Genomics-based higher classification of the species-rich Hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini)

Genomic and ecological divergence support recognition of a new species of endangered Satyrium butterfly (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

We describe a highly isolated population of hairstreak butterfly from Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada, as a new species, Satyriumcuriosolus sp. nov., previously recognized as Satyriumsemiluna (Half-moon Hairstreak). We propose "Curiously Isolated Hairstreak" as the common name due to its disjunct and unusual distribution. Previous whole-genome analyses revealed S.curiosolus has extremely low genomic diversity and is highly divergent from the nearest S.semiluna populations in British Columbia and Montana, more than 400 km distant. Further analysis suggested prolonged inbreeding and isolation for up to ~40,000 years BP. Ecological niche modeling indicated that S.curiosolus occupies environmental conditions that are distinct from S.semiluna, suggesting niche divergence driven by long-term geographical and ecological separation. While host plant and ant associations have not been definitively resolved, they likely differ between S.curiosolus and S.semiluna. As part of this description, we provide whole-genome consensus sequences for each individual of the type series and identify 21,985 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are divergently fixed between S.curiosolus and S.semiluna, including 117 unlinked SNPs distributed across the genome as putative diagnostic markers. Previously listed as Endangered in Canada as the Waterton population of S.semiluna, S.curiosolus should retain this conservation status due to its extreme isolation, small population size, and flatlined genomic diversity. We propose species recognition as a testable hypothesis under the General Lineage Concept and recommend further research to explore the taxonomy, ecological relationships, and conservation of the greater species complex, including S.curiosolus, S.semiluna, and S.fuliginosa.

Notable Hesperiidae collected by Kilian Roever in Arizona, USA

Genomic analysis of Hesperiidae specimens collected by Kilian Roever in Arizona, USA, and deposited in the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity (Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA) confirms several published state species records, reveals that Cecropterus (Murgaria) markwalkeri Grishin, 2023, Telegonus (Telegonus) misitra (Plötz, 1881), and Epargyreus cruza Evans, 1952 have been found in Arizona with sequenced specimens representing first confirmed USA records of these three species, and allows us to discover new taxa Cecropterus (Murgaria) roeveri Grishin, sp. n. and Lerema (Lerema) ochrius occidus Grishin, ssp. n. This study underscores the value of extensive collecting and careful specimen preservation for research.

A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy)

The genus Ocaria Clench comprises fourteen small to medium-sized Neotropical species within the Eumaeini tribe (Lycaenidae: Theclinae). They inhabit lowland to mid-montane habitats across Central and South America. A phylogenetic analysis of Ocaria is presented based on the COI barcode region to test the monophyly and species composition of the arpoxais group, a subset of six species sharing similar size and wing patterns. The genus Arases K. Johnson, syn. rest., is reestablished as a synonym of Ocaria, and two species recently assigned to Arases are transferred to Ocaria: O. moseranki (Bálint) comb. nov. and O. pricarlosi (Bálint) comb. nov. During the comprehensive review of the arpoxais group, an undescribed species has been identified based on differences in wing morphology, genital structures, genetic markers (COI) and geographic distribution. Ocaria delphinae Faynel, Fåhraeus & Busby sp. nov. is described from 48 male and two female specimens, with Peru as type locality. It is widely distributed across South America in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and had historically been confused with O. cinerea. Females are associated with males for the first time and illustrated along with their genitalia when possible. Key diagnostic characters for adults are detailed and illustrated. Updated distribution maps are provided for all species within this group.

Immature stages of the Zebra Hairstreak butterfly, Arawacus separata (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): a model organism for studies on mimicry and mutualism

Hairstreak butterflies are model organisms in evolutionary biology due to the variety of predator-avoidance strategies they possess, including false head mimicry and symbiosis with ants, both of which Zebra Hairstreaks employ. Natural history information is basic for the generation of hypothesis-driven research in ecology and evolution, especially for holometabolous organisms. Here, the complete life cycle of the Zebra Hairstreak Arawacus separata is described for the first time. The natural history records, including citizen science, for other Zebra Hairstreaks species in Eumaeini were also reviewed. Host plant records for A. separata indicate that its caterpillars are oligophagous on Solanaceae, being locally specialized on the shrub Cestrum strigilatum (Solanaceae). Development from egg to adult was found to last ~30 days. Caterpillars underwent four instars with cryptic coloration and texture. The larval tegument is covered by short dendritic setae and pore cupola organs (PCOs), and, from the second instar on, shows a dorsal nectary organ (DNO). Caterpillars live on plants surrounded by ants throughout their entire ontogeny. Facultative symbiosis was observed in all instars with seven ant species in four genera. Myrmecophily is potentiated by honeydew-producing hemipterans and attractive sap of leaf lesions. Territory occupancy of males and non-aerial contests suggest a neglected role of sexual selection in the evolution of the false-head traits. Due to the typical false-head wing coloration pattern and myrmecophily, A. separata is proposed as a model organism to study mimicry and mutualism.

New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis

Continuing with the genomic analysis of butterflies, we present a taxonomic update. As a result of this work, 3 genera, 6 subgenera, 16 species, and 2 subspecies are described as new. New genera and subgenera are (type species in parenthesis): Systasia Grishin, gen. n. (Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876) and Asysta Grishin, gen. n. (Systasea microsticta Dyar, 1923) in Pyrgini Burmeister, 1878 and Alyco Grishin, gen. n. (Styriodes quota Evans, 1955) in Moncina A. Warren, 2008; Ocynthus Grishin, subgen. n. (Ocybadistes hypomeloma Lower, 1911) of Potanthus Scudder, 1872, Arrhona Grishin, subgen. n. (Padraona tranquilla Swinhoe, 1905) and Comba Grishin, subgen. n. (Hesperia wama Plötz, 1885) of Kobrona Evans, 1935, Telines Grishin, subgen. n. (Pamphila eurotas C. Felder, 1860) of Arrhenes Mabille, 1904, Kolba Grishin, subgen. n. (Telicota kolbei Ribbe, 1899) of Sabera Swinhoe, 1908, and Sarala Grishin, subgen. n. (Parnara sarala Nicéville, 1889) of Acerbas Nicéville, 1895, all in Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809. New species and subspecies are (type localities in parenthesis): Catocyclotis secuza Grishin, sp. n. (Peru: Cuzco), Catocyclotis serio Grishin, sp. n. (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Catocyclotis luteonaevia Grishin, sp. n. (Bolivia: La Paz), Synargis gohia Grishin, sp. n. (Brazil: Bahia), and Synargis maxidifa Grishin, sp. n. (Peru: Loreto) in Riodinidae Grote, 1895 (1827); Bungalotis corentus Grishin, sp. n. (Ecuador: Pichincha), Bungalotis amydros Grishin, sp. n. (Ecuador: Pichincha), Salatis minimaculatis Grishin, sp. n. (Peru: Loreto), Pellicia (Mictris) rio Grishin, sp. n. (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Clytius mattus Grishin, sp. n. (USA: Hidalgo Co.), Perus (Menuda) tinctus Grishin, sp. n. (deduced as South America), Timochares fuscifasciata Grishin, sp. n. (USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co.), Quasimellana duranga Grishin, sp. n. (Mexico: Durango), Stinga azteca Grishin, sp. n. (Mexico: México), Vistigma (Vistigma) shnoba Grishin, sp. n. (Peru: Madre de Dios), Vertica (Brasta) asta Grishin, sp. n. (Colombia: Valle del Cauca) in Hesperiidae; Synargis flavicauda cosita Grishin, ssp. n. (Guyana) in Riodinidae and Notamblyscirtes durango seaza Grishin, ssp. n. (USA: Arizona, Santa Cruz Co.) in Hesperiidae, as all other taxa below. Suniana Evans, 1934 is a subgenus of Potanthus Scudder, 1872. The following species are transferred between genera to form new combinations: Camptopleura polax (Evans, 1953), comb. nov. (not Cycloglypha Mabille, 1903), Potanthus hypomeloma (Lower, 1911), comb. nov. (not Ocybadistes Heron, 1894), Kobrona tranquilla (Swinhoe, 1905), comb. nov. (not Arrhenes Mabille, 1904), Arrhenes eurotas (C. Felder, 1860), comb. nov. and Arrhenes eurychlora (Lower, 1908), comb. nov. (not Telicota Moore, 1881), Sabera kolbei (Ribbe, 1899), comb. nov. (not Mimene Joicey & Talbot, 1917), and Vistigma (Vistigma) meesi (de Jong, 1983), comb. nov. (not Phlebodes Hübner, 1819). The following are species-level taxa, not subspecies or synonyms: Salatis pelignus (Hewitson, 1867), stat. rest. (not Salatis salatis (Stoll, 1782)), Pellicia (Mictris) cambyses Hewitson, 1878, stat. rest. (not Pellicia (Mictris) crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870), Clytius unifascia (Mabille, 1889), comb. nov. (not Staphylus azteca (Scudder, 1872) or Clytius clytius (Godman & Salvin, 1897)), Clytius semitincta (Dyar, 1924), stat. rest. (not Clytius clytius), Timochares sanda Evans, 1953, stat. nov. (not Timochares trifasciata (Hewitson, 1868)) and Sabera tenebricosa (Mabille, 1904), comb. nov., stat. rest. (not Sabera kolbei (Ribbe, 1899)). The following taxa are new junior subjective synonyms: Mycteris caerula Mabille, 1877 of Pellicia (Mictris) crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Timochares ruptifasciata runia Evans, 1953 of Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884). Staphylus veytius H. Freeman, 1969 is confirmed as a junior subjective synonym of Staphylus tierra Evans, 1953. Pellicia pericles Mabille, 1903 is a junior subjective synonym of Pellicia (Mictris) cambyses stat. rest. (not of Pellicia (Mictris) crispus). Eudamus sebrus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 and Bungalotis sapucayae Jörgensen, 1935 are junior subjective synonyms of Salatis pelignus stat. rest. (not of Salatis salatis). The type species of Lintneria W. H. Edwards & Butler, 1877 is fixed as Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857 thus making Cabares Godman & Salvin, 1894 a junior objective synonym of Systasea Butler, 1877, which is a replacement name for Lintneria that becomes a junior subjective synonym of Autochton Hübner, 1823. Lectotypes are designated for 6 Hesperiidae (type localities in parenthesis): Pellicia crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 (Venezuela), Antigonus unifascia Mabille, 1889 (Honduras), Leucochitonea trifasciata Hewitson, 1868 (Bolivia), Timochares trifasciata form obscurior Draudt, 1923 (Bolivia: Rio Zongo), Antigonus ruptifasciata Plötz, 1884 (Jamaica; deduced by genomic sequence comparison), and Telicota kolbei Ribbe, 1899 (Papua New Guinea: New Britain Island). Furthermore, we show that Timochares trifasciata form obscurior Draudt, 1923 is an unavailable name; a nomen nudum Pholisora elis in J. B. Smith et al., 1891 (List of the Lepidoptera of boreal America) refers to a specimen of Clytius clytius from USA: Arizona; a specimen in MFNB curated as a type of Achlyodes serapion Plötz, 1884 is a pseudotype; and Cecropterus (Murgaria) markwalkeri Grishin, 2023 is widely distributed in western and southern Mexico. Finally, we illustrate the genitalia of the lectotype of Achlyodes cnidus Plötz, 1884.

Genomic analysis reveals hidden species diversity in Emesis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

Genomic analysis of Emesis [Fabricius], 1807 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae Grote, 1895) reveals species richness higher than anticipated. As a result, one subgenus, 22 species, and one subspecies are proposed as new (type species or type localities in parenthesis): Diogenia Grishin, new subgenus (Emesis diogenia Prittwitz, 1865), Emesis (Emesis) aerunda Grishin, new species (Peru: Rio Pachitea, Monte Alegre), Emesis (Emesis) bartica Grishin, new species (Guyana: Cuyuni-Mazaruni), Emesis (Emesis) fatimellina Grishin, new species (Brazil: Santa Catarina), Emesis (Emesis) panamella Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Emesis (Mandania) mandora Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Santo Domingo), Emesis (Mandania) manduza Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Emesis (Tenedia) nimia Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriquí), Emesis (Tenedia) faria Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Emesis (Tenedia) leona Grishin, new species (Mexico: Nuevo León), Emesis (Tenedia) subangularis Grishin, new species (Argentina: Salta), Emesis (Tenedia) alisada Grishin, new species (Peru: Piura), Emesis (Tenedia) flecta Grishin, new species (Bolivia: La Paz), Emesis (Poeasia) sonorensis Grishin, new species (Mexico: Sonora), Emesis (Brimia) apagada Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Emesis (Brimia) boliviana Grishin, new species (Bolivia: La Paz), Emesis (Aphacitis) aurichica Grishin, new species (Mexico: Chiapas), Emesis (Aphacitis) auripana Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Emesis (Aphacitis) pruinapicalis Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Emesis (Aphacitis) furvescens Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Emesis (Aphacitis) pallescens Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá), Emesis (Aphacitis) andigna Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Emesis (Aphacitis) luxata Grishin, new species (Brazil: São Paulo), and Emesis (Mandania) russula sudesta Grishin, new subspecies (Brazil: Paraná). The following five taxa are species (not subspecies): Emesis (Emesis) cronina Schaus, 1928, reinstated status (not Emesis (Emesis) cereus (Linnaeus, 1767)), Emesis (Emesis) nobilata Stichel, 1910, new status (not Emesis (Emesis) fatimella Westwood, 1851), Emesis (Tenedia) tristis Stichel, 1929, reinstated status (not Emesis (Tenedia) lupina Godman and Salvin, 1886), Emesis (Tenedia) paphia R. Felder, 1869, reinstated status (not Emesis (Tenedia) cypria C. Felder and R. Felder, 1861), and Emesis (Aphacitis) parvissima Kaye, 1921, new status (not Emesis (Aphacitis) lucinda (Cramer, 1775). Emesis tenedia ab. fasciata E. Strand, 1916, an unavailable name, is a synonym of Emesis (Tenedia) tenedia C. Felder and R. Felder, 1861, not Emesis (Tenedia) lupina Godman and Salvin, 1886. Lectotypes are designated for five species (type localities in parenthesis): Emesis russula Stichel, 1910 (Bolivia: La Paz), Emesis tenedia C. Felder and R. Felder, 1861 (Venezuela), Emesis poeas Godman, 1901 (Mexico: Guerrero, Acapulco), Emesis castigata Stichel, 1910 (Peru: Pozuzo), and Emesis condigna Stichel, 1925 (Brazil: Pará). Finally, an updated synonymic list of Emesis is provided. The list covers seven valid subgenera and 71 valid species with 14 additional subspecies.

The genus Siderus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in French Guiana: four newly discovered species and conspicuous male genitalia polymorphism

The species of Siderus Kaye present in French Guiana are listed and detailed with notes on male territorial behavior and the plants at which adults feed. In total, seven species were recorded: Siderus leucophaeus (Hübner); Siderus parvinotus Kaye (first record from French Guiana); Siderus athymbra (Hewitson); Siderus diringeri Faynel, Robbins & Fåhraeus sp. nov.; Siderus bisignatus Faynel, Ramírez & Robbins sp. nov.; Siderus castelain Faynel, Fåhraeus & Robbins sp. nov. and Siderus toussaint Faynel, Robbins & Fåhraeus sp. nov. A preliminary delimitation of the genus Siderus is proposed. Description, distribution, detailed illustrations of adults and male genitalia (and some female) are provided for each new species.

Integrative description of Thaeides ramoni sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), a sympatric sibling species of Thaeides theia (Hewitson, 1870) found in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

We present evidence from DNA barcodes, wing pattern and distribution to support the hypothesis that an entity flying in sympatry with Thaeides theia in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, is an undescribed biological species named herein as Thaides ramoni Prieto, sp. nov. Adult specimens and genital structures are illustrated for both species along with molecular and morphological diagnostic characters. In addition, we present some considerations about the taxonomy of the species in the Thaeides muela group.

Taxonomic advances driven by the genomic analysis of butterflies

This study presents new findings based on a large-scale analysis of butterfly genomic sequences. Focusing on species identification through comparative genomics, we define subspecies as populations differentiated to a lesser extent than distinct species ("species in the making"). Additionally, we propose further adjustments to the current butterfly classification. As a result, 3 subgenera, 12 species, and 4 subspecies are described as new. New subgenera are (type species in parenthesis): Hyalaus Grishin, subgen. n. (Papilio epidaus E. Doubleday, 1846) of Eurytides Hübner, [1821] (Papilionidae Latreille, [1802]) and Astria Grishin, subgen. n. (Lycaena astraea Freyer, 1851) of Glaucopsyche Scudder, 1872 and Afroidium Grishin, subgen. n. (Lycaena metophis Wallengren, 1860) of Brephidium Scudder, 1876 (Lycaenidae [Leach], [1815]). New species are (type localities in parenthesis): Ithomiola (Ithomiola) tesseroides Grishin, sp. n. (Panama: Chiriquí), Ithomiola (Ithomiola) coladoris Grishin, sp. n. (Panama: Cerro Jefe), Ithomiola (Ithomiola) perutanos Grishin, sp. n. (Peru: Cuzco), Lasaia pallida Grishin, sp. n. (Venezuela: Maracay), Synargis regina Grishin, sp. n. (Peru: Chanchamayo), Synargis reginella Grishin, sp. n. (Brazil: Pará), Synargis flavicauda Grishin, sp. n. (Peru: Rio Pachitea, Monte Alegre), Synargis tenebritorna Grishin, sp. n. (Brazil: Bahia), and Synargis latidifa Grishin, sp. n. (French Guiana) in Riodinidae Grote, 1895 (1827) and Heliopetes (Heliopetes) acuta Grishin, sp. n. (Mexico: Oaxaca), Metrocles nun Grishin, sp. n. (Brazil: Goiás), and Hedone miracla Grishin, sp. n. (Peru: Lima, Chancay River valley) in Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809. New subspecies are: Microtia elva bogotana Grishin, ssp. n. (Colombia: Bogota), and Boloria astarte alaskia Grishin, ssp. n. (USA: Alaska, Seward Peninsula) in Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815; Lasaia sessilis oaxacensis Grishin, ssp. n. (Mexico: Oaxaca) in Riodinidae; and Cupido (Everes) comyntas orientalis Grishin, ssp. n. (USA: North Carolina, Mecklenburg Co.) in Lycaenidae [Leach], [1815]. A number of taxonomic changes are proposed. The following taxa are species (not subspecies): Eurema ella (Röber, 1909) and Eurema flavescens (Chavannes, 1850) (not Eurema elathea (Cramer, 1777) and Eurema millerorum Llorente & Luis, 1987 (not Eurema agave (Cramer, 1775)) (Pieridae Swainson, 1820); Ithomiola tessera J. Hall, 2005 (not Ithomiola theages Godman & Salvin, 1878), Lasaia callaina Clench, 1972 (not Lasaia agesilas (Latreille, [1809])), and Synargis attilius (Stichel, 1925) (not Synargis regulus (Fabricius, 1793)) (Riodinidae); and Gerosis cnidus (Plötz, 1884) (not Gerosis phisara (Moore, 1884)), Vettius prona Evans, 1955 (not Vettius phyllus (Cramer, 1777)), Vettius pica (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (not Vettius lafrenaye (Latreille, [1824])), and Phlebodes yalta (Evans, 1955) (not Phlebodes fuldai (E. Bell, 1930)) (Hesperiidae). The following taxa are junior subjective synonyms: Lycaena sissona W. G. Wright, 1905 of Cupido comyntas (Godart, [1824]) (Lycaenidae) and Punta Evans, 1955 of Paracarystus Godman, 1900 (Hesperiidae). Coladenia hamiltoni Nicéville, 1889 and Caprona? kuki Tytler, 1915 are junior subjective synonyms of Gerosis cnidus, not Gerosis phisara. Albulina Tutt, 1909 is a genus distinct from Agriades Hübner, [1819]. Eugrumia Della Bruna, Gallo, Lucarelli & Sbordoni, 2000 is a valid genus, and Sinerebia Nakatani, 2017 is its junior subjective synonym. The following are subgenera, not genera or synonyms: Oraidium Bethune-Baker, 1914 of Brephidium Scudder, 1876, Vacciniina Tutt, 1909 of Agriades Hübner, [1819], and Arianna Bálint, 2022 of Plebejus Kluk, 1780 (Lycaenidae) and Uniphylus Lemes, Siewert, O. Mielke, Casagrande & A. Warren, 2023 of Bolla Mabille, 1903 (Hesperiidae). We propose new genus-subgenus combinations Erythia fayneli (Gallard, 2006) (not in Euselasia Hübner, [1819]) and Gallio coda Evans, 1955 (not in Tigasis Godman, 1900) and new species-subspecies combination Eurema flavescens obsoleta (Jörgensen, 1932) (not Eurema elathea (Cramer, 1777)). We present the genomic phylogeny of all known species of Euriphellus Austin, 2008 (Hesperiidae). Lectotypes are designated for Polyommatus comyntas Godart, [1824] (type locality in USA: California, as deduced by genomic comparison) (Lycaenidae) and Achlyodes cnidus Plötz, 1884 (type locality unknown, possibly in eastern India or Bangladesh) (Hesperiidae).

Genomic analysis reveals new species and subspecies of butterflies

Large-scale genomic sequencing of butterfly taxa reveals new findings that are presented here. While we focus on detecting species by comparative genomics and define subspecies as groups of populations genetically differentiated from each other but not as strongly as species (i.e., subspecies as "species in the making"), we report other adjustments to butterfly classification. As a result, 4 subgenera, 11 species, and 6 subspecies are proposed as new. New subgenera are: Rapis Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Papilio rapae Linnaeus, 1758, genus Pieris Schrank, 1801) in Pieridae Swainson, 1820 and Callitera Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Eurygona? pulcherrima Herrich-Schäffer, [1853], genus Isapis E. Doubleday, 1847), Matizada Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Themone poecila H. Bates, 1868, genus Isapis E. Doubleday, 1847), and Parapanara Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Lyropteryx diadocis Stichel, 1910, genus Paraphthonia Stichel, 1910) in Riodinidae Grote, 1895 (1827). New species are (type localities in parenthesis): Chlosyne pardelina Grishin, sp. n. (USA: Texas, Duval Co.) in Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815; Erythia paracheles Grishin, sp. n. (Panama: Canal Zone), Erythia borrosa Grishin, sp. n. (Panama: Panama), and Cremna telarania Grishin, sp. n. (Bolivia: La Paz) in Riodinidae; and Euriphellus colombiensis Grishin, sp. n. (Colombia: Río Dagua), Euriphellus ecuadoricus Grishin, sp. n. (Ecuador: Canelos), Urbanus (Urbanus) cubanus Grishin, sp. n. (Cuba: Havana), Gorgythion guyanus Grishin, sp. n. (Guyana: Essequibo), Lon co Grishin, sp. n. (Mexico: Guerrero), Lon ma Grishin, sp. n. (Panama: Chiriquí), and Lon chia Grishin, sp. n. (Mexico: Chiapas) in Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809. New subspecies are (type localities in parenthesis): Chlosyne definita dolosa Grishin, ssp. n. (Mexico: Chihuahua) in Nymphalidae and Limochores mystic nino Grishin, ssp. n. (USA: Arizona, Coconino Co.), Hesperia pahaska hannawackeri Grishin, ssp. n. (USA: Utah, San Juan Co.), Pseudocopaeodes eunus ash Grishin, ssp. n. (USA: Nevada, Nye Co.), Ochlodes napa kaibab Grishin, ssp. n. (USA: Arizona, Coconino Co.), and Lon melane sur Grishin, ssp. n. (Mexico: Baja California Sur) in Hesperiidae. Furthermore, we confirm 1 genus, resurrect 2 subgenera, change the rank of 3 genera to subgenera, synonymize 3 genera, 1 species, and 1 subspecies, and present evidence to support 17 taxa (1 confirmed) as species instead of subspecies or synonyms. Namely, we confirm Perpheres Hirowatari, 1992 as a valid genus, not a junior subjective synonym of Danis [Fabricius], 1807 (Lycaenidae); treat Sinopieris H. Huang, 1995 and Artogeia Verity, 1947 as subgenera (not genera or synonyms) of Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Pieridae); regard these genera as subgenera: Serradinga G. Henning & S Henning, 1996 of Dingana van Son, 1955 (Nymphalidae), Necyria Westwood, 1851 of Lyropteryx Westwood, 1851 (Riodinidae), and Nothodanis Hirowatari, 1992 of Danis [Fabricius], 1807 (Lycaenidae); and propose that the following are junior subjective synonyms, not genera, species, or subspecies: Eugrumia Della Bruna, Gallo, Lucarelli & Sbordoni, 2000 of Sinerebia Nakatani, 2017 in Nymphalidae: Satyrini: Ypthimina Reuter, 1896, new placement (not Erebiina Tutt, 1896), Pistoria Hemming, 1964 of Caleta Fruhstorfer, 1922 and Upolampes Bethune-Baker, 1908 of Thaumaina Bethune-Baker, 1908 in Lycaenidae, and Synargis orestessa Hübner, [1819] of Synargis soranus (Stoll, 1781) and Mesosemia eumene furia Stichel, 1910 of Ectosemia erinnya (Stichel, 1910) in Riodinidae. The following taxa are species, not subspecies or synonyms: Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777) (not Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus, 1758)) and Pontia johnstonii (Crowley, 1887) (not Pontia helice (Linnaeus, 1764)) in Pieridae; Chlosyne anastasia (Hemming, 1934) (not Chlosyne definita (E. Aaron, [1885])) and Chlosyne bollii (W. H. Edwards, 1878) (not Chlosyne theona (Ménétriés, 1855)) in Nymphalidae; Ectosemia attavus (J. Zikán, 1952) (not Ectosemia eumene (Cramer, 1776)), Cremna dentata (Stichel, 1910) (not Cremna radiata (Godman & Salvin, 1886)), Cremna pupillata Stichel, 1915 (not Cremna alector (Geyer, 1837)), Lasaia peninsularis Clench, 1972 (not Lasaia sula Staudinger, 1888), and Synargis arche (Hewitson, 1865) (not Synargis orestessa Hübner, [1819]) in Riodinidae; and Quadrus (Zera) difficilis (Weeks, 1901) (confirmed as not Quadrus (Zera) zera (A. Butler, 1870)), Gorgythion marginata Schaus, 1902 (not Gorgythion begga (Prittwitz, 1868)), Pardaleodes murcia (Plötz, 1883) (not Pardaleodes incerta (Snellen, 1872)), Pardaleodes pusiella Mabille, 1877 (not Pardaleodes sator (Westwood, 1852)), Ochlodes napa (W. H. Edwards, 1865) and Ochlodes santacruza J. Scott, 1981 (not Ochlodes sylvanoides (Boisduval, 1852)), and Lon vitellina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) and Lon poa (Evans, 1955) (not Lon melane (W. H. Edwards, 1869)) in Hesperiidae. In addition, we propose new genus-species combinations: Ectosemia nesti (Hewitson, 1858) (not Semomesia Westwood, 1851), Ectosemia acuta (Hewitson, 1873) and Ectosemia eurythmia (Stichel, 1915) (not Mesosemia Hübner, [1819]), Eugelasia satyroides (Lathy, 1926), Eugelasia modesta (H. Bates, 1868) and Pelolasia leucophryna (Schaus, 1913) (not Euselasia Hübner, 1819), Lyropteryx melaniae (Stichel, 1930) (not Melanis Hübner, [1819]), Isapis pulcherrima (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) and Isapis poecila (H. Bates, 1868) (not Themone Westwood, 1851), Paraphthonia diadocis (Stichel, 1910) (not Lyropteryx Westwood, 1851), Tarucus clathratus W. Holland, 1891 (not Castalius Hübner, [1819]), and Vidius tanna (de Jong, 1983) (not Cobalopsis Godman, 1900); new species-subspecies combination Ochlodes santacruza catalina J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998 (not Ochlodes sylvanoides (Boisduval, 1852)); and transfer junior subjective synonyms between taxa: Parnassius smintheus var. niger W. G. Wright, 1905 of Parnassius smintheus smintheus E. Doubleday, 1847 (not of Parnassius smintheus behrii W. H. Edwards, 1870), Goniurus proteoides Plötz, 1881 of Urbanus proteus domingo (Scudder, 1872) (not of Urbanus proteus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758)), Bolla subgisela Strand, 1921 of Staphylus melangon epicaste Mabille, 1903 (not of Bolla eusebius (Plötz, 1884)), Gorgythion beggoides Schaus, 1902 of Gorgythion begga begga (Prittwitz, 1868) (not of Gorgythion plautia (Möschler, 1877)), and Pamphila milo W. H. Edwards, 1883 of Ochlodes agricola verus (W. H. Edwards, 1881) (not of Ochlodes agricola nemorum (Boisduval, 1852)). Furthermore, by finding an additional specimen, we confirm Semalea malawi Grishin, 2023 as a species-level taxon using genomic analysis; we conclude that populations of Hesperia pahaska Leussler, 1938 in most of New Mexico and the White Mountains, Arizona are the nominal subspecies, not H. pahaska williamsi Lindsey, 1940; and report a natural hybrid between Chlosyne bollii (W. H. Edwards, [1878]) and Chlosyne chinatiensis (Tinkham, 1944). Lectotypes are designated for 6 names: Erebia atramentaria Bang-Haas, 1927 (type locality in China: Gansu) in Nymphalidae; Mesosemia eumene erinnya Stichel, 1910 (type locality in Peru: Pozuzo) and Mesosemia eumene furia Stichel, 1910 (type locality Bolivia: La Paz, Farinas) in Riodinidae; and Goniurus proteoides Plötz, 1881 (type locality in the Antilles), Hesperia erratica Plötz, 1883 (type locality likely in the USA, not Guatemala, as deduced by genomic comparison), confirming this name as a junior subjective synonym of Lon zabulon (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837]), and Lerodea ? rupilius Schaus, 1913 (type locality Mexico: Jalisco, Guadalajara, not Costa Rica: Guápiles), not a nomen dubium, but a subspecies of Atrytonopsis edwardsi W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916, in Hesperiidae. A neotype is designated for Cobalus vitellina Herrich-Schäffer, 1869 (type locality becomes Mexico: Oaxaca). Hesperia amanda Plötz, 1883 is regarded as a nomen dubium, not a junior subjective synonym of Ochlodes sylvanoides napa (W. H. Edwards, 1865).

Butterfly classification and species discovery using genomics

Genomic sequencing of worldwide butterfly fauna followed by phylogenetic analysis of protein-coding genes informs butterfly classification throughout the taxonomic hierarchy, from families to species. As a rule, we attribute the same taxonomic rank to more prominent clades of comparable divergence (i.e., at the same level in the tree). For species delimitation, we use criteria based on relative genetic differentiation and the extent of gene exchange between populations. We analyze the current taxonomic classification of butterflies in the light of genomic phylogenies and encounter clades that correspond to yet unnamed taxa. As a result, 11 tribes, 33 subtribes, 2 genera, 11 subgenera, and 12 species are proposed as new. New tribes are: in family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815: in subfamily Heliconiinae Swainson, 1822: Vindulini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Vindula Hemming, 1934) and Algiini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Algia Herrich-Schäffer, 1864), Lebadeini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Lebadea C. Felder, 1861, in subfamily Limenitidinae Behr, 1864), and Amnosiini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Amnosia E. Doubleday, 1849, in subfamily Pseudergolinae Jordan, 1898) and in family Lycaenidae [Leach], [1815]: in subfamily Aphnaeinae Distant, 1884: Cigaritini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Cigaritis Donzel, 1848) and Axiocersini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Axiocerses Hübner, [1819]) and in subfamily Theclinae: Drinini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Drina Nicéville, 1890), Hypochrysopini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Hypochrysops C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860), Jalmenini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Jalmenus Hübner, 1818), Pseudalmenini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Pseudalmenus H. H. Druce, 1902), and Rapalini Grishin, trib. n. (type genus Rapala F. Moore, 1881). New subtribes are: in Papilionidae Latreille, [1802], Meandrusina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Meandrusa F. Moore, 1888, in Papilionini Latreille, [1802]); in Pieridae Swainson, 1820: Gandacina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Gandaca F. Moore, 1906, in Coliadini Swainson, 1821), Hebomoiina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Hebomoia Hübner, [1819], in Anthocharidini Scudder, 1889), and Pseudopierina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Pseudopieris Godman & Salvin, 1890, in Dismorphiini Schatz, 1886); in Nymphalidae: Lachnopterina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Lachnoptera E. Doubleday, 1847, in Algiini Grishin, trib. n.), in Vagrantini Pinratana & Eliot, 1996: Terinosina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Terinos Boisduval, 1836) and Smerinina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Smerina Hewitson, 1874), in Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845: Evenaina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Evena Westwood, 1850) and Pseudathymina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Pseudathyma Staudinger, 1891), and Kumothalina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Kumothales Overlaet, 1940, in Cymothoini Dhungel & Wahlberg, 2018); in Riodinidae Grote, 1895 (1827): Teratophthalmina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Teratophthalma Stichel, 1909, in Mesosemiini Bates, 1859), Argyrogrammanina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Argyrogrammana Strand, 1932, in Symmachiini Reuter, 1896), in the tribe Calydnini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018: Echenaidina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Echenais Hübner, [1819]) and Echydnina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Echydna J. Hall, 2002), and Cariina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Caria Hübner, 1823, in Riodinini Grote, 1895 (1827); in Lycaenidae: Megalopalpina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Megalopalpus Röber, 1886, in Miletini Reuter, 1896), Pseudaletidina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Pseudaletis H. H. Druce, 1888, in Cigaritini Grishin, trib. n.), in Aphnaeini Distant, 1884: Aloeidina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Aloeides Hübner, [1819]) and Phasisina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Phasis Hübner, [1819]), Pilodeudorigina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Pilodeudorix H. H. Druce, 1891, in Rapalini Grishin, trib. n.), Hemiolaina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Hemiolaus Aurivillius, 1922, in Oxylidini Eliot, 1973), Cupidopsina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Cupidopsis Karsch, 1895, in Hypotheclini Eliot, 1973), and in tribe Polyommatini Swainson, 1827: Theclinesthina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Theclinesthes Röber, 1891), Azanina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Azanus F. Moore, 1881), Unina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Una Nicéville, 1890), Ionolycina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Ionolyce Toxopeus, 1929), Pithecopina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Pithecops Horsfield, 1828), Zizulina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Zizula Chapman, 1910), Jamidina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Jamides Hübner, [1819]), Fameganina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Famegana Eliot, 1973), Oboroniina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Oboronia Karsch, 1893), and Uranothaumatina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Uranothauma Butler, 1895); and in Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809, Cupithina Grishin, subtrib. n. (type genus Cupitha F. Moore, 1884, in Astictopterini Swinhoe, 1912). The new genera are Balenga Grishin, gen. n. (type species Proteides balenge Holla nd, 1891, in Gretnini Grishin, 2019) and Tulsia Grishin, gen. n. (type species Parnara tulsi Nicéville, 1884, in Baorini Doherty, 1886). New subgenera are: in Pieridae, Lirinia Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Terias lirina H. Bates, 1861, in genus Pyrisitia A. Butler, 1870); in Nymphalidae: Hyperanartia Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Vanessa dione Latreille, [1813], in genus Hypanartia Hübner, [1821]) and Paranartia Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Hypanartia hippomene Hübner, [1823], in genus Vanessa [Fabricius], 1807); in Lycaenidae, Auricirrus Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Papilio thysbe Linnaeus, 1764, in genus Chrysoritis Butler, 1898); and in Hesperiidae: Isocleros Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Pamphila (?) mackenii Trimen, 1868, in genus Acleros Mabille, 1885), Mesna Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Parnara leucophaea Holland, 1894, in genus Fresna Evans, 1937), Lippina Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Carystus telesinus Mabille, 1878, in genus Xanthoneura Eliot, 1978), Ganda Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Zophopetes ganda Evans, 1937, in genus Leona Evans, 1937), Zarida Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Hesperia lacida Hewitson, 1876, in genus Gretna Evans, 1937), and in genus Gegenes Hübner, 1819: Flanga Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Parnara perobscura H. H. Druce, 1912), and Havea Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Hesperia havei Boisduval, 1833). New species are: in Nymphalidae: Microtia elvira Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in the USA: AZ, Pima/Santa Cruz Cos.) and Cyllopsis brocki sp. n. (type locality in Mexico: Sonora, Yécora), in Riodinidae, Argyrogrammana astuta Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Peru: Madre de Dios), in Hesperiidae: Cecropterus (Thorybes) rockiensis Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in USA: CO, Jefferson Co.), Cecropterus (Thorybes) floridianus Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in USA: FL, Volusia Co.), Cecropterus (Thorybes) oaxacensis Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Mexico: Oaxaca), Nascus (Bron) lux Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Brazil: Amapá), Cogia chiagua Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Guatemala), Celotes sabinus Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in USA: AZ, Pima Co.), Acleros togo Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Togo), Ceratrichia notata Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Central African Republic), and Semalea malawi Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Malawi). Furthermore, we elevate a tribe to subfamily, resurrect 3 tribes, 3 subtribes, 5 genera (and confirm 1), 3 subgenera, change the rank of 5 currently recognized tribes to subtribes (and confirm 1), 10 genera to subgenera, synonymize 4 genera, and present evidence to support 21 taxa as species instead of subspecies and 3 taxa as subspecies instead of synonyms. Namely, we reinstate Liphyrinae Doherty, 1889 as a subfamily (was a tribe of Miletinae Reuter, 1896), treat the following as tribes: Leptidiini Grote, 1897 (in Dismorphiinae Schatz, 1886) and in Theclinae Swainson, 1830: Surendrini Koçak & Seven, 1997 (not a subtribe of Arhopalini Bingham, 1907) and Myrinini Toxopeus, 1929 (not a synonym of Amblypodiini Doherty, 1886), and subtribes: Callidryina Kirby, 1896 and Gonepterygina Verity, 1920 (in Coliadini Swainson, 1821), Abrotina Hemming, 1960 and Bebeariina Hemming, 1960 (in Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845), and Sarotina Bridges, 1988 (in Helicopini Stichel, 1928). We confirm Libytheana Michener, 1943 as a valid genus, not a junior subjective synonym of Prolibythea Scudder, 1889 and resurrect from synonymy the following genera: Pseudanaphaeis Bernardi, 1953 (not Belenois Hübner, [1819]), Charmion Nicéville, 1894 (not Celaenorrhinus Hübner, [1819]), Sape Mabille, 1891 (not Sarangesa F. Moore, [1881]), Milena Evans, 1912 (not Caltoris Swinhoe, 1893) and subgenera: Neofieldia Özdikmen, 2008 and Bassaris Hübner, [1821] of Vanessa [Fabricius], 1807 and Spindasis Wallengren, 1857 of Cigaritis Donzel, 1848. We change the status of the following taxa from tribes to subtribes: Nathalina Bálint, 2022 and Kricogonina Bálint, 2022 of Euremini Grote, 1898, Tarakina Eliot, 1973 of Spalgini, 1929, Horagina Swinhoe, 1910 and Loxurina Swinhoe, 1910 of Cheritrini Swinhoe, 1910, and Niphandina Sibatani & Ito, 1942 of Polyommatini; from genus to subgenus: Leucidia E. Doubleday, 1847 of Abaeis Hübner, [1819], Cesa Seven, 1997 of Crudaria Wallengren, 1875, Paralycaeides Nabokov, 1945 of Itylos Draudt, 1921, Eldoradina Balletto, 1993 of Nabokovia Hemming, 1960, Pyrrhochalcia Mabille, 1904 of Coeliades Hübner, 1818, Paracleros Berger, 1978 of Acleros Mabille, 1885, Mopala Evans, 1937 of Leona Evans, 1937, Afrogegenes Jong & Coutsis, 2017 and Torbenlarsenia Kemal & Koçak, 2020 of Gegenes Hübner, 1819, and Zenonoida Fan & Chiba, 2016 of Zenonia Evans, 1935; and from genus to junior subjective synonym: Vansomerenia Heath, 1997 of Chloroselas Butler, 1886, Ceratricula Larsen, 2013 of Paronymus Aurivillius, 1925, Xanthodisca Aurivillius, 1925 of Semalea Holland, 1896, Perrotia Oberthür, 1916 of Galerga Mabille, 1898. The following taxa are species, not subspecies or synonyms: Pyrisitia mayobanex (M. Bates, 1939), stat. nov. and Pyrisitia memulus (A. Butler, 1871), stat. rest. (not Pyrisitia dina (Poey, 1832)), Abaeis gratiosa (E. Doubleday, 1847), stat. rest. and Abaeis angulata (Wallengren, 1860), stat. rest. (not Abaeis arbela (Geyer, 1832)), Teriocolias doris (Röber, 1909), stat. rest. (not Teriocolias deva (E. Doubleday, 1847)), Vanessa madegassorum (Aurivillius, 1899), stat. nov. (not Vanessa hippomene (Hübner, 1823)), Eresia (Anthanassa) seminole Skinner, 1911, stat. rev. (not Eresia (Anthanassa) texana (W. H. Edwards, 1863)), Cecropterus (Thorybes) albosuffusa (H. Freeman, 1943), stat. nov. and Cecropterus (Thorybes) indistinctus (Austin & J. Emmel, 1998), stat. nov. (not Cecropterus (Thorybes) pylades (Scudder, 1870)), Cogia hiska Evans, 1953, stat. nov. (not Cogia hippalus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)), Cogia moschus (W. H. Edwards, 1882), stat. rest. (not Cogia caicus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)), Pholisora albicirrus Glassberg 2023, stat. nov. (not Pholisora catullus (Fabricius, 1793)), Acleros (Isocleros) instabilis Mabille, 1889, stat. rest. and Acleros (Isocleros) olaus (Plötz, 1884), stat. rest. (not Acleros (Isocleros) mackenii (Trimen, 1868)), Fresna (Mesna) bassa (Lindsey & L. Miller, 1965), stat. nov., comb. nov. (not Meza leucophaea (Holland, 1894)), Paronymus volta (L. Miller, 1971), stat. nov., comb. nov. (not Meza cybeutes (Holland, 1894)), Paronymus indeterminabilis (Strand, 1912), stat. rest., comb. nov. and Paronymus congdoni (Larsen, 2013), stat. nov., comb. nov. (not Ceratricula semilutea (Mabille, 1891)), Semalea corvinus (Mabille, 1890), stat. rest. (not Semalea sextilis (Plötz, 1886)), Xanthoneura patmapana (Fruhstorfer, 1911), stat. nov. (not Xanthoneura corissa (Hewitson, 1876)), Gretna capra Evans, 1937, stat. nov. (not Gretna carmen Evans, 1937), and Lerodea dysaules Godman, 1900, stat. rest. (not a synonym of Lerodea arabus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)), while Vernia verna sequoyah (H. Freeman, 1942), stat. rest. (not a synonym of Vernia verna W. H. Edwards, 1862) and Euphyes vestris osceola (Lintner, 1878), stat. rev. (not a synonym of Euphyes vestris vestris (Boisduval, 1852)) are subspecies. In addition, we propose new genus-species combinations: Pyrisitia amelia (Poey, [1852]), Pyrisitia lirina (H. Bates, 1861), Abaeis paulina (H. Bates, 1861), Abaeis xantochlora (Kollar, 1850), Abaeis fabiola (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861), Abaeis tupuntenem (Lichy, 1976), and Abaeis adamsi (Lathy, 1898) (not Eurema Hübner, [1819]), Shijimia potanini (Alphéraky, 1889) (not Tongeia Tutt, 1908), Fresna (Mesna) larea (Neave, 1910), Fresna (Mesna) leucophaea (Holland, 1894), Fresna (Mesna) mabea (Holland, 1894), Paronymus banda (Evans, 1937), Paronymus cybeutes (Holland, 1894), Paronymus elba (Evans, 1937), Paronymus gardineri (Collins & Larsen, 2008), Paronymus indusiate (Mabille, 1891), and Paronymus mabillei (Holland, 1893) (not Meza Hemming, 1939), Paronymus punctata (Holland, 1896) (not Ceratrichia Butler, 1870), Galerga ariel (Mabille, 1878) (not Xanthodisca Aurivillius, 1925), Isoteinon anomoeus (Plötz, 1879), Isoteinon bruno (Evans, 1937), Isoteinon inornatus (Trimen, 1864), and Isoteinon punctulata (A. Butler, 1895) (not Astictopterus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860), Borbo gemella (Mabille, 1884) (not Torbenlarsenia Kemal & Koçak, 2020), and Gegenes (Torbenlarsenia) cottrelli (Larsen, 2013), Gegenes (Torbenlarsenia) fallax (Gaede, 1916), Gegenes (Torbenlarsenia) fanta (Evans, 1937), Gegenes (Torbenlarsenia) micans (Holland, 1896), and Gegenes (Torbenlarsenia) sirena (Evans, 1937) (not Borbo Evans, 1949); and a new species-subspecies combination Cogia hiska hester Evans, 1953 (not Cogia hippalus). Acleros nyassicola Strand, 1921 is a junior subjective synonym of Acleros (Isocleros) olaus (Plötz, 1884), not of Acleros (Isocleros) mackenii (Trimen, 1868). We transferred the tribes Oxylidini Eliot, 1973, Remelanini Eliot, 1973, and Hypolycaenini Swinhoe, 1910 from Theclinae Swainson, 1831 to Polyommatinae Swainson, 1827. We conclude that [No genus] osibius Draudt, 1924 is an unavailable name. The lectotype is designated for Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869 (type locality likely in Mexico: Oaxaca, as deduced by sequence comparison), and the neotype is designated for Telemiades solon Plötz, 1882 (type locality becomes Brazil: Bahia). The type localities of Ceratrichia punctata Holland, 1896 and Osmodes staudingeri Holland, 1896 are Sierra Leone: Freetown and Cameroon: Efoulan, respectively, as determined from the locality labels of primary type specimens. Finally, we provide taxonomic lists for Euremini (to worldwide subgenera and American species) and Lycaenidae (to subtribes).

Lessons from the genomic analysis of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) holotypes in the MIZA collection (Maracay, Venezuela)

Genomic sequencing and analysis of holotypes from the MIZA collection (Maracay, Venezuela) and their comparison with other species and their type specimens advances our understanding of their taxonomy. Jemadia demarmelsi Orellana, [2010] is confirmed as a species-level taxon and its female is genetically verified. The following are species-level taxa, not subspecies: Amenis pedro O. Mielke & Casagrande, 2022, stat. nov. (not Amenis pionia (Hewitson, 1857)) and Jemasonia sosia (Mabille, 1878), stat. rest. (not Jemasonia hewitsonii (Mabille, 1878)). Amenis ponina rogeri Orellana, [2010], stat. nov. and Jemasonia pater ortizi (Orellana, [2010]), stat. nov. are subspecies, not species. Jemadia pseudognetus imitator (Mabille, 1891), comb. nov. (not Jemadia hospita (Butler, 1877)) and Damas cervelina Orellana & Costa, 2019, comb. nov. (not Megaleas Godman, 1901) are new combinations.

DNA Barcoding of the Palaearctic Elfin Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) with a Description of Four New Species from Vietnam

Phylogenetic analysis is provided for the first time for 12 species of Palaearctic elfin butterflies, members of the previously recognized genera Ahlbergia Bryk, 1947, Cissatsuma Johnson, 1992, and Novosatsuma Johnson, 1992, based on the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene (COI). Comparison of the COI barcodes revealed very low levels of genetic divergence between the species of the Palaearctic elfin butterflies and Callophrys Billberg, 1820 sensu stricto. COI-based phylogeny revealed that Palaearctic Callophrys and the Palaearctic elfin butterflies, except Cissatsuma, are polyphyletic. Four new sympatric species, namely, Callophrys (Ahlbergia) hmong sp. n., C. (A.) tay sp. n., Callophrys (Cissatsuma) devyatkini sp. n. and C. (A.) dao sp. n. are described from Ha Giang Province, North Vietnam, based on wing colouration, the morphologies of the male and female genitalia, and differences in COI sequences. Discovery of the new species expands the distribution range of the group towards the southeast, beyond the Palaearctic region.

Taxonomic discoveries enabled by genomic analysis of butterflies

The comparative genomics of butterflies yields additional insights into their phylogeny and classification that are compiled here. As a result, 3 genera, 5 subgenera, 5 species, and 3 subspecies are proposed as new, i.e., in Hesperiidae: Antina Grishin, gen. n. (type species Antigonus minor O. Mielke, 1980), Pompe Grishin and Lamas, gen. n. (type species Lerema postpuncta Draudt, 1923), and Curva Grishin, gen. n. (type species Moeris hyagnis Godman, 1900); in Lycaenidae: Fussia Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Polyommatus standfussi Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) and Pava Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Thecla panava Westwood, 1852); in Hesperiidae: Monoca Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Tagiades monophthalma Plötz, 1884), Putuma Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Tisias putumayo Constantino and Salazar, 2013), and Rayia Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Mastor perigenes Godman, 1900); Cissia wahala Grishin, sp. n. (Nymphalidae; type locality in Mexico: Oaxaca); in Hesperiidae: Hedone mira Grishin and Lamas, sp. n. (type locality in Peru: Apurímac), Vidius pompeoides Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Brazil: Amazonas), Parphorus hermieri Grishin, sp. n. (Hesperiidae; type locality in Brazil: Rondônia), and Zenis par Grishin, sp. n. (Hesperiidae; type locality in Peru: Cuzco); in Pieridae: Glutophrissa drusilla noroesta Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in USA: Texas, Cameron Co.) and Pieris marginalis siblanca Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in USA: New Mexico, Lincoln Co.), and Argynnis cybele neomexicana Grishin, ssp. n. (Nymphalidae; type locality in USA: New Mexico, Sandoval Co.). Acidalia leto valesinoides-alba Reuss, [1926] and Acidalia nokomis valesinoides-alba Reuss, [1926] are unavailable names. Neotypes are designated for Mylothris margarita Hübner, [1825] (type locality in Brazil) and Papilio coras Cramer, 1775 (type locality becomes USA: Pennsylvania, Montgomery Co., Flourtown). Mylothris margarita Hübner, [1825] becomes a junior objective synonym of Pieris ilaire Godart, 1819, currently a junior subjective synonym of Glutophrissa drusilla (Cramer, 1777). Lectotypes are designated for Hesperia ceramica Plötz, 1886 (type locality in Indonesia: Seram Island), Pamphila trebius Mabille, 1891 (type locality Colombia: Bogota), Methionopsis modestus Godman, 1901 and Papias microsema Godman, 1900 (type locality in Mexico: Tabasco), Hesperia fusca Grote & Robinson, 1867 (type locality in USA: Georgia), Goniloba corusca Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, and Goniloba devanes Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; the type localities of the last two species, together with Pamphila stigma Skinner, 1896 and Carystus (Argon) lota (Hewitson, 1877), are deduced to be in South America. Type locality of Junonia pacoma Grishin, 2020 is in Sinaloa, not Sonora (Mexico). Abdomen is excluded from the holotype of Staphylus ascalon (Staudinger, 1876). Furthermore, a number of taxonomic changes are proposed. Alciphronia Koçak, 1992 is treated as a subgenus, not a synonym of Heodes Dalman, 1816. The following genera are treated as subgenera: Lafron Grishin, 2020 of Lycaena [Fabricius], 1807, Aremfoxia Real, 1971 of Epityches D'Almeida, 1938, Placidina D'Almeida, 1928 of Pagyris Boisduval, 1870, and Methionopsis Godman, 1901 of Mnasinous Godman, 1900. Polites (Polites) coras (Cramer, 1775) is not a nomen dubium but a valid species. The following are species-level taxa (not subspecies or synonyms of taxa given in parenthesis): Lycaena pseudophlaeas (Lucas, 1866) and Lycaena hypophlaeas (Boisduval, 1852) (not Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761), Satyrium dryope (W. H. Edwards, 1870) (not Satyrium sylvinus (Boisduval, 1852)), Apodemia cleis (W. H. Edwards, 1882) (not Apodemia zela (Butler, 1870)), Epityches thyridiana (Haensch, 1909), comb. nov. (not Epityches ferra Haensch, 1909, comb. nov.), Argynnis bischoffii W. H. Edwards, 1870 (not Argynnis mormonia Boisduval, 1869), Argynnis leto Behr, 1862 (not Argynnis cybele (Fabricius, 1775)), Boloria myrina (Cramer, 1777) (not Boloria selene ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)), Phyciodes jalapeno J. Scott, 1998 (not Phyciodes phaon (W. H. Edwards, 1864)), Phyciodes incognitus Gatrelle, 2004 and Phyciodes diminutor J. Scott, 1998 (not Phyciodes cocyta (Cramer, 1777)), Phyciodes orantain J. Scott, 1998 (not Phyciodes tharos (Drury, 1773)), Phyciodes anasazi J. Scott, 1994 (not Phyciodes batesii (Reakirt, [1866])), Cercyonis silvestris (W. H. Edwards, 1861) (not Cercyonis sthenele (Boisduval, 1852)), Paramacera allyni L. Miller, 1972 and Paramacera rubrosuffusa L. Miller, 1972 (not Paramacera xicaque (Reakirt, [1867])), Cissia cheneyorum (R. Chermock, 1949), Cissia pseudocleophes (L. Miller, 1976), and Cissia anabelae (L. Miller, 1976) (not Cissia rubricata (W. H. Edwards, 1871)), Tarsoctenus gaudialis (Hewitson, 1876) (not Tarsoctenus corytus (Cramer, 1777)), Nisoniades inca (Lindsey, 1925) (not Nisoniades mimas (Cramer, 1775), Xenophanes ruatanensis Godman & Salvin, 1895 (not Xenophanes tryxus (Stoll, 1780)), Lotongus shigeoi Treadaway & Nuyda, 1994, Lotongus balta Evans, 1949, Lotongus zalates (Mabille, 1893), and Lotongus taprobanus (Plötz, 1885) (not Lotongus calathus (Hewitson, 1876)), Oxynthes martius (Mabille, 1889) (not Oxynthes corusca (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)), Notamblyscirtes durango J. Scott, 2017 (not Notamblyscirtes simius W. H. Edwards, 1881), Hedone praeceps Scudder, 1872, Hedone catilina (Plötz, 1886), and Hedone calla (Evans, 1955) (not Hedone vibex (Geyer, 1832)), Atalopedes huron (W. H. Edwards, 1863) (not Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval, 1852)), Papias microsema Godman, 1900 (not Mnasinous phaeomelas (Hübner, [1829]), comb. nov.), Papias unicolor (Hayward, 1938) and Papias monus Bell, 1942 (not Papias phainis Godman, 1900), Nastra leuconoides (Lindsey, 1925) (not Nastra leucone (Godman, 1900)), Nastra fusca (Grote & Robinson, 1867) (not Nastra lherminier (Latreille, [1824])), Zenis hemizona (Dyar, 1918) and Zenis janka Evans, 1955 (not Zenis jebus (Plötz, 1882)), Carystus (Argon) argus Möschler, 1879 (not Carystus (Argon) lota Hewitson, 1877), and Lycas devanes (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (not Lycas argentea (Hewitson, 1866)). Borbo impar ceramica (Plötz, 1886), comb. nov. is not a synonym of Pelopidas agna larika (Pagenstecher, 1884) but a valid subspecies. Parnassius smintheus behrii W. H. Edwards, 1870 and Cercyonis silvestris incognita J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 2012 are subspecies, not species. The following are junior subjective synonyms: Shijimiaeoides Beuret, 1958 of Glaucopsyche Scudder, 1872, Micropsyche Mattoni, 1981 of Turanana Bethune-Baker, 1916, Cyclyrius Butler, 1897 of Leptotes Scudder, 1876, Mesenopsis Godman & Salvin, 1886 of Xynias Hewitson, 1874, Carystus tetragraphus Mabille, 1891 of Lotongus calathus parthenope (Plötz, 1886), Parnara bipunctata Elwes & J. Edwards, 1897 of Borbo impar ceramica (Plötz, 1886), Hesperia peckius W. Kirby, 1837 of Polites (Polites) coras (Cramer, 1775), and Lerodea neamathla Skinner & R. Williams, 1923 of Nastra fusca (Grote & Robinson, 1867). The following transfers are proposed: of species between genera (i.e., revised genus-species combinations): Nervia niveostriga (Trimen, 1864) (not Kedestes Watson, 1893), Leona lota Evans, 1937 (not Lennia Grishin, 2022), Leona pruna (Evans, 1937) and Leona reali (Berger, 1962) (not Pteroteinon Watson, 1893), Mnasinous phaeomelas (Hübner, [1829]) (not Papias Godman, 1900), Saturnus jaguar (Steinhauser, 2008) (not Parphorus Godman, 1900), Parphorus harpe (Steinhauser, 2008) (not Saturnus Evans, 1955), Parphorus kadeni (Evans, 1955) (not Lento Evans, 1955), and Calpodes chocoensis (Salazar & Constantino, 2013) (not Megaleas Godman, 1901); of subspecies between species (i.e., revised species-subspecies combinations): Melitaea sterope W. H. Edwards, 1870 of Chlosyne palla (Boisduval, 1852) (not Chlosyne acastus (W. H. Edwards, 1874)) and Panoquina ocola distipuncta Johnson & Matusik, 1988 of Panoquina lucas (Fabricius, 1793); and junior subjective synonym transferred between species: Rhinthon zaba Strand, 1921 of Conga chydaea (A. Butler, 1877), not Cynea cynea (Hewitson, 1876), Pamphila stigma Skinner, 1896 of Hedone catilina (Plötz, 1886), not Hedone praeceps Scudder, 1872, and Pamphila ortygia Möschler, 1883 of Panoquina hecebolus (Scudder, 1872), not Panoquina ocola (W. H. Edwards, 1863). Proposed taxonomic changes result in additional revised species-subspecies combinations: Lycaena pseudophlaeas abbottii (Holland, 1892), Satyrium dryope putnami (Hy. Edwards, 1877), Satyrium dryope megapallidum Austin, 1998, Satyrium dryope itys (W. H. Edwards, 1882), Satyrium dryope desertorum (F. Grinnell, 1917), Argynnis bischoffi opis W. H. Edwards, 1874, Argynnis bischoffi washingtonia W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913, Argynnis bischoffi erinna W. H. Edwards, 1883, Argynnis bischoffi kimimela Marrone, Spomer & J. Scott, 2008, Argynnis bischoffi eurynome W. H. Edwards, 1872, Argynnis bischoffi artonis W. H. Edwards, 1881, Argynnis bischoffi luski W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913, Argynnis leto letona (dos Passos & Grey, 1945), Argynnis leto pugetensis (F. Chermock & Frechin, 1947), Argynnis leto eileenae (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998), Boloria myrina nebraskensis (W. Holland, 1928), Boloria myrina sabulocollis Kohler, 1977, Boloria myrina tollandensis (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1925), Boloria myrina albequina (W. Holland, 1928), Boloria myrina atrocostalis (Huard, 1927), Boloria myrina terraenovae (W. Holland, 1928), Phyciodes anasazi apsaalooke J. Scott, 1994, Polites coras surllano J. Scott, 2006, and Curva darienensis (Gaviria, Siewert, Mielke & Casagrande, 2018). Specimen curated as the holotype of Acidalia leto valesinoides-alba Reuss, [1926] is Argynnis leto letona (dos Passos & Grey, 1945) (not A. leto leto Behr, 1862) from USA: Utah, Provo. A synonymic list of available genus-group names for Lycaeninae [Leach], [1815] is given. Unless stated otherwise, all subgenera, species, subspecies and synonyms of mentioned genera and species are transferred with their parent taxa, and others remain as previously classified.