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Kaur N, Dabar J, Bassi P. Monkeypox: A re-emerging disease. Indian J Pharmacol 2024; 56:129-135. [PMID: 38687317 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_156_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The virus known as monkeypox is the source of the zoonotic disease monkeypox, which was historically widespread in Central Africa and West Africa. The cases of monkeypox in humans are uncommon outside of West and Central Africa, but copious nonendemic nations outside of Africa have recently confirmed cases. People when interact with diseased animals, then, they may inadvertently contact monkeypox. There are two drugs in the market: brincidofovir and tecovirimat and both of these drugs are permitted for the cure of monkeypox by the US Food and Drug Administration. The present review summarizes the various parameters of monkeypox in context with transmission, signs and symptoms, histopathological and etiological changes, and possible treatment. Monkeypox is clinically similar to that of smallpox infection but epidemiologically, these two are different, the present study also signifies the main differences and similarities of monkeypox to that of other infectious diseases. As it is an emerging disease, it is important to know about the various factors related to monkeypox so as to control it on a very early stage of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narinderpal Kaur
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jatin Dabar
- School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pallavi Bassi
- Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
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2
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Zhang W, Qi X, Yang L, Meng X, Xu G, Luo S, Wu K, Tang J, Wang B, Fu L, Han B, He J, Zhang Y, Wang F, Lin Y, Cao W, Liu S, He L, Gao Y, Lv F, Lu H, Qian J, Zou H. Mpox patients' experience from infection to treatment and implications for prevention and control: A multicenter qualitative study in China. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29338. [PMID: 38163280 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox), a viral zoonotic disease, is spreading worldwide. However, evidence that informs prevention and control strategies in the Asia Pacific Region is very limited. Our study aims to investigate the experiences of mpox patients from infection to treatment to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control. A multicenter qualitative design was used. A total of 15 mpox patients were recruited between July 6 and July 25, 2023, from six cities in China. Semistructured interviews were conducted by telephone and analyzed using the thematic analysis. The interview was divided into two sections: patients' experiences (prediagnosis experience, treatment-seeking experience, and quarantine experience) and advice. Prediagnosis experience was summarized into three themes: symptoms, possible routes of infection, and knowledge of mpox. Treatment-seeking experience was summarized into three themes: time of visit to hospital, diagnostic difficulties, and attitude toward diagnosis. Quarantine experience was summarized into three themes: body and mind reactions, reluctance to self-disclose infection status, and factors facilitating recovery. Themes identified from patients' advice were as follows: (1) Increase in testing channels and methods, (2) Development and introduction of vaccines, (3) Adjustment of quarantine program, (4) Improvement of treatment measures, and (5) Improvement of publicity and education. To effectively curb the mpox epidemic, structured measures are urgently needed to address the mpox-related stigma and discrimination. Targeted health education should be provided to MSM, focusing on the prevention, detection, and treatment services. Hospitals should enhance the training of clinicians in key departments including infectious disease and dermatology, to improve diagnostic capability and sensitivity. Furthermore, given the absence of specific antiviral medications, supervised home quarantine may be a good option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Qi
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojun Meng
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Guangyong Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Sitong Luo
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jiapeng Tang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Leiwen Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baihui Han
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo He
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fuxiang Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanlong Lin
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanxian Cao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longtao He
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Lv
- National Center for AIDS/Sexually Transmitted Disease Control and Prevention, The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Curtis MG, Davoudpour S, Felt D, French AL, Hosek SG, Phillips G, Serrano PA. Monkeypox-Induced Secondary Traumatic Stress: An Exploratory Analysis of Young Sexual and Gender Minority Adults Living in Illinois. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2023; 7:100349. [PMID: 37810174 PMCID: PMC10552682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective Prior epidemic literature suggests that the rapid proliferation of Monkeypox (Mpox) within the United States may trigger severe stress reactions that increase the risk of developing secondary traumatic stress among young adults most at risk of exposure. The present exploratory study aimed to investigate the degree to which proximity to Mpox (i.e. knowing people who acquired Mpox), was associated with symptoms of secondary traumatization. Method An online survey was administered to 253 participants enrolled in Keeping it LITE, a prospective U.S. cohort study of ethnically diverse, sexually active, sexual and gender minority persons ages 19-39 in September 2022. A multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between proximity to Mpox and secondary traumatic stress (STS) symptoms. Results Study findings demonstrated that Mpox morbidity was low (1%); however, 37% of participants reported knowing at least one person diagnosed with Mpox. For most individuals, this person was a friend (28%). 16% of participants were found to have at least one indicator of Mpox-related STS. Results of our multiple linear regression demonstrated a positive association between an individual's indirect exposure to Mpox via their interpersonal relationships and STS symptoms. Conclusions Findings suggest that the more adults' interpersonal relationships are saturated with people who have acquired Mpox, the more likely they are to develop symptoms of secondary traumatization. These findings provide tentative initial evidence that secondary exposure to Mpox via one's social network may undermine adults' mental health even after the conclusion of the outbreak.
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Thum CC, Dahlan R, Wong YJ. Using the modified socio-ecological model to address stigma against non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents in Malaysia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1204704. [PMID: 37398591 PMCID: PMC10307976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1204704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chern Choong Thum
- Hospital Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahima Dahlan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yen Jun Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ju W, Sannusi SN, Mohamad E. Stigmatizing Monkeypox and COVID-19: A Comparative Framing Study of The Washington Post's Online News. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3347. [PMID: 36834039 PMCID: PMC9965175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma relating to health can result in a broad range of vulnerabilities and risks for patients and healthcare providers. The media play a role in people's understanding of health, and stigma is socially constructed through many communication channels, including media framing. Recent health issues affected by stigma include monkeypox and COVID-19. OBJECTIVES This research aimed to examine how The Washington Post (WP) framed the stigma around monkeypox and COVID-19. Guided by framing theory and stigma theory, online news coverage of monkeypox and COVID-19 was analyzed to understand the construction of social stigma through media frames. METHODS This research used qualitative content analysis to compare news framings in The Washington Post's online news coverage of monkeypox and COVID-19. RESULTS Using endemic, reassurance, and sexual-transmission frames, The Washington Post predominantly defined Africa as the source of monkeypox outbreaks, indirectly labeled gays as a specific group more likely to be infected with monkeypox, and emphasized that there was no need to worry about the spread of the monkeypox virus. In its COVID-19 coverage, The Washington Post adopted endemic and panic frames to describe China as the source of the coronavirus and to construct an image of panic regarding the spread of the virus. CONCLUSIONS These stigma discourses are essentially manifestations of racism, xenophobia, and sexism in public health issues. This research confirms that the media reinforces the stigma phenomenon in relation to health through framing and provides suggestions for the media to mitigate this issue from a framing perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilun Ju
- Centre for Research in Media and Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Nazmi Sannusi
- Centre for Research in Media and Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Emma Mohamad
- Centre for Research in Media and Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- UKM × UNICEF Communication for Development Centre in Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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Shukla M, Panda TK, Nikketha BS, Christy J, Damodharan D. Stigma, Discrimination, and Psychological Distress among the LGBTQ Community in Times of Monkeypox Outbreak-A Wake-up Call. Indian J Psychol Med 2023; 45:101-102. [PMID: 36778612 PMCID: PMC9896105 DOI: 10.1177/02537176221139658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Waheed S, Aziz S, Waris A, Jabbar A, Ullah I. Monkeypox virus: A sexual transmission and beyond. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28333. [PMID: 36418054 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Summaiya Waheed
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shukrullah Aziz
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waris
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Tao CC, Lim XJ, Amer Nordin A, Thum CC, Sararaks S, Periasamy K, Rajan P. Health system preparedness in infectious diseases: perspective of Malaysia, a middle-income country, in the face of monkeypox outbreaks. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:87. [PMID: 36404319 PMCID: PMC9676886 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared monkeypox as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on July 23, 2022. As of July 25th, 2022, there were 16,016 laboratory-confirmed cases reported worldwide with 5 deaths. Malaysia's Health Ministry has developed a five-point strategy to prepare for the impending threat of the infectious disease, encompassing early detection of monkeypox, consolidation of laboratory diagnostic facilities, case management and treatment, cluster management, and strengthening public awareness. Crisis and disaster preparedness within a nation's health system is paramount to preventing disease spread. Various strategies for developing resilience in the face of global infectious disease spread were discussed. The current disease preparedness and response framework and guidelines in Malaysia have established a health system that is proactive and responsive to any potential infectious disease outbreaks. Despite this, the future remains unpredictable, and ongoing fortification is required as events unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chee Tao
- Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 30450 Ipoh, Perak Malaysia ,grid.440425.30000 0004 1798 0746School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Xin-Jie Lim
- Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 30450 Ipoh, Perak Malaysia
| | - Awatef Amer Nordin
- grid.415759.b0000 0001 0690 5255Institute for Health Systems Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Chern Choong Thum
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XDepartment of Psychiatry, Universiti Putra Malaysia Teaching Hospital, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sondi Sararaks
- grid.415759.b0000 0001 0690 5255Institute for Health Systems Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Kalaiarasu Periasamy
- grid.415759.b0000 0001 0690 5255Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Philip Rajan
- Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 30450 Ipoh, Perak Malaysia
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Aquino YSJ, Cabrera N, Salisi J, Yarcia LE. Monkeypox and the legacy of prejudice in targeted public health campaigns. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2022-010630. [PMID: 36220308 PMCID: PMC9558792 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Saint James Aquino
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolo Cabrera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Lee Edson Yarcia
- College of Law, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
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Goyal L, Ajmera K, Pandit R, Pandit T. Prevention and Treatment of Monkeypox: A Step-by-Step Guide for Healthcare Professionals and General Population. Cureus 2022; 14:e28230. [PMID: 36017480 PMCID: PMC9393027 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently declared the monkeypox virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). As the cases of the COVID-19 pandemic start to get under control, we have seen the monkeypox virus, found predominantly in Africa, spread in non-endemic countries worldwide. In the 1970s, after the smallpox virus eradication and the vaccine's discontinuation, the monkeypox virus infection started to gain attention. The first United States outbreak happened in 2003; since then, more sporadic cases of monkeypox have gained media attention. With cases spreading worldwide, without epidemiological links with outbreaks among men who have sex with men (MSM), it warrants urgent public health control measures to contain the spread of the monkeypox virus and investigate the underlying pathophysiology, including genetic modification of the virus. This review highlights the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, and management of the current human monkeypox virus infection.
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