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Arzt J, Sanderson MW, Stenfeldt C. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2024; 40:191-203. [PMID: 38462419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral infection of livestock that is an important determinant of global trade in animal products. The disease causes a highly contagious vesicular syndrome of cloven-hoofed animals. Successful control of FMD is dependent upon early detection and recognition of the clinical signs, followed by appropriate notification and response of responsible government entities. Awareness of the clinical signs of FMD amongst producers and veterinary practitioners is therefore the key in protecting US agriculture from the catastrophic impacts of an FMD outbreak. This review summarizes key clinical and epidemiologic features of FMD from a US perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Michael W Sanderson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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Sirdar MM, Fosgate GT, Blignaut B, Heath L, Lazarus DD, Mampane RL, Rikhotso OB, Du Plessis B, Gummow B. A comparison of risk factor investigation and experts' opinion elicitation analysis for identifying foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) high-risk areas within the FMD protection zone of South Africa (2007-2016). Prev Vet Med 2024; 226:106192. [PMID: 38564991 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a controlled disease in accordance with the South African Animal Diseases Act (Act 35 of 1984). The country was classified by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) as having a FMD free zone without vaccination in 1996. However, this status was suspended in 2019 due to a FMD outbreak outside the controlled zones. FMD control in South Africa includes animal movement restrictions placed on cloven-hoofed species and products, prophylactic vaccination of cattle, clinical surveillance of susceptible species, and disease control fencing to separate livestock from wildlife reservoirs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate differences in identifying high-risk areas for FMD using risk factor and expert opinion elicitation analysis. Differences in risk between FMD introduction and FMD spread within the FMD protection zone with vaccination (PZV) of South Africa (2007-2016) were also investigated. The study was conducted in the communal farming area of the FMD PZV, which is adjacent to wildlife reserves and characterised by individual faming units. Eleven risk factors that were considered important for FMD occurrence and spread were used to build a weighted linear combination (WLC) score based on risk factor data and expert opinion elicitation. A multivariable conditional logistic regression model was also used to calculate predicted probabilities of a FMD outbreak for all dip-tanks within the study area. Smoothed Bayesian kriged maps were generated for 11 individual risk factors, overall WLC scores for FMD occurrence and spread and for predicted probabilities of a FMD outbreak based on the conditional logistic regression model. Descriptively, vaccine matching was believed to have a great influence on both FMD occurrence and spread. Expert opinion suggested that FMD occurrence was influenced predominantly by proximity to game reserves and cattle density. Cattle populations and vaccination practices were considered most important for FMD spread. Highly effective cattle inspections were observed within areas that previously reported FMD outbreaks, indicating the importance of cattle inspection (surveillance) as a necessary element of FMD outbreak detection. The multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis, which was consistent with expert opinion elicitation; identified three factors including cattle population density (OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.47-10.21) and proximities to game reserve fences (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73-0.92) and rivers (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07) as significant factors for reported FMD outbreaks. Regaining and maintaining an FMD-free status without vaccination requires frequent monitoring of high-risk areas and designing targeted surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Sirdar
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; World Organisation for Animal Health, WOAH Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - G T Fosgate
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - B Blignaut
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - L Heath
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - D D Lazarus
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - R L Mampane
- Limpopo Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Polokwane, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - O B Rikhotso
- Mpumalanga Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs, Mpumalanga, South Africa
| | - B Du Plessis
- Mpumalanga Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs, Mpumalanga, South Africa
| | - B Gummow
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Begovoeva M, Ehizibolo DO, Adedeji AJ, Oguche MO, Oyekan O, Ijoma SI, Atai RB, Wungak Y, Dogonyaro BB, Lazarus DD, Samson M, Ularamu H, Muhammad M, Rosso F, Sumption KJ, Beard PM, Ludi AB, Stevens KB, Limon G. Factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease seroprevalence in small ruminants and identification of hot-spot areas in northern Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2023; 212:105842. [PMID: 36706557 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many small ruminants infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remain asymptomatic, with the capacity to promote silent viral spread within domestic and wildlife species. However, little is known about the epidemiological role played by small ruminants in FMD. In particular, there are few studies that examine FMD seroprevalence, spatial patterns and risk factors for exposure in small ruminants. A cross-sectional study was conducted in northern Nigeria (Bauchi, Kaduna, and Plateau States) to determine the true seroprevalence of FMD in backyard small ruminants, identify factors associated with FMD seroconversion at animal and household levels, and identify spatial patterns for FMD virus exposure. Data on animal (n = 1800) and household (n = 300) characteristics were collected using a standardised questionnaire. Sera samples from 1800 small ruminants were tested for antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMD virus. True seroprevalence was estimated stochastically to account for variability and uncertainty in the test sensitivity and specificity previously reported. Risk factors for FMD seropositivity were identified at animal and household levels and spatial patterns were determined. The overall true seroprevalence for FMD virus, in the small ruminant population tested, was estimated to be 10.2 % (95 % Credible Interval (CrI) 0.0-19.0), while State-level estimates were 17.3 % (95 % CrI 0.0-25.8) for Kaduna, 6.9 % (95% CrI 0.0-15.8) for Bauchi, and 3.6 % (95 % CrI 0.0-12.6) for Plateau. State and species were the main risk factors identified at animal level, with interaction detected between them. Compared to goats in Plateau, the odds of testing positive were higher for goats in Bauchi (Odds Ratio (OR)= 1.83, 95 % CI 1.13-2.97, p = 0.01) and Kaduna (OR=2.97, 95 % CI 1.89-4.67, p < 0.001), as well as for sheep in Plateau (OR=3.78, 95 % CI 2.08-6.87, p < 0.001), Bauchi (OR=1.61, 95 % CI 0.91-2.84, p = 0.10), and Kaduna (OR=3.11, 95 % CI 1.61-6.01, p = 0.001). Households located in Kaduna were more likely to have a higher number of seropositive SR compared to those in Plateau (Prevalence Ratio (PR)= 1.75, 95 % CI 1.30-2.36, p < 0.001), and households keeping sheep flocks were more likely to be seropositive (from 1 to 10 sheep: PR=1.39, 95 % CI 1.05-1.82, p = 0.02; more than 10 sheep: PR=1.55, 95 % CI 1.12-2.15, p = 0.008) compared to those that did not keep sheep. A hot-spot was detected in Kaduna, and a cold-spot in Plateau. These results reveal that small ruminants had been recently exposed to FMD virus with spatial heterogeneity across the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Begovoeva
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, 10154, Italy.
| | - David O Ehizibolo
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Moses O Oguche
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Olumuyiwa Oyekan
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Sandra I Ijoma
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Rebecca B Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Yiltawe Wungak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | | | - David D Lazarus
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Mark Samson
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Hussaini Ularamu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Maryam Muhammad
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Fabrizio Rosso
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy.
| | - Keith J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy.
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK; School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Kim B Stevens
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Georgina Limon
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
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González Gordon L, Porphyre T, Muhanguzi D, Muwonge A, Boden L, Bronsvoort BMDC. A scoping review of foot-and-mouth disease risk, based on spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of outbreaks in endemic settings. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3198-3215. [PMID: 36383164 PMCID: PMC10107783 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important transboundary animal diseases affecting livestock and wildlife species worldwide. Sustained viral circulation, as evidenced by serological surveys and the recurrence of outbreaks, suggests endemic transmission cycles in some parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East. This is the result of a complex process in which multiple serotypes, multi-host interactions and numerous socio-epidemiological factors converge to facilitate disease introduction, survival and spread. Spatial and spatio-temporal analyses have been increasingly used to explore the burden of the disease by identifying high-risk areas, analysing temporal trends and exploring the factors that contribute to the outbreaks. We systematically retrieved spatial and spatial-temporal studies on FMD outbreaks to summarize variations on their methodological approaches and identify the epidemiological factors associated with the outbreaks in endemic contexts. Fifty-one studies were included in the final review. A high proportion of papers described and visualized the outbreaks (72.5%) and 49.0% used one or more approaches to study their spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal aggregation. The epidemiological aspects commonly linked to FMD risk are broadly categorizable into themes such as (a) animal demographics and interactions, (b) spatial accessibility, (c) trade, (d) socio-economic and (e) environmental factors. The consistency of these themes across studies underlines the different pathways in which the virus is sustained in endemic areas, with the potential to exploit them to design tailored evidence based-control programmes for the local needs. There was limited data linking the socio-economics of communities and modelled FMD outbreaks, leaving a gap in the current knowledge. A thorough analysis of FMD outbreaks requires a systemic view as multiple epidemiological factors contribute to viral circulation and may improve the accuracy of disease mapping. Future studies should explore the links between socio-economic and epidemiological factors as a foundation for translating the identified opportunities into interventions to improve the outcomes of FMD surveillance and control initiatives in endemic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina González Gordon
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food SystemsUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie EvolutiveUniversité de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro SupMarcy‐l’ÉtoileFrance
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Department of Bio‐Molecular Resources and Bio‐Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and BiosecurityMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Lisa Boden
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food SystemsUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Barend M. de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
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5
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Chanchaidechachai T, Saatkamp H, de Jong M, Inchaisri C, Hogeveen H, Premashthira S, Buamitoup N, Prakotcheo R, van den Borne BHP. Epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Thailand from 2011 to 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3823-3836. [PMID: 36321258 PMCID: PMC10100504 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important animal diseases hindering livestock production in Thailand. In this study, a temporal and spatial analysis at the subdistrict level was performed on FMD outbreak reports in Thailand from 2011 to 2018. Risk factors associated with FMD outbreaks were furthermore investigated using generalized estimating equations. The results showed that the incidence of FMD outbreaks was the highest in 2016 and was affected by season, with a peak in FMD outbreaks occurring in the rainy-winter season, during October to December. FMD outbreaks were mostly distributed in small clusters within a few subdistricts. Some high-risk areas with repeated outbreaks were detected in the central regions. Risk factors, including the increase of subdistrict's size of the dairy population, beef population or pig population, the low percentage of forest area, subdistricts in the provinces adjacent to Malaysia, the presence of a livestock market and the occurrence of an FMD outbreak in a neighbouring subdistrict in the previous month significantly increased the odds of having an FMD outbreak. The increase in proximity to the nearest subdistrict with an FMD outbreak in the previous month decreased the odds of having FMD outbreaks. This study helped to identify high-risk areas and periods of FMD outbreaks in Thailand. Together with the identified risk factors, its results can be used to optimize the FMD control programme in Thailand and in other countries having a similar livestock industry and FMD situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanicha Chanchaidechachai
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Research Unit of Data Innovation for Livestock, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Helmut Saatkamp
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mart de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chaidate Inchaisri
- Research Unit of Data Innovation for Livestock, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sith Premashthira
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppawan Buamitoup
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rotchana Prakotcheo
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bart H P van den Borne
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lysholm S, Lindahl JF, Dautu G, Johansson E, Bergkvist PK, Munyeme M, Wensman JJ. Seroepidemiology of selected transboundary animal diseases in goats in Zambia. Prev Vet Med 2022; 206:105708. [PMID: 35835047 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transboundary pathogens of goats present significant constraints to the livelihoods of millions of farmers in countries such as Zambia. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), Brucella spp., Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in Zambian goats. Another aim was to identify associations between seroprevalence and different predictor variables, such as trade and border proximity. From September to October 2019, 962 serum samples were collected from goats in seven Zambian districts, four of which have an international border while the remaining three do not. A questionnaire survey was conducted with each household, focusing on trade routines, management strategies and herd disease history. Animal-level seroprevalence adjusted for herd-level clustering was 8.2 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 7.5-9.0) for Mccp, 12.9% (95% CI 12.0-13.7) for FMDV, 13.0 % (95% CI 12.1-13.9) for Brucella spp., 3.3 % (95% CI 2.8-3.7) for CCHFV, and 0.4 % (95 % CI 0.3-0.7) for RVFV. The association between herd-level seroprevalence and border proximity and trade appeared negligible, with the exception of selling goats at least twice a year which was identified as a potential risk factor for Brucella spp. (OR 4.1, 95 % CI 1.1-16.0, p = 0.040). In addition, a positive association between herd-level seroprevalence of FMDV and a herd size of 21 goats or more (OR 3.3, 95 % CI 1.0-11.1, p = 0.049) was detected. Also, positive associations between animal-level seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and increasing age (OR 7.7, 95 % CI 1.5-40.7, p = 0.016), and CCHFV and keeping pigs in the household (OR 2.7, 95 % CI 1.0-7.1, p = 0.044), were found. For FMDV (OR 3.8, 95 % CI 1.4-10.9, p = 0.011) and Brucella spp. (OR 4.5, 95 % CI 1.2-17.3, p = 0.031) on the other hand, animal-level seroprevalence was significantly higher in households without pigs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to describe the presence of antibodies for CCPP and CCHF in the Zambian goat population. While the association between seroprevalence and trade and border proximity generally appeared negligible, it is recommended that their influence is further evaluated in future studies, preferably through in-depth longitudinal studies incorporating impacts of different biosecurity measures and trade variations, linked to for example seasonality and trade peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lysholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Johanna F Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Zambia
| | - Elin Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals (ACEIDHA), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chimera ET, Fosgate GT, Etter EM, Jemberu W, Kamwendo G, Njoka P. Spatio-temporal patterns and risk factors of foot-and-mouth disease in Malawi between 1957 and 2019. Prev Vet Med 2022; 204:105639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Lysholm S, Lindahl JF, Munyeme M, Misinzo G, Mathew C, Alvåsen K, Dautu G, Linde S, Mitternacht L, Olovsson E, Wilén E, Berg M, Wensman JJ. Crossing the Line: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Transboundary Animal Diseases Along the Tanzania-Zambia Border. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:809128. [PMID: 35359681 PMCID: PMC8962627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.809128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transboundary pathogens pose a threat to livelihood security in countries such as Zambia and Tanzania. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), sheep and goat pox virus (SGPV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Brucella spp. in sheep and goats along the Tanzania-Zambia border. Another aim was to assess the association between certain predictor variables and seroprevalence, focusing on trade and proximity to an international border, to a town and to the Tanzania-Zambia highway. During September-October 2018, 486 serum samples from small ruminants in Zambia and 491 in Tanzania were collected and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A questionnaire focused on management strategies was administered to each household. The animal-level seroprevalence in Zambia was 0.21% [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.01–1.14) for PPRV, 1.03% (95% CI 0.33–2.39) for FMDV, 0% (95% CI 0–0.76) for SGPV, 2.26% (95% CI 1.14–4.01) for RVFV and 1.65% (95% CI 0.71–3.22) for Brucella spp.]. In Tanzania, animal-level seroprevalence was 2.85% (95% CI 1.57–4.74) for PPRV, 16.9% (95% CI 13.7–20.5) for FMDV, 0.20% (95% CI 0.01–1.13) for SGPV, 3.26% (95% CI 1.87–5.24) for RVFV and 20.0% (95% CI 14.5–26.5) for Brucella spp. For PPRV (OR 6.83, 95% CI 1.37–34.0, p = 0.019) and FMDV (OR 5.68, 95% CI 1.58–20.3, p = 0.008), herds situated more than 30 km from an international border were more likely to be seropositive, while being located 10–30 km (OR 4.43, 95% CI 1.22–16.1 p = 0.024) from a border was identified as a risk factor for Brucella spp. For FMDV (OR 79.2, 95% CI 4.52–1388.9, p = 0.003), being situated within 30 km from a town was associated with seropositivity. Furthermore, contact with wild ruminants (OR 18.2, 95% CI 1.36–244), and the presence of sheep in the household (OR 5.20, 95% CI 1.00–26.9, p = 0.049), was associated with seropositivity for PPRV, and FMDV. No significant associations between trade or distance to the Tan-Zam highway and seroprevalence were found. We recommend that the impact of trade and proximity to borders, towns and roads should be further evaluated in larger studies, ideally incorporating aspects such as temporal trade fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lysholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara Lysholm
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Coletha Mathew
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Karin Alvåsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Siri Linde
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lydia Mitternacht
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Olovsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elsa Wilén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas J. Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Outbreak investigation and identification of risk factors associated with the occurrence of foot and mouth disease in Punjab, Pakistan. Prev Vet Med 2022; 202:105613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Cost-benefit and feasibility analysis for establishing a foot-and-mouth disease free zone in Rukwa region in Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105494. [PMID: 34656049 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tanzania has the second largest livestock population in Africa and livestock keeping is an integral part of most people's livelihoods. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary disease, affecting cloven-hoofed animals, that is currently endemic in Tanzania. The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 aspires to make the livestock sector more competitive. Part of this plan foresees establishing a FMD-free zone in the Rukwa region to be able to increase the export of animals and animal products. The aim of this study was to assess the economic efficiency and feasibility of establishing such an FMD-free zone and to advise policy makers on the profitability of the investment. A stochastic benefit-cost model, set-up in Palisade @Risk for Excel for a time frame of ten years, was developed to assess whether the benefits of establishing a FMD-free zone would outweigh the costs. Data were collated from reviewing literature, government statistics, and key informant interviews with farmers, traders and veterinarians in Tanzania, and complemented by informed assumptions and expert opinion. Moreover, feasibility aspects including underlying infrastructure, market structures and resource availability were discussed based on key informant interviews, literature review and historical analyses. The net present value for the establishment of a FMD-free zone was negative and the benefit-cost ratio was below one (mean 0.09, min 0.05 - max 0.15 in the scenario considering vaccination of all susceptible domestic animals, and mean 0.11, min 0.06 - max 0.20 when considering vaccinating cattle only), excluding potential benefits from trade. The sensitivity analysis showed that variables related to the cost of vaccination had the largest negative impact on the net present value. The proposed FMD-free zone in Rukwa region is unlikely to be cost-effective with the current FMD status and export trade prospects in Tanzania. Interviews with stakeholders revealed that vaccine availability, funding, farmers' willingness to participate, and lack of staff continuity in key roles were the main barriers to establish a reliable FMD control programme in the country. Recommendations towards FMD control and potential short and middle term strategies are discussed.
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11
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Spatial distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in South Africa (2005-2016). Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:376. [PMID: 34181093 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary animal disease that has negative socioeconomic consequences including impacts on food security. In South Africa, FMD outbreaks in communal farming communities cause major livestock and human livelihood concerns; they raise apprehensions about the effectiveness of FMD control measures within the FMD protection areas. This study aimed to identify high-risk areas for FMD outbreaks at the human/domestic animal/wildlife interface of South Africa. Cuzick-Edwards tests and Kulldorff scan statistics were used to detect spatial autocorrelation and spatial-temporal clusters of FMD outbreaks for the years 2005-2016.Four high-risk clusters were identified and the spatial distribution of outbreaks in cattle were closer to game reserve fences and consistent with wildlife contacts as a main contributor of FMD occurrence. Strategic allocation of resources, focused control measures, and cooperation between the affected provinces are recommended to reduce future outbreaks. Further research is necessary to design cost-effective control strategies for FMD.
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12
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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13
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Squarzoni-Diaw C, Arsevska E, Kalthoum S, Hammami P, Cherni J, Daoudi A, Karim Laoufi M, Lezaar Y, Rachid K, Seck I, Ould Elmamy B, Yahya B, Dufour B, Hendrikx P, Cardinale E, Muñoz F, Lancelot R, Coste C. Using a participatory qualitative risk assessment to estimate the risk of introduction and spread of transboundary animal diseases in scarce-data environments: A Spatial Qualitative Risk Analysis applied to foot-and-mouth disease in Tunisia 2014-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1966-1978. [PMID: 33174371 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a participative and iterative qualitative risk assessment framework that can be used to evaluate the spatial variation of the risk of infectious animal disease introduction and spread on a national scale. The framework was developed through regional training action workshops and field activities. The active involvement of national animal health services enabled the identification, collection and hierarchization of risk factors. Quantitative data were collected in the field, and expert knowledge was integrated to adjust the available data at regional level. Experts categorized and combined the risk factors into ordinal levels of risk per epidemiological unit to ease implementation of risk-based surveillance in the field. The framework was used to perform a qualitative assessment of the risk of introduction and spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Tunisia as part of a series of workshops held between 2015 and 2018. The experts in attendance combined risk factors such as epidemiological status, transboundary movements, proximity to the borders and accessibility to assess the risk of FMD outbreaks in Tunisia. Out of the 2,075 Tunisian imadas, 23 were at a very high risk of FMD introduction, mainly at the borders; and 59 were at a very high risk of FMD spread. To validate the model, the results were compared to the FMD outbreaks notified by Tunisia during the 2014 FMD epizootic. Using a spatial Poisson model, a significant alignment between the very high and high-risk categories of spread and the occurrence of FMD outbreaks was shown. The relative risk of FMD occurrence was thus 3.2 higher for imadas in the very high and high spread risk categories than for imadas in the low and negligible spread risk categories. Our results show that the qualitative risk assessment framework can be a useful decision support tool for risk-based disease surveillance and control, in particular in scarce-data environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Squarzoni-Diaw
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Arsevska
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sana Kalthoum
- Centre national de veille zoosanitaire (CNVZ), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pachka Hammami
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamel Cherni
- Centre national de veille zoosanitaire (CNVZ), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Assia Daoudi
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Alger, Algeria
| | | | - Yassir Lezaar
- Office National, Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kechna Rachid
- Office National, Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ismaila Seck
- Food and Agricultural organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Accra, Ghana.,Ministère de l'Élevage et des Productions Animales, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Bezeid Ould Elmamy
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l'Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Regional Diseases Surveillance System Enhancement (REDISSE) in West Africa, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Barry Yahya
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l'Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Barbara Dufour
- USC EPIMAI Unit, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ENSV-France Vétérinaire International, Lyon 69, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Facundo Muñoz
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Coste
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
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14
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Udahemuka JC, Aboge GO, Obiero GO, Lebea PJ, Onono JO, Paone M. Risk factors for the incursion, spread and persistence of the foot and mouth disease virus in Eastern Rwanda. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:387. [PMID: 33046049 PMCID: PMC7552508 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of risk factors is crucial in Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control especially in endemic countries. In Rwanda, almost all outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) have started in Eastern Rwanda. Identifying the risk factors in this area will support government control efforts. This study was carried out to identify and map different risk factors for the incursion, spread and persistence of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda. Questionnaires were administered during farm visits to establish risk factors for FMD outbreaks. Descriptive statistical measures were determined and odds ratios were calculated to determine the effects of risk factors on the occurrence of FMD. Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) was used to produce thematic maps on the proportion of putative risk factors for FMD per village. RESULTS Based on farmers' perceptions, 85.31% (with p < 0.01) experienced more outbreaks during the major dry season, a finding consistent with other reports in other parts of the world. Univariate analysis revealed that mixed farming (OR = 1.501, p = 0.163, CI = 95%), and natural breeding method (OR = 1.626; p = 0.21, CI = 95%) were associated with the occurrence of FMD indicating that the two risk factors could be responsible for FMD outbreaks in the farms. The occurrence of FMD in the farms was found to be significantly associated with lack of vaccination of calves younger than 12 months in herds (OR = 0.707; p = 0.046, CI = 95%). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to describe risk factors for persistence of FMDV in livestock systems in Rwanda. However, further studies are required to understand the role of transboundary animal movements and genotypic profiles of circulating FMDV in farming systems in Rwanda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Udahemuka
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda.
| | - Gabriel Oluga Aboge
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Ogello Obiero
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Joshua Orungo Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Massimo Paone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
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15
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Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Centelles García Y, Alfonso Zamora P, Ferrer-Miranda E, Montano DDLN, Blanco M, Gutiérrez Y, Calistri P, Santoro KR, Percedo MI. Classical Swine Fever in a Cuban Zone Intended for Eradication: Spatiotemporal Clustering and Risk Factors. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:38. [PMID: 32118061 PMCID: PMC7012804 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is an endemic disease in Cuba, and an eradication strategy by zones is planned by the Official Veterinary Service. The aim of this study was to identify high-risk areas of CSF and the risk factors associated with the disease occurrence in the Pinar del Río province, one of the prioritized areas in the eradication strategy. The outbreak occurrence at district level was analyzed through a 7-year period (2009 to 2015). A high-risk cluster (RR = 5.13, 95% CI 3.49–7.56) was detected during the last 2 years of the study period in the eastern half of the province, with 38 out of 97 districts included. The rate of CSF-affected holdings had a significant increase during 2014–2015 and seems to have occurred mainly in the high-risk cluster area. Swine population density by district (heads/km2) and road length (km) by district were associated with the disease outbreak occurrence. These results provide new insights into the knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease in Cuban endemic conditions and can contribute to improving the control and the eradication strategy in this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Fonseca-Rodríguez
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Center for Reduction of the Risk of Disasters in Animal Health, Carretera de Jamaica y Autopista Nacional, San José de las Lajas, Cuba.,Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yosdany Centelles García
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Center for Reduction of the Risk of Disasters in Animal Health, Carretera de Jamaica y Autopista Nacional, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Pastor Alfonso Zamora
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Center for Reduction of the Risk of Disasters in Animal Health, Carretera de Jamaica y Autopista Nacional, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Edyniesky Ferrer-Miranda
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Center for Reduction of the Risk of Disasters in Animal Health, Carretera de Jamaica y Autopista Nacional, San José de las Lajas, Cuba.,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, Recife, Brazil
| | - Damarys de Las Nieves Montano
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Center for Reduction of the Risk of Disasters in Animal Health, Carretera de Jamaica y Autopista Nacional, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Miriam Blanco
- Animal Health Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - Yobani Gutiérrez
- Animal Health Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," National Reference Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Teramo, Italy
| | - Kleber Régis Santoro
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, Recife, Brazil
| | - María Irian Percedo
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Center for Reduction of the Risk of Disasters in Animal Health, Carretera de Jamaica y Autopista Nacional, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
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16
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Risk factors of foot and mouth disease in an endemic area on low vaccination rate in Xayaboury province of Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1103-1114. [PMID: 31729631 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Xayaboury province, located in the northern region of Lao PDR, the foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccination campaign just began in 2009. Up until now, a small number of farms have been vaccinated. When FMD outbreaks occur, it is interesting to determine the risk factors of FMD, especially in the area where vaccination rates are low. The questionnaire survey, using a case-control design at the household level, was carried out. From 59 villages with a total number of 434 households, 181 households who experienced FMD were assigned as case households, 146 households without FMD occurrence inside the outbreak villages as inside control households, and 107 households without FMD occurrence outside the outbreak villages as outside control households. Household owners were interviewed. The logistic regression model was used to identify the relationship between FMD occurrence (dependent variable) and the collected data (independent variables), including the social status of livestock owners, FMD prevention strategies, and farm locations. A non-parametric test was performed to determine the association of FMD and network parameters of animal movements among villages. In general, results show that a limited number of holders did vaccinate animals before the outbreaks (13.8-17.8%). The results indicated that livestock owners who had known information about FMD before the outbreaks had been less severely affected by the FMD outbreak than the owners who had not known information about FMD (P < 0.01, OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09-0.29). Before the outbreaks, higher FMD risk was observed in owners who sold the livestock through animal traders (P < 0.01, OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.68-13.50). Spatial data show that households in the community closer to the main roads had higher FMD risk (P < 0.01, OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.68-13.50). In addition, the network parameters including in-degree, out-degree, and betweenness indicated that the villages with high movements of livestock were at high risk of FMD (P < 0.05). The present study emphasized the importance of the government units to distribute the information about FMD to all livestock farmers in Xayaboury. Disease awareness and prevention strategy should be prioritized in areas close to high density communities and in the trading of livestock.
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17
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Duchatel F, Bronsvoort BMDC, Lycett S. Phylogeographic Analysis and Identification of Factors Impacting the Diffusion of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Africa. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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18
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Guerrini L, Pfukenyi DM, Etter E, Bouyer J, Njagu C, Ndhlovu F, Bourgarel M, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Foggin C, Grosbois V, Caron A. Spatial and seasonal patterns of FMD primary outbreaks in cattle in Zimbabwe between 1931 and 2016. Vet Res 2019; 50:73. [PMID: 31551078 PMCID: PMC6760110 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an important livestock disease impacting mainly intensive production systems. In southern Africa, the FMD virus is maintained in wildlife and its control is therefore complicated. However, FMD control is an important task to allow countries access to lucrative foreign meat market and veterinary services implement drastic control measures on livestock populations living in the periphery of protected areas, negatively impacting local small-scale livestock producers. This study investigated FMD primary outbreak data in Zimbabwe from 1931 to 2016 to describe the spatio-temporal distribution of FMD outbreaks and their potential drivers. The results suggest that: (i) FMD outbreaks were not randomly distributed in space across Zimbabwe but are clustered in the Southeast Lowveld (SEL); (ii) the proximity of protected areas with African buffalos was potentially responsible for primary FMD outbreaks in cattle; (iii) rainfall per se was not associated with FMD outbreaks, but seasons impacted the temporal occurrence of FMD outbreaks across regions; (iv) the frequency of FMD outbreaks increased during periods of major socio-economic and political crisis. The differences between the spatial clusters and other areas in Zimbabwe presenting similar buffalo/cattle interfaces but with fewer FMD outbreaks can be interpreted in light of the recent better understanding of wildlife/livestock interactions in these areas. The types of wildlife/livestock interfaces are hypothesized to be the key drivers of contacts between wildlife and livestock, triggering a risk of FMD inter-species spillover. The management of wildlife/livestock interfaces is therefore crucial for the control of FMD in southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Guerrini
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, RP-PCP, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Davies Mubika Pfukenyi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Eric Etter
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animals Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, RP-PCP, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, RP-PCP, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chris Foggin
- Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust, P O Box 159, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Alexandre Caron
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, RP-PCP, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
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19
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Omondi G, Alkhamis MA, Obanda V, Gakuya F, Sangula A, Pauszek S, Perez A, Ngulu S, van Aardt R, Arzt J, VanderWaal K. Phylogeographical and cross-species transmission dynamics of SAT1 and SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in Eastern Africa. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2903-2916. [PMID: 31074125 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), an endemic and economically constraining disease, is critical in designing control programmes in Africa. This study investigates the evolutionary epidemiology of SAT1 and SAT2 FMDV in Eastern Africa, as well as between cattle and wild African buffalo. Bayesian phylodynamic models were used to analyse SAT1 and SAT2 VP1 gene segments collected between 1975 and 2016, focusing on the SAT1 and SAT2 viruses currently circulating in Eastern Africa. The root state posterior probabilities inferred from our analyses suggest Zimbabwe as the ancestral location for SAT1 currently circulating in Eastern Africa (p = 0.67). For the SAT2 clade, Kenya is inferred to be the ancestral location for introduction of the virus into other countries in Eastern Africa (p = 0.72). Salient (Bayes factor >10) viral dispersal routes were inferred from Tanzania to Kenya, and from Kenya to Uganda for SAT1 and SAT2, respectively. Results suggest that cattle are the source of the SAT1 and SAT2 clades currently circulating in Eastern Africa. In addition, our results suggest that the majority of SAT1 and SAT2 in livestock come from other livestock rather than wildlife, with limited evidence that buffalo serve as reservoirs for cattle. Insights from the present study highlight the role of cattle movements and anthropogenic activities in shaping the evolutionary history of SAT1 and SAT2 in Eastern Africa. While the results may be affected by inherent limitations of imperfect surveillance, our analysis elucidates the dynamics between host species in this region, which is key to guiding disease intervention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Omondi
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Moh A Alkhamis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Gakuya
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Steven Pauszek
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA, Orient Point, New York
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA, Orient Point, New York
| | - Kim VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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Allepuz A, Casal J, Beltrán-Alcrudo D. Spatial analysis of lumpy skin disease in Eurasia-Predicting areas at risk for further spread within the region. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:813-822. [PMID: 30520550 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Data from affected lumpy skin disease (LSD) locations between July 2012 and September 2018 in the Balkans, Caucasus, and Middle East were retrieved from FAO's Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) from the European Commission's Animal Disease Notification System (ADNS) and completed with data from the official veterinary services of some countries. During this period, a total of 7,593 locations from 22 countries were affected. Within this period, over 46,000 cattle were clinically affected by LSD, 3,700 animals died and 17,500 were slaughtered due to culling policies to stop the spread of the disease. Most outbreaks occurred in 2016, between the months of May and November. The affected region was divided into a grid of 10 × 10 km cells and we fit a spatial regression model to analyse the association between the reported LSD outbreaks and climatic variables, land cover, and cattle density. The results showed big differences in the odds of being LSD positive due to the type of land cover: the odds of a cell being LSD positive was increased in areas mostly covered with croplands, grassland, or shrubland. The odds was also increased for higher cattle density, as well as areas with higher annual mean temperature and higher temperature diurnal range. The resulting model was utilized to predict the LSD risk in neighbouring unaffected areas in Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, identifying several areas with high risk of spread. Results from this study provide useful information for the design of surveillance and awareness systems, and preventive measures, e.g., vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Allepuz
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Casal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Daniel Beltrán-Alcrudo
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Souley Kouato B, De Clercq K, Abatih E, Dal Pozzo F, King DP, Thys E, Marichatou H, Saegerman C. Review of epidemiological risk models for foot-and-mouth disease: Implications for prevention strategies with a focus on Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208296. [PMID: 30543641 PMCID: PMC6292601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious transboundary disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animal species. The aim of this review was to identify and critically assess some modelling techniques for FMD that are well supported by scientific evidence from the literature with a focus on their use in African countries where the disease remains enzootic. In particular, this study attempted to provide a synopsis of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these models and their relevance to FMD prevention policies. A literature search was conducted to identify quantitative and qualitative risk assessments for FMD, including studies that describe FMD risk factor modelling and spatiotemporal analysis. A description of retrieved papers and a critical assessment of the modelling methods, main findings and their limitations were performed. Different types of models have been used depending on the purpose of the study and the nature of available data. The most frequently identified factors associated with the risk of FMD occurrence were the movement (especially uncontrolled animal movement) and the mixing of animals around water and grazing points. Based on the qualitative and quantitative risk assessment studies, the critical pathway analysis showed that the overall risk of FMDV entering a given country is low. However, in some cases, this risk can be elevated, especially when illegal importation of meat and the movement of terrestrial livestock are involved. Depending on the approach used, these studies highlight shortcomings associated with the application of models and the lack of reliable data from endemic settings. Therefore, the development and application of specific models for use in FMD endemic countries including Africa is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Souley Kouato
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN), Niamey, Niger
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Operational Directorate Viral Diseases, Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Abatih
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Statistics, University of Gent, Krijgslaan Gent, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Thys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamani Marichatou
- Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Faculté d'Agronomie, Niamey, Niger
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ilbeigi K, Bokaie S, Aghasharif S, Soares Magalhães RJ, Rashtibaf M. Risk factors for recurrence of FMD outbreaks in Iran: a case-control study in a highly endemic area. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:253. [PMID: 30157846 PMCID: PMC6114044 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with high economic impact. FMD remains endemic in Iran particularly in the livestock-dense province of Khorasan Razavi in northeastern Iran where FMD outbreaks continuously occur. In this study, we aimed to quantify risk factors for the recurrence of FMD outbreaks in Iran by analyzing a time-series of FMD outbreak data from the province of Khorasan Razavi. RESULTS This study used FMD outbreak data collected from 2012 to 2014. Data were collected by local offices of the Iranian Animal Disease Department and the veterinarian of the veterinary council of the Khorasan Razavi province. An outbreak investigation questionnaire was delivered to 127 farms, including 46 case farms (FMD-infected) and 81 control farms (FMD-free). To quantify and compare the odds of exposure to a risk factor in FMD-infected farms versus FMD-free farms, logistic regression models were built using SPSS software version 16. Our results of multivariable logistic regression indicate that hygienic status of the farm (OR = 11.83; CI = 3.38-41.43), FMD vaccination status (OR = 0.06; CI = 0.01-0.68), transportation of livestock (OR = 0.40; CI = 0.163-0.981) and inhibition of livestock dealers' entry into the farm (OR = 0.36; CI = 0.12-1.09) were identified as important risk factors for farm-level FMD infection. CONCLUSION This study generated much needed evidence on a set of modifiable risk factors for the recurrence of FMD outbreaks in the high risk province of Khorasan Razavi. This information can be used to improve existing national FMD control program and suggest new guidelines to prevent FMD outbreaks in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Ilbeigi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Garmsar, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Saied Bokaie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Aghasharif
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Garmsar, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mohamad Rashtibaf
- Iranian Veterinary Organization, Provincial Department of Surveillance and Disease Control, Khorasan Razavi, Islamic Republic of Iran
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23
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Souley Kouato B, Thys E, Renault V, Abatih E, Marichatou H, Issa S, Saegerman C. Spatio-temporal patterns of foot-and-mouth disease transmission in cattle between 2007 and 2015 and quantitative assessment of the economic impact of the disease in Niger. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1049-1066. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Souley Kouato
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg); Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN); Niamey Niger
| | - E. Thys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Institute of Tropical Medicine; Antwerp Belgium
| | - V. Renault
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg); Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - E. Abatih
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics; Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - H. Marichatou
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey; Niamey Niger
| | - S. Issa
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN); Niamey Niger
| | - C. Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg); Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
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Torsson E, Berg M, Misinzo G, Herbe I, Kgotlele T, Päärni M, Roos N, Blomström AL, Ståhl K, Johansson Wensman J. Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2017; 7:1368336. [PMID: 29081918 PMCID: PMC5645728 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2017.1368336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Livestock husbandry is critical for food security and poverty reduction in a low-income country like Tanzania. Infectious disease is one of the major constraints reducing the productivity in this sector. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most important diseases affecting small ruminants, but other infectious diseases may also be present. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure to PPR, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in sheep and goats in Tanzania. Methods: Serum samples were collected in 2014 and 2015, and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies to the five pathogens. Results and discussion: This is the first description of seroprevalence of FMD and BT among small ruminants in Tanzania. Risk factor analysis identified sex (female) (OR for 2014: PPR: 2.49, CCPP: 3.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 12.4, OR for 2015: PPR: 14.1, CCPP: 1.10, FMD: 2.67, BT: 1.90, BVD: 4.73) and increasing age (>2 years) (OR for 2014: PPR: 14.9, CCPP: 2.34, FMD: 7.52, BT: 126, OR for 2015: PPR: 8.13, CCPP: 1.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 7.83, BVD: 4.74) as risk factors for exposure to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeli Torsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ida Herbe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tebogo Kgotlele
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Malin Päärni
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils Roos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Anne-Lie Blomström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Ståhl
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Elnekave E, Zamir L, Hamd F, Even Tov B, Klement E. Risk factors for foot and mouth disease outbreaks in grazing beef cattle herds. Prev Vet Med 2015; 120:236-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Hamoonga R, Stevenson M, Allepuz A, Carpenter T, Sinkala Y. Risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease in Zambia, 1981–2012. Prev Vet Med 2014; 114:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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