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Rodríguez‐Argente F, Alba‐Domínguez M, Díaz‐Martínez MP, Díaz‐Vergara C, Díaz‐Márques B, Ferrero‐Ortega P, Gil‐Adrados AC, Gómez‐Bernardo L, Gordo‐Murillo L, la Fuente EH, Jurado‐Palomo J, Ortega‐González Á, Machado‐Gallas J, Moreno‐Ancillo Á, Ávila‐Martín G, Marín‐Guerrero AC, Álvarez‐Gregori J. Buccopharyngeal route administered high polyphenolic olive oil and COVID-19: A pilot clinical trial. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1054. [PMID: 37904687 PMCID: PMC10587735 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waning immunity after vaccination justifies the need for additional effective COVID-19 treatments. Immunomodulation of local immune response at the oropharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate mucosal immunity, which can prevent SARS-CoV-2 main immune evasion mechanisms in early stages of the disease and send an effective warning to other components of immune system. Olive polyphenols are biologically active compounds with immunomodulatory activity. There are previous studies based on immunomodulation with olive polyphenols and respiratory infections using an enteral route, which point to potential effects on time to resolution of symptoms. The investigators sought to determine whether participants following immunomodulation with tiny quantities of high polyphenolic olive oil administered through an oromucosal route could have a better outcome in COVID-19. SUMMARY This pilot clinical trial investigated the effect of buccopharyngeal administered high polyphenolic olive oil on COVID-19 incidence, duration, and severity. IMPORTANCE Waning immunity after vaccination justifies the need of further research for additional effective treatments for COVID-19. OBJECTIVE Immunomodulation of local immune response at the buccopharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate mucosal immunity, which would in turn difficult SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion mechanisms in early stages of the disease and send an effective warning to other components of immune system. Olive polyphenols are biologically active compounds with immunomodulatory activity. There are previous studies based on immunomodulation with olive polyphenols and respiratory infections, using an enteral route, which suggest potential shortening of time to resolution of symptoms. The investigators sought to determine whether participants following immunomodulation with tiny quantities of high polyphenolic olive oil administered through an oromucosal route could have a better outcome in COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Double blind, randomized pilot clinical trial conducted at a single site, Talavera de la Reina, Spain. Potential study participants were identified by simple random sampling from the epidemiological database of contact patients recently diagnosed of COVID-19 during the study period. A total of 88 adult participants were enrolled and 84 completed the 3-month study, conducted between July 1, 2021 and August 31, 2022. INTERVENTION Participants were randomized to receive oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil, 2 mL twice a day for 3 months or no treatment. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES Primary outcomes were incidence, duration, and severity of COVID-19 after intervention. RESULTS There were no differences in incidence between both groups but there were significant differences in duration, the median time to resolution of symptoms was 3 days in the high polyphenolic olive oil group compared with 7 days in the no-treatment group. Although time to resolution is directly related to severity, this study did not find any differences in severity. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Among full-vaccinated adults recent infected with COVID-19, a daily intake of tiny quantities of oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil before infection significantly improved the time to symptom resolution. This finding strongly support the appropriateness of further deep research on the use of oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil as an effective immune strategy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Belén Díaz‐Márques
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
| | | | - Ana C. Gil‐Adrados
- Gerencia de Atención Integrada Talavera de la Reina‐Hospital Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juana Machado‐Gallas
- Gerencia de Atención Integrada Talavera de la Reina‐Hospital Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
| | | | - Gerardo Ávila‐Martín
- Gerencia de Atención Integrada Talavera de la Reina‐Hospital Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
| | - Ana C. Marín‐Guerrero
- Gerencia de Atención Integrada Talavera de la Reina‐Hospital Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
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Smith ML, Sharma S, Singh TP. High dietary iodine intake may contribute to the low death rate from COVID-19 infection in Japan with activation by the lactoperoxidase system. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13269. [PMID: 38441191 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
We draw the attention of readers and governments to the death rate from coronavirus disease 2019 in Japan, continuing as a fraction of that experienced by many other developed nations. We think this is due to the activity of the powerful, protective lactoperoxidase system (LPO) which prevents serious airborne infections. The LPO system requires iodine, which is liberally provided by the typical Japanese diet but lacking in many others. One might consider the Japanese experience an incredibly large, open-label study exhibiting the preventative power of a high-iodine diet. We predict this favourable trend will continue for Japan because deadly variants of the severe, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will be with us, forever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Negi N, Maurya SP, Singh R, Das BK. An update on host immunity correlates and prospects of re-infection in COVID-19. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:367-392. [PMID: 34961403 PMCID: PMC8787841 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.2019727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is not frequent yet the incidence rate of it is increasing globally owing to the slow emergence of drift variants that pose a perpetual threat to vaccination strategies and have a greater propensity for disease reoccurrence. Long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection relies on the induction of the innate as well as the adaptive immune response endowed with immune memory. However, a multitude of factors including the selection pressure, the waning immunity against SARS-CoV-2 over the first year after infection possibly favors evolution of more infectious immune escape variants, amplifying the risk of reinfection. Additionally, the correlates of immune protection, the novel SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC), the durability of the adaptive and mucosal immunity remain major challenges for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. Interestingly, a recent body of evidence indicated that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is another important target organ for SARS-CoV-2 besides the respiratory system, potentially increasing the likelihood of reinfection by impacting the microbiome and the immune response via the gut-lung axis. In this review, we summarized the latest development in SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, and explored the untapped potential of trained immunity. We also highlighted the immune memory kinetics of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response, genetic drift of the emerging viral variants, and discussed the current challenges in vaccine development. Understanding the dynamics and the quality of immune response by unlocking the power of the innate, humoral and cell-mediated immunity during SARS-CoV-2 reinfection would open newer avenues for drug discovery and vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Negi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick,Limerick, Ireland
| | - Shesh Prakash Maurya
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Smith ML, Sharma S, Singh TP. Comments on the Discussion Forum: Oromucosal immunomodulation as clinical spectrum mitigating factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Scand J Immunol 2021; 95:e13111. [PMID: 34709678 PMCID: PMC8646740 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian lactoperoxidase system, consisting of lactoperoxidase and the H2O2‐producing enzyme duox, is our first line of defence against airborne microbes. This system catalyses the production of hypoiodite and hypoiodous acid in the presence of sufficient iodine. These products are highly efficient at destroying the H1N1 virus and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Japan has not been affected as much as other nations during the COVID‐19 pandemic (death rate about 10% of the United States), and we think this is due to a diet high in iodine. With this in mind, we suggest four actions to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. First, health professionals should study the preventative effect of increasing iodine in the diets of the aged, institutionalized, diabetics andsmokers. Second, the recommended daily intake (RDI) for iodine should be significantly increased, to at least double, the current RDI. Governments should encourage the use and distribution of cheap iodized salts, kelp and seaweed. Third, more research should be done around the physiology and the protective effects of the lactoperoxidase system. Finally, the degradation products of the SARS‐CoV‐2 viral particle by hypoiodite and hypoiodous acid should be characterized; portions of the damaged particle are likely to elicit stronger immunity and better vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Arenas A, Borge C, Carbonero A, Garcia-Bocanegra I, Cano-Terriza D, Caballero J, Arenas-Montes A. Bovine Coronavirus Immune Milk Against COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637152. [PMID: 33833758 PMCID: PMC8021920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After a year of evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, there is still no specific effective treatment for the disease. Although the majority of infected people experience mild disease, some patients develop a serious disease, especially when other pathologies concur. For this reason, it would be very convenient to find pharmacological and immunological mechanisms that help control SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the COVID-19 and BCoV viruses are very close phylogenetically, different studies demonstrate the existence of cross-immunity as they retain shared epitopes in their structure. As a possible control measure against COVID-19, we propose the use of cow's milk immune to BCoV. Thus, the antigenic recognition of some highly conserved structures of viral proteins, particularly M and S2, by anti-BCoV antibodies present in milk would cause a total or partial inactivation of SARS-COV-2 (acting as a particular vaccine) and be addressed more easily by GALT's highly specialized antigen-presenting cells, thus helping the specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arenas
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Derruau S, Bouchet J, Nassif A, Baudet A, Yasukawa K, Lorimier S, Prêcheur I, Bloch-Zupan A, Pellat B, Chardin H, Jung S, on behalf of TASK FORCE COVID-19–Collège National des EnseignantS en Biologie Orale (CNESBO)—France. COVID-19 and Dentistry in 72 Questions: An Overview of the Literature. J Clin Med 2021; 10:779. [PMID: 33669185 PMCID: PMC7919689 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has significantly affected the dental care sector. Dental professionals are at high risk of being infected, and therefore transmitting SARS-CoV-2, due to the nature of their profession, with close proximity to the patient's oropharyngeal and nasal regions and the use of aerosol-generating procedures. The aim of this article is to provide an update on different issues regarding SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 that may be relevant for dentists. Members of the French National College of Oral Biology Lecturers ("Collège National des EnseignantS en Biologie Orale"; CNESBO-COVID19 Task Force) answered seventy-two questions related to various topics, including epidemiology, virology, immunology, diagnosis and testing, SARS-CoV-2 transmission and oral cavity, COVID-19 clinical presentation, current treatment options, vaccine strategies, as well as infection prevention and control in dental practice. The questions were selected based on their relevance for dental practitioners. Authors independently extracted and gathered scientific data related to COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 and the specific topics using scientific databases. With this review, the dental practitioners will have a general overview of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Derruau
- UFR Odontologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; (S.D.); (S.L.)
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco-dentaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51092 Reims, France
- BioSpecT EA-7506, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Bouchet
- UFR Odontologie-Montrouge, Université de Paris, 92120 Montrouge, France; (J.B.); (B.P.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory “Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies” URP 2496, University of Paris, 92120 Montrouge, France
| | - Ali Nassif
- UFR Odontologie-Garancière, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
- AP-HP, Sites hospitaliers Pitié Salpêtrière et Rothschild, Service d’Orthopédie Dento-Faciale, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Orales et Dentaires (O-Rares), 75013-75019 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Baudet
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (A.B.); (K.Y.)
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Kazutoyo Yasukawa
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (A.B.); (K.Y.)
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Sandrine Lorimier
- UFR Odontologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; (S.D.); (S.L.)
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco-dentaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51092 Reims, France
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, MATIM EA, UFR Sciences, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Prêcheur
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France;
- Pôle Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Orale, Immunothérapie et Santé (MICORALIS EA 7354), Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Agnès Bloch-Zupan
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Orales et Dentaires (O-Rares), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U 1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Bernard Pellat
- UFR Odontologie-Montrouge, Université de Paris, 92120 Montrouge, France; (J.B.); (B.P.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory “Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies” URP 2496, University of Paris, 92120 Montrouge, France
| | - Hélène Chardin
- UFR Odontologie-Montrouge, Université de Paris, 92120 Montrouge, France; (J.B.); (B.P.); (H.C.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
- ESPCI, UMR CBI 8231, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Jung
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Orales et Dentaires (O-Rares), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S 1109 «Molecular Immuno-Rheumatology», Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Fédération hospitalo-universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Rodríguez-Argente F, Alba-Domínguez M, Ortiz-Muñoz E, Ortega-González Á. Oromucosal immunomodulation as clinical spectrum mitigating factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12972. [PMID: 32892403 PMCID: PMC7816245 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the importance of mucosal immunity in the immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2. Active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract for the first days of infection opens a new perspective in immunological strategies to counteract viral pathogenicity. An effective mucosal innate immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 paves the way to an also effective adaptive immune response. A strong local immune response seems to be crucial in the initial contention of the virus by the organism and for triggering the production of the necessary neutralizing antibodies in sera and mucosal secretions. However, if the innate immune response fails to overcome the immune evasion mechanisms displayed by the virus, the infection will progress and the lack of an adaptive immune response will take the patient to an overreactive but ineffective innate immune response. To revert this scenario, an immune strategy based on enhancement of immunity in the first days of infection would be theoretically well come. But serious concerns about cytokine response syndrome prevent us to do so. Fortunately, it is possible to enhance immune system response without causing inflammation through immunomodulation. Immunomodulation of local immune response at the oropharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate our mucosal immunity, which could send an early an effective warning to the adaptive immune system. There are studies on immunotherapeutic management of upper respiratory tract infections in children that can place us in the right path to design an immune strategy able to mitigate COVID‐19 symptoms and reduce clinical progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodríguez-Argente
- Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Department, Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora del Prado, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | | | - Elena Ortiz-Muñoz
- Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora del Prado, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | - Ángel Ortega-González
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora del Prado, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
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