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Mytidou C, Koutsoulidou A, Zachariou M, Prokopi M, Kapnisis K, Spyrou GM, Anayiotos A, Phylactou LA. Age-Related Exosomal and Endogenous Expression Patterns of miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, and miR-206 in Skeletal Muscles. Front Physiol 2021; 12:708278. [PMID: 34867435 PMCID: PMC8637414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.708278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle growth and maintenance depend on two tightly regulated processes, myogenesis and muscle regeneration. Both processes involve a series of crucial regulatory molecules including muscle-specific microRNAs, known as myomiRs. We recently showed that four myomiRs, miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, and miR-206, are encapsulated within muscle-derived exosomes and participate in local skeletal muscle communication. Although these four myomiRs have been extensively studied for their function in muscles, no information exists regarding their endogenous and exosomal levels across age. Here we aimed to identify any age-related changes in the endogenous and muscle-derived exosomal myomiR levels during acute skeletal muscle growth. The four endogenous and muscle-derived myomiRs were investigated in five skeletal muscles (extensor digitorum longus, soleus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and quadriceps) of 2-week–1-year-old wild-type male mice. The expression of miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-133b was found to increase rapidly until adolescence in all skeletal muscles, whereas during adulthood it remained relatively stable. By contrast, endogenous miR-206 levels were observed to decrease with age in all muscles, except for soleus. Differential expression of the four myomiRs is also inversely reflected on the production of two protein targets; serum response factor and connexin 43. Muscle-derived exosomal miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-133b levels were found to increase until the early adolescence, before reaching a plateau phase. Soleus was found to be the only skeletal muscle to release exosomes enriched in miR-206. In this study, we showed for the first time an in-depth longitudinal analysis of the endogenous and exosomal levels of the four myomiRs during skeletal muscle development. We showed that the endogenous expression and extracellular secretion of the four myomiRs are associated to the function and size of skeletal muscles as the mice age. Overall, our findings provide new insights for the myomiRs’ significant role in the first year of life in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Mytidou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andrie Koutsoulidou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Margarita Zachariou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marianna Prokopi
- Theramir Ltd., Limassol, Cyprus.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Kapnisis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - George M Spyrou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Anayiotos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Leonidas A Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Breast milk (BM) is a peculiar fluid owing unique properties and resulting the ideal food during early neonatal period. As widely known, it can improve the outcome of both neonate and lactating mother, influencing their whole life. BM is characterized by several beneficial components; among these, a great role is played by BM own and specific microbiome, deeply investigated in many studies. Moreover, the use of metabolomics in BM analysis allowed a better characterization of its metabolic pathways that vary according to lactation stage and neonatal gestational age. The aim of this review is to describe growth factors, cytokines, immunity mediators, and stem cells (SCs) contained in BM and investigate their functions and effects on neonatal outcome, especially focusing on immuno- and neurodevelopment. RECENT FINDINGS We evaluated recent and updated literature on this field. The article that we analyzed to write this review have been found in MEDLINE using breast milk-derived stem cells, biofactors, growth factors, breastfeeding-related outcomes, neurodevelopment, and neonatal immunological system as keywords. Discovering and characterizing BM components could result very useful to clarify the pathophysiology of their influence on neonatal growth and even to improve artificial formulations' composition. Moreover, since SCs abilities and their involvement in the development of several diseases, they could help to discover specific targets for new therapies. It could be useful to characterize BM-derived SC markers, properties, and variations during lactation stages, to understand their potential role in therapeutic applications, since they could be noninvasively isolated from BM. More studies will help to describe more in detail the characteristics of mother-to-child communication through breastfeeding and its potential role in the next future.
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Takeda S, Harauma A, Okamoto M, Enomoto H, Kudo T, Suzuki T, Mizunoya W, Moriguchi T. Effects of whey protein hydrolysate on growth promotion and immunomodulation in mouse pups in artificial rearing system. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13395. [PMID: 32484296 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the growth and immunity of mouse pups in artificial rearing (AR) system. Mouse pups were reared in the AR system with artificial milk including 5% WPH (AR with WPH) or not (AR without WPH), and the remaining pups were reared by their mother (dam) for 14 days after birth. The body weight change and body weight gain rates in the AR with WPH group were significantly higher than those observed in the AR without WPH group and similar to those in the dam group. Moreover the feed and protein efficiencies in the AR with WPH group were significantly higher than those of the AR without WPH group. In addition, the supplement of WPH in the AR system was shown to significantly elevate the number of CD3+ CD8+ , B220+ CD19+ , IA/IE+ CD11c+ , and CD11b+ in the thymocyte and/or splenocyte, and the thymus weight. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF/MS analysis identified the amino acid sequences corresponding to some peptides, and indicated that VRTPEVDDE had the highest relative intensity among the peptides from tested WPH. Therefore, WPH would be required to not only promote growth, but also exert immunomodulatory activities in mouse pups in AR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Takeda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Harauma
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Enomoto
- School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.,Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshiji Kudo
- Daltonics Division, Bruker Japan K. K., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehito Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Mizunoya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Moriguchi
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Torres-Castro P, Grases-Pintó B, Abril-Gil M, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ, Franch À. Modulation of the Systemic Immune Response in Suckling Rats by Breast Milk TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 Supplementation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061888. [PMID: 32599899 PMCID: PMC7353385 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is a rich fluid containing bioactive compounds such as specific growth factors (GF) that contribute to maturation of the immune system in early life. The aim of this study was to determine whether transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), compounds present in breast milk, could promote systemic immune maturation. For this purpose, newborn Wistar rats were daily supplemented with these GF by oral gavage during the suckling period (21 days of life). At day 14 and 21 of life, plasma for immunoglobulin (Ig) quantification was obtained and spleen lymphocytes were isolated, immunophenotyped and cultured to evaluate their ability to proliferate and release cytokines. The main result was obtained at day 14, when supplementation with EGF increased B cell proportion to reach levels observed at day 21. At the end of the suckling period, all GF increased the plasma levels of IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, FGF21 balanced the Th1/Th2 cytokine response and both EGF and FGF21 modified splenic lymphocyte composition. These results suggested that the studied milk bioactive factors, mainly EGF and FGF21, may have modulatory roles in the systemic immune responses in early life, although their physiological roles remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Torres-Castro
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Blanca Grases-Pintó
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-402-45-05
| | - Àngels Franch
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Laouar A. Maternal Leukocytes and Infant Immune Programming during Breastfeeding. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:225-239. [PMID: 32057705 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fetal immune system develops in a rather sterile environment relative to the outside world and, therefore, lacks antigenic education. Soon after birth, the newborn is exposed to the hostile environment of pathogens. Recently, animal- and limited human-based studies have indicated that help from the mother, upon transfer of leukocytes and their products via breast milk feeding, greatly assists the newborn's immune system. Here, I discuss the newest advances on how milk leukocytes impact early life immunity, with an emphasis on the development of the infant T cell repertoire and early immune responses in the periphery and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. A deeper understanding of these novel mechanistic insights may inform potential translational approaches to improving immunity in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amale Laouar
- Surgery Department and the Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases. J Transl Med 2019; 17:3. [PMID: 30602375 PMCID: PMC6317263 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk consumption is a hallmark of western diet. According to common believes, milk consumption has beneficial effects for human health. Pasteurization of cow's milk protects thermolabile vitamins and other organic compounds including bioactive and bioavailable exosomes and extracellular vesicles in the range of 40-120 nm, which are pivotal mediators of cell communication via systemic transfer of specific micro-ribonucleic acids, mRNAs and regulatory proteins such as transforming growth factor-β. There is compelling evidence that human and bovine milk exosomes play a crucial role for adequate metabolic and immunological programming of the newborn infant at the beginning of extrauterine life. Milk exosomes assist in executing an anabolic, growth-promoting and immunological program confined to the postnatal period in all mammals. However, epidemiological and translational evidence presented in this review indicates that continuous exposure of humans to exosomes of pasteurized milk may confer a substantial risk for the development of chronic diseases of civilization including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, common cancers (prostate, breast, liver, B-cells) as well as Parkinson's disease. Exosomes of pasteurized milk may represent new pathogens that should not reach the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7A, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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TGF-β2, EGF, and FGF21 Growth Factors Present in Breast Milk Promote Mesenteric Lymph Node Lymphocytes Maturation in Suckling Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091171. [PMID: 30150532 PMCID: PMC6163676 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk, due to its large number of nutrients and bioactive factors, contributes to optimal development and immune maturation in early life. In this study, we aimed to assess the influence of some growth factors present in breast milk, such as transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), on the immune response development. Newborn Wistar rats were supplemented daily with TGF-β2, EGF, or FGF21, throughout the suckling period. At day 14 and 21 of life, lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were isolated, immunophenotyped, and cultured to evaluate their ability to proliferate and release cytokines. The main results demonstrated that supplementation with TGF-β2, EGF, or FGF21 modified the lymphocyte composition in MLNs. At day 14, all supplementations were able to induce a lower percentage of natural killer (NK) cells with the immature phenotype (CD8+), and they reduced the CD8αα/CD8αβ ratio at day 21. Moreover, the cytokine pattern was modified by the three treatments, with a down regulation of interleukin (IL)-13 secretion. These results showed the contribution of these growth factors in the lymphocytes MLNs immune maturation during the neonatal period.
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