1
|
Godin A, Rouget L, Eustache E, Mourot L, Sagawa Y. Evaluation of the optimal number of steps to obtain reliable running spatio-temporal parameters and their variability. Gait Posture 2024; 111:37-43. [PMID: 38615567 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatio-temporal running parameters and their variability help to determine a runner's running style. However, determining whether a change is due to the measurement or to a specific condition such as an injury is a matter of debate, as no recommendation on the number of steps required to obtain reliable assessments exists. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the optimal number of steps required to measure different spatio-temporal parameters and study their variability at different running speeds? METHODS Twenty-five runners performed three experimental sessions of three bouts of treadmill running at 8, 10 and 12 km/h separated by 24 h. We measured cadence, stride, step, contact and flight time. We calculated the duty factor and the leg stiffness index (Kleg). Mean spatio-temporal parameters and linear (coefficient of variation, standard deviation) and non-linear (Higuchi fractal index, α1 coefficient of detrended fluctuation analysis) analyses were computed for different numbers of steps. Relative reliability was determined using the intraclass coefficient correlation. The minimal number of steps which present a good reliability level was considered as the optimal number of steps for measurement. Absolute reliability was assessed by calculating minimal detectable change. RESULTS To assess the mean values of spatio-temporal running parameters, between 16 and 150 steps were required. We were unable to obtain an optimal number of steps for cadence, stride and step-time variabilities for all speeds. For the linear analyses, we deduced the optimal number of steps for Kleg and the contact time (around 350 steps). Non-linear analyses measurements required between 350 and 540 steps, depending on the parameter. SIGNIFICANCE Researchers and clinicians should optimize experimental conditions (number of steps and running speed) depending on the parameter or the variability analysis targeted. Future studies must use absolute reliability metrics to report changes in response to a specific condition with no bias due to measurement error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Godin
- Université de Franche-Comté, SINERGIES, Besançon F-25000, France; Université de Franche-Comté, Plateforme Exercice Performance Santé Innovation, Besançon F-25000, France.
| | - Lucas Rouget
- Université de Franche-Comté, SINERGIES, Besançon F-25000, France
| | - Esther Eustache
- Institut des Sciences du Sport de l'Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Université de Franche-Comté, SINERGIES, Besançon F-25000, France; Université de Franche-Comté, Plateforme Exercice Performance Santé Innovation, Besançon F-25000, France; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Yoshimasa Sagawa
- Université de Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, LINC, Besançon F-25000, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van Oeveren BT, de Ruiter CJ, Beek PJ, van Dieën JH. The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:516-554. [PMID: 33663325 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Running movements are parametrised using a wide variety of devices. Misleading interpretations can be avoided if the interdependencies and redundancies between biomechanical parameters are taken into account. In this synthetic review, commonly measured running parameters are discussed in relation to each other, culminating in a concise, yet comprehensive description of the full spectrum of running styles. Since the goal of running movements is to transport the body centre of mass (BCoM), and the BCoM trajectory can be derived from spatiotemporal parameters, we anticipate that different running styles are reflected in those spatiotemporal parameters. To this end, this review focuses on spatiotemporal parameters and their relationships with speed, ground reaction force and whole-body kinematics. Based on this evaluation, we submit that the full spectrum of running styles can be described by only two parameters, namely the step frequency and the duty factor (the ratio of stance time and stride time) as assessed at a given speed. These key parameters led to the conceptualisation of a so-called Dual-axis framework. This framework allows categorisation of distinctive running styles (coined 'Stick', 'Bounce', 'Push', 'Hop', and 'Sit') and provides a practical overview to guide future measurement and interpretation of running biomechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben T van Oeveren
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J de Ruiter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Beek
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vaz JR, Cortes N, Gomes JS, Reis JF, Stergiou N. Stride-to-stride variability is altered when running to isochronous visual cueing but remains unaltered with fractal cueing. Sports Biomech 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38164700 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2298958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Running synchronised to external cueing is often implemented in both clinical and training settings, and isochronous cueing has been shown to improve running economy. However, such cueing disregards the natural stride-to-stride fluctuations present in human locomotion which is thought to reflect higher levels of adaptability. The present study aimed to investigate how alterations in the temporal structure of cueing affect stride-to-stride variability during running. We hypothesised that running using cueing with a fractal-like structure would preserve the natural stride-to-stride variability of young adults. Thirteen runners performed four 8-min trials: one uncued (UNC) trial and three cued trials presenting an isochronous (ISO), a fractal (FRC) and a random (RND) structure. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to identify changes in the dependent variables. We have found no main effect on the cardiorespiratory parameters, whereas a significant main effect was observed in the temporal structure of stride-to-stride variability. During FRC, the participants were able to retain the fractal patterns of their natural locomotor variability observed during the UNC condition, while during the ISO and RND they exhibited more random of fluctuations (i.e., lower values of fractal scaling). Our results demonstrate that cueing based on the natural stride-to-stride fluctuations opens new avenues for training and rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João R Vaz
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nelson Cortes
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - João S Gomes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gaiesky SKT, Fridman L, Michie T, Blazey P, Tran N, Schneeberg A, Napier C. The one-week and three-month reliability of acceleration outcomes from an insole-embedded inertial measurement unit during treadmill running. Sports Biomech 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37941419 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2275258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) represent an exciting opportunity for researchers to broaden our understanding of running-related injuries, and for clinicians to expand their application of running gait analysis. The primary aim of our study was to investigate the 1-week (short-term) and 3-month (long-term) reliability of peak resultant, vertical, and anteroposterior accelerations derived from insole-embedded IMUs. The secondary aim was to assess the reliability of peak acceleration variability and left-right limb symmetry in all directions over the short and long term. A sample of healthy adult rearfoot runners (n = 23; age 41.7 ± 11.2 years) ran at a variety of speeds (2.5 m/s, 3.0 m/s, and 3.5 m/s) on a treadmill in standardised footwear with insole-embedded IMUs in each shoe. Peak accelerations exhibited good to excellent short-term reliability and moderate to excellent long-term reliability in all directions. Peak acceleration variability showed poor to good short- and long-term reliability, whereas the symmetry of peak accelerations demonstrated moderate to excellent and moderate to good short- and long-term reliability, respectively. Our results demonstrate how insole-embedded IMUs represent a viable option for clinicians to measure peak accelerations within the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean K T Gaiesky
- Department of Biomedical Physiology & Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Tom Michie
- Department of Biomedical Physiology & Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Blazey
- Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Christopher Napier
- Department of Biomedical Physiology & Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wilson TJ, Mangalam M, Stergiou N, Likens AD. Multifractality in stride-to-stride variations reveals that walking involves more movement tuning and adjusting than running. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1294545. [PMID: 37928059 PMCID: PMC10621042 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1294545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The seemingly periodic human gait exhibits stride-to-stride variations as it adapts to the changing task constraints. The optimal movement variability hypothesis (OMVH) states that healthy stride-to-stride variations exhibit "fractality"-a specific temporal structure in consecutive strides that are ordered, stable but also variable, and adaptable. Previous research has primarily focused on a single fractality measure, "monofractality." However, this measure can vary across time; strideto-stride variations can show "multifractality." Greater multifractality in stride-tostride variations would highlight the ability to tune and adjust movements more. Methods: We investigated monofractality and multifractality in a cohort of eight healthy adults during self-paced walking and running trials, both on a treadmill and overground. Footfall data were collected through force-sensitive sensors positioned on their heels and feet. We examined the effects of self-paced walking vs. running and treadmill vs. overground locomotion on the measure of monofractality, α-DFA, in addition to the multifractal spectrum width, W, and the asymmetry in the multifractal spectrum, WAsym, of stride interval time series. Results: While the α-DFA was larger than 0.50 for almost all conditions, α-DFA was higher in running and locomoting overground than walking and locomoting on a treadmill. Similarly, W was greater while locomoting overground than on a treadmill, but an opposite trend indicated that W was greater in walking than running. Larger WAsym values in the negative direction suggest that walking exhibits more variation in the persistence of shorter stride intervals than running. However, the ability to tune and adjust movements does not differ between treadmill and overground, although both exhibit more variation in the persistence of shorter stride intervals. Discussion: Hence, greater heterogeneity in shorter than longer stride intervals contributed to greater multifractality in walking compared to running, indicated by larger negative WAsym values. Our results highlight the need to incorporate multifractal methods to test the predictions of the OMVH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Wilson
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Madhur Mangalam
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aaron D. Likens
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Malisoux L, Napier C, Gette P, Delattre N, Theisen D. Reference Values and Determinants of Spatiotemporal and Kinetic Variables in Recreational Runners. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231204629. [PMID: 37868213 PMCID: PMC10588426 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231204629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying atypical lower limb biomechanics may help prevent the occurrence or recurrence of running-related injuries. No reference values for spatiotemporal or kinetic variables in healthy recreational runners are available in the scientific literature to support clinical management. Purpose To (1) present speed- and sex-stratified reference values for spatiotemporal and kinetic variables in healthy adult recreational runners; (2) identify the determinants of these biomechanical variables; and (3) develop reference regression equations that can be used as a guide in a clinical context. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods This study involved 860 healthy recreational runners (age, 19-65 years [38.5% women]) tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed in randomly allocated, standardized running shoes with either hard or soft cushioning. Twelve common spatiotemporal and kinetic variables-including contact time, flight time, duty factor, vertical oscillation, step cadence, step length, vertical impact peak (VIP), time to VIP, vertical average loading rate, vertical stiffness, peak vertical ground-reaction force (GRF), and peak braking force-were derived from GRF recordings. Reference values for each biomechanical variable were calculated using descriptive statistics and stratified by sex and running speed category (≤7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and ≥15 km/h). Correlations and multiple regression analyses were performed to identify potential determinants independently associated with each biomechanical variable and generate reference equations. Results The mean running speed was 10.5 ± 1.3 km/h and 9 ± 1.1 km/h in men and women, respectively. While all potential predictors were significantly correlated with many of the 12 biomechanical variables, only running speed showed high correlations (r > 0.7). The adjusted R2 of the multiple regression equations ranged from 0.19 to 0.88. Conclusion This study provides reference values and equations that may guide clinicians and researchers in interpreting spatiotemporal and kinetic variables in recreational runners. Clinical Relevance The reference values can be used as targets for clinicians working with recreational runners in cases where there is a clinical suspicion of a causal relationship between atypical biomechanics and running-related injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health research group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Christopher Napier
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul Gette
- Human Motion, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Decathlon Sports Lab, Movement Sciences Department, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zignoli A, Godin A, Mourot L. Indoor running temporal variability for different running speeds, treadmill inclinations, and three different estimation strategies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287978. [PMID: 37471427 PMCID: PMC10358961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMU) constitute a light and cost-effective alternative to gold-standard measurement systems in the assessment of running temporal variables. IMU data collected on 20 runners running at different speeds (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120% of preferred running speed) and treadmill inclination (±2, ±5, and ±8%) were used here to predict the following temporal variables: stride frequency, duty factor, and two indices of running variability such as the detrended fluctuation analysis alpha (DFA-α) and the Higuchi's D (HG-D). Three different estimation methodologies were compared: 1) a gold-standard optoelectronic device (which provided the reference values), 2) IMU placed on the runner's feet, 3) a single IMU on the runner's thorax used in conjunction with a machine learning algorithm with a short 2-second or a long 120-second window as input. A two-way ANOVA was used to test the presence of significant (p<0.05) differences due to the running condition or to the estimation methodology. The findings of this study suggest that using both IMU configurations for estimating stride frequency can be effective and comparable to the gold-standard. Additionally, the results indicate that the use of a single IMU on the thorax with a machine learning algorithm can lead to more accurate estimates of duty factor than the strategy of the IMU on the feet. However, caution should be exercised when using these techniques to measure running variability indices. Estimating DFA-α from a short 2-second time window was possible only in level running but not in downhill running and it could not accurately estimate HG-D across all running conditions. By taking a long 120-second window a machine learning algorithm could improve the accuracy in the estimation of DFA-α in all running conditions. By taking these factors into account, researchers and practitioners can make informed decisions about the use of IMU technology in measuring running biomechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zignoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Antoine Godin
- Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (EA3920), Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (EA3920), Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hunter B, Karsten B, Greenhalgh A, Burnley M, Muniz-Pumares D. The Application of non-linear methods to quantify changes to movement dynamics during running: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37330658 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2225014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this scoping review was to evaluate research approaches that quantify changes to non-linear movement dynamics during running in response to fatigue, different speeds, and fitness levels. PubMed and Scopus were used to identify appropriate research articles. After the selection of eligible studies, study details and participant characteristics were extracted and tabulated to identify methodologies and findings. Twenty-seven articles were included in the final analysis. To evaluate non-linearities in the time series, a range of approaches were identified including motion capture, accelerometery, and foot switches. Common methods of analysis included measures of fractal scaling, entropy, and local dynamic stability. Conflicting findings were evident when studies examined non-linear features in fatigued states when compared to non-fatigued. More pronounced alterations to movement dynamics are evident when running speed is changed markedly. Greater fitness levels resulted in more stable and predictable running patterns. The mechanisms by which these changes are underpinned require further examination. These could include the physiological demand of running, biomechanical constraints of the runner, and the attentional demands of the task. Moreover, the practical implications are yet to be elucidated. This review has identified gaps in the literature which should be addressed for further understanding of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hunter
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Bettina Karsten
- EUFH, Hochschule für Gesundheit, Soziales und Pädagogik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Greenhalgh
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Mark Burnley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Burke A, Dillon S, O'Connor S, Whyte EF, Gore S, Moran KA. Aetiological Factors of Running-Related Injuries: A 12 Month Prospective "Running Injury Surveillance Centre" (RISC) Study. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:46. [PMID: 37310517 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running-related injuries (RRIs) are a prevalent issue for runners, with several factors proposed to be causative. The majority of studies to date are limited by retrospective study design, small sample sizes and seem to focus on individual risk factors in isolation. This study aims to investigate the multifactorial contribution of risk factors to prospective RRIs. METHODS Recreational runners (n = 258) participated in the study, where injury history and training practices, impact acceleration, and running kinematics were assessed at a baseline testing session. Prospective injuries were tracked for one year. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was performed in the analysis. RESULTS A total of 51% of runners sustained a prospective injury, with the calf most commonly affected. Univariate analysis found previous history of injury < 1 year ago, training for a marathon, frequent changing of shoes (every 0-3 months), and running technique (non-rearfoot strike pattern, less knee valgus, greater knee rotation) to be significantly associated with injury. The multivariate analysis revealed previous injury, training for a marathon, less knee valgus, and greater thorax drop to the contralateral side to be risk factors for injury. CONCLUSION This study found several factors to be potentially causative of injury. With the omission of previous injury history, the risk factors (footwear, marathon training and running kinematics) identified in this study may be easily modifiable, and therefore could inform injury prevention strategies. This is the first study to find foot strike pattern and trunk kinematics to relate to prospective injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Burke
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Sarah Dillon
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán O'Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enda F Whyte
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Gore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran A Moran
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Watanabe T, Kondo S, Kakinoki K, Fukusaki C, Hatta H. Stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations at intensities around lactate threshold in distance runners. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17437. [PMID: 37426800 PMCID: PMC10329115 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations in running have been widely investigated in relation to fatigue, injury, and other factors. However, no studies have examined the relationship of stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations with lactate threshold (LT), a well-known performance indicator for distance runners that represents the threshold at which fast-twitch muscle fibers are activated and the glycolytic system is hyperactivated. In this study, we examined a relationship between LT and stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations in trained middle- and long-distance runners (n = 33). All runners were asked to perform multistage graded exercise tests while wearing accelerometers on the upper surface of their shoes. The LT was determined by measuring blood lactate concentrations after each stage. Three gait parameters for each step were calculated based on the acceleration data: stride time (ST), ground contact time (CT), and peak acceleration (PA). The coefficient of variation (CV) and the long-range correlations (α) for each parameter were also calculated. The effects of the runner's group and the relative intensity for CV and α on gait parameters were evaluated using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Although no significant effect was observed in the CV and α of ST, significant intensity main effects were observed for the CV and α of CT and PA. The lack of significant changes in ST might be the result of runners' adequate control of ST to minimize energy cost. All the parameters showing significant changes with increasing intensity decreased dramatically when they were close to LT. This might have been caused by an increase in physiological load near LT and be interpreted as a variation in motor control because of alternations in the mobilized muscle fibers and physiological changes around the LT. The α should be useful for non-invasive LT detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Watanabe
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kondo
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chiho Fukusaki
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilson TJ, Likens AD. Running gait produces long range correlations: A systematic review. Gait Posture 2023; 102:171-179. [PMID: 37028119 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walking and running are common forms of locomotion, both of which exhibit variability over many gait cycles. Many studies have investigated the patterns generated from that ebb and flow, and a large proportion suggests human gait exhibits Long Range Correlations (LRCs). LRCs refer to the observation that healthy gait characteristic, like stride times, are positively correlated to themselves over time. Literature on LRCs in walking gait is well known but less attention has been given to LRCs in running gait. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the state of the art concerning LRCs in running gait? METHODS We conducted a systematic review to identify the typical LRC patterns present in human running gait, in addition to disease, injury, and running surface effects on LRCs. Inclusion criteria were human subjects, running related experiments, computed LRCs, and experimental design. Exclusion criteria were studies on animals, non-humans, walking only, non-running, non-LRC analysis, and non-experiments. RESULTS The initial search returned 536 articles. After review and deliberation, our review included 26 articles. Almost every article produced strong evidence for LRCs apparent in running gait and in all running surfaces. Additionally, LRCs tended to decrease due to fatigue, past injury, increased load carriage and seem to be lowest at preferred running speed on a treadmill. No studies investigated disease effects on LRCs in running gait. SIGNIFICANCE LRCs seem to increase with deviations away from preferred running speed. Previously injured runners produced decreased LRCs compared to non-injured runners. LRCs also tended to decrease due to an increase in fatigue rate, which has been associated with increased injury rate. Lastly, there is a need for research on the typical LRCs in an overground environment, for which the typical LRCs found in a treadmill environment may or may not transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Wilson
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive S., Omaha NE 68182, United States.
| | - Aaron D Likens
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive S., Omaha NE 68182, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blades S, Marriott H, Hundza S, Honert EC, Stellingwerff T, Klimstra M. Evaluation of Different Pressure-Based Foot Contact Event Detection Algorithms across Different Slopes and Speeds. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2736. [PMID: 36904942 PMCID: PMC10007471 DOI: 10.3390/s23052736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
If validated, in-shoe pressure measuring technology allows for the field-based quantification of running gait, including kinematic and kinetic measures. Different algorithmic methods have been proposed to determine foot contact events from in-shoe pressure insole systems, however, these methods have not been evaluated for accuracy, reliability against a gold standard using running data across different slopes, and speeds. Using data from a plantar pressure measurement system, seven different foot contact event detection algorithms based on pressure signals (pressure sum) were compared to vertical ground reaction force data collected from a force instrumented treadmill. Subjects ran on level ground at 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, and 3.8 m/s, six degrees (10.5%) inclined at 2.6, 2.8, and 3.0 m/s, and six degrees declined at 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, and 3.4 m/s. The best performing foot contact event detection algorithm showed maximal mean absolute errors of only 1.0 ms and 5.2 ms for foot contact and foot off, respectively, on level grade, when compared to a 40 N ascending and descending force threshold from the force treadmill data. Additionally, this algorithm was unaffected by grade and had similar levels of errors across all grades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Blades
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Hunter Marriott
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Sandra Hundza
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Eric C. Honert
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC V9E 2C5, Canada
| | - Marc Klimstra
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC V9E 2C5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Blyton SJ, Snodgrass SJ, Pizzari T, Birse SM, Likens AD, Edwards S. The impact of previous musculoskeletal injury on running gait variability: A systematic review. Gait Posture 2023; 101:124-133. [PMID: 36801698 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that identifying movement variability alterations in pathological vs. healthy gait may further understanding of injury mechanisms related to gait biomechanics; however, in the context of running and musculoskeletal injuries the role of movement variability remains unclear. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the impact of a previous musculoskeletal injury on running gait variability? METHODS Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane library and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception until February 2022. Eligibility criteria were (a) included a musculoskeletal injury group, (b) compared running biomechanics data to a control group, (c) measured movement variability for at least one dependent variable, (d) provided a statistical between-group comparison of variability outcomes. Exclusion criteria were neurological conditions impacting gait, upper body musculoskeletal injuries and age < 18 years old. A summative synthesis was performed instead of a meta-analysis due to methodological heterogeneity. RESULTS Seventeen case-control studies were included. The most common deviations in variability observed among the injured groups were: (1) high and low knee-ankle/foot coupling variability and (2) low trunk-pelvis coupling variability. Significant (p < 0.05) between-group differences in movement variability were identified in 8 of 11; 73% of studies of runners with injury-related symptoms, and 3 of 7; 43% of studies of recovered or asymptomatic populations. SIGNIFICANCE This review identified limited to strong evidence that running variability is altered in adults with a recent history of injury for specific joint couplings only. Individuals with ankle instability or pain employed altered running strategies more often than those who have recovered from injury. Altered variability strategies have been proposed to contribute to future running-related injuries, therefore these findings are relevant to clinicians managing active populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Blyton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Suzanne J Snodgrass
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Samantha M Birse
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Aaron D Likens
- Department of Biomechanics and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, The University of Nebraska, Omaha, United States.
| | - Suzi Edwards
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Perrin TP, Morio CYM, Besson T, Kerhervé HA, Millet GY, Rossi J. Comparison of skin and shoe marker placement on metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics during running. J Biomech 2023; 146:111410. [PMID: 36529092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of marker placement (skin- vs shoe-mounted) on metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) kinematics and kinetics during running. Fifteen trained men ran on a 15-m track at 10 and 13 km/h with three (low, standard and high stiffness) shoe longitudinal bending stiffnesses (LBS). Reflective markers were fixed on the shoe upper, and on the skin using holes cut in the shoe. Three-dimensional marker positions and ground reaction forces were recorded at 200 and 2000 Hz, respectively. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were analyzed using one-dimensional metrics (statistical parametric mapping). MTP joint was less dorsiflexed at midstance ([57% to 100%] of braking phase and [0% to 48%] of pushing phase), and the MTP joint plantarflexion moment was higher ([22% to 55%] of pushing phase) with the shoe markerset in comparison with the skin markerset. The effect of LBS on MTP angle was found to be significant for a larger percentage of each stride using the shoe markerset compared to the skin markerset. However, the effect of LBS on plantarflexion moment was significant with the shoe markerset only. The effect of running speed on MTP angle was significant for a larger percentage of each stride with the skin markerset. This study demonstrates that the placement of markers influences the measurement of MTP kinematics and kinetics and that these effects are mediated by other variables such as LBS or running speed. It is concluded that the shoe markerset does not fully reflect the movement of the MTP joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T P Perrin
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - C Y M Morio
- Decathlon SportsLab, Movement Sciences Department, Lille, France
| | - T Besson
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - H A Kerhervé
- Univ Rennes, M2S - EA 7470, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - G Y Millet
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - J Rossi
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Burke A, Dillon S, O’Connor S, Whyte EF, Gore S, Moran KA. Comparison of impact accelerations between injury-resistant and recently injured recreational runners. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273716. [PMID: 36084137 PMCID: PMC9462674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction/Purpose Previous injury has consistently been shown to be one of the greatest risk factors for running-related injuries (RRIs). Runners returning to participation following injury may still demonstrate injury-related mechanics (e.g. repetitive high impact loading), potentially exposing them to further injuries. The aim of this study was to determine if the magnitude (Peakaccel) and rate of loading (Rateaccel) at the tibia and sacrum differ between runners who have never been injured, those who have acquired injury resistance (runners who have not been injured in the past 2 years) and those who have been recently injured (RRI sustained 3–12 months ago). Methods Runners completed an online survey capturing details of their RRI history over the previous 2 years. Never injured runners were matched by sex, quarterly annual mileage and typical training speed to runners who had acquired injury resistance and to runners who had been recently injured. Differences in Peakaccel and Rateaccel of the tibia and sacrum were assessed between the three groups during a treadmill run at a set speed, with consideration for sex. Results A total of 147 runners made up the three injury status groups (n: 49 per group). There was a significant main effect of injury status for Peakaccel and Rateaccel at the sacrum, with recently injured runners demonstrating significantly greater Rateaccel than never injured and acquired injury resistant runners. There was also a significant main effect for sex, with females demonstrating greater tibial Peakaccel, sacrum Peakaccel and Rateaccel than males. Conclusion Rateaccel at the sacrum distinguishes recently injured runners from never injured runners and runners who may have acquired injury resistance, potentially highlighting poor impact acceleration attenuation in recently injured runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Burke
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Dillon
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán O’Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enda F. Whyte
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Gore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran A. Moran
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Malisoux L, Gette P, Delattre N, Urhausen A, Theisen D. Spatiotemporal and Ground-Reaction Force Characteristics as Risk Factors for Running-Related Injury: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial Including 800+ Recreational Runners. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:537-544. [PMID: 35049407 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211063909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running biomechanics may play a role in running-related injury development, but to date, only a few modifiable factors have been prospectively associated with injury risk. PURPOSE To identify risk factors among spatiotemporal and ground-reaction force characteristics in recreational runners and to investigate whether shoe cushioning modifies the association between running biomechanics and injury risk. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Recreational runners (N = 848) were tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed in randomly allocated, standardized running shoes (with either hard or soft cushioning). Typical kinetic and spatiotemporal metrics were derived from ground-reaction force recordings. Participants were subsequently followed up for 6 months regarding running activity and injury. Cox regression models for competing risk were used to investigate the association between biomechanical risk factors and injury risk, including stratified analyses by shoe version. RESULTS In the crude analysis, greater injury risk was found for greater step length (subhazard rate ratio [SHR], 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02; P = .038), longer flight time (SHR, 1.00; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01; P = .028), shorter contact time (SHR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.99-1.00; P = .030), and lower duty factor (defined as the ratio between contact time and stride time; SHR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98; P = .005). In the stratified analyses by shoe version, adjusted for previous injury and running speed, lower duty factor was associated with greater injury risk in those using the soft shoes (SHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99; P = .042) but not in those using the hard shoes (SHR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.91-1.04; P = .348). CONCLUSION Lower duty factor is an injury risk factor, especially for softer shoe use. Contrary to widespread beliefs, vertical impact peak, loading rate, and step rate were not injury risk factors in recreational runners. REGISTRATION NCT03115437 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Paul Gette
- Human Motion, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Decathlon Sports Lab, Movement Sciences Department, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- ALAN-Maladies Rares Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Burke A, Dillon S, O'Connor S, Whyte EF, Gore S, Moran KA. Risk Factors for Injuries in Runners: A Systematic Review of Foot Strike Technique and Its Classification at Impact. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211020283. [PMID: 34527750 PMCID: PMC8436320 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been suggested that foot strike technique (FST) at initial contact is related to running-related injuries (RRIs). Purpose: To explore the relationship between FST and RRIs. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A systematic electronic search was performed using MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Included were studies published in the English language that explored the relationship between FST and RRIs between January 1960 and November 2020. Results were extracted and collated. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was applied to synthesize the quality of evidence. Results: We reviewed 13 studies exploring the relationship between FST and RRIs. Of these, 6 studies reported FST categorically (foot strike pattern [FSP]), and 7 reported continuous measures (foot contact angle, ankle flexion angle, and strike index). Three of the 6 studies looking at categorical FSP found rearfoot strikers have a significantly greater retrospective injury rate than do non– rearfoot strikers, with 1 other study noting a greater risk associated with midfoot and forefoot strike. Regarding the continuous measures of FST, only 1 of the 7 studies reported a significant relationship with RRIs. Conclusion: There was low evidence to suggest a relationship between FST (or its subcategories of categorical FSP and continuous measures) and RRIs. While two-thirds of the categorical studies found a relationship between FSP and RRIs, these studies were very low quality, with limitations such as retrospective study design, low participant numbers, and poor FSP assessment methods. More large-scale prospective studies are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Burke
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Dillon
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán O'Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enda F Whyte
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Gore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran A Moran
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Namazi H. Complexity-based analysis of the correlation between stride interval variability and muscle reaction at different walking speeds. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
19
|
Malisoux L, Theisen D. Can the "Appropriate" Footwear Prevent Injury in Leisure-Time Running? Evidence Versus Beliefs. J Athl Train 2021; 55:1215-1223. [PMID: 33064799 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-523-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Leisure-time running is one of the most popular forms of physical activity around the world. It can be practiced almost everywhere and requires mainly a pair of "appropriate" running shoes. However, the term appropriate is ambiguous, and the properties of running footwear have always generated hot debates among clinicians, coaches, and athletes, whatever the level of practice. As the main interface between the runner's foot and the ground, the shoe potentially plays an important role in managing repetitive external mechanical loads applied to the musculoskeletal system and, thus, in injury prevention. Consequently, over the last decades, running shoes have been prescribed based on matching shoe features to foot morphology. This strategy aligns with the popular belief that footwear is one of the main extrinsic factors influencing running-related injury risk. Despite a seemingly sound strategy for shoe prescription and constant progress in running-footwear technology, the injury rate remains high. Therefore, our aim in this narrative literature review is to clarify whether the prescription of appropriate footwear to prevent injury in running is evidence based, the result of logical fallacy, or just a myth. The literature presented in this review is based on a nonsystematic search of the MEDLINE database and focuses on work investigating the effect of shoe features on injury risk in runners. In addition, key elements for a proper understanding of the literature on running footwear and injury risk are addressed. In this literature review, we outline (1) the main risk factors and the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of running-related injury, (2) important methodologic considerations for generating high-level evidence, (3) the evidence regarding the influence of running-shoe features on injury risk, (4) future directions for research, and (5) final general recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hunter B, Greenhalgh A, Karsten B, Burnley M, Muniz-Pumares D. A non-linear analysis of running in the heavy and severe intensity domains. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1297-1313. [PMID: 33580289 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Altered movement complexity, indicative of system dysfunction, has been demonstrated with increased running velocity and neuromuscular fatigue. The critical velocity (CV) denotes a metabolic and neuromuscular fatigue threshold. It remains unclear whether changes to complexity during running are coupled with the exercise intensity domain in which it is performed. The purpose of this study was to examine whether movement variability and complexity differ exclusively above the CV intensity during running. METHODS Ten endurance-trained participants ran at 95%, 100%, 105% and 115% CV for 20 min or to task failure, whichever occurred first. Movement at the hip, knee, and ankle were sampled throughout using 3D motion analysis. Complexity of kinematics in the first and last 30 s were quantified using sample entropy (SampEn) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA-α). Variability was determined using standard deviation (SD). RESULTS SampEn decreased during all trials in knee flexion/extension and it increased in hip internal/external rotation, whilst DFA-α increased in knee internal/external rotation. SD of ankle plantar/dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion, knee internal/external rotation, and hip flexion/extension and abduction/adduction increased during trials. Hip flexion/extension SampEn values were lowest below CV. DFA-α was lower at higher velocities compared to velocities below CV in ankle plantar/dorsiflexion, hip flexion/extension, hip adduction/abduction, hip internal/external rotation. In hip flexion/extension SD was highest at 115% CV. CONCLUSIONS Changes to kinematic complexity over time are consistent between heavy and severe intensity domains. The findings suggest running above CV results in increased movement complexity and variability, particularly at the hip, during treadmill running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hunter
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Andrew Greenhalgh
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Bettina Karsten
- European University of Applied Sciences (EUFH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Burnley
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
García-Pinillos F, García-Ramos A, Ramírez-Campillo R, Latorre-Román PÁ, Roche-Seruendo LE. How Do Spatiotemporal Parameters and Lower-Body Stiffness Change with Increased Running Velocity? A Comparison Between Novice and Elite Level Runners. J Hum Kinet 2019; 70:25-38. [PMID: 31915473 PMCID: PMC6942482 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of running velocity on spatiotemporal parameters and lower-body stiffness of endurance runners, and the influence of the performance level on those adaptations. Twenty-two male runners (novice [NR], n = 12, and elite runners [ER], n = 10) performed an incremental running test with a total of 5 different running velocities (10, 12, 14, 16, 18 km/h). Each condition lasted 1 min (30 s acclimatization period, and 30 s recording period). Spatiotemporal parameters were measured using the OptoGait system. Vertical (Kvert) and leg (Kleg) stiffness were calculated according to the sine-wave method. A repeated measures ANOVA (2 x 5, group x velocities) revealed significant adaptations (p < 0.05) to increased velocity in all spatiotemporal parameters and Kvert in both NR and ER. ER showed a greater flight time (FT) and step angle (at 18 km/h) (p < 0.05), longer step length (SL) and lower step frequency (SF) (p < 0.05), whereas no between-group differences were found in contact time (CT) nor in the sub-phases during CT at any speed (p ≥ 0.05). ER also showed lower Kvert values at every running velocity (p < 0.05), and no differences in Kleg (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, lower SF and Kvert and, thereby, longer FT and SL, seem to be the main spatiotemporal characteristics of high-level runners compared to their low-level counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation. Universidad de La Frontera (Temuco, Chile)
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada (Granada, Spain)
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Faculty of Education (Concepción, Chile)
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos (Osorno, Chile)
| | - Pedro Á. Latorre-Román
- University of Jaen, Department of Corporal Expression. Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n. D2 Building, Dep. 142. 23071Jaen (Spain)
| | - Luis E. Roche-Seruendo
- Universidad San Jorge. Campus Universitario, A23 km 299, 50830. Villanueva de Gállego (Zaragoza, Spain)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brindle RA, Taylor JB, Rajek C, Weisbrod A, Ford KR. Association Between Temporal Spatial Parameters and Overuse Injury History in Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019; 50:331-342. [PMID: 31643019 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporal spatial parameters during running are measurable outside of clinical and laboratory environments using wearable technology. Data from wearable technology may be useful for injury prevention, however the association of temporal spatial parameters with overuse injury in runners remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To identify the association between overuse injury and temporal spatial parameters during running. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases were searched using keywords related to temporal spatial parameters, running, and overuse injury, and authors' personal article collections through hand search. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Articles included in this systematic review contained original data, and analytically compared at least one temporal spatial parameter (e.g. cadence) between uninjured and retrospectively or prospectively injured groups of runners. Articles were excluded from this review if they did not meet these criteria or measured temporal spatial parameters via survey. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHOD The internal validity of each article was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Meta-analyses were conducted for temporal spatial parameters if data existed from at least three separate cohorts of the same prospective or retrospective design. Data were pooled and analyzed using an inverse variance fixed-effect model. RESULTS Thirteen articles which tested a total of 24 temporal spatial parameters during running were included in the review. Meta-analyses were conducted on four temporal spatial parameters using data from eleven retrospective studies. Healthy runners and those with a history of overuse injury had a similar average stride time (mean difference: 0.00 s, 95% CI - 0.01 to 0.01 s), contact time (mean difference: 0.00 s, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.01 s), cadence (mean difference: 0.3 steps per minute (spm), 95% CI - 1.8 to 2.5 spm), and stride length (mean difference 0.00 m, 95% CI - 0.05 to 0.05 m) during running. LIMITATIONS Data pooled for meta-analyses were limited to retrospective design studies. Studies included in the systematic review had low methodological consistency. CONCLUSION Based on pooled results from multiple studies, stride time, contact time, cadence, and stride length averages are not distinguishable between runners either with or without a history of overuse injury. More prospective studies are required to determine the association of temporal spatial parameters with overuse injury development in runners. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION REGISTRY AND NUMBER CRD42018112290.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Brindle
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Jeffrey B Taylor
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Coty Rajek
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anika Weisbrod
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin R Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mo S, Chow DHK. Reliability of the fluctuations within the stride time series measured in runners during treadmill running to exhaustion. Gait Posture 2019; 74:1-6. [PMID: 31434023 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fluctuations within stride time series (i.e., stride time variability and complexity) during running exhibit long-range correlation. Detecting the breakdown of the long-range correlation was proposed for monitoring the occurrence of running-related injuries during running. However, the stride time fluctuations were only measured from the unilateral side. In addition, the reliability of the stride time fluctuations of within-subject repeated measures remains largely unknown, particularly during exhaustive running. PURPOSES This study investigated between-side and between-day reliabilities of the stride time variability and complexity of right and left sides during an exhaustive running. METHODS The stride time variability and complexity of bilateral sides were obtained while 24 healthy participants performed a 31-minute treadmill running at their individual anaerobic threshold speed. Seven of the 24 participants performed the treadmill running test twice at two different days 5-7 days apart. Limits of agreement (LoA) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were respectively used to assess the absolute and relative between-side and between-day reliabilities. RESULTS The stride time variability and complexity of right and left sides were highly symmetrical (LoA: (-0.500%, 0.459%) and (-0.052, 0.051), respectively; ICC: 0.94 (0.87, 0.97) and 0.98 (0.95, 0.99), respectively). The overall stride time variability and complexity revealed good between-day reliability (LoA: (-1.044%, 0.724%) and (-0.067, 0.115), respectively; ICC: 0.78 (0.45, 0.92) and 0.81 (0.48, 0.93), respectively). However, the segmented stride time complexity showed poor between-day reliability (ICCs<0.40). CONCLUSION The findings demonstrated that the stride time series showed equivalent fluctuations between right and left sides and good between-day reliability in fluctuations during exhaustive running. Given the poor between-day reliability in the segmented stride time series, stride time series during exhaustive running could be collected from either right or left side and should be processed as an overall in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Mo
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Daniel H K Chow
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Edouard P, Sanchez H, Bourrilhon C, Homo S, Frère J, Cassirame J. Biomechanical Pole Vault Patterns Were Associated With a Higher Proportion of Injuries. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:20. [PMID: 33344944 PMCID: PMC7739738 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pole vault is a highly demanding sport where many physical and technical requirements are engaged in performance process. Considering level of energy transferred from athlete's horizontal speed to the pole during pole bending, we can imagine that associated musculoskeletal tensions, in addition to trials accumulation, can increase the risk of (specific) injuries. Given the multiple morphological, physical and technical characteristics of vaulters and ways of pole vaulting, we can hypothesis that some patterns of pole vaults can lead to higher injury risk than others. Aim: To analyze the potential association between the biomechanical patterns of pole vault and the history of injuries. Method: We conducted a study over national-level pole vaulters including the prospective collection of pole vault biomechanical data during competition at the national elite indoor championship and youth national indoor championship (U17 and U20), associated with the retrospective collection of their injuries during the 12 preceding months through an online questionnaire. Results: Among the 88 pole vaulters participating in these championships, 62 (70.5%) accepted to participated in this study, and their pole vault biomechanical and injury data were collected. 77.4% reported having presented at least one injury during the 12 preceding months. One biomechanical parameter related to the take-off phase (lower H2, i.e., height of the grip (superior) hand from the ground when the athlete subsequently took off from the ground) and some biomechanical parameters related to the terminal phase of the run-up phase (higher Spd [i.e., speed between 10 and 5 meters to the box), SLadj (last stride adjustment), SLvar (stride length variation), tc (contact time)] were significantly associated with higher proportions of all injuries. Conclusion: Biomechanical pole vault patterns during the competition day were associated with a higher proportion of history of all injuries. Although the injury data collection was retrospective leading to recall bias risk, and do not allow determining cause-consequence relationships regarding biomechanical patterns and injury occurrence, this present study is the first to analyze potential association between the biomechanical pole vault patterns and injury occurrence, which is of great help to provide hypotheses/ideas to design future studies and to move forward into prevention measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France.,Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France.,Medical Commission, French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France.,Division de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Centre de Médecine du Sport, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.,European Athletics Medical & Anti Doping Commission, European Athletics Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Sanchez
- FIR Division, French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France
| | | | - Sébastien Homo
- FIR Division, French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France
| | - Julien Frère
- DevAH, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Johan Cassirame
- FIR Division, French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France.,EA 4660, Culture, Sport, Health and Society Department and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation platform, University of Bourgogne France Comté, Besançon, France.,EA 7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Agresta CE, Goulet GC, Peacock J, Housner J, Zernicke RF, Zendler JD. Years of running experience influences stride-to-stride fluctuations and adaptive response during step frequency perturbations in healthy distance runners. Gait Posture 2019; 70:376-382. [PMID: 30959429 PMCID: PMC7607923 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION The current study investigated stride-to-stride fluctuations of step rate and contact time in response to enforced step frequency perturbations as well as adaptation and de-adaptation behavior. METHODS Forty distance runners ran at a self-selected speed and were asked to match five different enforced step frequencies (150, 160, 170, 180, and 190 beats per min). The influence of experience was explored, because running is a skill that presumably gets better with practice, and increased years of running experience is protective against injury. Detrended fluctuation analysis was used to determine the strength of long-range correlations in gait fluctuations at baseline, during the perturbation, and post-perturbation. Adaptive response was measured by the ability to match, rate of matching, and aftereffect of step frequency perturbations. RESULTS The structure of stride-to-stride fluctuations for step rate and contact time did not change during the perturbation or post-perturbation compared to baseline. However, fluctuations in step rate were affected by the level of perturbation. Runners with the most experience had a less persistent structural gait pattern for both step rate and contact time at baseline. Highly experienced runners also demonstrated the best adaptive response. They better matched the enforced step frequency, reached the enforced step frequency sooner, and returned to preferred step frequency more quickly following removal of the perturbation. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate baseline locomotor flexibility may be beneficial to achieve task demands and return to a stable state once the task is complete. Increased locomotor flexibility may also be a contributing factor for reduced injury risk in experienced runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristine E. Agresta
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States,Corresponding author at: Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States. (C.E. Agresta)
| | - Grant C. Goulet
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jillian Peacock
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jeffrey Housner
- Department of Family Medicine, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Ronald F. Zernicke
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jessica Deneweth Zendler
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
García-Pinillos F, Roche-Seruendo LE, García-Ramos A, Ramírez-Campillo R, Latorre-Román PÁ. How long is required to undertake step variability analysis during running? A pilot study. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-181197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fokkema T, Burggraaff R, Hartgens F, Kluitenberg B, Verhagen E, Backx FJ, van der Worp H, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Koes BW, van Middelkoop M. Prognosis and prognostic factors of running-related injuries in novice runners: A prospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:259-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
28
|
García-Pinillos F, Latorre-Román PA, Ramírez-Campillo R, Párraga-Montilla JA, Roche-Seruendo LE. Minimum time required for assessing step variability during running at submaximal velocities. J Biomech 2018; 80:186-195. [PMID: 30243499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the minimum time required for assessing spatiotemporal variability during continuous running at different submaximal velocities and, thereby, the number of steps required. Nineteen trained endurance runners performed an incremental running protocol, with a 3-min recording period at 10, 12, 14 and 16 km/h. Spatiotemporal parameters (contact and flight times, step length and step frequency) were measured using the OptoGait system and step variability was considered for each parameter, in terms of within-participants standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV%). Step variability was considered over six different durations at every velocity tested: 0-10 s, 0-20 s, 0-30 s, 0-60 s, 0-120 s and 0-180 s. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences in the magnitude of the four spatiotemporal parameters between the recording intervals at each running velocity tested (p ≥ 0.05, ICC > 0.90). The post-hoc analysis confirmed no significant differences in step variability (SD and CV% of each spatiotemporal parameter at any velocity tested) between measurements. The Bland-Altman limits of agreement method showed that longer recording intervals yield smaller systematic bias, random errors, and narrower limits of agreement, regardless of running velocity. The results suggest that the duration of the recording period required to estimate spatiotemporal variability plays an important role in the accuracy of the measurement, regardless of running velocity (10-16 km/h).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Pedro A Latorre-Román
- University of Jaen, Department of Corporal Expression, Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n, D2 Building, Dep. 142, 23071 Jaen, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.
| | - Juan A Párraga-Montilla
- University of Jaen, Department of Corporal Expression, Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n, D2 Building, Dep. 142, 23071 Jaen, Spain.
| | - Luis E Roche-Seruendo
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stride-to-stride variability and complexity between novice and experienced runners during a prolonged run at anaerobic threshold speed. Gait Posture 2018; 64:7-11. [PMID: 29803083 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor control, related to running performance and running related injuries, is affected by progression of fatigue during a prolonged run. Distance runners are usually recommended to train at or slightly above anaerobic threshold (AT) speed for improving performance. However, running at AT speed may result in accelerated fatigue. It is not clear how one adapts running gait pattern during a prolonged run at AT speed and if there are differences between runners with different training experience. PURPOSES To compare characteristics of stride-to-stride variability and complexity during a prolonged run at AT speed between novice runners (NR) and experienced runners (ER). METHODS Both NR (n = 17) and ER (n = 17) performed a treadmill run for 31 min at his/her AT speed. Stride interval dynamics was obtained throughout the run with the middle 30 min equally divided into six time intervals (denoted as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6). Mean, coefficient of variation (CV) and scaling exponent alpha of stride intervals were calculated for each interval of each group. RESULTS This study revealed mean stride interval significantly increased with running time in a non-linear trend (p<0.001). The stride interval variability (CV) maintained relatively constant for NR (p = 0.22) and changed nonlinearly for ER (p = 0.023) throughout the run. Alpha was significantly different between groups at T2, T5 and T6, and nonlinearly changed with running time for both groups with slight differences. SIGNIFICANCE These findings provided insights into how the motor control system adapts to progression of fatigue and evidences that long-term training enhances motor control. Although both ER and NR could regulate gait complexity to maintain AT speed throughout the prolonged run, ER also regulated stride interval variability to achieve the goal.
Collapse
|
30
|
Baida SR, Gore SJ, Franklyn-Miller AD, Moran KA. Does the amount of lower extremity movement variability differ between injured and uninjured populations? A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1320-1338. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Baida
- Sports Medicine Department; Sports Surgery Clinic; Santry Demesne; Dublin Ireland
- School of Health and Human Performance; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - S. J. Gore
- Sports Medicine Department; Sports Surgery Clinic; Santry Demesne; Dublin Ireland
- School of Health and Human Performance; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - A. D. Franklyn-Miller
- Sports Medicine Department; Sports Surgery Clinic; Santry Demesne; Dublin Ireland
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - K. A. Moran
- School of Health and Human Performance; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mann R, Malisoux L, Urhausen A, Meijer K, Theisen D. Plantar pressure measurements and running-related injury: A systematic review of methods and possible associations. Gait Posture 2016; 47:1-9. [PMID: 27264395 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-sensitive measuring devices have been identified as appropriate tools for measuring an array of parameters during running. It is unclear which biomechanical characteristics relate to running-related injury (RRI) and which data-processing techniques are most promising to detect this relationship. This systematic review aims to identify pertinent methodologies and characteristics measured using plantar pressure devices, and to summarise their associations with RRI. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, ScienceDirect and Scopus were searched up until March 2015. Retrospective and prospective, biomechanical studies on running using any kind of pressure-sensitive device with RRI as an outcome were included. All studies involving regular or recreational runners were considered. The study quality was assessed and the measured parameters were summarised. One low quality, two moderate quality and five high quality studies were included. Five different subdivisions of plantar area were identified, as well as five instants and four phases of measurement during foot-ground contact. Overall many parameters were collated and subdivided as plantar pressure and force, plantar pressure and force location, contact area, timing and stride parameters. Differences between the injured and control group were found for mediolateral and anteroposterior displacement of force, contact area, velocity of force displacement, relative force-time integral, mediolateral force ratio, time to peak force and inter-stride correlative patterns. However, no consistent results were found between studies and no biomechanical risk patterns were apparent. Additionally, conflicting findings were reported for peak force in three studies. Based on these observations, we provide suggestions for improved methodology measurement of pertinent parameters for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mann
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 76, rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 76, rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 76, rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 76, rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Paquette MR, Milner CE, Melcher DA. Foot contact angle variability during a prolonged run with relation to injury history and habitual foot strike pattern. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:217-222. [PMID: 26804467 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foot strike pattern and movement variability have each been associated with running injuries. Foot contact angle (FCA) is a common measure of strike pattern. Thus, variability in FCA could be an important running injury risk factor. The purposes of this study were to compare (a) foot contact angle (FCA) and its variability between runners with and without injury history and, (b) FCA variability between habitual rearfoot strike (RFS) and non-RFS runners during a prolonged run. Twenty-three runners with and 21 without injury history participated. Motion capture was used to collect kinematic data during a 40 min treadmill run. Average FCA and its variability were compared between injury groups and among four time points. FCA and its variability were not different between runners with and without injury history or among time points during the run. FCA variability was lower in non-RFS compared to RFS runners (P < 0.001). Lower FCA variability in non-RFS runners may have implications for higher injury risks due to repeated localized tissue loading. Prospective analyses on the effects of lower FCA variability on injury risk are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Paquette
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - C E Milner
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D A Melcher
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.,Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Malisoux L, Chambon N, Delattre N, Gueguen N, Urhausen A, Theisen D. Injury risk in runners using standard or motion control shoes: a randomised controlled trial with participant and assessor blinding. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50:481-7. [PMID: 26746907 PMCID: PMC4853529 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background/aim This randomised controlled trial investigated if the usage of running shoes with a motion control system modifies injury risk in regular leisure-time runners compared to standard shoes, and if this influence depends on foot morphology. Methods Recreational runners (n=372) were given either the motion control or the standard version of a regular running shoe model and were followed up for 6 months regarding running activity and injury. Foot morphology was analysed using the Foot Posture Index method. Cox regression analyses were used to compare injury risk between the two groups, based on HRs and their 95% CIs, controlling for potential confounders. Stratified analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of motion control system in runners with supinated, neutral and pronated feet. Results The overall injury risk was lower among the participants who had received motion control shoes (HR=0.55; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.85) compared to those receiving standard shoes. This positive effect was only observed in the stratum of runners with pronated feet (n=94; HR=0.34; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.84); there was no difference in runners with neutral (n=218; HR=0.78; 95% CI 0.44 to 1.37) or supinated feet (n=60; HR=0.59; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.73). Runners with pronated feet using standard shoes had a higher injury risk compared to those with neutral feet (HR=1.80; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.22). Conclusions The overall injury risk was lower in participants who had received motion control shoes. Based on secondary analysis, those with pronated feet may benefit most from this shoe type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Chambon
- Decathlon, Movement Sciences Department, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Decathlon, Movement Sciences Department, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Nils Gueguen
- Decathlon, Movement Sciences Department, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Souza RB. An Evidence-Based Videotaped Running Biomechanics Analysis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2015; 27:217-36. [PMID: 26616185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Running biomechanics play an important role in the development of injuries. Performing a running biomechanics analysis on injured runners can help to develop treatment strategies. This article provides a framework for a systematic video-based running biomechanics analysis plan based on the current evidence on running injuries, using 2-dimensional (2D) video and readily available tools. Fourteen measurements are proposed in this analysis plan from lateral and posterior video. Identifying simple 2D surrogates for 3D biomechanic variables of interest allows for widespread translation of best practices, and have the best opportunity to impact the highly prevalent problem of the injured runner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Souza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|