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Tang W, Wu K, Zhou Q, Tang Y, Fu J, Dong G, Zou C. Genotype and phenotype in patients with ACAN gene variants: Three cases and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2439. [PMID: 38613222 PMCID: PMC11015147 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the phenotype spectrum, diagnosis, and response to growth-promoting therapy in patients with ACAN variants causing familial short stature. METHODS Three families with ACAN variants causing short stature were reported. Similar cases in the literature were summarized, and the genotype and phenotype were analyzed. RESULTS Three novel heterozygous variants, c.757+1G>A, (splicing), c.6229delG, p.(Asp2078Tfs*1), and c.6679C>T, p.(Gln2227*) in the ACAN gene were identified. A total of 314 individuals with heterozygous variants from 105 families and 8 individuals with homozygous variants from 4 families were confirmed to have ACAN variants from literature and our 3 cases. Including our 3 cases, the variants reported comprised 33 frameshift, 39 missense, 23 nonsense, 5 splicing, 4 deletion, and 1 translocation variants. Variation points are scattered throughout the gene, while exons 12, 15, and 10 were most common (25/105, 11/105, and 10/105, respectively). Some identical variants existing in different families could be hot variants, c.532A>T, p.(Asn178Tyr), c.1411C>T, p.(Gln471*), c.1608C>A, p.(Tyr536*), c.2026+1G>A, (splicing), and c.7276G>T, p.(Glu2426*). Short stature, early-onset osteoarthritis, brachydactyly, midfacial hypoplasia, and early growth cessation were the common phenotypic features. The 48 children who received rhGH (and GnRHa) treatment had a significant height improvement compared with before (-2.18 ± 1.06 SD vs. -2.69 ± 0.95 SD, p < 0.001). The heights of children who received rhGH (and GnRHa) treatment were significantly improved compared with those of untreated adults (-2.20 ± 1.10 SD vs. -3.24 ± 1.14 SD, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study achieves a new understanding of the phenotypic spectrum, diagnosis, and management of individuals with ACAN variants. No clear genotype-phenotype relationship of patients with ACAN variants was found. Gene sequencing is necessary to diagnose ACAN variants that cause short stature. In general, appropriate rhGH and/or GnRHa therapy can improve the adult height of affected pediatric patients caused by ACAN variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of PulmonaryChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Ke‐Mi Wu
- Department of PulmonaryChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of PulmonaryChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of PediatricsHangzhou Children's HospitalHangzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Fei Tang
- Department of PulmonaryChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of PediatricsJiaxing Second people's HospitalJiaxingChina
| | - Jun‐Fen Fu
- Department of EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Guan‐Ping Dong
- Department of EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Chao‐Chun Zou
- Department of EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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Mishima S, Mitsui T, Tani K, Maki J, Eto E, Hayata K, Washio Y, Yoshimoto J, Tsukahara H, Masuyama H. Short stature in small-for-gestational-age offspring born to mothers with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 2023; 42:2187623. [PMID: 36891613 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2023.2187623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence and risk factors of small-for-gestational age (SGA) short stature at 2 and 3 years of age in SGA offspring born to women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). METHODS We examined 226 women with HDP whose respective SGA offspring were delivered. RESULTS Eighty offspring (41.2%) were diagnosed with SGA short stature. The prematurity before 32 weeks of gestation was the most significant factor for catch-up growth failure. CONCLUSION In SGA offspring born to women with HDP, SGA short stature incidence was high, and the risk factor was prematurity before 32 weeks of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Mishima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Mitsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Tani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jota Maki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eriko Eto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kei Hayata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Washio
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Yoshimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
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Tanaka T, Yokoya S, Yoshii K. Analysis of the distribution of adult height standard deviation scores in relation to prepubertal height standard deviation scores using longitudinal growth data: -Investigation of the catch-up rates of children with short stature to attain normal adult height. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2023; 32:206-212. [PMID: 37842139 PMCID: PMC10568575 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the longitudinal growth data of 13,809 individuals in the Akita Prefecture, the percentage distributions of their adult height (AH) standard deviation scores (SDS) in relation to their prepubertal height SDS were obtained. The AH SDS increased with negative prepubertal height SDS and decreased with positive prepubertal height SDS, showing that a greater amount of change was associated with a greater interval of the prepubertal height SDS from the mean. The proportions of individuals who achieved normal AH stratified by prepubertal height SDS were as follows: 67.1%, in the group with prepubertal height SDS of -2.5 < to ≤ -2.0 SD, 46.0% in the group with -3.0 < to ≤ -2.5 SD, 75.2% in the group with +2.0 ≤ to < +2.5 SD, and 55.1% in the group with +2.5 ≤ to < +3.0 SD. Of all participants with short stature at prepuberty, 58.4%, 33.8%, 8.3%, and 0% of those with prepubertal height SDS of ≤ -2.0 SD, ≤ -2.5 SD, ≤ -3.0 SD, and ≤ -3.5 SD attained normal AH, respectively. On average, it is difficult for children with prepubertal height SDS of ≤ -2.5 SD to attain normal AH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susumu Yokoya
- Radiation Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshii
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Higuchi R, Koga H, Sugino N, Bonno M. Mild small-for-gestational-age as a non-negligible risk factor for short stature. Early Hum Dev 2023; 176:105704. [PMID: 36580856 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Risk of subsequent short stature remains unclear among mild small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants with birthweight <10th percentile and ≥-2 standard deviations. In this multicenter cohort study in Japan, height was found to be <-2 standard deviations at 3 years old even in 18 % of mild-SGA infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryunosuke Higuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, Beppu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, Beppu, Japan.
| | - Noriko Sugino
- Division of Neonatology, National Hospital Organization Mie Chuo Medical Center, Tsu, Japan
| | - Motoki Bonno
- Division of Neonatology, National Hospital Organization Mie Chuo Medical Center, Tsu, Japan
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Orso M, Polistena B, Granato S, Novelli G, Di Virgilio R, La Torre D, d’Angela D, Spandonaro F. Pediatric growth hormone treatment in Italy: A systematic review of epidemiology, quality of life, treatment adherence, and economic impact. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264403. [PMID: 35213607 PMCID: PMC8880399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This systematic review aims to describe 1) the epidemiology of the diseases indicated for treatment with growth hormone (GH) in Italy; 2) the adherence to the GH treatment in Italy and factors associated with non-adherence; 3) the economic impact of GH treatment in Italy; 4) the quality of life of patients treated with GH and their caregivers in Italy. Methods Systematic literature searches were performed in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science from January 2010 to March 2021. Literature selection process, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Study protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021240455). Results We included 25 studies in the qualitative synthesis. The estimated prevalence of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was 1/4,000–10,000 in the general population of children; the prevalence of Short Stature HOmeoboX Containing gene deficiency (SHOX-D) was 1/1,000–2,000 in the general population of children; the birth prevalence of Turner syndrome was 1/2,500; the birth prevalence of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) was 1/15,000. Treatment adherence was suboptimal, with a range of non-adherent patients of 10–30%. The main reasons for suboptimal adherence were forgetfulness, being away from home, pain/discomfort caused by the injection. Economic studies reported a total cost for a complete multi-year course of GH treatment of almost 100,000 euros. A study showed that drug wastage can amount up to 15% of consumption, and that in some Italian regions there could be a considerable over- or under-prescribing. In general, patients and caregivers considered the GH treatment acceptable. There was a general satisfaction among patients with regard to social and school life and GH treatment outcomes, while there was a certain level of intolerance to GH treatment among adolescents. Studies on PWS patients and their caregivers showed a lower quality of life compared to the general population, and that social stigma persists. Conclusion Growth failure conditions with approved GH treatment in Italy constitute a significant burden of disease in clinical, social, and economic terms. GH treatment is generally considered acceptable by patients and caregivers. The total cost of the GH treatment is considerable; there are margins for improving efficiency, by increasing adherence, reducing drug wastage and promoting prescriptive appropriateness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Orso
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara Polistena
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Health Economics & Outcomes Research, Pfizer Italia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daria La Torre
- Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer Rare Disease, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela d’Angela
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Spandonaro
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
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Guazzarotti L, Mauri S, Santi D, Pogliani L, Zuccotti G. First year metabolic and hormonal behaviour define two different populations of SGA newborn for weight or height. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac028. [PMID: 35350393 PMCID: PMC8944306 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
Small for gestational age (SGA) children have a particular metabolic and hormonal pattern at birth that change rapidly.
Objective
To evaluate the linear and weight growth in the first year of life in SGA children.
Design
Prospective, monocentric cohort study.
Setting
Real-world data collected from April 2012 to January 2016.
Patients
SGA newborns uniformly defined by either growth or length lower than -2 standard deviation for gestational age.
Interventions
All children were evaluated for one year after birth, at three days of life, then three, six and 12 months after birth.
Main outcome measures
Anthropometric parameters and biochemical variables, such as blood glucose, insulin, leptin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)3, and HOMA index.
Results
One hundred and thirty-three SGA children were enrolled. Length significantly improved one month after birth, whereas weight significantly increased only three months after birth. Biochemical variables increased during the first year of life, showing a prediction by IGFBP-3 and HOMA-index. Then, the casuistry was divided considering either weight, length or both, showing a different incidence. The biochemical variables changes recorded in the first step were maintained considering SGA children for weight or length, whereas they disappeared when weight and length were considered together.
Conclusions
Our study shows a specific catch-up growth for weight and length in SGA children. Moreover, we highlight that weight and length should be considered as independent parameters in SGA children, defining two different metabolic-hormonal populations with different conceivable predictive role in early catch-up growth and in later growth and metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guazzarotti
- Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric Department, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Mauri
- Pediatric Department, University of Milan “V Buzzi” Children’s Hospital ASST FBF Sacco, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, University of Milan “V Buzzi” Children’s Hospital ASST FBF Sacco, Italy
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Tornincasa V, Dixon D, Le Masne Q, Martin B, Arnaud L, van Dommelen P, Koledova E. Integrated Digital Health Solutions in the Management of Growth Disorders in Pediatric Patients Receiving Growth Hormone Therapy: A Retrospective Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:882192. [PMID: 35846336 PMCID: PMC9281444 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.882192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital health has seen rapid advancements over the last few years in helping patients and their healthcare professionals better manage treatment for a variety of illnesses, including growth hormone (GH) therapy for growth disorders in children and adolescents. For children and adolescents requiring such therapy, as well as for their parents, the treatment is longitudinal and often involves daily injections plus close progress monitoring; a sometimes daunting task when young children are involved. Here, we describe our experience in offering devices and digital health tools to support GH therapy across some 40 countries. We also discuss how this ecosystem of care has evolved over the years based on learnings and advances in technology. Finally, we offer a glimpse of future planned enhancements and directions for digital health to play a bigger role in better managing conditions treated with GH therapy, as well as model development for adherence prediction. The continued aim of these technologies is to improve clinical decision making and support for GH-treated patients, leading to better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Dixon
- Ares Trading S.A. (an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Le Masne
- Ares Trading S.A. (an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Martin
- Ares Trading S.A. (an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Lilian Arnaud
- Ares Trading S.A. (an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Paula van Dommelen
- Department of Child Health, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina Koledova
- Global Medical Affairs Cardiometabolic & Endocrinology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ekaterina Koledova,
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Huang L, Jiang S, Xu J, Lei X, Zhang J. Associations between prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain and weight catch-up in small-for-gestational-age children. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 18:e13235. [PMID: 34291873 PMCID: PMC8710114 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) was related with a higher incidence of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) births than appropriate GWG; however, the long‐term association of maternal GWG with weight catch‐up growth in SGA children remains unknown. The objective of this study is to evaluate the associations between prepregnancy body mass index (pBMI), GWG and weight catch‐up patterns in SGA children. Data were from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, an American multicentre prospective cohort study. A total of 56,990 gravidas were recruited at the first prenatal visit, and children were followed up until school age. Maternal pBMI, GWG and physical growth of the offspring at birth, 4 months, 1 year, 4 years and 7 years old were recorded. The latent class analysis was employed to form weight catch‐up growth patterns (appropriate, excessive, slow, regression and no catch‐up patterns) in SGA children. SGA children who developed the ‘appropriate catch‐up growth’ pattern and whose mothers had appropriate pBMI and GWG were chosen as the reference. Associations between GWG for different pBMI and weight catch‐up patterns were analysed by multivariate logistic regression models. A total of 1619 infants (9.45%) were born term SGA. After adjusting for relevant confounders, compared with SGA children whose mothers had appropriate pBMI and GWG, SGA children with maternal prepregnancy underweight (for inadequate GWG, GWG below recommendations, adjusted OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.13–7.31; for appropriate/excessive GWG, adjusted OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.74–5.42) or with prepregnancy normal weight but inadequate GWG (adjusted OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.36–3.38) were at a higher risk of having the ‘no catch‐up growth’ pattern. We suggest that SGA children with maternal prepregnancy underweight or inadequate GWG tend to have a poor weight catch‐up growth at least until school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Huang
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Department of Child Healthcare, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Jiang
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Department of Child Healthcare, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xu
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Department of Child Healthcare, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Lei
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Novel Physique Index for the Screening of Skeletal Dysplasia at Birth. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8050331. [PMID: 33922881 PMCID: PMC8146428 DOI: 10.3390/children8050331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to devise a novel physique index and investigate its accuracy in identifying newborns with skeletal dysplasia in comparison with head circumference (HC)/height (HT) ratio. The birth weight (W), HT, and HC at birth of 1500 newborns were retrospectively collected. The linear regression equations and coefficients of determination (R2) were determined. The formulated equation was corrected by the mean weight for gestational age at birth (Wcorr) as a novel physique index for screening skeletal dysplasia. The index accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in 11 newborns by fetal ultrasound and compared with that of the HC/HT ratio. The R2 values between W and HT, (HT)2, and (HT) 3 were 0.978, 0.990, and 0.993, respectively. Those between W and HC, (HC)2, and (HC)3 were 0.974, 0.984, and 0.988, respectively. W/Wcorr × (HC/HT)3 was used as a novel physique index. Seven newborns had skeletal dysplasia. Our novel physique index had a higher area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity than the HC/HT ratio (AUC: 1.00 vs. 0.86, sensitivity: 1.00 vs. 0.86, and specificity: 1.00 vs. 0.75, respectively). Our novel physique index was more accurate than HC/HT ratio and has the potential to accurately identify newborns with skeletal dysplasia.
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Prevalence of children born small for gestational age with short stature who qualify for growth hormone treatment. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:82. [PMID: 33794966 PMCID: PMC8015030 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is approved in Europe as a treatment for short children born small for gestational age (SGA) since 2003. However, no study evaluated the prevalence of SGA children with short stature who qualify for rhGH in Europe so far. This study aimed to investigate in an Italian population the prevalence of children born SGA, of short stature in children born SGA, and of SGA children who qualify for rhGH treatment at 4 years of age. METHODS We conducted a population-based study on primary care pediatricians' databases in Trieste, Italy. Data was collected on 3769 children born between 2004 and 2014. SGA was defined as birth weight and/or birth length ≤ - 2 SDS. Data on height and weight were registered at the closest well-being visit to 1, 2, 3, 4 years of age. Short stature was defined as height ≤ - 2 SDS. Short children born SGA who qualify for rhGH treatment were identified according to Note AIFA #39 criteria (age ≥ 4 years; height ≤ - 2.5 SDS; growth velocity < 50th percentile). RESULTS Full data at birth were available for 3250 children. The SGA prevalence was 3.6% (0.8% SGA for weight, 2.2% SGA for length, 0.6% SGA for both weight and length). The prevalence of short stature among SGA children was 9% at 1 year of age, 6% at 2 years (significantly higher in preterm in the first 2 years), 4% at 3 years, 3% at 4 years (all born at term). At 4 years of age, median height SDS was - 0.52. One child born SGA was eligible for GH treatment (0.8% among SGA children). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence in a general pediatric population of children born SGA who qualify for GH treatment was 1:3250. Although the prevalence of SGA in our population was similar to previous studies, catch-up growth was recorded earlier in our sample compared to previous reports, and term babies had late catch-up. Height SDS of children born SGA at 4 years of age was lower than expected (- 0.52 SDS).
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Liang H, Miao H, Pan H, Yang H, Gong F, Duan L, Chen S, Wang L, Zhu H. Growth-Promoting Therapies May Be Useful In Short Stature Patients With Nonspecific Skeletal Abnormalities Caused By Acan Heterozygous Mutations: Six Chinese Cases And Literature Review. Endocr Pract 2020; 26:1255-1268. [PMID: 33471655 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2019-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are numerous reasons for short stature, including mutations in osteochondral development genes. ACAN, one such osteochondral development gene in which heterozygous mutations can cause short stature, has attracted attention from researchers in recent years. Therefore, we analyzed six cases of short stature with heterozygous ACAN mutations and performed a literature review. METHODS Clinical information and blood samples from 6 probands and their family members were collected after consent forms were signed. Gene mutations in the probands were detected by whole-exome sequencing. Then, we searched the literature, performed statistical analyses, and summarized the characteristics of all reported cases. RESULTS We identified six novel mutations in ACAN: c.1411C>T, c.1817C>A, c.1762C>T, c.2266G>C, c.7469G>A, and c.1733-1G>A. In the literature, more than 200 affected individuals have been diagnosed genetically with a similar condition (height standard deviation score [SDS] -3.14 ± 1.15). Among affected individuals receiving growth-promoting treatment, their height before and after treatment was SDS -2.92±1.07 versus SDS -2.14±1.23 (P<.001). As of July 1, 2019, a total of 57 heterozygous ACAN mutations causing nonsyndromic short stature had been reported, including the six novel mutations found in our study. Approximately half of these mutations can lead to protein truncation. CONCLUSIONS This study used clinical and genetic means to examine the relationship between the ACAN gene and short stature. To some extent, clear diagnosis is difficult, since most of these affected individuals' characteristics are not prominent. Growth-promoting therapies may be beneficial for increasing the height of affected patients. ABBREVIATIONS AI = aromatase inhibitor; ECM = extracellular matrix; GnRHa = gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue; IQR = interquartile range; MIM = Mendelian Inheritance in Man; PGHD = partial growth hormone deficiency; rhGH = recombinant human growth hormone; SDS = standard deviation score; SGA = small for gestational age; SGHD = severe growth hormone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medixcal College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Miao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medixcal College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medixcal College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medixcal College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medixcal College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medixcal College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medixcal College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medixcal College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medixcal College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China..
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12
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Horikawa R, Tanaka T, Nishinaga H, Nishiba Y, Yokoya S. The long-term safety and effectiveness of growth hormone treatment in Japanese children with short stature born small for gestational age. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 29:159-171. [PMID: 33088015 PMCID: PMC7534526 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.29.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the safety and effectiveness of GH
treatments, in usual clinical practice, in children with short stature born small for
gestational age (SGA). This was a multicenter, open-label, non-interventional study
(NCT01110928) conducted at 150 sites in Japan (2009–2018). The
primary objective was to assess the type and frequency of serious adverse drug reactions
(SADRs) associated with long-term GH use. Overall, 452 naïve and 46 non-naïve (previously
treated) children were enrolled. GH treatment was well‑tolerated, with SADRs occurring in
1.3% (6/452) and 0% (0/46) of naïve and non-naïve children, respectively. No new safety
concerns or notable changes in glucose metabolism were identified during long-term
treatment. Altogether, 57 children (32 naïve and 25 non-naïve) reached near adult height
(NAH). In naïve and non-naïve children, mean ± standard deviation (SD) height standard
deviation score (SDS) at NAH were –2.03 ± 0.77 and –1.53 ± 0.81, respectively,
representing a change of +0.85 ± 0.72 and +1.24 ± 0.66 from baseline height SDS,
respectively. Mean treatment duration to NAH was 4.29 (naïve) and 7.26 (non-naïve) yr.
Thus, long-term GH treatment for short stature in children born SGA was confirmed to have
a good safety profile and was effective for improving adult height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Horikawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Susumu Yokoya
- Thyroid and Endocrine Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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13
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Ashina M, Fujioka K, Yoshimoto S, Ioroi T, Iijima K. Incidence of hypospadias in severe small-for-gestational-age infants: A multicenter Asian population study. Pediatr Neonatol 2020; 61:548-550. [PMID: 32891529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ashina
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Fujioka
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Seiji Yoshimoto
- Department of Neonatology, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ioroi
- Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital, Himeji, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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14
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Barreto CM, Pereira MAL, Rolim ACB, Abbas SA, Langhi Junior DM, Santos AMND. INCIDENCE OF SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE NEONATES, ACCORDING TO THE FENTON AND INTERGROWTH-21ST CURVES IN A LEVEL II MATERNITY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 39:e2019245. [PMID: 32638944 PMCID: PMC7333938 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the incidence of small for gestational age infants among late
preterm and term newborns, using the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st
curves. Methods: Observational and retrospective study with newborns in a level II maternity.
The study was approved by the Institution’s Ethics Committee. Live births
from July 2007 to February 2009 with a gestational age from 34 to 41 weeks
and seven days were included. Neonates with incomplete data were excluded.
Appropriate weight for gestational age was assessed by the Fenton and
Intergrowth-21st intrauterine growth curves, considering
birth weight <10th percentile as small for gestational age.
The degree of agreement between the two curves was assessed by the
Kappa coefficient. Numerical variables were compared
using the Student t-test or the Mann-Whitney. Categorical variables were
compared using the chi-square test. Statistical analyzes were performed
using SPSS17® software, considering significant, p<0.05. Results: We included 2849 newborns with a birthweight of 3210±483 g, gestational age
of 38.8±1.4 weeks; 51.1% male. The incidence of small for gestational age in
the full sample was 13.0 vs. 8.7% (p<0.001, Kappa=0.667)
by the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves, respectively. Among
late preterm, the incidence of small neonates was 11.3 vs. 10.9%
(p<0.001; Kappa=0.793) and among full-term infants it
was 13.1% vs. 8.5% (p<0.001; Kappa=0.656), respectively
for the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves. Conclusions: The incidence of small for gestational age newborns was significantly higher
using the Fenton curve, with greater agreement between the Fenton and
Intergrowth-21st curves among late preterm, compared to full
term neonates.
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15
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Tornese G, Pricci F, Pellegrin MC, Villa M, Rotondi D, Agazio E, Barbi E. Practical tools to identify short children born small-for-gestational-age eligible for rhGH treatment according to Italian regulation. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:130. [PMID: 31639023 PMCID: PMC6805524 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is an approved and effective treatment for short children born small for gestational age (SGA). Prevalence of children eligible for treatment as SGA is reported to be 1:1800. The latest data from the National Registry of Growth Hormone therapy (RNAOC) showed that the number of children treated with SGA indication is still small (prevalence 0.37/100,000) and these children are significantly less reported than those treated for growth hormone deficiency (GHD), although GHD prevalence is 1:4000-1:10,000. This means that many short children born SGA are still not properly identified, and therefore not treated with rhGH, or misdiagnosed as GHD. This article provides some practical tools for the identification of children eligible for rhGH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tornese
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.
| | - Flavia Pricci
- Department Cardiovascular, endocrine-metabolic disease and aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marika Villa
- Department Cardiovascular, endocrine-metabolic disease and aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Rotondi
- Department Cardiovascular, endocrine-metabolic disease and aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Agazio
- Department Cardiovascular, endocrine-metabolic disease and aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Egidio Barbi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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16
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Incidence and Neonatal Risk factors of Short Stature and Growth Hormone treatment in Japanese Preterm Infants Born Small for Gestational Age. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12238. [PMID: 31439925 PMCID: PMC6706397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence and neonatal risk factors for short stature in preterm children born small for gestational age (SGA) have not been fully investigated in Japan. In this prospective study, infants born ≤32 weeks’ gestational age (GA) from 2004–2015 were enrolled and followed for 3 years. Incidence of short children born SGA and short stature treated with growth hormone (GH) were investigated. Neonatal risk factors were analysed using univariate and multivariate analyses. GA cut-off value was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Of 604 infants born ≤32 weeks’ GA, 76 (13%) were SGA at birth. Twenty-seven infants (36%) developed short stature at age 2 and 14 infants (19%) received GH treatment at age 3. GA, birthweight, birth length, birth head circumference, and chronic lung disease at 36 weeks’ corrected GA were determined as risk factors by univariate analyses (p < 0.01). Multivariate analyses only revealed low GA as an independent risk factor. ROC curve analysis determined a cut-off value of 24 weeks’ GA. Nineteen percent of preterm SGA infants ≤32 weeks’ GA developed short stature treated with GH. A low GA at birth could be an early detection marker for short stature that requires GH treatment in preterm infants born SGA.
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17
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Postnatal management of growth failure in children born small for gestational age. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2019; 95 Suppl 1:23-29. [PMID: 30550759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To discuss the etiology and growth consequences of small size at birth and the indications, effects, and safety of biosynthetic growth hormone therapy in children born small for gestational age. SOURCE OF DATA A comprehensive and non-systematic search was carried out in the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases from 1980 to the present day, using the terms "small for gestational age," "intrauterine growth restriction," and "growth hormone". The publications were critically selected by the authors. DATA SYNTHESIS Although the majority of children born small for gestational age show spontaneous catch-up growth during the first two years of life, some of them remain with short stature during childhood, with high risk of short stature in adult life. Treatment with growth hormone might be indicated, preferably after 2-4 years of age, in those small for gestational age children who remain short, without catch-up growth. Treatment aims to increase growth velocity and to reach a normal height during childhood and an adult height within target height. Response to growth hormone treatment is variable, with better growth response during the pre-pubertal period. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with growth hormone in short children born small for gestational age is safe and effective to improve adult height. Efforts should be done to identify the etiology of small size at birth before treatment.
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18
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Cardoso‐Demartini AA, Boguszewski MC, Alves CA. Postnatal management of growth failure in children born small for gestational age. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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19
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Growth Hormone Treatment in Children Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 39:143-149. [PMID: 30110258 DOI: 10.2478/prilozi-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Growth failure is a common consequence in small for gestational age (SGA) children.
Patients and Methods: The growth patterns and serum insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) concentrations before and after the 1st year under growth hormone treatment of 32 short stature SGA born children have been evaluated. In addition, we investigated the insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) exon 2 as a hotspot for IGF1R genetic alterations. It is of note that no dysmorphic features were observed in this group of children.
Results: The tests for pituitary reserve were within normal ranges for all 32 patients. Growth hormone (GH) treatment (0.037 mg/kg/day) was initiated at the mean age of 9.32±3.19 years. Growth velocity increased yearly from −1.80 SDS after the first year to −0.03 SDS in the sixth year of treatment. Their IGF1 serum concentrations before treatment were age and sex appropriate, while during treatment a significant increase was observed fitting in the upper third of the normal range: before the treatment IGF1 SDS was 0.84±1.78 after 1st year the concentrations increased to IGF1 SDS 0.94±2.23. No genetic alterations were found in the IGF1R exon 2 by PCR analysis.
Conclusions: Herein we present 32 short stature SGA children with no dysmorphic features treated with GH. They all had increased growth velocity and entered the normal growth range on their growth charts. No side-effects were observed. GH treatment in children with no genetic alterations on the IGF1R exon 2 is safe and efficient in treating SGA children with short stature.
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20
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Ikegami T, Araki S, Kuwamura M, Taku A, Saito R, Goto M, Kubo K, Kawagoe R, Yamamoto Y, Kawada Y, Kusuhara K. [Evaluation of Clinical Features and Growth Hormone Deficiency in Short Children Born Small For Gestational Age]. J UOEH 2018; 40:253-257. [PMID: 30224622 DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.40.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) therapy for short children born small for gestational age (SGA) has been approved in Japan. It is important to evaluate GH secretion ability before the initiation of GH therapy because there are some differences in dose and medical expenses between short children born SGA and GH deficiency (GHD). This study was designed to elucidate the incidence of GHD and to find a useful marker for detecting it in short SGA children. We retrospectively reviewed medical records to analyze the clinical features of short children born SGA and with GHD who had started GH therapy before the age of 6 in the University Hospital of Occupational and Environmental Health and Kyushu Rousai Hospital. Nine of 22 SGA subjects (41%) had GHD. There were no significant differences between two groups of short SGA children (GHD, non-GHD) in the median of height and serum insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-1 levels at birth or at the start of GH therapy. The probability of GHD was higher if the height standard deviation scores (SD) of the SGA children were lower than -3.2 (odds ratio, 11.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.52 - 89.1, P = 0.013). This study showed that there is an approximately 40% incidence of GHD in short SGA children needing GH treatment. We should do GH stimulation tests for short SGA children whose height SD is lower than -3 to determine the appropriate GH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ikegami
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Araki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Mami Kuwamura
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Aoi Taku
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Reiko Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Motohide Goto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Kubo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Rinko Kawagoe
- Department of Pediatrics, Tobata General Hospital , Japan
| | - Yukiyo Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Kusuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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21
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Reynolds CM, Perry JK, Vickers MH. Manipulation of the Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor (GH-IGF) Axis: A Treatment Strategy to Reverse the Effects of Early Life Developmental Programming. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081729. [PMID: 28786951 PMCID: PMC5578119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from human clinical, epidemiological, and experimental animal models has clearly highlighted a link between the early life environment and an increased risk for a range of cardiometabolic disorders in later life. In particular, altered maternal nutrition, including both undernutrition and overnutrition, spanning exposure windows that cover the period from preconception through to early infancy, clearly highlight an increased risk for a range of disorders in offspring in later life. This process, preferentially termed “developmental programming” as part of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) framework, leads to phenotypic outcomes in offspring that closely resemble those of individuals with untreated growth hormone (GH) deficiency, including increased adiposity and cardiovascular disorders. As such, the use of GH as a potential intervention strategy to mitigate the effects of developmental malprogramming has received some attention in the DOHaD field. In particular, experimental animal models have shown that early GH treatment in the setting of poor maternal nutrition can partially rescue the programmed phenotype, albeit in a sex-specific manner. Although the mechanisms remain poorly defined, they include changes to endothelial function, an altered inflammasome, changes in adipogenesis and cardiovascular function, neuroendocrine effects, and changes in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Similarly, GH treatment to adult offspring, where an adverse metabolic phenotype is already manifest, has shown efficacy in reversing some of the metabolic disorders arising from a poor early life environment. Components of the GH-insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-IGF binding protein (GH-IGF-IGFBP) system, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), have also shown promise in ameliorating programmed metabolic disorders, potentially acting via epigenetic processes including changes in miRNA profiles and altered DNA methylation. However, as with the use of GH in the clinical setting of short stature and GH-deficiency, the benefits of treatment are also, in some cases, associated with potential unwanted side effects that need to be taken into account before effective translation as an intervention modality in the DOHaD context can be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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22
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Ueyama K, Namba N, Kitaoka T, Yamamoto K, Fujiwara M, Ohata Y, Kubota T, Ozono K. Endocrinological and phenotype evaluation in a patient with acrodysostosis. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 26:177-182. [PMID: 28804209 PMCID: PMC5537214 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.26.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrodysostosis is characterized by distinctive facial features and severe brachydactyly. Mutations in PRKAR1A or PDE4D are known to be responsible for this disease. Cases of hormonal resistance have been reported, particularly in patients with PRKAR1A mutations. The physical characteristics and endocrine function of pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia is known to resemble acrodysostosis. We report the case of a 4-yr-old patient with a PRKAR1A mutation. He had characteristic facies with an upturned nose and cone-shaped epiphyses of most phalanges. These findings have not been reported as extensive for cases of pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia. He also had TSH resistance from birth. We performed endocrinological stimulation tests to further evaluate his endocrine status. These examinations revealed resistance to TSH and PTH, but there was normal secretion of ACTH, GH, and cortisol. An Ellsworth-Howard test resulted in normal urinary cAMP excretion. This response differs from that of pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia. In summary, the constellation of an upturned nose, cone-shaped epiphyses of most if not all phalanges, and PTH resistance with a normal urinary cAMP response may satisfactorily enable clinical diagnosis of acrodysostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Ueyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Hospital, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namba
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Hospital, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Osaka, Japan
| | - Taichi Kitaoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Ohata
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Zeve D, Regelmann MO, Holzman IR, Rapaport R. Small at Birth, but How Small? The Definition of SGA Revisited. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 86:357-360. [PMID: 27685026 DOI: 10.1159/000449275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zeve
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, N.Y., USA
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