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Roalsø ES, Klonteig S, Kraft B, Skarstein S, Aalberg M, Jonassen R. Associations between over-the-counter analgesics usage and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents: a network analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:366. [PMID: 38750535 PMCID: PMC11095036 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of over-the-counter analgesics (OTCA) is common among adolescents and has been linked with increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, little is known about which specific symptoms are most strongly connected to OTCA usage. The current study assessed which anxiety and depression symptoms were most closely associated with OTCA usage in a large sample of adolescents and examined whether this differed across genders. METHOD The present study was based on data from 626,581 participants from the Ungdata survey in Norway. Associations between OTCA and anxiety and depression symptoms were examined using network analysis. Non-regularized partial-correlation networks were constructed to estimate the conditional dependent relations between the use of OTCA and symptoms while controlling for pain. Gender-specific networks were created for comparison. RESULTS OTCA usage was associated with most symptoms, even after controlling for pain, with the strongest associations with "sleep problems", "stiff or tense", "everything is a struggle" and "suddenly scared". There were some gender differences, showing that "sleep problems" and "hopeless" were more strongly related to OTCA usage in females, whereas "stiff or tense" was more strongly related to OTCA usage in males. CONCLUSION Overall, the somatic symptoms of anxiety and depression displayed the strongest associations with OTCA usage. When examining the gender-specific networks, both showed similar trends, although males exhibited slightly stronger associations between OTCA usage and somatic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Klonteig
- Advanced Health Intelligence and Brain-Inspired Technologies (ADEPT), Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Brage Kraft
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siv Skarstein
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Aalberg
- Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Akershus, Norway
| | - Rune Jonassen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Celik G, Haney MÖ. The relationship of depressive symptoms with pain and analgesic use in Turkish adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2024; 37:e12464. [PMID: 38591776 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
PROBLEM This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms, pain (headache, abdominal pain, back pain) and analgesic use among Turkish adolescents. Additionally, it aimed to examine the association between depressive symptoms and pain and analgesic use in adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted in Izmir, Turkey with 954 adolescents aged 11-19 years. Data were collected with the "socio-demographic questionnaires" and the "Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children". Analyzes were performed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis. FINDINGS Of the adolescents, 632 (66.2%) showed depressive symptoms. Of the adolescents, 424 (44.4%) experienced headache, 256 (26.8%) experienced abdominal pain, and 343 (36.0%) experienced back pain. A total of 309 (32.4%) adolescents used analgesics for headaches, 132 (13.8%) abdominal pain, and 47 (4.9%) for back pain. Female gender, high level maternal education, bad economic status, poor health perception, bad school success, pain and analgesic use were the correlated variables with adolescent depression. CONCLUSIONS The depressive symptoms, headache and back pain, and use of analgesics especially for headaches were common among adolescents. The results showed depression in adolescent correlated with pain (headache, abdominal pain, and back pain) and analgesic use. Regular screening is needed to assure early intervention of depression among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meryem Öztürk Haney
- Public Health Nursing Department, Nursing Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Türkiye
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Rohde G, Helseth S, Hagen M, Mikkelsen HT, Skarstein S, Haraldstad K. The relationship between gender, psychosocial factors, pain, health literacy and health-related quality of life in parents of Norwegian adolescents one year into the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:980. [PMID: 38589853 PMCID: PMC11000350 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress impacts healthy behaviours and may influence life and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). A stressful event occurred when the COVID-19 pandemic hit in March 2020. The present study aims to explore possible gender differences in stress, psychosocial factors (self-efficacy, self-esteem, loneliness), pain, HL, and HRQOL in parents of adolescents one year into the COVID-19 pandemic, and to explore possible associations between gender, demographic and psychosocial factors, pain, HL, and HRQOL. METHODS Parents of adolescents aged 16-17 took part in the study from January to February 2021, when the COVID-19 pandemic was ongoing. Data on socio-demographics, stress, self-efficacy, self-esteem, pain, HL, loneliness, and HRQOL were collected. HRQOL was assessed using RAND-36. RESULTS Among the 320 parents from the general population, the mean age was 47.6 (standard deviation (SD) = 4.6) years, 81% were mothers, 79% were married or cohabiting, 81% had a university degree, and the majority worked full time (78%) or part time (13%). The average pain score was low, 0.48 (95% CI [0.43-0.54]). However, 50% of the parents reported persistent pain and more mothers reported persistent pain compared to fathers (53% vs. 37%). The parents' mean (SD) score for RAND-36 was 52.1 (95% CI [51.2-53.0]) for the physical component summary (PCS) score and 51.0 (95% CI [50.0-52.1]) for the mental component summary (MCS) score. Mothers reported significantly lower scores for all the eight RAND-36 domains and the PCS and MCS scores. Adjusting for gender, age, living condition, education, pain, HL, self-efficacy and loneliness, we revealed no associations between stress and RAND-36-PCS. University education of four years or more was positively associated (B = 3.29, 95% CI: [0.78-5.80]) with RAND-36-PCS, while persistent pain was negatively associated (B = -7.13, CI: [-9.20- -5.06]). We identified a strong negative association between RAND-36-MCS and stress (B = -43.11, CI: [-48.83- -37.38]) and a positive association with older age (B = 0.21, CI: [ 0.04, 0.39)]. CONCLUSION One year into the COVID-19 pandemic, we identified a strong negative association between stress and mental HRQOL, while pain was strongly negatively associated with physical HRQOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Rohde
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Research, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Milada Hagen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Timenes Mikkelsen
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Siv Skarstein
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Haraldstad
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
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Fernández-León P, Lima-Serrano M, Gil-García E, Cáceres-Matos R. Alcohol use among children and adolescents with chronic pain. Scoping review. ENFERMERIA CLINICA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2024; 34:130-140. [PMID: 38484935 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcle.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
AIM To examine and map alcohol consumption in children and adolescents with chronic pain (CP). METHOD A scoping review of international databases (CINAHL, WOS, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Embase, and MEDLINE) and grey literature was conducted between September 2022 and February 2023. Documents addressing the relationship between alcohol consumption and CP in children and adolescents, published in English and Spanish between 2012 and 2023, were included. Those papers with a population suffering from CP derived from neurodegenerative diseases, chronic infectious diseases or cognitive impairment were excluded. We assessed the level of evidence (LE) and the degree of recommendation (DR) of the studies included in accordance with the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Finally, 11 documents were considered out of the 479 reviewed. RESULTS The relationship between substance consumption and CP in adolescents is a scarcely investigated topic. While there is a trend towards lower rates of alcohol consumption in youth with pain, there is evidence suggesting an association, particularly in cases of intense pain. The use of various substances, both legal and illegal, for pain management underscores the importance of comprehensively addressing this phenomenon in this population. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption in children and adolescents with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernández-León
- Grupo de Investigación PAIDI-CTS 969 Innovación en Cuidados y Determinantes Sociales en Salud, Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Marta Lima-Serrano
- Grupo de Investigación PAIDI-CTS 969 Innovación en Cuidados y Determinantes Sociales en Salud, Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eugenia Gil-García
- Grupo de Investigación PAIDI-CTS 1050 Cuidados Complejos, Cronicidad y Resultados en Salud, Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Cáceres-Matos
- Grupo de Investigación PAIDI-CTS 1050 Cuidados Complejos, Cronicidad y Resultados en Salud, Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Befus EG, Mølland E, Helseth S, Hagen M, Stea TH, Nolte S, Haraldstad K. The use of youth healthcare services and its association with health-related quality of life, physical and mental health and over-the-counter analgesics use in 13-19-year-old adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:104. [PMID: 38183040 PMCID: PMC10770884 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth healthcare services in Norway include a public health nurse (PHN) at school and local youth health centres (YHCs). They provide health services for all adolescents free of charge, focusing on health promotion and disease prevention. The present study aimed to assess possible associations between health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical and mental health, over-the-counter analgesics (OTCA) use and use of youth healthcare services among 13-19-year-old adolescents. METHODS This study was based on national, cross-sectional data from the Ungdata Survey conducted in 2022. The sample was comprised of 16 482 adolescents. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyse the associations between HRQoL, headaches, selected physical symptoms, psychological distress, use of OTCA, PHN availability, sociodemographic variables, and use of the PHN at school or at a YHC. The KIDSCREEN-10 was used to measure HRQoL, and the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist 10 was used to measure symptoms of psychological distress. RESULTS Girls used the youth healthcare services more frequently than boys. Better HRQoL was significantly associated with fewer visits to the PHN at school. Girls reported lower HRQoL and mental health, and more pain and frequent OTCA use than boys. When having symptoms of psychological distress, boys had greater odds of visiting the PHN at school than girls. For girls in senior high school, headaches and OTCA use were strongly associated with visiting the PHN at school and the YHC. In senior high school, boys with an immigration background had greater odds of visiting the YHC than native Norwegian boys, while girls with an immigration background were less likely to visit the YHC than native Norwegian girls. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that more girls than boys use youth healthcare services. When adolescents experience pain, have mental problems, use OTCA, or report low levels of HRQoL, they have greater odds of using youth healthcare services. Youth healthcare services offer excellent opportunities to support and follow up with adolescents. The findings provide important insights into youth healthcare services used by adolescents for various stakeholders, including PHNs and policy makers, with potential implications for future public health efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Grethe Befus
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, Kristiansand, 4604, Norway.
| | - Eirin Mølland
- Department of Economics and Finance, School of Business and Law, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, Kristiansand, 4604, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, Kristiansand, 4604, Norway
- Faculty of Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs plass, P.O. Box 4, Oslo, 0130, Norway
| | - Milada Hagen
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, Kristiansand, 4604, Norway
- Faculty of Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs plass, P.O. Box 4, Oslo, 0130, Norway
| | - Tonje Holte Stea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, Kristiansand, 4604, Norway
| | - Sandra Nolte
- Melbourne Health Economics, Centre for Health Policy, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristin Haraldstad
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, Kristiansand, 4604, Norway
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Dahl AF, Bergem AK, Bjørnland T, Olsen-Bergem H. Temporomandibular pain and quality of life assessment in adolescents in a Norwegian cohort. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023. [PMID: 37243420 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the prevalence of pain from the face and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and oral function in adolescents and contribute to more focus on this patient group. METHODS A total of 957 adolescents were included in this study, in age cohorts 18, 16, and 14, scheduled for a dental recall examination. Clinical data were collected as a part of the routine clinical examination. All participants also answered a survey. RESULTS Almost half of the participants had experienced facial pain in the last 3 months, headache being the most prevalent site reported. A significantly higher prevalence was found for females for all pain sites, and facial pain was significantly higher among the oldest. A reduced maximal incisal opening was significantly associated with higher reported facial/jaw pain, with increased mouth opening pain and chewing pain. Fifty-seven percent of the participants reported the use of nonprescription painkillers, highest among females, and in the oldest age cohort, mainly caused by nonfeverish headaches. General health was found to be negatively correlated to facial pain, headache, pain intensity, and duration, pain upon oral function, and oral movement, as well as the use of nonprescriptive drugs. Females in the older age group, experience less quality of life in general, as they felt more worried, anxious, lonely, and sad, compared to males. CONCLUSION Facial- and TMJ pain was higher in females, and higher with increasing age. Almost half of the participants had experienced facial pain in the last 3 months, headache being the most prevalent site reported. General health was found to be negatively correlated to facial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne K Bergem
- Psychiatric Division, The Norwegian Medical Association, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Bjørnland
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heming Olsen-Bergem
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Pico M, Matey-Rodríguez C, Domínguez-García A, Menéndez H, Lista S, Santos-Lozano A. Healthcare Professionals’ Knowledge about Pediatric Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10040665. [PMID: 37189914 DOI: 10.3390/children10040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric chronic pain is a common public health problem with a high prevalence among children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to review the current knowledge of health professionals on pediatric chronic pain between 15–30% among children and adolescents. However, since this is an underdiagnosed condition, it is inadequately treated by health professionals. To this aim, a systematic review was carried out based on a search of the electronic literature databases (PubMed and Web of Science), resulting in 14 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis of these articles seems to show a certain degree of heterogeneity in the surveyed professionals about the awareness of this concept, especially regarding its etiology, assessment, and management. In addition, the extent of knowledge of the health professionals seems to be insufficient regarding these aspects of pediatric chronic pain. Hence, the knowledge of the health professionals is unrelated to recent research that identifies central hyperexcitability as the primary factor affecting the onset, persistence, and management of pediatric chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pico
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carmen Matey-Rodríguez
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana Domínguez-García
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Héctor Menéndez
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Simone Lista
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012 Valladolid, Spain
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘imas12’), 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Rohde G, Helseth S, Skarstein S, Småstuen M, Mikkelsen HET, Haraldstad K. Health-related quality of life in parents of adolescents one year into the COVID-19 pandemic: a two-year longitudinal study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2022; 20:158. [PMID: 36457113 PMCID: PMC9713202 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-022-02069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM For many adults, their role as a parent is a vital part of their life that may influence their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and vary with the age of their child. The aim of the present study was to describe and compare sociodemographic and psychological factors, pain and HRQOL in parents of adolescents assessed at baseline and 2 years later,-during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A longitudinal study of 309 parents from the general Norwegian population was conducted. The parents were chosen based on their adolescent's school belonging and responded to a web-based questionnaire. We used data collected at baseline (T1), when the adolescents were aged 14-15 years (2018/2019), and two years later (T2), in 2021, when the COVID-19 pandemic was ongoing. The response rate was 55%. HRQOL was assessed using RAND-36. Data were analysed using McNemar tests, paired samples t-tests and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS Of the participants, 82% were mothers and 18% fathers. From T1 to T2, the average pain score increased, 1.6 (95% CI [-1,4; 1.8]) vs 1.8 (95% CI [1,6; 2.0]), the pain interference emotion score increased, 1.6 (95% CI [1.3; 1.9]) vs 1.8 (95% CI [1.5; 2.1]), and a larger proportion reported pain duration > 3 months (44% vs 50%, p = 0.014). The parents were more lonely, 12.8 (95% CI [12.3; 13.3]) vs 13.7 (95% CI [13.2; 14.2]), and reported lower RAND-36 mental component summary (MCS) scores, 52.2 (95% CI [51.3; 53.2]) vs 50.9 (95% CI [49.8; 52.0]). There were no significant associations between gender, sociodemographic factors, psychological factors, pain at T1 and changes in RAND-36 physical component summary (PCS). A positive change in MCS from T1 to T2 was predicted by working part time, B = 5.22 (95% CI [1.05; 9.38]) (ref no paid work) and older age, B = 0.24, (95%CI [-001; 0.42]), and there was a negative change with stress, B = -17.39, (95%CI [-27.42; -7.51]). CONCLUSION The parents experienced more pain and were lonelier, and more reported reduced mental HRQOL. However, the changes appear to be of limited clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Rohde
- grid.23048.3d0000 0004 0417 6230University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- grid.23048.3d0000 0004 0417 6230Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Postbox 422, 4604 Norway ,grid.412414.60000 0000 9151 4445Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siv Skarstein
- grid.412414.60000 0000 9151 4445Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Milada Småstuen
- grid.23048.3d0000 0004 0417 6230Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Postbox 422, 4604 Norway ,grid.412414.60000 0000 9151 4445Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristin Haraldstad
- grid.23048.3d0000 0004 0417 6230University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Rohde G, Helseth S, Mikkelsen HT, Skarstein S, Småstuen MC, Haraldstad K. Stress, pain, and work affiliation are strongly associated with health-related quality of life in parents of 14-15-year-old adolescents. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2022; 20:1. [PMID: 34991598 PMCID: PMC8740371 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-021-01913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many adults, their role as a parent is a vital part of their lives. This role is likely to be associated with a parent's health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The aim of this study was to explore the associations between gender, demographic and psychosocial variables, pain, and HRQOL in parents of 14-15-year-old adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that included 561 parents. Data on demographic, psychosocial variables and pain were collected using validated instruments. HRQOL was assessed using the RAND-36. Data were analysed using univariate and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS Four hundred and thirty-six (78%) mothers and 125 (22%) fathers with a mean age of 45 (SD = 5) years were included. Eighty-one per cent were married/cohabiting, 74% worked full time, and 50% had university education of more than 4 years. Almost one-third reported daily or weekly pain, and more than half (58%) reported using pain analgesics during the previous 4 weeks. Mothers reported significantly lower scores on self-efficacy, self-esteem and for all RAND-36 domains, including the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) and experienced greater stress than fathers. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that working part-time (beta = 0.40) or full time (beta = 0.52) (reference: not working) had the strongest positive effect on PCS. Absence from work for > 10 days (beta = -0.24) (reference: no absence), short-term pain (beta = -0.14), chronic pain (beta = -0.37) (reference: no pain), and stress (beta = -0.10) had the strongest negative effects on PCS. High self-esteem (beta = 0.11) had the strongest positive effect, whereas stress (beta = -0.58) and absence from work for > 10 days (beta = -0.11) (reference: no absence) had the strongest negative effects on MCS. CONCLUSION Mothers reported significantly lower scores on self-efficacy, self-esteem, and HRQOL, and experienced greater stress than the fathers. A high proportion of parents reported pain. Pain, stress, and low work affiliation were strongly associated with decreased HRQOL in parents. We recommend that parents of adolescents should be provided guidance about coping with pain and stress, and facilitation of a strong work affiliation because these seem to be important to parents' HRQOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Rohde
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Research, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.,Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Timenes Mikkelsen
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Siv Skarstein
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Milada Cvancarova Småstuen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Haraldstad
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
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Reducing the Weight of Spinal Pain in Children and Adolescents. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8121139. [PMID: 34943335 PMCID: PMC8700484 DOI: 10.3390/children8121139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal pain in adults is a significant burden, from an individual and societal perspective. According to epidemiologic data, spinal pain is commonly found in children and adolescents, where evidence emerging over the past decade has demonstrated that spinal pain in adults can, in many cases, be traced back to childhood or adolescence. Nevertheless, very little focus has been on how to best manage spinal pain in younger age groups. The purpose of this article is to put the focus on spinal pain in children and adolescents and highlight how and where these problems emerge and how they are commonly dealt with. We will draw on findings from the relevant literature from adults to highlight potential common pathways that can be used in the management of spinal pain in children and adolescents. The overall focus is on how healthcare professionals can best support children and adolescents and their caregivers in making sense of spinal pain (when present) and support them in the self-management of the condition.
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Over-the-counter analgesics use is associated with pain and psychological distress among adolescents: a mixed effects approach in cross-sectional survey data from Norway. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2030. [PMID: 34742281 PMCID: PMC8572415 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-the-counter analgesics (OTCA) such as Paracetamol and Ibuprofen are frequently used by adolescents, and the route of administration and access at home allows unsupervised use. Psychological distress and pain occur simultaneously and are more common among females than among males. There is a dynamic interplay between on-label pain indications and psychological distress, and frequent OTCA use or misuse can exacerbate symptoms. No studies have to date provided an overview of frequent OTCA use in a larger population-based study. The current study used survey data to explore associations between and the relative predictive value of on-label pain indication and measures of psychological distress, together with sex differences for weekly OTCA use. METHODS This study included 349,528 adolescents aged 13-19. The data was collected annually between January 2014 and December 2018 as part of the Norwegian Young Data survey. Performance analysis was conducted to explore the relative roles and associations between on-label pain indication and psychological distress in weekly OTCA use. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to explore the unique contributions from four domains of on-label pain indication and psychological distress as measured by a combined measure of anxiety and depression (HSCL-10) and peer-bullying involvement as victims or bullies. RESULTS Thirty percent of females and 13 % of males use OTCA weekly. Headache is the strongest on-label pain predictor of weekly OTCA use, followed by abdominal pain. Depression and anxiety are the strongest psychological predictor of weekly OTCA use, and higher symptom levels and being female increase the strength of this association. Anxiety and depression also predict weekly OTCA use after controlling for physiological pain. CONCLUSIONS Sex, pain and anxiety and depression are inter-correlated and strong predictors of frequent OTCA use. Frequent OTCA use in the context of psychological distress may be a form of self-medication that can exacerbate symptoms and decrease psychosocial function. Longitudinal studies that explore causal trajectories between frequent on-label OTCA use and psychological distress are required. OTCA use among adolescents, and particularly among females, with anxiety and depression should be administered with caution and closely monitored.
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Al-Janabi N, Olesen AE, Straszek CL, Guldhammer C, Rathleff MS, Andreucci A. Pain medication use for musculoskeletal pain among children and adolescents: a systematic review. Scand J Pain 2021; 21:653-670. [PMID: 34506696 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Musculoskeletal pain is common among children and adolescents. Despite the lack of evidence regarding harms and benefits, musculoskeletal pain is often managed with pain medication. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the prevalence of pain medication use for musculoskeletal pain among children and adolescents and the factors and side effects associated with use. CONTENT Three databases (EMBASE, CINAHL and PsychINFO) were systematically searched to identify studies designed to examine the prevalence, frequency or factors associated with the use of pain medication for musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents (aged 6-19 years). The included studies were assessed for study quality and data were extracted. SUMMARY The search initially provided 20,135 studies. After screening titles, abstracts and full-texts, 20 studies were included. In school settings, 8-42% of children used pain medication for musculoskeletal pain, and 67-75% of children in sports clubs and from pain clinics used pain medication. The most consistent factors associated with the use of pain medications were pain characteristics and psychological factors (e.g. being bullied, low-self-esteem), while mixed evidence was found for increasing age and female gender. Only two studies reported on the duration of use and only one study on adverse effects related to the use of pain medication. OUTLOOK We found that 8-42% of adolescents from school-based samples use pain medication for MSK pain, while the prevalence among adolescents from sports clubs and pain clinics is higher (67-75%). Pain characteristics (pain duration, severity, intensity, disability levels and the presence of ≥2 pain conditions or multisite pain) and psychological factors were associated with a higher use of pain medication, while for higher age and female gender the evidence of association was mixed. Future studies should systematically collect information on the type, duration of use of pain medication and side effects to confirm the findings of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Al-Janabi
- Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Estrup Olesen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Lund Straszek
- Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Clara Guldhammer
- Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Skovdal Rathleff
- Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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13
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Mikkelsen HT, Haraldstad K, Helseth S, Skarstein S, Småstuen MC, Rohde G. Pain and health-related quality of life in adolescents and the mediating role of self-esteem and self-efficacy: a cross-sectional study including adolescents and parents. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:128. [PMID: 34462000 PMCID: PMC8404017 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To promote health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents with pain, it is important to study factors associated with pain. This study aimed to describe selected factors and pain in 14–15-year-old adolescents and their parents, to assess how these factors are associated with adolescent pain groups, and to explore whether the relationship between pain intensity and HRQOL in adolescents with persistent pain is mediated by self-esteem and self-efficacy. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed among 508 dyads of adolescents (14–15 years) and parents in a school-based setting. Among these, 148 adolescents had persistent pain. We explored the following variables: HRQOL, pain, self-efficacy, self-esteem, sleep, loneliness, stress and sociodemographic variables. All variables were assessed with well-validated instruments. HRQOL was measured with KIDSCREEN-27. Analyses included Chi-square, ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U tests, Kruskal–Wallis and the PROCESS macro method for mediation analyses. Results Adolescents with pain reported significantly higher levels of stress, loneliness and lack of sleep and lower levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem and HRQOL compared to adolescents without pain. More girls than boys reported pain. Adolescents with persistent pain scored significantly worse on self-esteem, stress, loneliness, lack of sleep, school absence, pain and HRQOL compared to adolescents with shorter pain duration. Adolescent pain groups did not differ significantly considering parental factors. However, more adolescents with persistent pain reported that someone in their family had pain. The associations between pain intensity and the HRQOL subscales in adolescents with persistent pain were completely mediated by self-esteem, but not by self-efficacy. The highest degree of mediation was estimated for the HRQOL subscale school environment (indirect effect = 73.5%). Conclusions Our findings highlight the complexity within adolescent pain, demonstrating that adolescents with pain differ from adolescents without pain when it comes to gender, school absence, factors within-person and between-persons. Longer pain duration makes adolescents more vulnerable. We confirm the importance of resilience factors for HRQOL but indicate that self-esteem is more important than self-efficacy. To promote HRQOL in adolescents with persistent pain, a strengthening of both their self-esteem and self-efficacy is recommended. We highlight the need for an individual, holistic approach to adolescent pain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-021-00629-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Timenes Mikkelsen
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Kristin Haraldstad
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.,Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siv Skarstein
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Milada Cvancarova Småstuen
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.,Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudrun Rohde
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.,Department of Clinical Research, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
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14
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Kiza AH, Manworren RCB, Cong X, Starkweather A, Kelley PW. Over-The-Counter Analgesics: A Meta-Synthesis of Pain Self-Management in Adolescents. Pain Manag Nurs 2021; 22:439-445. [PMID: 34127393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption prevalence of OTC medication ranges between 57% and 78% among adolescents in the United States of America; however, the reasons for self-medication with OTC analgesics have not been systematically examined. AIMS The purpose of this meta-synthesis is to generate new knowledge and theoretical understanding of adolescents' use of over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics. DESIGN Qualitative meta-ethnography using Noblit and Hare's (1988) approach. SETTINGS PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: METHODS: We identified qualitative studies in the CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Dissertation and Thesis databases that addressed OTC analgesic use in adolescents, were published between 2006 and 2018, and were written in English. Themes were extracted from studies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria and a meta-ethnographic analysis was conducted. RESULTS Seven studies met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Four themes were identified that described reasons for adolescent use of OTC analgesics for pain management: 1) survival instinct; 2) placebo for stress and anxiety control; 3) accessibility; and 4) consumer socialization. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that OTC analgesic use is common among adolescents to treat pain and other non-medically-indicated conditions, such as stress and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renee C B Manworren
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine; Lurie Children's Pediatric Research & Evidence Synthesis Center (PRECIISE): A JBI Affiliated Group, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaomei Cong
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut
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15
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Fegran L, Johannessen B, Ludvigsen MS, Westergren T, Høie M, Slettebø Å, Rohde G, Helseth S, Haraldstad K. Experiences of a non-clinical set of adolescents and young adults living with persistent pain: a qualitative metasynthesis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043776. [PMID: 33875442 PMCID: PMC8057544 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Around 15%-30% of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) experience persistent or chronic pain. The purpose of this study was to synthesise evidence from qualitative primary studies on how AYAs in a non-clinical population experience living with persistent pain. METHOD A qualitative metasynthesis guided by Sandelowski and Barroso's guidelines was used. The databases Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PsycINFO, Mednar and ProQuest were searched for studies from 1 January 2005 to 15 February 2021. Inclusion criteria were AYAs aged 13-24 years with first-hand experience of living with persistent, recurrent or episodic non-clinical pain in any body site. Pain associated with a medical diagnosis, malignant diseases, medical procedures or sport activities was excluded. RESULTS Of 2618 screened records, data from nine studies conducted in a Western cultural context including 184 participants (127 female and 57 male aged 11-28 years) were analysed into metasummaries and a metasynthesis. Headaches was the most focused pain condition (n=5), while three of the studies did not specify type of pain. The participants' experiences were characterised by (1) juggling pain with everyday life; (2) exploring sources of information to manage pain; (3) AYAs' use of medication to find relief and (4) non-pharmacological strategies for pain relief. CONCLUSION These AYAs experience of how pain influences everyday life, and their striving to find relief from pain by support from family, friends, professionals and the Internet should be strongly respected. Public health nurses and other healthcare professionals encountering AYAs need to respect their pain experiences, and to support them in healthy coping strategies. Further studies on this issue are needed, especially research focusing on AYAs pain in exposed populations and AYAs from non-Western cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Fegran
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Vest-Agder, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Sørlandet Sykehus HF, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Berit Johannessen
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Vest-Agder, Norway
| | - Mette Spliid Ludvigsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Midtjylland, Denmark
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Thomas Westergren
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Vest-Agder, Norway
| | - Magnhild Høie
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
| | - Åshild Slettebø
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
| | - Gudrun Rohde
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Vest-Agder, Norway
- Department of Clinical Research, Sørlandet Sykehus HF, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Haraldstad
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Vest-Agder, Norway
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16
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Health-related quality of life is strongly associated with self-efficacy, self-esteem, loneliness, and stress in 14-15-year-old adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:352. [PMID: 33138833 PMCID: PMC7607747 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To enhance and better understand health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents, it is important to study factors associated with HRQOL. The present study aimed to assess possible associations between sociodemographic variables, self-efficacy, self-esteem, pain, sleep, loneliness, stress and HRQOL in 14 to 15-year-old adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed among 696 adolescents (14-15 years) in a school-based setting. Sociodemographic variables, self-efficacy, self-esteem, pain, sleep, loneliness and stress were analyzed. The variables were all assessed with well-validated instruments. HRQOL was analyzed using KIDSCREEN 27. Analyses included Chi-square, independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, linear regression analyses and hierarchical regression analyses. The results from linear regression models were expressed as standardized beta. RESULTS The adolescents generally reported high levels of HRQOL. However, girls scored significantly worse on HRQOL, self-efficacy, self-esteem, pain, sleep, loneliness and stress compared to boys. Using hierarchical regression analyses we found that Self-efficacy (beta = 0.11-0.24), Self-esteem: (beta = 0.12-0.21), Loneliness: (beta = - 0.24 to - 0.45) and Stress: (beta = - 0.26 to - 0.34) revealed the strongest associations with the HRQOL dimensions. Sociodemographic-, pain- and sleep related covariates were all significantly associated with some of the KIDSCREEN subscales, however their effect on the outcome was smaller than for the psychosocial variables listed above. Being a girl, not living with both parents, not having both parents working, being absent from school more than 4 days, having pain and having lack of enough sleep were all independently negatively associated with HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS HRQOL is strongly associated with self-efficacy, self-esteem, loneliness and stress in 14 to 15-year-old adolescents. Our findings indicate that positive psychosocial factors such as self-efficacy and self-esteem might play a buffer role for negative psychosocial factors (e.g. stress) in adolescents. Further, our results show that girls score significantly worse on factors that are associated to HRQOL compared to boys. To improve HRQOL in school-based populations of adolescents, we suggest that future interventions should aim to strengthen self-efficacy and self-esteem. We recommend gender specific interventions.
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17
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Skarstein S, Lagerløv P, Helseth S, Leegaard M. How do parents influence their adolescents' use of over-the-counter analgesics: A review of the current literature. J Clin Nurs 2019; 28:1451-1464. [PMID: 30667118 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVES Continuous use of over-the-counter analgesics (OTCAs) may prevent adolescents from learning healthier options and might lead to lifelong use of such medicines. It is possible that parents' own use of OTCAs might influence adolescents, but little is known about this issue. Our research questions were; "What are the main factors leading to a high use of OTCAs among adolescents and how can health professionals support these adolescents in their pain management?" BACKGROUND Frequent consumption of OTCAs may cause health problems such as drug-induced headache and liver failure. Some adolescents frequently use non-prescribed pain medication and their attitudes towards the use of OTCAs vary from responsible to careless. DESIGN A "systematic search and review" was conducted between March 2017 and May 2018. Quantitative and qualitative studies were included. METHODS We used the PRISMA Statement checklist, the PRISMA flow diagram and The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for quality appraisal. Our search identified 3,386 possible sources, 2,043 articles were selected for title examination, and 70 articles underwent abstract review. Fourteen articles were reviewed entirety. Ten articles were of acceptable quality. RESULTS The importance of parental influence on adolescent use of OTCAs is significant. These findings seem to be independent of country and culture. CONCLUSION Parents are the most important source of information regarding the use of OTCAs; further, they are the main supplier of the medicine. A broad understanding of human development, health, pain and use of pain medication is needed to develop targeted information and support adolescents with high consumption of non-prescription pain medication. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Information from professionals such as school nurses is important. Professionals must consider the physical, social and psychological aspects influencing the use of OTCAs. Information should be made available to adolescents, parents and society in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv Skarstein
- Department of Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Lagerløv
- Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, The Medical Faculty, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Department of Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Leegaard
- Department of Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Skarstein S, Lagerløv P, Kvarme LG, Helseth S. Pain and development of identity in adolescents who frequently use over-the-counter analgesics: A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs 2018; 27:3583-3591. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siv Skarstein
- Department of Nursing; Oslo Metropolitan University; Oslo Norway
| | - Per Lagerløv
- Department of General Practice/Family Medicine; The Medical Faculty; Institute of Health and Society; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | | | - Sølvi Helseth
- Department of Nursing; Oslo Metropolitan University; Oslo Norway
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19
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Quinn B. School nurses are able to support adolescents experiencing pain secondary to stress and unhealthy lifestyle choices. Evid Based Nurs 2018; 21:45. [PMID: 29459386 DOI: 10.1136/eb-2017-102839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Quinn
- Solomont School of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Høie M, Haraldstad K, Rohde G, Fegran L, Westergren T, Helseth S, Slettebø Å, Johannessen B. How school nurses experience and understand everyday pain among adolescents. BMC Nurs 2017; 16:53. [PMID: 28924390 PMCID: PMC5598013 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-017-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pain problems are a rapidly growing health problem found among both children and adolescent, and about 15–30% have reported chronic pain problems. School nurses in Norway meet adolescents with various ailments, including pain. Yet research on how school nurses perceive the pain experienced by adolescents is limited. The aim of the present study was to explore how school nurses explain and experience the everyday pain of adolescents. Method A qualitative study with an explorative design comprising five focus group interviews. Each group consisted of three to five school nurses. Seventeen female school nurses in five junior high schools in Norway, age range 29–65 years participated. To cover the issues a semi structured interview guide was used. The transcribed text was analysed with qualitative content analysis. Results The experience of school nurses with adolescents’ pain in everyday life is mainly that pain is a social, physical, and psychological phenomenon. School nurses experienced that everyday pain is reflecting: 1) high expectations, 2) difficult relationships and traumatic experiences and 3) an unhealthy lifestyle. School nurses have ambivalent attitudes to medicalisation of pain. Conclusion Despite of a biopsychosocial understanding of pain, the school nurses maintained referral practice of medical examinations, with the results that many adolescents became shuttlecocks in the health system. Although the school nurses´ were sceptical of the tendency towards medicalization in society, it appears that they actually help maintain this tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnhild Høie
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Kristin Haraldstad
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gudrun Rohde
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Liv Fegran
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Thomas Westergren
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åshild Slettebø
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Berit Johannessen
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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21
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Stinson J, Harris L, Garofalo E, Lalloo C, Isaac L, Brown S, Tyrrell J, Ruskin D, Campbell F. Understanding the use of over-the-counter pain treatments in adolescents with chronic pain. Can J Pain 2017; 1:84-93. [PMID: 35005344 PMCID: PMC8730594 DOI: 10.1080/24740527.2017.1337468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of chronic pain in children and adolescents is well established. What is not well understood is how over-the-counter (OTC) oral and topical pain treatments are being used by adolescents with chronic pain, their decision making around use of these products, and how they communicate with their health care providers about their use. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore the use, decision-making process, and communication about the use of OTC pain medications with health care professionals among adolescents living with chronic pain and their primary caregiver. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design with semistructured, audiotaped individual interviews was undertaken with adolescents with chronic pain (n = 15, aged 12–18 years, mean age = 16, SD = 1.79) and their caregivers (n = 16). A convenience sample of patient–caregiver dyads was recruited from a tertiary care pediatric chronic pain clinic in Ontario. Results: Interview questions focused on four topics: (1) experience with chronic pain and medication; (2) perceptions of medications and concerns with long-term consumption; (3) decision making for use of OTC medications guided mainly by a trusted source or health care professional; and (4) topical OTC medications perceived as harmless. Content analysis within these four topics uncovered two to four subthemes, which are described in detail. Conclusions: An improved understanding of the prevalence of use, decision-making process around use, and how patients and their families communicate about the use of OTC pain medications with health care providers can help clinicians better personalize treatments and help adolescents with chronic pain to make sound self-care decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Stinson
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Harris
- Department of Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Garofalo
- Department of Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chitra Lalloo
- Department of Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Isaac
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Brown
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Tyrrell
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Ruskin
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona Campbell
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Hasseleid SN, Clench-Aas J, Raanaas RK, Lundqvist C. The association between adolescent and parental use of non-prescription analgesics for headache and other somatic pain – A cross-sectional study. Scand J Pain 2017; 16:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Synva Nesheim Hasseleid
- Section for Public Health Science , Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås , Norway
| | - Jocelyne Clench-Aas
- Mental and Physical Health , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ruth Kjærsti Raanaas
- Section for Public Health Science , Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås , Norway
| | - Christofer Lundqvist
- Health Services Research Centre , Akershus University Hospital , Lørenskog , Norway
- Department Neurology , Akershus University Hospital , Lørenskog , Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine , Campus Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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23
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Skarstein S, Lagerløv P, Kvarme LG, Helseth S. High use of over-the-counter analgesic; possible warnings of reduced quality of life in adolescents - a qualitative study. BMC Nurs 2016; 15:16. [PMID: 26949372 PMCID: PMC4778359 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-016-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Use of over-the-counter analgesics among adolescents has increased markedly. High consumption of over-the-counter analgesics among adolescents is associated with frequent pain, lower self-esteem, reduced sleep, lower educational ambition, binge drinking, higher caffeine consumption, and part-time employment. Knowledge about life experiences of adolescents who frequently use over-the-counter analgesics may be useful to prevent health problems. The purpose of the study was to increase knowledge about adolescents who suffer from frequent pain and have a high consumption of over-the-counter analgesics. Methods A qualitative study, employing one-on-one, in-depth interviews using a thematic interview guide. Data were collected in Norway in 2013–2014. Three boys and sixteen girls; aged 14–16 years, who continuously consumed over-the-counter analgesics were recruited from ten high schools in urban and suburban districts. Candidate participants were excluded if they were medically diagnosed with an acute or chronic illness, requiring extended use of over-the-counter analgesics within the last year. The interviews were taped, transcribed and analysed as text according to Kvale’s three contexts of interpretation: self-understanding, common sense and theory. Results All participants disclosed unresolved physical and psychosocial distress characterized as pain. Frequent pain from various body parts made everyday life challenging. Methods of pain self-appraisal and over-the-counter analgesics use often mimicked maternal patterns. Participants reported being raised under unpredictable circumstances that contributed to long lasting family conflicts and peer-group problems. Participants wanted to feel appreciated and to be socially and academically successful. However, pain reduced their ability to manage everyday life, hampered experienced possibilities for success, and made social settings difficult. Conclusions Childhood experiences influence how adolescents experience pain and use over-the-counter analgesics. Coping with difficult situations or attempting to mask symptoms with over-the-counter analgesics can perpetuate and amplify underlying problems. High consumption of over-the-counter analgesics and frequent pain may be warning signs of adolescents with possible health threatening conditions and reduced quality of life. These adolescent might be in need of support from school nurses and General Practitioners. This study identifies new perspectives that may lead to novel approaches to identify, guide, and support adolescents with frequent pain and high consumption of over-the-counter analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv Skarstein
- Department of Nursing, Oslo, and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, 4, St. Olavsplass, Oslo, NO-0130 Norway
| | - Per Lagerløv
- Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, The Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Gravdal Kvarme
- Department of Nursing, Oslo, and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, 4, St. Olavsplass, Oslo, NO-0130 Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Department of Nursing, Oslo, and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, 4, St. Olavsplass, Oslo, NO-0130 Norway
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24
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Lagerløv P, Rosvold EO, Holager T, Helseth S. How adolescents experience and cope with pain in daily life: a qualitative study on ways to cope and the use of over-the-counter analgesics. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010184. [PMID: 26932141 PMCID: PMC4785298 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe how different adolescents experience and manage pain in their daily life, with a focus on their use of over-the-counter analgesics. More specifically, the aim was to explore different patterns among the adolescents in pain descriptions, in the management of pain, in relationships with others, and in their daily life. DESIGN Qualitative semistructured interviews on experiences with pain, pain management and involvement of family and friends during pain. Pain and stress management strategies and attachment theory will be in focus for interpretations. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 25 participants aged 15-16-years from six different junior high schools, both genders, with and without immigrant background were interviewed at their local schools in Norway. RESULTS We identified 4 groups of adolescents with similarities in attitudes and management strategies to pain: 'pain is manageable', 'pain is communicable', 'pain is inevitable' and 'pain is all over'. The participants within each group differed in how they engaged their parents in pain; how they perceived, communicated and managed pain; and how they involved emotions and used over-the-counter analgesics. CONCLUSIONS The adolescents' different involvement with the family during pain related to their pain perception and management. Knowledge of the different ways of approaching pain is important when supporting adolescents and may be a subject for further research on the use of over-the-counter analgesics in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Lagerløv
- The Medical Faculty, Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Olaug Rosvold
- The Medical Faculty, Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tanja Holager
- Regional Medicines Information and Pharmacovigilance Centre, The University Hospital Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Oslo, Norway
- Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Fegran L, Ludvigsen MS, Haraldstad K. Adolescents and young adults’ experiences of living with everyday pain: a systematic review protocol of qualitative evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2014-1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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