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Zhang Y, Pereira L, Kaack L, Liu J, Jansen S. Gold perfusion experiments support the multi-layered, mesoporous nature of intervessel pit membranes in angiosperm xylem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:493-506. [PMID: 38404029 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Fluid transport across intervessel pit membranes of angiosperm xylem plays a major role in plant transpiration, with transport resistance largely depending on pore constriction sizes. Traditionally, fluid particles traversing pit membranes are assumed to cross a single instead of multiple pore constrictions. We tested a multi-layered pit membrane model in xylem of eight angiosperm species by estimating the size frequency of pore constrictions in relation to pit membrane thickness and compared modelled data with perfusion characteristics of nanoscale gold particles based on transmission electron microscopy. The size frequency of modelled pore constrictions showed similar patterns to the measured number of perfused particle sizes inside pit membranes, although frequency values measured were 10-50 times below modelled data. Small particles enter pit membranes most easily, especially when injected in thin pit membranes. The trapping of gold particles by pore constrictions becomes more likely with increasing pore constriction number and pit membrane thickness. While quantitative differences between modelled and experimental data are due to various practical limitations, their qualitative agreement supports a multi-layered pit membrane model with multiple pore constrictions. Pore constrictions between 5 and 50 nm are realistic, and confirm the mesoporous nature of pit membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Beijingzhong Road 2, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Jiabao Liu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Beijingzhong Road 2, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
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2
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Pereira L, Kaack L, Guan X, Silva LDM, Miranda MT, Pires GS, Ribeiro RV, Schenk HJ, Jansen S. Angiosperms follow a convex trade-off to optimize hydraulic safety and efficiency. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1788-1801. [PMID: 37691289 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Intervessel pits are considered to function as valves that avoid embolism spreading and optimize efficient transport of xylem sap across neighbouring vessels. Hydraulic transport between vessels would therefore follow a safety-efficiency trade-off, which is directly related to the total intervessel pit area (Ap ), inversely related to the pit membrane thickness (TPM ) and driven by a pressure difference. To test this hypothesis, we modelled the relative transport rate of gas (ka ) and water (Q) at the intervessel pit level for 23 angiosperm species and correlated these parameters with the water potential at which 50% of embolism occurs (Ψ50 ). We also measured ka for 10 species using pneumatic measurements. The pressure difference across adjacent vessels and estimated values of ka and Q were related to Ψ50 , following a convex safety-efficiency trade-off based on modelled and experimental data. Minor changes in TPM and Ap exponentially affected the pressure difference and flow, respectively. Our results provide clear evidence that a xylem safety-efficiency trade-off is not linear, but convex due to flow across intervessel pit membranes, which represent mesoporous media within microporous conduits. Moreover, the convex nature of long-distance xylem transport may contribute to an adjustable fluid balance of plants, depending on environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
- Botanical Garden of Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Hans-Krebs-Weg, Germany
| | - Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, 530004, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | | | - Marcela T Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology 'Coaracy M. Franco', Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), PO Box 28, Campinas, 13012-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Pires
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, SP, Campinas, PO Box 6109, Brazil
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, SP, Campinas, PO Box 6109, Brazil
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd, Fullerton, 92831-3599, CA, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
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3
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De Angelis G, Badiali C, Chronopoulou L, Palocci C, Pasqua G. Confocal Microscopy Investigations of Biopolymeric PLGA Nanoparticle Uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Cultured Cells and Plantlet Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2397. [PMID: 37446957 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
To date, most endocytosis studies in plant cells have focused on clathrin-dependent endocytosis, while limited evidence is available on clathrin-independent pathways. Since dynamin a is a key protein both in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and in clathrin-independent endocytic processes, this study investigated its role in the uptake of poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). The experiments were performed on cultured cells and roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Dynasore was used to inhibit the activity of dynamin-like proteins to investigate whether PLGA NPs enter plant cells through a dynamin-like-dependent or dynamin-like-independent endocytic pathway. Observations were performed by confocal microscopy using a fluorescent probe, coumarin 6, loaded in PLGA NPs. The results showed that both cells and roots of A. thaliana rapidly take up PLGA NPs. Dynasore was administered at different concentrations and exposure times in order to identify the effective ones for inhibitory activity. Treatments with dynasore did not prevent the NPs uptake, as revealed by the presence of fluorescence emission detected in the cytoplasm. At the highest concentration and the longest exposure time to dynasore, the fluorescence of NPs was not visible due to cell death. Thus, the results suggest that, because the NPs' uptake is unaffected by dynasore exposure, NPs can enter cells and roots by following a dynamin-like-independent endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Angelis
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Badiali
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Chronopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cleofe Palocci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pasqua
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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4
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Isasa E, Link RM, Jansen S, Tezeh FR, Kaack L, Sarmento Cabral J, Schuldt B. Addressing controversies in the xylem embolism resistance-vessel diameter relationship. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:283-296. [PMID: 36636783 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although xylem embolism is a key process during drought-induced tree mortality, its relationship to wood anatomy remains debated. While the functional link between bordered pits and embolism resistance is known, there is no direct, mechanistic explanation for the traditional assumption that wider vessels are more vulnerable than narrow ones. We used data from 20 temperate broad-leaved tree species to study the inter- and intraspecific relationship of water potential at 50% loss of conductivity (P50 ) with hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (Dh ) and tested its link to pit membrane thickness (TPM ) and specific conductivity (Ks ) on species level. Embolism-resistant species had thick pit membranes and narrow vessels. While Dh was weakly associated with TPM , the P50 -Dh relationship remained highly significant after accounting for TPM . The interspecific pattern between P50 and Dh was mirrored by a link between P50 and Ks , but there was no evidence for an intraspecific relationship. Our results provide robust evidence for an interspecific P50 -Dh relationship across our species. As a potential cause for the inconsistencies in published P50 -Dh relationships, our analysis suggests differences in the range of trait values covered, and the level of data aggregation (species, tree or sample level) studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Isasa
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roman Mathias Link
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Chair of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Str. 7, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fon Robinson Tezeh
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Biodiversity Modelling and Environmental Change, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Chair of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Str. 7, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
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5
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Carmesin CF, Port F, Böhringer S, Gottschalk KE, Rasche V, Jansen S. Ageing-induced shrinkage of intervessel pit membranes in xylem of Clematis vitalba modifies its mechanical properties as revealed by atomic force microscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1002711. [PMID: 36755701 PMCID: PMC9899931 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bordered pit membranes of angiosperm xylem are anisotropic, mesoporous media between neighbouring conduits, with a key role in long distance water transport. Yet, their mechanical properties are poorly understood. Here, we aim to quantify the stiffness of intervessel pit membranes over various growing seasons. By applying an AFM-based indentation technique "Quantitative Imaging" we measured the effective elastic modulus (E effective) of intervessel pit membranes of Clematis vitalba in dependence of size, age, and hydration state. The indentation-deformation behaviour was analysed with a non-linear membrane model, and paired with magnetic resonance imaging to visualise sap-filled and embolised vessels, while geometrical data of bordered pits were obtained using electron microscopy. E effective was transformed to the geometrically independent apparent elastic modulus E apparent and to aspiration pressure P b. The material stiffness (E apparent) of fresh pit membranes was with 57 MPa considerably lower than previously suggested. The estimated pressure for pit membrane aspiration was 2.20+28 MPa. Pit membranes from older growth rings were shrunken, had a higher material stiffness and a lower aspiration pressure than current year ones, suggesting an irreversible, mechanical ageing process. This study provides an experimental-stiffness analysis of hydrated intervessel pit membranes in their native state. The estimated aspiration pressure suggests that membranes are not deflected under normal field conditions. Although absolute values should be interpreted carefully, our data suggest that pit membrane shrinkage implies increasing material stiffness, and highlight the dynamic changes of pit membrane mechanics and their complex, functional behaviour for fluid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora F Carmesin
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Port
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 45, Ulm, Germany
| | - Samuel Böhringer
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Volker Rasche
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 45, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
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Tung CC, Kuo SC, Yang CL, Yu JH, Huang CE, Liou PC, Sun YH, Shuai P, Su JC, Ku C, Lin YCJ. Single-cell transcriptomics unveils xylem cell development and evolution. Genome Biol 2023; 24:3. [PMID: 36624504 PMCID: PMC9830878 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylem, the most abundant tissue on Earth, is responsible for lateral growth in plants. Typical xylem has a radial system composed of ray parenchyma cells and an axial system of fusiform cells. In most angiosperms, fusiform cells comprise vessel elements for water transportation and libriform fibers for mechanical support, while both functions are performed by tracheids in other vascular plants such as gymnosperms. Little is known about the developmental programs and evolutionary relationships of these xylem cell types. RESULTS Through both single-cell and laser capture microdissection transcriptomic profiling, we determine the developmental lineages of ray and fusiform cells in stem-differentiating xylem across four divergent woody angiosperms. Based on cross-species analyses of single-cell clusters and overlapping trajectories, we reveal highly conserved ray, yet variable fusiform, lineages across angiosperms. Core eudicots Populus trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis share nearly identical fusiform lineages, whereas the more basal angiosperm Liriodendron chinense has a fusiform lineage distinct from that in core eudicots. The tracheids in the basal eudicot Trochodendron aralioides, an evolutionarily reversed trait, exhibit strong transcriptomic similarity to vessel elements rather than libriform fibers. CONCLUSIONS This evo-devo framework provides a comprehensive understanding of the formation of xylem cell lineages across multiple plant species spanning over a hundred million years of evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Tung
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Che Kuo
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jhong-He Yu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-En Huang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chien Liou
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Sun
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Peng Shuai
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jung-Chen Su
- Department of Pharmacy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Ku
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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7
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Levionnois S, Kaack L, Heuret P, Abel N, Ziegler C, Coste S, Stahl C, Jansen S. Pit characters determine drought-induced embolism resistance of leaf xylem across 18 Neotropical tree species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:371-386. [PMID: 35567500 PMCID: PMC9434246 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Embolism spreading in xylem is an important component of plant drought resistance. Since embolism resistance has been shown to be mechanistically linked to pit membrane characters in stem xylem, we speculate that similar mechanisms account for leaf xylem. We conducted transmission electron microscopy to investigate pit membrane characters in leaf xylem across 18 Neotropical tree species. We also conducted gold perfusion and polar lipid detection experiments on three species covering the full range of leaf embolism resistance. We then related these observations to previously published data on embolism resistance of leaf xylem. We also incorporated previously published data on stem embolism resistance and stem xylem pit membranes to investigate the link between vulnerability segmentation (i.e. difference in embolism resistance) and leaf-stem anatomical variation. Maximum pit membrane thickness (Tpm,max) and the pit membrane thickness-to-diameter ratio (Tpm,max/Dpm) were predictive of leaf embolism resistance, especially when vestured pits were taken into account. Variation in Tpm,max/Dpm was the only trait predictive of vulnerability segmentation between leaves and stems. Gold particles of 5- and 10-nm infiltrated pit membranes in three species, while the entry of 50-nm particles was blocked. Moreover, polar lipids were associated with inner conduit walls and pits. Our results suggest that mechanisms related to embolism spreading are determined by Tpm, pore constrictions (i.e. the narrowest bottlenecks along pore pathways), and lipid surfactants, which are largely similar between leaf and stem xylem and between temperate and tropical trees. However, our mechanistic understanding of embolism propagation and the functional relevance of Tpm,max/Dpm remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | | | - Nina Abel
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou 97310, France
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR SILVA, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou 97310, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou 97310, France
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8
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Johnson DM, Katul G, Domec J. Catastrophic hydraulic failure and tipping points in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2231-2266. [PMID: 35394656 PMCID: PMC9544843 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water inside plants forms a continuous chain from water in soils to the water evaporating from leaf surfaces. Failures in this chain result in reduced transpiration and photosynthesis and are caused by soil drying and/or cavitation-induced xylem embolism. Xylem embolism and plant hydraulic failure share several analogies to 'catastrophe theory' in dynamical systems. These catastrophes are often represented in the physiological and ecological literature as tipping points when control variables exogenous (e.g., soil water potential) or endogenous (e.g., leaf water potential) to the plant are allowed to vary on time scales much longer than time scales associated with cavitation events. Here, plant hydraulics viewed from the perspective of catastrophes at multiple spatial scales is considered with attention to bubble expansion within a xylem conduit, organ-scale vulnerability to embolism, and whole-plant biomass as a proxy for transpiration and hydraulic function. The hydraulic safety-efficiency tradeoff, hydraulic segmentation and maximum plant transpiration are examined using this framework. Underlying mechanisms for hydraulic failure at fine scales such as pit membranes and cell-wall mechanics, intermediate scales such as xylem network properties and at larger scales such as soil-tree hydraulic pathways are discussed. Understudied areas in plant hydraulics are also flagged where progress is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Gabriel Katul
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jean‐Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of ForestryBordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRAE‐ISPA 1391GradignanFrance
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9
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Jiang (蒋国凤) GF, Li (李溯源) SY, Li (李艺蝉) YC, Roddy AB. Coordination of hydraulic thresholds across roots, stems, and leaves of two co-occurring mangrove species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2159-2174. [PMID: 35640109 PMCID: PMC9342987 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are frequently inundated with saline water and have evolved different anatomical and physiological mechanisms to filter and, in some species, excrete excess salt from the water they take up. Because salts impose osmotic stress, interspecific differences in salt tolerance and salt management strategy may influence physiological responses to drought throughout the entire plant hydraulic pathway, from roots to leaves. Here, we characterized embolism vulnerability simultaneously in leaves, stems, and roots of seedlings of two mangrove species (Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) along with turgor-loss points in roots and leaves and xylem anatomical traits. In both species, the water potentials causing 50% of total embolism were less negative in roots and leaves than they were in stems, but the water potentials causing incipient embolism (5%) were similar in roots, stems, and leaves. Stomatal closure in leaves and turgor loss in both leaves and roots occurred at water potentials only slightly less negative than the water potentials causing 5% of total embolism. Xylem anatomical traits were unrelated to vulnerability to embolism. Vulnerability segmentation may be important in limiting embolism spread into stems from more vulnerable roots and leaves. Interspecific differences in salt tolerance affected hydraulic traits from roots to leaves: the salt-secretor A. marina lost turgor at more negative water potentials and had more embolism-resistant xylem than the salt-excluder B. gymnorrhiza. Characterizing physiological thresholds of roots may help to explain recent mangrove mortality after drought and extended saltwater inundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Yuan Li (李溯源)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yi-Chan Li (李艺蝉)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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10
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Proença PL, Carvalho LB, Campos EV, Fraceto LF. Fluorescent labeling as a strategy to evaluate uptake and transport of polymeric nanoparticles in plants. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 305:102695. [PMID: 35598536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The use of biodegradable nanopolymers in agriculture offers an excellent alternative for the efficient delivery of agrochemicals that promote plant protection and development. However, tracking of these systems inside plants requires complex probe tagging strategies. In addition to providing a basis for better understanding such nanostructures to optimize delivery system design, these probes allow monitoring the migration of nanoparticles through plant tissues, and determine accumulation sites. Thus, these probes are powerful tools that can be used to quantify and visualize nanoparticle accumulation in plant cells and tissues. This review is an overview of the methods involved in labeling nanocarriers, mainly based on polymeric matrices, for the delivery of nanoagrochemicals and the recent advances in this field.
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11
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Li S, Li X, Wang J, Chen Z, Lu S, Wan X, Sun H, Wang L, Delzon S, Cochard H, Jiang X, Shu J, Zheng J, Yin Y. Hydraulic traits are coupled with plant anatomical traits under drought-rewatering cycles in Ginkgo biloba L. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1216-1227. [PMID: 34962276 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the responses of plant anatomical traits of trees to drought-rewatering cycles helps us to understand their responses to climate change; however, such work has not been adequately reported. In this study, Ginkgo biloba L. saplings were subjected to moderate, severe, extreme and lethal drought conditions by withholding water according to the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) and rewatering on a regular basis. Samples of phloem, cambium and xylem were collected to quantify their cellular properties including cambium and phloem cell vitality, xylem growth ring width, pit aspiration rates and pit membrane thickness using light microscopy and transmission microscopy. The results showed that the mortality rate of G. biloba saplings reached 90% at approximately P88 (xylem water potential inducing 88% loss of hydraulic conductivity). The onset of cambium and phloem cell mortality might be in accordance with that of xylem embolism. Close negative correlations between xylem water potential and PLC and between xylem water potential and cambium and phloem mortality suggested that xylem hydraulic traits are coupled with anatomical traits under declining xylem water potential. Cambium and phloem cell vitality as well as xylem growth ring width decreased significantly with increasing drought conditions. However, xylem pit membrane thickness, cambial zone width and cambial cell geometry were not affected by the drought-rewatering cycles. The tracheid radial diameter, intertracheid cell wall thickness and tracheid density decreased significantly during both drought conditions and rewatering conditions. In addition to hydraulic traits, cambium and phloem cell vitality can be used as anatomical traits to evaluate the mortality of G. biloba under drought. Future work is proposed to observe the dynamics of pit aspiration rates under drought-rewatering cycles in situ to deepen our understanding of the essential role of bordered pits in the 'air-seeding' mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Key laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Sen Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Key laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Herve Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Shu
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Jingming Zheng
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
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12
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Kaack L, Weber M, Isasa E, Karimi Z, Li S, Pereira L, Trabi CL, Zhang Y, Schenk HJ, Schuldt B, Schmidt V, Jansen S. Pore constrictions in intervessel pit membranes provide a mechanistic explanation for xylem embolism resistance in angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1829-1843. [PMID: 33595117 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Embolism spreading in angiosperm xylem occurs via mesoporous pit membranes between vessels. Here, we investigate how the size of pore constrictions in pit membranes is related to pit membrane thickness and embolism resistance. Pit membranes were modelled as multiple layers to investigate how pit membrane thickness and the number of intervessel pits per vessel determine pore constriction sizes, the probability of encountering large pores, and embolism resistance. These estimations were complemented by measurements of pit membrane thickness, embolism resistance, and number of intervessel pits per vessel in stem xylem (n = 31, 31 and 20 species, respectively). The modelled constriction sizes in pit membranes decreased with increasing membrane thickness, explaining the measured relationship between pit membrane thickness and embolism resistance. The number of pits per vessel affected constriction size and embolism resistance much less than pit membrane thickness. Moreover, a strong relationship between modelled and measured embolism resistance was observed. Pore constrictions provide a mechanistic explanation for why pit membrane thickness determines embolism resistance, which suggests that hydraulic safety can be uncoupled from hydraulic efficiency. Although embolism spreading remains puzzling and encompasses more than pore constriction sizes, angiosperms are unlikely to have leaky pit membranes, which enables tensile transport of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Matthias Weber
- Institute of Stochastics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 18, Ulm, D-89069, Germany
| | - Emilie Isasa
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - Zohreh Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Shahid Beheshti St., Gorgan, 15759-49138, Iran
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Christophe L Trabi
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Ya Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Beijingdong Road 1, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, 92834-6850, USA
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Institute of Stochastics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 18, Ulm, D-89069, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
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13
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Guan X, Pereira L, McAdam SAM, Cao KF, Jansen S. No gas source, no problem: Proximity to pre-existing embolism and segmentation affect embolism spreading in angiosperm xylem by gas diffusion. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1329-1345. [PMID: 33529382 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Embolism spreading in dehydrating angiosperm xylem is driven by gas movement between embolized and sap-filled conduits. Here we examine how the proximity to pre-existing embolism and hydraulic segmentation affect embolism propagation. Based on the optical method, we compare xylem embolism resistance between detached leaves and leaves attached to branches, and between intact leaves and leaves with cut minor veins, for six species. Embolism resistance of detached leaves was significantly lower than that of leaves attached to stems, except for two species, with all vessels ending in their petioles. Cutting of minor veins showed limited embolism spreading in minor veins near the cuts prior to major veins. Moreover, despite strong agreement in the overall embolism resistance of detached leaves between the optical and pneumatic method, minor differences were observed during early stages of embolism formation. We conclude that embolism resistance may represent a relative trait due to an open-xylem artefact, with embolism spreading possibly affected by the proximity and connectivity to pre-existing embolism as a gas source, while hydraulic segmentation prevents such artefact. Since embolism formation may not rely on a certain pressure difference threshold between functional and embolized conduits, we speculate that embolism is facilitated by pressure-driven gas diffusion across pit membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology "Coaracy M. Franco", Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Jacobsen AL. Diversity in conduit and pit structure among extant gymnosperm taxa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:559-570. [PMID: 33861866 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gymnosperm taxa are incredibly diverse in many traits, including taxa with evergreen or deciduous leaves; broad, compound, needle-like or scale-like leaves; trees, shrubs, and lianas; and taxa with seed cones that range from fleshy to woody. Although less appreciated, xylem conduits are also diverse in structure among extant gymnosperm taxa. Within the xylem of gymnosperms, axial transport occurs predominantly via tracheids, although 10-40% of gymnosperm taxa, particularly within the Gnetophyta and Cycadophyta, also contain vessels. Gymnosperm taxa vary greatly in their inter-conduit pit structure, with different types of pit membranes and pitting arrangements. While some taxa display torus-margo bordered pits (60%), many others do not contain tori (40%), and at least some taxa without tori occur within each of the four extant phyla (Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta). Pit membrane types vary within families but appear relatively conserved within genera. Woody species with torus-bearing pit membranes occur in colder environments (lower mean annual temperature) compared to those without tori; but occurrence does not differ with mean annual precipitation. Detailed descriptions of pit membrane types are lacking for many species and genera, indicating a need for increased anatomical study. Increased knowledge of these traits could provide a unique experimental context in which to study the evolution of conduit networks, the hydraulic implications of conduit and pit structure, and the diverse structural and functional strategies utilized by gymnosperms. There are myriad potential study questions and research opportunities within this unique and diverse group of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
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15
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Schenk HJ, Michaud JM, Mocko K, Espino S, Melendres T, Roth MR, Welti R, Kaack L, Jansen S. Lipids in xylem sap of woody plants across the angiosperm phylogeny. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1477-1494. [PMID: 33295003 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids have been observed attached to lumen-facing surfaces of mature xylem conduits of several plant species, but there has been little research on their functions or effects on water transport, and only one lipidomic study of the xylem apoplast. Therefore, we conducted lipidomic analyses of xylem sap from woody stems of seven plants representing six major angiosperm clades, including basal magnoliids, monocots and eudicots, to characterize and quantify phospholipids, galactolipids and sulfolipids in sap using mass spectrometry. Locations of lipids in vessels of Laurus nobilis were imaged using transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Xylem sap contained the galactolipids di- and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, as well as all common plant phospholipids, but only traces of sulfolipids, with total lipid concentrations in extracted sap ranging from 0.18 to 0.63 nmol ml-1 across all seven species. Contamination of extracted sap from lipids in cut living cells was found to be negligible. Lipid composition of sap was compared with wood in two species and was largely similar, suggesting that sap lipids, including galactolipids, originate from cell content of living vessels. Seasonal changes in lipid composition of sap were observed for one species. Lipid layers coated all lumen-facing vessel surfaces of L. nobilis, and lipids were highly concentrated in inter-vessel pits. The findings suggest that apoplastic, amphiphilic xylem lipids are a universal feature of angiosperms. The findings require a reinterpretation of the cohesion-tension theory of water transport to account for the effects of apoplastic lipids on dynamic surface tension and hydraulic conductance in xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Joseph M Michaud
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Kerri Mocko
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Susana Espino
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Tatiana Melendres
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Mary R Roth
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
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16
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Koddenberg T, Greving I, Hagemann J, Flenner S, Krause A, Laipple D, Klein KC, Schmitt U, Schuster M, Wolf A, Seifert M, Ludwig V, Funk S, Militz H, Nopens M. Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4574. [PMID: 33633184 PMCID: PMC7907381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed imaging of the three-dimensionally complex architecture of xylary plants is important for studying biological and mechanical functions of woody plants. Apart from common two-dimensional microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography has been established as a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method for studying the hydraulic function of wooden plants. However, this X-ray imaging method can barely reach the resolution needed to see the minute structures (e.g. pit membrane). To complement the xylem structure with 3D views at the nanoscale level, X-ray near-field nano-holotomography (NFH) was applied to analyze the wood species Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. The demanded small specimens required focused ion beam (FIB) application. The FIB milling, however, influenced the image quality through gallium implantation on the cell-wall surfaces. The measurements indicated that NFH is appropriate for imaging wood at nanometric resolution. With a 26 nm voxel pitch, the structure of the cell-wall surface in Pinus sylvestris could be visualized in genuine detail. In wood of Fagus sylvatica, the structure of a pit pair, including the pit membrane, between two neighboring fibrous cells could be traced tomographically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Koddenberg
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imke Greving
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Plank Straße1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Johannes Hagemann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron-DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silja Flenner
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Plank Straße1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Andreas Krause
- Thünen-Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91, Hamburg-Bergedorf, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Laipple
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Plank Straße1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Kim C Klein
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Schmitt
- Thünen-Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91, Hamburg-Bergedorf, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max Schuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Wolf
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Seifert
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Ludwig
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Militz
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Nopens
- Thünen-Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91, Hamburg-Bergedorf, 21031, Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Levionnois S, Jansen S, Wandji RT, Beauchêne J, Ziegler C, Coste S, Stahl C, Delzon S, Authier L, Heuret P. Linking drought-induced xylem embolism resistance to wood anatomical traits in Neotropical trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1453-1466. [PMID: 32964439 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced xylem embolism is considered to be one of the main factors driving mortality in woody plants worldwide. Although several structure-functional mechanisms have been tested to understand the anatomical determinants of embolism resistance, there is a need to study this topic by integrating anatomical data for many species. We combined optical, laser, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate vessel diameter, vessel grouping, and pit membrane ultrastructure for 26 tropical rainforest tree species across three major clades (magnoliids, rosiids, and asteriids). We then related these anatomical observations to previously published data on drought-induced embolism resistance, with phylogenetic analyses. Vessel diameter, vessel grouping, and pit membrane ultrastructure were all predictive of xylem embolism resistance, but with weak predictive power. While pit membrane thickness was a predictive trait when vestured pits were taken into account, the pit membrane diameter-to-thickness ratio suggests a strong importance of the deflection resistance of the pit membrane. However, phylogenetic analyses weakly support adaptive coevolution. Our results emphasize the functional significance of pit membranes for air-seeding in tropical rainforest trees, highlighting also the need to study their mechanical properties due to the link between embolism resistance and pit membrane diameter-to-thickness ratio. Finding support for adaptive coevolution also remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levionnois
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Ruth Tchana Wandji
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Jacques Beauchêne
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Silva, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR BIOGECO, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Louise Authier
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
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18
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Cardoso AA, Visel D, Kane CN, Batz TA, García Sánchez C, Kaack L, Lamarque LJ, Wagner Y, King A, Torres-Ruiz JM, Corso D, Burlett R, Badel E, Cochard H, Delzon S, Jansen S, McAdam SAM. Drought-induced lacuna formation in the stem causes hydraulic conductance to decline before xylem embolism in Selaginella. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1804-1817. [PMID: 32386326 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lycophytes are the earliest diverging extant lineage of vascular plants, sister to all other vascular plants. Given that most species are adapted to ever-wet environments, it has been hypothesized that lycophytes, and by extension the common ancestor of all vascular plants, have few adaptations to drought. We investigated the responses to drought of key fitness-related traits such as stomatal regulation, shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot ) and stem xylem embolism resistance in Selaginella haematodes and S. pulcherrima, both native to tropical understory. During drought stomata in both species were found to close before declines in Kshoot , with a 50% loss of Kshoot occurring at -1.7 and -2.5 MPa in S. haematodes and S. pulcherrima, respectively. Direct observational methods revealed that the xylem of both species was resistant to embolism formation, with 50% of embolized xylem area occurring at -3.0 and -4.6 MPa in S. haematodes and S. pulcherrima, respectively. X-ray microcomputed tomography images of stems revealed that the decline in Kshoot occurred with the formation of an air-filled lacuna, disconnecting the central vascular cylinder from the cortex. We propose that embolism-resistant xylem and large capacitance, provided by collapsing inner cortical cells, is essential for Selaginella survival during water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cardoso
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dominik Visel
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Cade N Kane
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Timothy A Batz
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Clara García Sánchez
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Yael Wagner
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron Source Optimisée de Lumière d'Energie Intermédiaire du LURE, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Déborah Corso
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Régis Burlett
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Eric Badel
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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19
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Yang J, M Michaud J, Jansen S, Schenk HJ, Zuo YY. Dynamic surface tension of xylem sap lipids. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:433-444. [PMID: 32031666 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The surface tension of xylem sap has been traditionally assumed to be close to that of the pure water because decreasing surface tension is thought to increase vulnerability to air seeding and embolism. However, xylem sap contains insoluble lipid-based surfactants, which also coat vessel and pit membrane surfaces, where gas bubbles can enter xylem under negative pressure in the process known as air seeding. Because of the insolubility of amphiphilic lipids, the surface tension influencing air seeding in pit pores is not the equilibrium surface tension of extracted bulk sap but the local surface tension at gas-liquid interfaces, which depends dynamically on the local concentration of lipids per surface area. To estimate the dynamic surface tension in lipid layers that line surfaces in the xylem apoplast, we studied the time-dependent and surface area-regulated surface tensions of apoplastic lipids extracted from xylem sap of four woody angiosperm plants using constrained drop surfactometry. Xylem lipids were found to demonstrate potent surface activity, with surface tensions reaching an equilibrium at ~25 mN m-1 and varying between a minimum of 19 mN m-1 and a maximum of 68 mN m-1 when changing the surface area between 50 and 160% around the equilibrium surface area. It is concluded that xylem lipid films in natural conditions most likely range from nonequilibrium metastable conditions of a supersaturated compression state to an undersaturated expansion state, depending on the local surface areas of gas-liquid interfaces. Together with findings that maximum pore constrictions in angiosperm pit membranes are much smaller than previously assumed, low dynamic surface tension in xylem turns out to be entirely compatible with the cohesion-tension and air-seeding theories, as well as with the existence of lipid-coated nanobubbles in xylem sap, and with the range of vulnerabilities to embolism observed in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 302, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Joseph M Michaud
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 302, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1319 Punahou Street, Honolulu, HI 96826, USA
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20
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Su Y, Ashworth VETM, Geitner NK, Wiesner MR, Ginnan N, Rolshausen P, Roper C, Jassby D. Delivery, Fate, and Mobility of Silver Nanoparticles in Citrus Trees. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2966-2981. [PMID: 32141736 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Crop disease control is crucial for the sustainable development of agriculture, with recent advances in nanotechnology offering a promising solution to this pressing problem. However, the efficacy of nanoparticle (NP) delivery methods has not been fully explored, and knowledge regarding the fate and mobility of NPs within trees is still largely unknown. In this study, we evaluate the efficiency of NP delivery methods and investigate the mobility and distribution of NPs with different surface coatings (citrate (Ct), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and gum Arabic (GA)) within Mexican lime citrus trees. In contrast to the limited delivery efficiency reported for foliar and root delivery methods, petiole feeding and trunk injection are able to deliver a large amount of NPs into trees, although petiole feeding takes much longer time than trunk injection (7 days vs 2 h in citrus trees). Once NPs enter plants, steric repulsive interactions between NPs and conducting tube surfaces are predicted to facilitate NP transport throughout the plant. Compared to PVP and Ct, GA is highly effective in inhibiting the aggregation of NPs in synthetic sap and enhancing the mobility of NPs in trees. Over a 7 day experimental period, the majority of the Ag recovered from trees (10 mL, 10 ppm GA-AgNP suspension) remain throughout the trunk (81.0% on average), with a considerable amount in the roots (11.7% on average), some in branches (4.4% on average), and a limited amount in leaves (2.9% on average). Furthermore, NP concentrations during injection and tree incubation time postinjection are found to impact the distribution of Ag in tree. We also present evidence for a transport pathway that allows NPs to move from the xylem to the phloem, which disperses the NPs throughout the plant architecture, including to the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Su
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Vanessa E T M Ashworth
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nicholas K Geitner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nichole Ginnan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Philippe Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Caroline Roper
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David Jassby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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21
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Li S, Wang J, Yin Y, Li X, Deng L, Jiang X, Chen Z, Li Y. Investigating Effects of Bordered Pit Membrane Morphology and Properties on Plant Xylem Hydraulic Functions-A Case Study from 3D Reconstruction and Microflow Modelling of Pit Membranes in Angiosperm Xylem. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E231. [PMID: 32054100 PMCID: PMC7076482 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pit membranes in between neighboring conduits of xylem play a crucial role in plant water transport. In this review, the morphological characteristics, chemical composition and mechanical properties of bordered pit membranes were summarized and linked with their functional roles in xylem hydraulics. The trade-off between xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety was closely related with morphology and properties of pit membranes, and xylem embolism resistance was also determined by the pit membrane morphology and properties. Besides, to further investigate the effects of bordered pit membranes morphology and properties on plant xylem hydraulic functions, here we modelled three-dimensional structure of bordered pit membranes by applying a deposition technique. Based on reconstructed 3D pit membrane structures, a virtual fibril network was generated to model the microflow pattern across inter-vessel pit membranes. Moreover, the mechanical behavior of intervessel pit membranes was estimated from a single microfibril's mechanical property. Pit membranes morphology varied among different angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Our modelling work suggested that larger pores of pit membranes do not necessarily contribute to major flow rate across pit membranes; instead, the obstructed degree of flow pathway across the pit membranes plays a more important role. Our work provides useful information for studying the mechanism of microfluid flow transport across pit membranes and also sheds light on investigating the response of pit membranes both at normal and stressed conditions, thus improving our understanding on functional roles of pit membranes in xylem hydraulic function. Further work could be done to study the morphological and mechanical response of bordered pit membranes under different dehydrated conditions, as well as the related microflow behavior, based on our constructed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Liping Deng
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Institute of New Forestry Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yujun Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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22
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Zhang Y, Carmesin C, Kaack L, Klepsch MM, Kotowska M, Matei T, Schenk HJ, Weber M, Walther P, Schmidt V, Jansen S. High porosity with tiny pore constrictions and unbending pathways characterize the 3D structure of intervessel pit membranes in angiosperm xylem. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:116-130. [PMID: 31595539 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pit membranes between xylem vessels play a major role in angiosperm water transport. Yet, their three-dimensional (3D) structure as fibrous porous media remains unknown, largely due to technical challenges and sample preparation artefacts. Here, we applied a modelling approach based on thickness measurements of fresh and fully shrunken pit membranes of seven species. Pore constrictions were also investigated visually by perfusing fresh material with colloidal gold particles of known sizes. Based on a shrinkage model, fresh pit membranes showed tiny pore constrictions of ca. 20 nm, but a very high porosity (i.e. pore volume fraction) of on average 0.81. Perfusion experiments showed similar pore constrictions in fresh samples, well below 50 nm based on transmission electron microscopy. Drying caused a 50% shrinkage of pit membranes, resulting in much smaller pore constrictions. These findings suggest that pit membranes represent a mesoporous medium, with the pore space characterized by multiple constrictions. Constrictions are much smaller than previously assumed, but the pore volume is large and highly interconnected. Pores do not form highly tortuous, bent, or zigzagging pathways. These insights provide a novel view on pit membranes, which is essential to develop a mechanistic, 3D understanding of air-seeding through this porous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Beijingdong Road 1, 241000, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Cora Carmesin
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias M Klepsch
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martyna Kotowska
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tabea Matei
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd, CA, 92831-3599, Fullerton, USA
| | - Matthias Weber
- Institute of Stochastics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 18, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Institute of Stochastics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 18, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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23
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Trueba S, Delzon S, Isnard S, Lens F. Similar hydraulic efficiency and safety across vesselless angiosperms and vessel-bearing species with scalariform perforation plates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3227-3240. [PMID: 30921455 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of xylem vessels from tracheids is put forward as a key innovation that boosted hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic capacities in angiosperms. Yet, the role of xylem anatomy and interconduit pits in hydraulic performance across vesselless and vessel-bearing angiosperms is incompletely known, and there is a lack of functional comparisons of ultrastructural pits between species with different conduit types. We assessed xylem hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism in 12 rain forest species from New Caledonia, including five vesselless species, and seven vessel-bearing species with scalariform perforation plates. We measured xylem conduit traits, along with ultrastructural features of the interconduit pits, to assess the relationships between conduit traits and hydraulic efficiency and safety. In spite of major differences in conduit diameter, conduit density, and the presence/absence of perforation plates, the species studied showed similar hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism, indicating functional similarity between both types of conduits. Interconduit pit membrane thickness (Tm) was the only measured anatomical feature that showed a relationship to significant vulnerability to embolism. Our results suggest that the incidence of drought in rain forest ecosystems can have similar effects on species bearing water-conducting cells with different morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Trueba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | | | - Sandrine Isnard
- AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Beikircher B, Losso A, Gemassmer M, Jansen S, Mayr S. Does fertilization explain the extraordinary hydraulic behaviour of apple trees? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1915-1925. [PMID: 30793193 PMCID: PMC6436149 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization of woody plants plays a central role in agriculture and forestry, but little is known about how plant water relations are thereby affected. Here we investigated the impact of fertilization on tree hydraulics, and xylem and pit anatomy in the high-yield apple cultivars Golden and Red Delicious. In fertilized trees of Golden Delicious, specific hydraulic conductivity of branch xylem, hydraulic conductance of the root system, and maximum stomatal conductance increased considerably. In Red Delicious, differences between fertilized and control trees were less pronounced. In both cultivars, xylem embolism resistance of fertilized trees was significantly lower and stomatal closure occurred at lower water potentials. Furthermore, water potential at turgor loss point and osmotic potential at full saturation were higher and cell wall elasticity was lower in fertilized plants, suggesting reduced drought tolerance of leaves. Anatomical differences were observed regarding conduit diameters, cell wall reinforcement, pit membrane thickness, pit chamber depth, and stomatal pore length, with more pronounced differences in Golden Delicious. The findings reveal altered hydraulic behaviour in both apple cultivars upon fertilization. The increased vulnerability to hydraulic failure might pose a considerable risk for apple productivity under a changing climate, which should be considered for future cultivation and management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beikircher
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adriano Losso
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marilena Gemassmer
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven Jansen
- Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Mayr
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Medeiros JS, Lens F, Maherali H, Jansen S. Vestured pits and scalariform perforation plate morphology modify the relationships between angiosperm vessel diameter, climate and maximum plant height. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1802-1813. [PMID: 30312484 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Shared ancestry among species and correlation between vessel diameter and plant height can obscure the mechanisms linking vessel diameter to current climate distributions of angiosperms. Because wood is complex, various traits may interact to influence vessel function. Specifically, pit vesturing (lignified cell wall protuberances associated with bordered pits) and perforation plate morphology could alter the relationships between vessel diameter, climate and plant height. Using phylogenetically informed analyses, we tested for associations between vessel diameter, climate and maximum plant height across angiosperm species with different pit vesturing (presence/absence) and perforation plate morphology (simple/scalariform and quantitative variation). We show significantly larger changes in vessel diameter and maximum plant height across climates for species with vestures and simple perforation plates, compared to nonvestured species and those with scalariform plates. We also found a significantly greater increase in height for a given increase in vessel diameter with lower percentage of scalariform plates. Our study provides novel insights into the evolution of angiosperm xylem by showing that vessel pit vesturing and perforation plate morphologies can modify relationships among xylem vessels, climate and height. Our findings highlight the complexity of xylem adaptations to climate, substantiating an integrative view of xylem function in the study of wood evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300RA, the Netherlands
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 81, Ulm, 89081, Germany
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26
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Klepsch M, Zhang Y, Kotowska MM, Lamarque LJ, Nolf M, Schuldt B, Torres-Ruiz JM, Qin DW, Choat B, Delzon S, Scoffoni C, Cao KF, Jansen S. Is xylem of angiosperm leaves less resistant to embolism than branches? Insights from microCT, hydraulics, and anatomy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5611-5623. [PMID: 30184113 PMCID: PMC6255699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
According to the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation hypothesis, leaves are more vulnerable to decline of hydraulic conductivity than branches, but whether stem xylem is more embolism resistant than leaves remains unclear. Drought-induced embolism resistance of leaf xylem was investigated based on X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) for Betula pendula, Laurus nobilis, and Liriodendron tulipifera, excluding outside-xylem, and compared with hydraulic vulnerability curves for branch xylem. Moreover, bordered pit characters related to embolism resistance were investigated for both organs. Theoretical P50 values (i.e. the xylem pressure corresponding to 50% loss of hydraulic conductance) of leaves were generally within the same range as hydraulic P50 values of branches. P50 values of leaves were similar to branches for L. tulipifera (-2.01 versus -2.10 MPa, respectively), more negative for B. pendula (-2.87 versus -1.80 MPa), and less negative for L. nobilis (-6.4 versus -9.2 MPa). Despite more narrow conduits in leaves than branches, mean interconduit pit membrane thickness was similar in both organs, but significantly higher in leaves of B. pendula than in branches. This case study indicates that xylem shows a largely similar embolism resistance across leaves and branches, although differences both within and across organs may occur, suggesting interspecific variation with regard to the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klepsch
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ya Zhang
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- EGFV, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Markus Nolf
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle, Göttingen, Germany
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - De-Wen Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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27
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Jansen S, Klepsch M, Li S, Kotowska M, Schiele S, Zhang Y, Schenk H. Challenges in understanding air-seeding in angiosperm xylem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2018.1222.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Allario T, Tixier A, Awad H, Lemaire C, Brunel N, Badel E, Barigah TS, Julien JL, Peyret P, Mellerowicz EJ, Cochard H, Herbette S. PtxtPME1 and homogalacturonans influence xylem hydraulic properties in poplar. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:502-515. [PMID: 29412468 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While the xylem hydraulic properties, such as vulnerability to cavitation (VC), are of paramount importance in drought resistance, their genetic determinants remain unexplored. There is evidence that pectins and their methylation pattern are involved, but the detail of their involvement and the corresponding genes need to be clarified. We analyzed the hydraulic properties of the 35S::PME1 transgenic aspen that ectopically under- or over-express a xylem-abundant pectin methyl esterase, PtxtPME1. We also produced and analyzed 4CL1::PGII transgenic poplars expressing a fungal polygalacturonase, AnPGII, under the control of the Ptxa4CL1 promoter that is active in the developing xylem after xylem cell expansion. Both the 35S::PME1 under- and over-expressing aspen lines developed xylem with lower-specific hydraulic conductivity and lower VC, while the 4CL1::PGII plants developed xylem with a higher VC. These xylem hydraulic changes were associated with modifications in xylem structure or in intervessel pit structure that can result in changes in mechanical behavior of the pit membrane. This study shows that homogalacturonans and their methylation pattern influence xylem hydraulic properties, through its effect on xylem cell expansion and on intervessel pit properties and it show a role for PtxtPME1 in the xylem hydraulic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Allario
- UCA, INRA, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- UCA, EA 4678 CIDAM, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aude Tixier
- UCA, INRA, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hosam Awad
- Agriculture and Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | | | | | - Eric Badel
- UCA, INRA, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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29
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Zhang Y, Lamarque LJ, Torres-Ruiz JM, Schuldt B, Karimi Z, Li S, Qin DW, Bittencourt P, Burlett R, Cao KF, Delzon S, Oliveira R, Pereira L, Jansen S. Testing the plant pneumatic method to estimate xylem embolism resistance in stems of temperate trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1016-1025. [PMID: 29474679 PMCID: PMC6025199 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Methods to estimate xylem embolism resistance generally rely on hydraulic measurements, which can be far from straightforward. Recently, a pneumatic method based on air flow measurements of terminal branch ends was proposed to construct vulnerability curves by linking the amount of air extracted from a branch with the degree of embolism. We applied this novel technique for 10 temperate tree species, including six diffuse, two ring-porous and two gymnosperm species, and compared the pneumatic curves with hydraulic ones obtained from either the flow-centrifuge or the hydraulic-bench dehydration method. We found that the pneumatic method provides a good estimate of the degree of xylem embolism for all angiosperm species. The xylem pressure at 50% and 88% loss of hydraulic conductivity (i.e., Ψ50 and Ψ88) based on the methods applied showed a strongly significant correlation for all eight angiosperms. However, the pneumatic method showed significantly reduced Ψ50 values for the two conifers. Our findings suggest that the pneumatic method could provide a fast and accurate approach for angiosperms due to its convenience and feasibility, at least within the range of embolism resistances covered by our samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- EGFV, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zohreh Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, PR China
| | - De-Wen Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Paulo Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Régis Burlett
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, PR China
| | | | - Rafael Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
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30
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Wason JW, Anstreicher KS, Stephansky N, Huggett BA, Brodersen CR. Hydraulic safety margins and air-seeding thresholds in roots, trunks, branches and petioles of four northern hardwood trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:77-88. [PMID: 29663388 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During drought, xylem sap pressures can approach or exceed critical thresholds where gas embolisms form and propagate through the xylem network, leading to systemic hydraulic dysfunction. The vulnerability segmentation hypothesis (VSH) predicts that low-investment organs (e.g. leaf petioles) should be more vulnerable to embolism spread compared to high-investment, perennial organs (e.g. trunks, stems), as a means of mitigating embolism spread and excessive negative pressures in the perennial organs. We tested this hypothesis by measuring air-seeding thresholds using the single-vessel air-injection method and calculating hydraulic safety margins in four northern hardwood tree species of the northeastern United States, in both saplings and canopy height trees, and at five points along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Acer rubrum was the most resistant to air-seeding and generally supported the VSH. However, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana and Quercus rubra showed little to no variation in air-seeding thresholds across organ types within each species. Leaf-petiole xylem operated at water potentials close to or exceeding their hydraulic safety margins in all species, whereas roots, trunks and stems of A. rubrum, F. grandifolia and Q. rubra operated within their safety margins, even during the third-driest summer in the last 100 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Wason
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | | | - Brett A Huggett
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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31
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Morris H, Plavcová L, Gorai M, Klepsch MM, Kotowska M, Jochen Schenk H, Jansen S. Vessel-associated cells in angiosperm xylem: Highly specialized living cells at the symplast-apoplast boundary. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:151-160. [PMID: 29578292 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vessel-associated cells (VACs) are highly specialized, living parenchyma cells that are in direct contact with water-conducting, dead vessels. The contact may be sparse or in large tight groups of parenchyma that completely surrounds vessels. VACs differ from vessel distant parenchyma in physiology, anatomy, and function and have half-bordered pits at the vessel-parenchyma juncture. The distinct anatomy of VACs is related to the exchange of substances to and from the water-transport system, with the cells long thought to be involved in water transport in woody angiosperms, but where direct experimental evidence is lacking. SCOPE This review focuses on our current knowledge of VACs regarding anatomy and function, including hydraulic capacitance, storage of nonstructural carbohydrates, symplastic and apoplastic interactions, defense against pathogens and frost, osmoregulation, and the novel hypothesis of surfactant production. Based on microscopy, we visually represent how VACs vary in dimensions and general appearance between species, with special attention to the protoplast, amorphous layer, and the vessel-parenchyma pit membrane. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of the relationship between VACs and vessels is crucial to tackling questions related to how water is transported over long distances in xylem, as well as defense against pathogens. New avenues of research show how parenchyma-vessel contact is related to vessel diameter and a new hypothesis may explain how surfactants arising from VAC can allow water to travel under negative pressure. We also reinforce the message of connectivity between VAC and other cells between xylem and phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morris
- Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- University of Hradec Králové, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Mustapha Gorai
- University of Gabes, Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, Medenine, 4119, Tunisia
| | - Matthias M Klepsch
- Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martyna Kotowska
- Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- California State University Fullerton, Department of Biological Science, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA, 92831-3599, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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