored the dynamics of metabolites (by GC/LC-MS) and transcriptomes (by RNAseq) in flowers after Phe treatment and B. cinerea infection. Phe treatment resulted in accumulation of 3-phenyllactate and benzaldehyde, and in particular induced the expression of genes related to Ca2+ signaling and receptor kinases, implicating an induction of the defense response. Interestingly, the main effects of Phe treatment were observed in flowers exposed to B. cinerea infection, stabilizing the global fluctuations in the levels of metabolites and transcripts while reducing susceptibility to the fungus. We suggest that Phe-induced resistance is associated to cell priming, enabling rapid and targeted reprogramming of cellular defense responses to resist disease development. After Phe pre-treatment, the levels of the anti-fungal volatiles phenylacetaldehyde and eugenol were maintained and the level of coniferin, a plausible monolignol precursor in cell wall lignification, was strongly increased. In addition, Phe pre-treatment reduced ROS generation, prevented ethylene emission, and caused changes in the expression of a minor number of genes related to cell wall biogenesis, encoding the RLK THESEUS1, or involved in Ca2+ and hormonal signaling processes. Our findings point to Phe pre-treatment as a potential orchestrator of a broad-spectrum defense response which may not only provide an ecologically friendly pest control strategy but also offers a promising way of priming plants to induce defense responses against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Erel Hatan
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Einat Bar
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Michal Oren-Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
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24
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Peian Z, Haifeng J, Peijie G, Sadeghnezhad E, Qianqian P, Tianyu D, Teng L, Huanchun J, Jinggui F. Chitosan induces jasmonic acid production leading to resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection. Food Chem 2020; 337:127772. [PMID: 32777571 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan can function a key role in plant resistant against Botrytis cinerea infection, while its mechanism is unclear in ripened fruits. In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. Data-independent acquisition (DIA) showed that 224 and 171 proteins were upregulated 1.5-fold by chitosan in Kyoho and Shine-Muscat grape, respectively. Topless-related protein 3 (TPR3) were identified and interacted with histone deacetylase 19 (HDAC19) and negatively regulated by JA and chitosan. Meanwhile, overexpression of VvTPR3 and VvHDAC19 reduced the stability of cell wall against B. cinerea in strawberry. Taken together, chitosan induces defense related genes and protect the fruit quality against Botrytis infection through JA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Peian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Haifeng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Gong Peijie
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ehsan Sadeghnezhad
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pang Qianqian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Tianyu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Teng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Huanchun
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Jinggui
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Breia R, Conde A, Pimentel D, Conde C, Fortes AM, Granell A, Gerós H. VvSWEET7 Is a Mono- and Disaccharide Transporter Up-Regulated in Response to Botrytis cinerea Infection in Grape Berries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1753. [PMID: 32047506 PMCID: PMC6996298 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The newly-identified SWEETs are high-capacity, low-affinity sugar transporters with important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical. SWEETs are desirable targets for manipulation by pathogens and their expression may be transcriptionally reprogrammed during infection. So far, few plant SWEET transporters have been functionally characterized, especially in grapevine. In this study, in the Botrytis-susceptible variety "Trincadeira," we thoroughly analyzed modifications in the gene expression profile of key SWEET genes in Botrytis cinerea-infected grape berries. VvSWEET7 and VvSWEET15 are likely to play an important role during fruit development and Botrytis infection as they are strongly expressed at the green and mature stage, respectively, and were clearly up-regulated in response to infection. Also, B. cinerea infection down-regulated VvSWEET17a expression at the green stage, VvSWEET10 and VvSWEET17d expression at the veraison stage, and VvSWEET11 expression at the mature stage. VvSWEET7 was functionally characterized by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a low-affinity, high-capacity glucose and sucrose transporter with a K m of 15.42 mM for glucose and a K m of 40.08 mM for sucrose. VvSWEET7-GFP and VvSWEET15-GFP fusion proteins were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells and confocal microscopy allowed to observe that both proteins clearly localize to the plasma membrane. In sum, VvSWEETs transporters are important players in sugar mobilization during grape berry development and their expression is transcriptionally reprogrammed in response to Botrytis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Breia
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diana Pimentel
- University of Lisbon, Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S-Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- University of Lisbon, Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Granell
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Markulin L, Corbin C, Renouard S, Drouet S, Durpoix C, Mathieu C, Lopez T, Auguin D, Hano C, Lainé É. Characterization of LuWRKY36, a flax transcription factor promoting secoisolariciresinol biosynthesis in response to Fusarium oxysporum elicitors in Linum usitatissimum L. hairy roots. PLANTA 2019; 250:347-366. [PMID: 31037486 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of a WRKY transcription factor in the regulation of lignan biosynthesis in flax using a hairy root system is described. Secoisolariciresinol is the main flax lignan synthesized by action of LuPLR1 (pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase 1). LuPLR1 gene promoter deletion experiments have revealed a promoter region containing W boxes potentially responsible for the response to Fusarium oxysporum. W boxes are bound by WRKY transcription factors that play a role in the response to stress. A candidate WRKY transcription factor, LuWRKY36, was isolated from both abscisic acid and Fusarium elicitor-treated flax cell cDNA libraries. This transcription factors contains two WRKY DNA-binding domains and is a homolog of AtWRKY33. Different approaches confirmed LuWRKY36 binding to a W box located in the LuPLR1 promoter occurring through a unique direct interaction mediated by its N-terminal WRKY domain. Our results propose that the positive regulator action of LuWRKY36 on the LuPLR1 gene regulation and lignan biosynthesis in response to biotic stress is positively mediated by abscisic acid and inhibited by ethylene. Additionally, we demonstrate a differential Fusarium elicitor response in susceptible and resistant flax cultivars, seen as a faster and stronger LuPLR1 gene expression response accompanied with higher secoisolariciresinol accumulation in HR of the resistant cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Markulin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Charlène Durpoix
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Charlotte Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Tatiana Lopez
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France.
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Haile ZM, Malacarne G, Pilati S, Sonego P, Moretto M, Masuero D, Vrhovsek U, Engelen K, Baraldi E, Moser C. Dual Transcriptome and Metabolic Analysis of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir Berry and Botrytis cinerea During Quiescence and Egressed Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 32082332 PMCID: PMC7002552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important necrotroph in vineyards. Primary infections are mostly initiated by airborne conidia from overwintered sources around bloom, then the fungus remains quiescent from bloom till maturity and egresses at ripeness. We previously described in detail the process of flower infection and quiescence initiation. Here, we complete the characterization studying the cross-talk between the plant and the fungus during pathogen quiescence and egression by an integrated transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of the host and the pathogen. Flowers from fruiting cuttings of the cv. Pinot Noir were inoculated with a GFP-labeled strain of B. cinerea at full cap-off stage, and molecular analyses were carried out at 4 weeks post inoculation (wpi, fungal quiescent state) and at 12 wpi (fungal pre-egression and egression states). The expressed fungal transcriptome highlighted that the fungus remodels its cell wall to evade plant chitinases besides undergoing basal metabolic activities. Berries responded by differentially regulating genes encoding for different PR proteins and genes involved in monolignol, flavonoid, and stilbenoid biosynthesis pathways. At 12 wpi, the transcriptome of B. cinerea in the pre-egressed samples showed that virulence-related genes were expressed, suggesting infection process was initiated. The egressed B. cinerea expressed almost all virulence and growth related genes that enabled the pathogen to colonize the berries. In response to egression, ripe berries reprogrammed different defense responses, though futile. Examples are activation of membrane localized kinases, stilbene synthases, and other PR proteins related to SA and JA-mediated responses. Our results indicated that hard-green berries defense program was capable to hamper B. cinerea growth. However, ripening associated fruit cell wall self-disassembly together with high humidity created the opportunity for the fungus to egress and cause bunch rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeraye Mehari Haile
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Plant Protection Research Division of Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Malacarne,
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- ESAT-ELECTA, Electrical Energy and Computer Architectures, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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28
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Haile ZM, Nagpala-De Guzman EG, Moretto M, Sonego P, Engelen K, Zoli L, Moser C, Baraldi E. Transcriptome Profiles of Strawberry ( Fragaria vesca) Fruit Interacting With Botrytis cinerea at Different Ripening Stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1131. [PMID: 31620156 PMCID: PMC6759788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major cause of economic losses in strawberry fruit production, limiting fruit shelf life and commercialization. When the fungus infects Fragaria × ananassa strawberry at flowering or unripe fruit stages, symptoms develop after an extended latent phase on ripe fruits before or after harvesting. To elucidate the growth kinetics of B. cinerea on flower/fruit and the molecular responses associated with low susceptibility of unripe fruit stages, woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca flowers and fruits, at unripe white and ripe red stages, were inoculated with B. cinerea. Quantification of fungal genomic DNA within 72 h postinoculation (hpi) showed limited fungal growth on open flower and white fruit, while on red fruit, the growth was exponential starting from 24 hpi and sporulation was observed within 48 hpi. RNA sequencing applied to white and red fruit at 24 hpi showed that a total of 2,141 genes (12.5% of the total expressed genes) were differentially expressed due to B. cinerea infection. A broad transcriptional reprogramming was observed in both unripe and ripe fruits, involving in particular receptor and signaling, secondary metabolites, and defense response pathways. Membrane-localized receptor-like kinases and nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat genes were predominant in the surveillance system of the fruits, most of them being downregulated in white fruits and upregulated in red fruits. In general, unripe fruits exhibited a stronger defense response than red fruits. Genes encoding for pathogenesis-related proteins and flavonoid polyphenols as well as genes involved in cell-wall strengthening were upregulated, while cell-softening genes appeared to be switched off. As a result, B. cinerea remained quiescent in white fruits, while it was able to colonize ripe red fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeraye Mehari Haile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Plant Protection Research Division of Melkasa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | | | - Marco Moretto
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- ESAT-ELECTA, Electrical Energy and Computer Architectures, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Zoli
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elena Baraldi,
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29
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Héloir MC, Adrian M, Brulé D, Claverie J, Cordelier S, Daire X, Dorey S, Gauthier A, Lemaître-Guillier C, Negrel J, Trdá L, Trouvelot S, Vandelle E, Poinssot B. Recognition of Elicitors in Grapevine: From MAMP and DAMP Perception to Induced Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1117. [PMID: 31620151 PMCID: PMC6760519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a sustainable viticulture, the implementation of innovative eco-friendly strategies, such as elicitor-triggered immunity, requires a deep knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine defense activation, from pathogen perception to resistance induction. During plant-pathogen interaction, the first step of plant defense activation is ensured by the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns, which are elicitors directly derived from pathogenic or beneficial microbes. Vitis vinifera, like other plants, can perceive elicitors of different nature, including proteins, amphiphilic glycolipid, and lipopeptide molecules as well as polysaccharides, thanks to their cognate pattern recognition receptors, the discovery of which recently began in this plant species. Furthermore, damage-associated molecular patterns are another class of elicitors perceived by V. vinifera as an invader's hallmark. They are mainly polysaccharides derived from the plant cell wall and are generally released through the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by microbes. Elicitor perception and subsequent activation of grapevine immunity end in some cases in efficient grapevine resistance against pathogens. Using complementary approaches, several molecular markers have been identified as hallmarks of this induced resistance stage. This review thus focuses on the recognition of elicitors by Vitis vinifera describing the molecular mechanisms triggered from the elicitor perception to the activation of immune responses. Finally, we discuss the fact that the link between elicitation and induced resistance is not so obvious and that the formulation of resistance inducers remains a key step before their application in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Justine Claverie
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Xavier Daire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- UniLaSalle, AGHYLE Research Unit UP 2018.C101, Rouen, France
| | | | - Jonathan Negrel
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Benoit Poinssot,
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Dal Bosco D, Sinski I, Ritschel PS, Camargo UA, Fajardo TVM, Harakava R, Quecini V. Expression of disease resistance in genetically modified grapevines correlates with the contents of viral sequences in the T-DNA and global genome methylation. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:379-396. [PMID: 29876789 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased tolerance to pathogens is an important goal in conventional and biotechnology-assisted grapevine breeding programs worldwide. Fungal and viral pathogens cause direct losses in berry production, but also affect the quality of the final products. Precision breeding strategies allow the introduction of resistance characters in elite cultivars, although the factors determining the plant's overall performance are not fully characterized. Grapevine plants expressing defense proteins, from fungal or plant origins, or of the coat protein gene of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of somatic embryos and shoot apical meristems. The responses of the transformed lines to pathogen challenges were investigated by biochemical, phytopathological and molecular methods. The expression of a Metarhizium anisopliae chitinase gene delayed pathogenesis and disease progression against the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Modified lines expressing a Solanum nigrum osmotin-like protein also exhibited slower disease progression, but to a smaller extent. Grapevine lines carrying two hairpin-inducing constructs had lower GLRaV-3 titers when challenged by grafting, although disease symptoms and viral multiplication were detected. The levels of global genome methylation were determined for the genetically engineered lines, and correlation analyses demonstrated the association between higher levels of methylated DNA and larger portions of virus-derived sequences. Resistance expression was also negatively correlated with the contents of introduced viral sequences and genome methylation, indicating that the effectiveness of resistance strategies employing sequences of viral origin is subject to epigenetic regulation in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dal Bosco
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Caixa Postal 130, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95701-008, Brazil
| | - Iraci Sinski
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Caixa Postal 130, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95701-008, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Ritschel
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Caixa Postal 130, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95701-008, Brazil
| | - Umberto A Camargo
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Caixa Postal 130, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95701-008, Brazil
| | - Thor V M Fajardo
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Caixa Postal 130, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95701-008, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Harakava
- Instituto Biológico, Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegocios (APTA), Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - Vera Quecini
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Caixa Postal 130, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95701-008, Brazil. .,CNPUV (National Center for Grapevine and Wine Research), Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Corporation), Rua Livramento, 515, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95701-008, Brazil.
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31
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Rodenburg SYA, Terhem RB, Veloso J, Stassen JHM, van Kan JAL. Functional Analysis of Mating Type Genes and Transcriptome Analysis during Fruiting Body Development of Botrytis cinerea. mBio 2018; 9:e01939-17. [PMID: 29440571 PMCID: PMC5821092 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01939-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a plant-pathogenic fungus producing apothecia as sexual fruiting bodies. To study the function of mating type (MAT) genes, single-gene deletion mutants were generated in both genes of the MAT1-1 locus and both genes of the MAT1-2 locus. Deletion mutants in two MAT genes were entirely sterile, while mutants in the other two MAT genes were able to develop stipes but never formed an apothecial disk. Little was known about the reprogramming of gene expression during apothecium development. We analyzed transcriptomes of sclerotia, three stages of apothecium development (primordia, stipes, and apothecial disks), and ascospores by RNA sequencing. Ten secondary metabolite gene clusters were upregulated at the onset of sexual development and downregulated in ascospores released from apothecia. Notably, more than 3,900 genes were differentially expressed in ascospores compared to mature apothecial disks. Among the genes that were upregulated in ascospores were numerous genes encoding virulence factors, which reveals that ascospores are transcriptionally primed for infection prior to their arrival on a host plant. Strikingly, the massive transcriptional changes at the initiation and completion of the sexual cycle often affected clusters of genes, rather than randomly dispersed genes. Thirty-five clusters of genes were jointly upregulated during the onset of sexual reproduction, while 99 clusters of genes (comprising >900 genes) were jointly downregulated in ascospores. These transcriptional changes coincided with changes in expression of genes encoding enzymes participating in chromatin organization, hinting at the occurrence of massive epigenetic regulation of gene expression during sexual reproduction.IMPORTANCE Fungal fruiting bodies are formed by sexual reproduction. We studied the development of fruiting bodies ("apothecia") of the ubiquitous plant-pathogenic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea The role of mating type genes in apothecium development was investigated by targeted mutation. Two genes are essential for the initiation of sexual development; mutants in these genes are sterile. Two other genes were not essential for development of stipes; however, they were essential for stipes to develop a disk and produce sexual ascospores. We examined gene expression profiles during apothecium development, as well as in ascospores sampled from apothecia. We provide the first study ever of the transcriptome of pure ascospores in a filamentous fungus. The expression of numerous genes involved in plant infection was induced in the ascospores, implying that ascospores are developmentally primed for infection before their release from apothecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Y A Rodenburg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Razak B Terhem
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Veloso
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Joost H M Stassen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Massonnet M, Figueroa-Balderas R, Galarneau ERA, Miki S, Lawrence DP, Sun Q, Wallis CM, Baumgartner K, Cantu D. Neofusicoccum parvum Colonization of the Grapevine Woody Stem Triggers Asynchronous Host Responses at the Site of Infection and in the Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1117. [PMID: 28702038 PMCID: PMC5487829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases cause important economic losses in vineyards worldwide. Neofusicoccum parvum, one of the most aggressive causal agents of the trunk disease Botryosphaeria dieback, colonizes cells and tissues of the grapevine wood, leading to the formation of an internal canker. Symptoms then extend to distal shoots, with wilting of leaves and bud mortality. Our aim was to characterize the transcriptional dynamics of grapevine genes in the woody stem and in the leaves during Neofusicoccum parvum colonization. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling at seven distinct time points (0, 3, and 24 hours; 2, 6, 8, and 12 weeks) showed that both stems and leaves undergo extensive transcriptomic reprogramming in response to infection of the stem. While most intense transcriptional responses were detected in the stems at 24 hours, strong responses were not detected in the leaves until the next sampling point at 2 weeks post-inoculation. Network co-expression analysis identified modules of co-expressed genes common to both organs and showed most of these genes were asynchronously modulated. The temporal shift between stem vs. leaf responses affected transcriptional modulation of genes involved in both signal perception and transduction, as well as downstream biological processes, including oxidative stress, cell wall rearrangement and cell death. Promoter analysis of the genes asynchronously modulated in stem and leaves during N. parvum colonization suggests that the temporal shift of transcriptional reprogramming between the two organs might be due to asynchronous co-regulation by common transcriptional regulators. Topology analysis of stem and leaf co-expression networks pointed to specific transcription factor-encoding genes, including WRKY and MYB, which may be associated with the observed transcriptional responses in the two organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Massonnet
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Rosa Figueroa-Balderas
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Erin R. A. Galarneau
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Shiho Miki
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane UniversityMatsue, Japan
| | - Daniel P. Lawrence
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Biology, University of WisconsinStevens Point, WI, United States
| | - Christopher M. Wallis
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences CenterParlier, CA, United States
| | - Kendra Baumgartner
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research UnitDavis, CA, United States
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
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