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García-Gómez ML, Ten Tusscher K. Multi-scale mechanisms driving root regeneration: From regeneration competence to tissue repatterning. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38824611 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Plants possess an outstanding capacity to regenerate enabling them to repair damages caused by suboptimal environmental conditions, biotic attacks, or mechanical damages impacting the survival of these sessile organisms. Although the extent of regeneration varies greatly between localized cell damage and whole organ recovery, the process of regeneration can be subdivided into a similar sequence of interlinked regulatory processes. That is, competence to regenerate, cell fate reprogramming, and the repatterning of the tissue. Here, using root tip regeneration as a paradigm system to study plant regeneration, we provide a synthesis of the molecular responses that underlie both regeneration competence and the repatterning of the root stump. Regarding regeneration competence, we discuss the role of wound signaling, hormone responses and synthesis, and rapid changes in gene expression observed in the cells close to the cut. Then, we consider how this rapid response is followed by the tissue repatterning phase, where cells experience cell fate changes in a spatial and temporal order to recreate the lost stem cell niche and columella. Lastly, we argue that a multi-scale modeling approach is fundamental to uncovering the mechanisms underlying root regeneration, as it allows to integrate knowledge of cell-level gene expression, cell-to-cell transport of hormones and transcription factors, and tissue-level growth dynamics to reveal how the bi-directional feedbacks between these processes enable self-organized repatterning of the root apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L García-Gómez
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Experimental and Computational Plant Development Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CropXR Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Translational Plant Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Experimental and Computational Plant Development Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CropXR Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Schreiber JM, Limpens E, de Keijzer J. Distributing Plant Developmental Regulatory Proteins via Plasmodesmata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:684. [PMID: 38475529 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
During plant development, mobile proteins, including transcription factors, abundantly serve as messengers between cells to activate transcriptional signaling cascades in distal tissues. These proteins travel from cell to cell via nanoscopic tunnels in the cell wall known as plasmodesmata. Cellular control over this intercellular movement can occur at two likely interdependent levels. It involves regulation at the level of plasmodesmata density and structure as well as at the level of the cargo proteins that traverse these tunnels. In this review, we cover the dynamics of plasmodesmata formation and structure in a developmental context together with recent insights into the mechanisms that may control these aspects. Furthermore, we explore the processes involved in cargo-specific mechanisms that control the transport of proteins via plasmodesmata. Instead of a one-fits-all mechanism, a pluriform repertoire of mechanisms is encountered that controls the intercellular transport of proteins via plasmodesmata to control plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Schreiber
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Keijzer
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Zhang Y, Xu T, Dong J. Asymmetric cell division in plant development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:343-370. [PMID: 36610013 PMCID: PMC9975081 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a fundamental process that generates new cell types during development in eukaryotic species. In plant development, post-embryonic organogenesis driven by ACD is universal and more important than in animals, in which organ pattern is preset during embryogenesis. Thus, plant development provides a powerful system to study molecular mechanisms underlying ACD. During the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the key components and mechanisms involved in this important process in plants. Here, we present an overview of how ACD is determined and regulated in multiple biological processes in plant development and compare their conservation and specificity among different model cell systems. We also summarize the molecular roles and mechanisms of the phytohormones in the regulation of plant ACD. Finally, we conclude with the overarching paradigms and principles that govern plant ACD and consider how new technologies can be exploited to fill the knowledge gaps and make new advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondences: Yi Zhang (); Juan Dong (). Yi Zhang and Juan Dong are fully responsible for the distribution of all materials associated with this article
| | - Tongda Xu
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08891, USA
- Correspondences: Yi Zhang (); Juan Dong (). Yi Zhang and Juan Dong are fully responsible for the distribution of all materials associated with this article
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4
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Yang L, Zhu M, Yang Y, Wang K, Che Y, Yang S, Wang J, Yu X, Li L, Wu S, Palme K, Li X. CDC48B facilitates the intercellular trafficking of SHORT-ROOT during radial patterning in roots. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:843-858. [PMID: 35088574 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CELL DIVISION CONTROL PROTEIN48 (CDC48) is essential for membrane fusion, protein degradation, and other cellular processes. Here, we revealed the crucial role of CDC48B in regulating periclinal cell division in roots by analyzing the recessive gen1 mutant. We identified the GEN1 gene through map-based cloning and verified that GEN1 encodes CDC48B. gen1 showed severely inhibited root growth, increased periclinal cell division in the endodermis, defective middle cortex (MC) formation, and altered ground tissue patterning in roots. Consistent with these phenotypes, CYCLIND 6;1(CYCD6;1), a periclinal cell division marker, was upregulated in gen1 compared to Col-0. The ratio of SHRpro :SHR-GFP fluorescence in pre-dividing nuclei versus the adjacent stele decreased by 33% in gen1, indicating that the trafficking of SHORT-ROOT (SHR) decreased in gen1 when endodermal cells started to divide. These findings suggest that the loss of function of CDC48B inhibits the intercellular trafficking of SHR from the stele to the endodermis, thereby decreasing SHR accumulation in the endodermis. These findings shed light on the crucial role of CDC48B in regulating periclinal cell division in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Mingyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Plant-Microbia Restoration for Saline-alkali Land, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Plant-Microbia Restoration for Saline-alkali Land, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Plant-Microbia Restoration for Saline-alkali Land, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yulei Che
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Plant-Microbia Restoration for Saline-alkali Land, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shurui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Plant-Microbia Restoration for Saline-alkali Land, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Lixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xugang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Plant-Microbia Restoration for Saline-alkali Land, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
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5
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Gundu S, Tabassum N, Blilou I. Moving with purpose and direction: transcription factor movement and cell fate determination revisited. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:124-132. [PMID: 32992134 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell diversity in a multicellular organism relies on cell-cell communication where cells must receive positional information as input signals to adopt their proper cell fate in the right place and at the right time. This process is achieved through triggering signaling cascades that drive cellular changes during development. In plants, signaling through mobile transcription factors (TF) plays a central role in development. Rather than acting cell-autonomously and exclusive to their expression domains, many TFs move between cells and deploy regulatory networks and cell type-specific effectors to achieve their biological functions. Here, we highlight a few examples of mobile TFs central to cell fate specification in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Gundu
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naheed Tabassum
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Wang X, Sager R, Lee JY. Evaluating molecular movement through plasmodesmata. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:99-117. [PMID: 32896335 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined cytoplasmic passageways that facilitate the movement of nutrients and various types of molecules between cells in the plant. They are highly dynamic channels, opening or closing in response to physiological and developmental stimuli or environmental challenges such as biotic and abiotic stresses. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that such dynamic controls occur through integrative cellular mechanisms. Currently, a few fluorescence-based methods are available that allow monitoring changes in molecular movement through plasmodesmata. In this chapter, following a brief introduction to those methods, we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol for the Drop-ANd-See (DANS) assay, which is advantageous when it is desirable to measure plasmodesmal permeability non-invasively, in situ and in real-time. We discuss the experimental conditions one should consider to produce reliable and reproducible DANS results along with troubleshooting ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ross Sager
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
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7
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Xu M, Gu X, Liang N, Bian X, Wang H, Qin Y, Pi L, Wu S. Intersected functional zone of transcriptional regulators patterns stemness within stem cell niche of root apical meristem. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:897-911. [PMID: 31638324 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Root stem cell niche (SCN) consists of a quiescent center (QC) and surrounding stem cells. Disrupted symplastic communication leads to loss of stemness in the whole SCN. Several SCN regulators were reported to move between cells for SCN maintenance. However, single mutant of these regulators is insufficient to abolish QC stemness despite the high differentiation rate in surrounding stem cells. To dissect the mechanism behind such distinct stemness in SCN, we combined the mis-expression strategy with pWOX5:icals3m system in which QC is symplastically isolated. We found the starch accumulation in QC could be synergistically repressed by WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5), SHORT-ROOT (SHR), SCARCROW (SCR), and PLETHORA (PLT). Like PLTs, other core regulators also exhibited dimorphic functions by inhibiting differentiation at a higher dose while promoting cell division at a low protein level. Being located in the center of the intersected expression zones, QC cells receive the highest level of core regulators, forming the most robust stemness within SCN. WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 was sufficient to activate PLT1/2 expression, contributing to the QC-enriched PLTs. Our results provide experimental evidence supporting the long-standing hypothesis that the combination of spatial expression, synergistic function and dosage effect of core regulators result in spatially distinct stemness in SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhi Xu
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Nengsong Liang
- College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinxin Bian
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaxin Qin
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Limin Pi
- Institute of Advanced studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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8
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A system-level mechanistic explanation for asymmetric stem cell fates: Arabidopsis thaliana root niche as a study system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3525. [PMID: 32103059 PMCID: PMC7044435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric divisions maintain long-term stem cell populations while producing new cells that proliferate and then differentiate. Recent reports in animal systems show that divisions of stem cells can be uncoupled from their progeny differentiation, and the outcome of a division could be influenced by microenvironmental signals. But the underlying system-level mechanisms, and whether this dynamics also occur in plant stem cell niches (SCN), remain elusive. This article presents a cell fate regulatory network model that contributes to understanding such mechanism and identify critical cues for cell fate transitions in the root SCN. Novel computational and experimental results show that the transcriptional regulator SHR is critical for the most frequent asymmetric division previously described for quiescent centre stem cells. A multi-scale model of the root tip that simulated each cell's intracellular regulatory network, and the dynamics of SHR intercellular transport as a cell-cell coupling mechanism, was developed. It revealed that quiescent centre cell divisions produce two identical cells, that may acquire different fates depending on the feedback between SHR's availability and the state of the regulatory network. Novel experimental data presented here validates our model, which in turn, constitutes the first proposed systemic mechanism for uncoupled SCN cell division and differentiation.
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9
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Reagan BC, Burch-Smith TM. Viruses Reveal the Secrets of Plasmodesmal Cell Biology. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:26-39. [PMID: 31715107 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0212-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are essential for intercellular trafficking of molecules required for plant life, from small molecules like sugars and ions to macromolecules including proteins and RNA molecules that act as signals to regulate plant development and defense. As obligate intracellular pathogens, plant viruses have evolved to manipulate this communication system to facilitate the initial cell-to-cell and eventual systemic spread in their plant hosts. There has been considerable interest in how viruses manipulate the PD that connect the protoplasts of neighboring cells, and viruses have yielded invaluable tools for probing the structure and function of PD. With recent advances in biochemistry and imaging, we have gained new insights into the composition and structure of PD in the presence and absence of viruses. Here, we first discuss viral strategies for manipulating PD for their intercellular movement and examine how this has shed light on our understanding of native PD function. We then address the controversial role of the cytoskeleton in trafficking to and through PD. Finally, we address how viruses could alter PD structure and consider possible mechanisms of the phenomenon described as 'gating'. This discussion supports the significance of virus research in elucidating the properties of PD, these persistently enigmatic plant organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Reagan
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
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10
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Deinum EE, Mulder BM, Benitez-Alfonso Y. From plasmodesma geometry to effective symplasmic permeability through biophysical modelling. eLife 2019; 8:49000. [PMID: 31755863 PMCID: PMC6994222 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of molecular transport via intercellular channels called plasmodesmata (PDs) is important for both coordinating developmental and environmental responses among neighbouring cells, and isolating (groups of) cells to execute distinct programs. Cell-to-cell mobility of fluorescent molecules and PD dimensions (measured from electron micrographs) are both used as methods to predict PD transport capacity (i.e., effective symplasmic permeability), but often yield very different values. Here, we build a theoretical bridge between both experimental approaches by calculating the effective symplasmic permeability from a geometrical description of individual PDs and considering the flow towards them. We find that a dilated central region has the strongest impact in thick cell walls and that clustering of PDs into pit fields strongly reduces predicted permeabilities. Moreover, our open source multi-level model allows to predict PD dimensions matching measured permeabilities and add a functional interpretation to structural differences observed between PDs in different cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva E Deinum
- Mathematical and statistical methods (Biometris), Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bela M Mulder
- Living Matter Department, Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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11
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Spiegelman Z, Wu S, Gallagher KL. A role for the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell-to-cell movement of SHORT-ROOT. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1455-1459. [PMID: 31123903 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata enable the trafficking of various signaling molecules, as well as viruses that exploit these channels for their intercellular movement. Viral movement relies on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which serves as a stable platform for the assembly of viral replication complexes and their subsequent shuttling toward plasmodesmata. The role of the ER in the intercellular movement of endogenous proteins is less clear. In the root meristem, the mobile transcription factor SHORT-ROOT (SHR) traffics between cell layers to regulate root radial patterning and differentiation. Movement of SHR is a regulated process that requires several cellular factors including the endomembrane system, intact microtubules and an endosome-associated protein named SHR-interacting-embryonic-lethal (SIEL). Recently, we found that KINESIN G (KinG) interacts with both SIEL and microtubules to support the cell-to-cell movement of SHR. Here, we provide evidence that both SHR-associated endosomes and KinG localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and that movement of SHR-associated endosomes occurs on the ER. Moreover, we show that compromised ER structure leads to a reduction in the cell-to-cell movement of SHR. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that the ER plays a role in SHR movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 7528809, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Kimberly L Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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12
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Kitagawa M, Tomoi T, Fukushima T, Sakata Y, Sato M, Toyooka K, Fujita T, Sakakibara H. Abscisic Acid Acts as a Regulator of Molecular Trafficking through Plasmodesmata in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:738-751. [PMID: 30597108 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In multi-cellular organisms, cell-to-cell communication is crucial for adapting to changes in the surrounding environment. In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) provide a unique pathway for cell-to-cell communication. PD interconnect most cells and generate a cytoplasmic continuum, allowing the trafficking of various micro- and macromolecules between cells. This molecular trafficking through PD is dynamically regulated by altering PD permeability dependent on environmental changes, thereby leading to an appropriate response to various stresses; however, how PD permeability is dynamically regulated is still largely unknown. Moreover, studies on the regulation of PD permeability have been conducted primarily in a limited number of angiosperms. Here, we studied the regulation of PD permeability in the moss Physcomitrella patens and report that molecular trafficking through PD is rapidly and reversibly restricted by abscisic acid (ABA). Since ABA plays a key role in various stress responses in the moss, PD permeability can be controlled by ABA to adapt to surrounding environmental changes. This ABA-dependent restriction of PD trafficking correlates with a reduction in PD pore size. Furthermore, we also found that the rate of macromolecular trafficking is higher in an ABA-synthesis defective mutant, suggesting that the endogenous level of ABA is also important for PD-mediated macromolecular trafficking. Thus, our study provides compelling evidence that P. patens exploits ABA as one of the key regulators of PD function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Tomoi
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukushima
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakata
- Department of BioScience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Evidence in many experimental systems supports the idea that non-uniform distributions of morphogen proteins encode positional information in developing tissues. There is also strong evidence that morphogen dispersal is mediated by cytonemes and that morphogen proteins transfer from producing to receiving cells at morphogenetic synapses that form at sites of cytoneme contacts. This essay considers some implications of this mechanism and its relevance to various contexts including large single cells such as the pre-cellular Drosophila embryo and the ciliate Stentor.
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Pitzalis N, Heinlein M. The roles of membranes and associated cytoskeleton in plant virus replication and cell-to-cell movement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:117-132. [PMID: 29036578 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The infection of plants by viruses depends on cellular mechanisms that support the replication of the viral genomes, and the cell-to-cell and systemic movement of the virus via plasmodesmata (PD) and the connected phloem. While the propagation of some viruses requires the conventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi pathway, others replicate and spread between cells in association with the ER and are independent of this pathway. Using selected viruses as examples, this review re-examines the involvement of membranes and the cytoskeleton during virus infection and proposes potential roles of class VIII myosins and membrane-tethering proteins in controlling viral functions at specific ER subdomains, such as cortical microtubule-associated ER sites, ER-plasma membrane contact sites, and PD.
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15
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Wang Z, Yin Y, Hua J, Fan W, Yu C, Xuan L, Yu F. Cloning and Characterization of ThSHRs and ThSCR Transcription Factors in Taxodium Hybrid 'Zhongshanshan 406'. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8070185. [PMID: 28726763 PMCID: PMC5541318 DOI: 10.3390/genes8070185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the GRAS family of transcription factors, SHORT ROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR) are key regulators of the formation of root tissues. In this study, we isolated and characterized two genes encoding SHR proteins and one gene encoding an SCR protein: ThSHR1 (Accession Number MF045148), ThSHR2 (Accession Number MF045149) and ThSCR (Accession Number MF045152) in the adventitious roots of Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan’. Gene structure analysis indicated that ThSHR1, ThSHR2 and ThSCR are all intron free. Multiple protein sequence alignments showed that each of the corresponding proteins, ThSHR1, ThSHR2 and ThSCR, contained five well-conserved domains: leucine heptad repeat I (LHRI), the VHIID motif, leucine heptad repeat II (LHR II), the PFYRE motif, and the SAW motif. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that ThSCR was positioned in the SCR clade with the SCR proteins from eight other species, while ThSHR1 and ThSHR2 were positioned in the SHR clade with the SHR proteins from six other species. Temporal expression patterns of these genes were profiled during the process of adventitious root development on stem cuttings. Whereas expression of both ThSHR2 and ThSCR increased up to primary root formation before declining, that of ThSHR1 increased steadily throughout adventitious root formation. Subcellular localization studies in transgenic poplar protoplasts revealed that ThSHR1, ThSHR2 and ThSCR were localized in the nucleus. Collectively, these results suggest that the three genes encode Taxodium GRAS family transcription factors, and the findings contribute to improving our understanding of the expression and function of SHR and SCR during adventitious root production, which may then be manipulated to achieve high rates of asexual propagation of valuable tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yunlong Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jianfeng Hua
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Wencai Fan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Chaoguang Yu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Lei Xuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Fangyuan Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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16
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Kitagawa M, Jackson D. Plasmodesmata-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Shoot Apical Meristem: How Stem Cells Talk. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E12. [PMID: 28257070 PMCID: PMC5371771 DOI: 10.3390/plants6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Positional information is crucial for the determination of plant cell fates, and it is established based on coordinated cell-to-cell communication, which in turn is essential for plant growth and development. Plants have evolved a unique communication pathway, with tiny channels called plasmodesmata (PD) spanning the cell wall. PD interconnect most cells in the plant and generate a cytoplasmic continuum, to mediate short- and long-distance trafficking of various molecules. Cell-to-cell communication through PD plays a role in transmitting positional signals, however, the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated trafficking are still largely unknown. The induction and maintenance of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) depends on PDmediated cell-to-cell communication, hence, it is an optimal model for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication and its function in specifying cell fates. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the SAM, and discuss mechanisms underlying molecular trafficking through PD and its role in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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17
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Symplastic signaling instructs cell division, cell expansion, and cell polarity in the ground tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11621-11626. [PMID: 27663740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610358113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is essential for the development and patterning of multicellular organisms. In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) provide direct routes for intercellular signaling. However, the role that PD-mediated signaling plays in plant development has not been fully investigated. To gain a comprehensive view of the role that symplastic signaling plays in Arabidopsis thaliana, we have taken advantage of a synthetic allele of CALLOSE SYNTHASE3 (icals3m) that inducibly disrupts cell-to-cell communication specifically at PD. Our results show that loss of symplastic signaling to and from the endodermis has very significant effects on the root, including an increase in the number of cell layers in the root and a misspecification of stele cells, as well as ground tissue. Surprisingly, loss of endodermal signaling also results in a loss of anisotropic elongation in all cells within the root, similar to what is seen in radially swollen mutants. Our results suggest that symplastic signals to and from the endodermis are critical in the coordinated growth and development of the root.
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18
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The Protein Arginine Methylase 5 (PRMT5/SKB1) Gene Is Required for the Maintenance of Root Stem Cells in Response to DNA Damage. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:187-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Feng Z, Xue F, Xu M, Chen X, Zhao W, Garcia-Murria MJ, Mingarro I, Liu Y, Huang Y, Jiang L, Zhu M, Tao X. The ER-Membrane Transport System Is Critical for Intercellular Trafficking of the NSm Movement Protein and Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005443. [PMID: 26863622 PMCID: PMC4749231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses move through plasmodesmata to infect new cells. The plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is interconnected among cells via the ER desmotubule in the plasmodesma across the cell wall, forming a continuous ER network throughout the entire plant. This ER continuity is unique to plants and has been postulated to serve as a platform for the intercellular trafficking of macromolecules. In the present study, the contribution of the plant ER membrane transport system to the intercellular trafficking of the NSm movement protein and Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) is investigated. We showed that TSWV NSm is physically associated with the ER membrane in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. An NSm-GFP fusion protein transiently expressed in single leaf cells was trafficked into neighboring cells. Mutations in NSm that impaired its association with the ER or caused its mis-localization to other subcellular sites inhibited cell-to-cell trafficking. Pharmacological disruption of the ER network severely inhibited NSm-GFP trafficking but not GFP diffusion. In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant rhd3 with an impaired ER network, NSm-GFP trafficking was significantly reduced, whereas GFP diffusion was not affected. We also showed that the ER-to-Golgi secretion pathway and the cytoskeleton transport systems were not involved in the intercellular trafficking of TSWV NSm. Importantly, TSWV cell-to-cell spread was delayed in the ER-defective rhd3 mutant, and this reduced viral infection was not due to reduced replication. On the basis of robust biochemical, cellular and genetic analysis, we established that the ER membrane transport system serves as an important direct route for intercellular trafficking of NSm and TSWV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyang Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Maria J. Garcia-Murria
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ismael Mingarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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20
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Somssich M, Khan GA, Persson S. Cell Wall Heterogeneity in Root Development of Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1242. [PMID: 27582757 PMCID: PMC4987334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls provide stability and protection to plant cells. During growth and development the composition of cell walls changes, but provides enough strength to withstand the turgor of the cells. Hence, cell walls are highly flexible and diverse in nature. These characteristics are important during root growth, as plant roots consist of radial patterns of cells that have diverse functions and that are at different developmental stages along the growth axis. Young stem cell daughters undergo a series of rapid cell divisions, during which new cell walls are formed that are highly dynamic, and that support rapid anisotropic cell expansion. Once the cells have differentiated, the walls of specific cell types need to comply with and support different cell functions. For example, a newly formed root hair needs to be able to break through the surrounding soil, while endodermal cells modify their walls at distinct positions to form Casparian strips between them. Hence, the cell walls are modified and rebuilt while cells transit through different developmental stages. In addition, the cell walls of roots readjust to their environment to support growth and to maximize nutrient uptake. Many of these modifications are likely driven by different developmental and stress signaling pathways. However, our understanding of how such pathways affect cell wall modifications and what enzymes are involved remain largely unknown. In this review we aim to compile data linking cell wall content and re-modeling to developmental stages of root cells, and dissect how root cell walls respond to certain environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Staffan Persson,
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21
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Gallagher KL, Sozzani R, Lee CM. Intercellular protein movement: deciphering the language of development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 30:207-33. [PMID: 25288113 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-012915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Development in multicellular organisms requires the coordinated production of a large number of specialized cell types through sophisticated signaling mechanisms. Non-cell-autonomous signals are one of the key mechanisms by which organisms coordinate development. In plants, intercellular movement of transcription factors and other mobile signals, such as hormones and peptides, is essential for normal development. Through a combination of different approaches, a large number of non-cell-autonomous signals that control plant development have been identified. We review some of the transcriptional regulators that traffic between cells, as well as how changes in symplasmic continuity affect and are affected by development. We also review current models for how mobile signals move via plasmodesmata and how movement is inhibited. Finally, we consider challenges in and new tools for studying protein movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; ,
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22
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Plant virus replication and movement. Virology 2015; 479-480:657-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Long Y, Smet W, Cruz-Ramírez A, Castelijns B, de Jonge W, Mähönen AP, Bouchet BP, Perez GS, Akhmanova A, Scheres B, Blilou I. Arabidopsis BIRD Zinc Finger Proteins Jointly Stabilize Tissue Boundaries by Confining the Cell Fate Regulator SHORT-ROOT and Contributing to Fate Specification. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1185-99. [PMID: 25829440 PMCID: PMC4558684 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells cannot rearrange their positions; therefore, sharp tissue boundaries must be accurately programmed. Movement of the cell fate regulator SHORT-ROOT from the stele to the ground tissue has been associated with transferring positional information across tissue boundaries. The zinc finger BIRD protein JACKDAW has been shown to constrain SHORT-ROOT movement to a single layer, and other BIRD family proteins were postulated to counteract JACKDAW's role in restricting SHORT-ROOT action range. Here, we report that regulation of SHORT-ROOT movement requires additional BIRD proteins whose action is critical for the establishment and maintenance of the boundary between stele and ground tissue. We show that BIRD proteins act in concert and not in opposition. The exploitation of asymmetric redundancies allows the separation of two BIRD functions: constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6. Our data indicate that BIRD proteins promote formative divisions and tissue specification in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem ground tissue by tethering and regulating transcriptional competence of SHORT-ROOT complexes. As a result, a tissue boundary is not "locked in" after initial patterning like in many animal systems, but possesses considerable developmental plasticity due to continuous reliance on mobile transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Smet
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Castelijns
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Wim de Jonge
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Benjamin P Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Gabino Sanchez Perez
- Bioinformatics, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
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24
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Gaillochet C, Daum G, Lohmann JU. O cell, where art thou? The mechanisms of shoot meristem patterning. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:91-7. [PMID: 25449732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants develop postembryonically from pools of continuously active stem cells embedded in specialized tissues called meristems, which are located at the growing points of shoot and root. How these stem cells are established, maintained and guided towards differentiation within the highly dynamic shoot apical meristem is only beginning to emerge. At the core of the complex regulatory system are spatially distinct subdomains within the shoot apex, in which cells carry out defined functions, despite highly similar phenotypes. Spatial and temporal control of these domains appears to rely on an elaborate network of phytohormone signaling, transcriptional loops and intercellular trafficking of key regulators. In this review, we aim at summarizing and connecting the mechanisms underlying the spatial organization of the shoot apical meristem and the sequence of molecular events occurring during the life of a shoot cell, from its birth towards its differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gaillochet
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabor Daum
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Long Y, Scheres B, Blilou I. The logic of communication: roles for mobile transcription factors in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1133-44. [PMID: 25635110 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mobile transcription factors play many roles in plant development. Here, we compare the use of mobile transcription factors as signals with some canonical signal transduction processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. After an initial survey, we focus on the SHORT-ROOT pathway in Arabidopsis roots to show that, despite the simplicity of the concept of mobile transcription factor signalling, many lines of evidence reveal a surprising complexity in control mechanisms linked to this process. We argue that these controls bestow precision, robustness, and versatility on mobile transcription factor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands.
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26
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Techniques for assessing the effects of pharmacological inhibitors on intercellular protein movement. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:245-58. [PMID: 25287208 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular protein movement is an important mechanism in plant development. Here we present an integrated protocol that utilizes an inducible system to block plasmodesmata-dependent movement and assessment of fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to identify compounds that influence intercellular protein movement.
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27
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Sevilem I, Yadav SR, Helariutta Y. Plasmodesmata: channels for intercellular signaling during plant growth and development. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:3-24. [PMID: 25287193 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved strategies for short- and long-distance communication to coordinate plant development and to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular nanochannels that provide an effective pathway for both selective and nonselective movement of various molecules that function in diverse biological processes. Numerous non-cell-autonomous proteins (NCAP) and small RNAs have been identified that have crucial roles in cell fate determination and organ patterning during development. Both the density and aperture size of PD are developmentally regulated, allowing formation of spatial symplastic domains for establishment of tissue-specific developmental programs. The PD size exclusion limit (SEL) is controlled by reversible deposition of callose, as well as by some PD-associated proteins. Although a large number of PD-associated proteins have been identified, many of their functions remain unknown. Despite the fact that PD are primarily membranous structures, surprisingly very little is known about their lipid composition. Thus, future studies in PD biology will provide deeper insights into the high-resolution structure and tightly regulated functions of PD and the evolution of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sevilem
- Department of Bio and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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28
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Drisch RC, Stahl Y. Function and regulation of transcription factors involved in root apical meristem and stem cell maintenance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:505. [PMID: 26217359 PMCID: PMC4491714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are essential for overall plant development, growth, and performance by providing anchorage in the soil and uptake of nutrients and water. The primary root of higher plants derives from a group of pluripotent, mitotically active stem cells residing in the root apical meristem (RAM) which provides the basis for growth, development, and regeneration of the root. The stem cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana RAM are surrounding the quiescent center (QC), which consists of a group of rarely dividing cells. The QC maintains the stem cells in a non-cell-autonomous manner and prevents them from differentiation. The necessary dynamic but also tight regulation of the transition from stem cell fate to differentiation most likely requires complex regulatory mechanisms to integrate external and internal cues. Transcription factors play a central role in root development and are regulated by phytohormones, small signaling molecules, and miRNAs. In this review we give a comprehensive overview about the function and regulation of specific transcription factors controlling stem cell fate and root apical meristem maintenance and discuss the possibility of TF complex formation, subcellular translocations and cell-to-cell movement functioning as another level of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- *Correspondence: Yvonne Stahl, Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany,
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29
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Sager R, Lee JY. Plasmodesmata in integrated cell signalling: insights from development and environmental signals and stresses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6337-58. [PMID: 25262225 PMCID: PMC4303807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To survive as sedentary organisms built of immobile cells, plants require an effective intercellular communication system, both locally between neighbouring cells within each tissue and systemically across distantly located organs. Such a system enables cells to coordinate their intracellular activities and produce concerted responses to internal and external stimuli. Plasmodesmata, membrane-lined intercellular channels, are essential for direct cell-to-cell communication involving exchange of diffusible factors, including signalling and information molecules. Recent advances corroborate that plasmodesmata are not passive but rather highly dynamic channels, in that their density in the cell walls and gating activities are tightly linked to developmental and physiological processes. Moreover, it is becoming clear that specific hormonal signalling pathways play crucial roles in relaying primary cellular signals to plasmodesmata. In this review, we examine a number of studies in which plasmodesmal structure, occurrence, and/or permeability responses are found to be altered upon given cellular or environmental signals, and discuss common themes illustrating how plasmodesmal regulation is integrated into specific cellular signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Sager
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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30
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Wu S, Gallagher KL. The movement of the non-cell-autonomous transcription factor, SHORT-ROOT relies on the endomembrane system. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:396-409. [PMID: 25124761 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are able to convey positional and developmental information between cells through the direct transfer of transcription factors. One well studied example of this is the SHORT-ROOT (SHR) protein, which moves from the stele into the neighboring ground tissue layer to specify endodermis. While it has been shown that SHR trafficking relies on plasmodesmata (PD), and interaction with the SHR INTERACTING EMBRYONIC LETHAL (SIEL) protein, little information is known about how SHR trafficking is controlled or how SIEL promotes the movement of SHR. Here we show that SHR can move from multiple different cell types in the root. Analysis of subcellular localization indicates that in the cytoplasm of root or leaf cells, SHR localizes to endosomes in a SIEL-dependent manner. Interference of early and late endosomes disrupts intercellular movement of SHR. Our findings reveal an essential role for the plant endomembrane, independent of secretion, in the intercellular trafficking of SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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31
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Probing plasmodesmata function with biochemical inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1217:199-227. [PMID: 25287206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
To investigate plasmodesmata (PD) function, a useful technique is to monitor the effect on cell-to-cell transport of applying an inhibitor of a physiological process, protein, or other cell component of interest. Changes in PD transport can then be monitored in one of several ways, most commonly by measuring the cell-to-cell movement of fluorescent tracer dyes or of free fluorescent proteins. Effects on PD structure can be detected in thin sections of embedded tissue observed using an electron microscope, most commonly a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). This chapter outlines commonly used inhibitors, methods for treating different tissues, how to detect altered cell-to-cell transport and PD structure, and important caveats.
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32
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Peña EJ, Ferriol I, Sambade A, Buschmann H, Niehl A, Elena SF, Rubio L, Heinlein M. Experimental virus evolution reveals a role of plant microtubule dynamics and TORTIFOLIA1/SPIRAL2 in RNA trafficking. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105364. [PMID: 25133612 PMCID: PMC4136834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network composed of filamentous polymers and regulatory proteins that provide a flexible structural scaffold to the cell and plays a fundamental role in developmental processes. Mutations that alter the spatial orientation of the cortical microtubule (MT) array of plants are known to cause important changes in the pattern of cell wall synthesis and developmental phenotypes; however, the consequences of such alterations on other MT-network-associated functions in the cytoplasm are not known. In vivo observations suggested a role of cortical MTs in the formation and movement of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA complexes along the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Thus, to probe the significance of dynamic MT behavior in the coordination of MT-network-associated functions related to TMV infection and, thus, in the formation and transport of RNA complexes in the cytoplasm, we performed an evolution experiment with TMV in Arabidopsis thaliana tor1/spr2 and tor2 mutants with specific defects in MT dynamics and asked whether TMV is sensitive to these changes. We show that the altered cytoskeleton induced genetic changes in TMV that were correlated with efficient spread of infection in the mutant hosts. These observations demonstrate a role of dynamic MT rearrangements and of the MT-associated protein TORTIFOLIA1/SPIRAL2 in cellular functions related to virus spread and indicate that MT dynamics and MT-associated proteins represent constraints for virus evolution and adaptation. The results highlight the importance of the dynamic plasticity of the MT network in directing cytoplasmic functions in macromolecular assembly and trafficking and illustrate the value of experimental virus evolution for addressing the cellular functions of dynamic, long-range order systems in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo José Peña
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Inmaculada Ferriol
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrián Sambade
- Department of Comparative Neurobiology, Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva CIBERNED, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Henrik Buschmann
- Institute for Botany, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Annette Niehl
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Luis Rubio
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (LR); (MH)
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (LR); (MH)
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33
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Jang G, Lee JY. Intercellular trafficking of transcription factors in the vascular tissue patterning. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:184-91. [PMID: 24329715 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life cycles, plants grow in an indeterminate manner by adding new cells and organs with specialized functions. Newly emerging cells acquire their identities depending on their positions relative to the neighboring cells. Exchanging positional signals between cells is critical in this process. Recent studies showed that many transcription factors move between cells or between organs in forms of proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA). Some of these were found to be important positional signals for cell type patterning. Cell type patterning in the vascular system is no exception from this. In this review, we describe recent discoveries of mobile transcription factors that function as positional signals for vascular tissue patterning and propose how these transcription factors integrate with other forms of signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geupil Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Han X, Kumar D, Chen H, Wu S, Kim JY. Transcription factor-mediated cell-to-cell signalling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1737-49. [PMID: 24347464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells utilize mobile transcription factors to transmit intercellular signals when they perceive environmental stimuli or initiate developmental programmes. Studies on these novel cell-to-cell signals have accumulated multiple pieces of evidence showing that non-cell-autonomous transcription factors play pivotal roles in most processes related to the formation and development of plant organs. Recent studies have explored the evolution of mobile transcription factors and proposed mechanisms for their trafficking through plasmodesmata, where a selective system exists to facilitate this process. Mobile transcription factors contribute to the diversity of the intercellular signalling network, which is also established by peptides, hormones, and RNAs. Crosstalk between mobile transcription factors and other intercellular molecules leads to the development of complex biological signalling networks in plants. The regulation of plasmodesmata appears to have been another major step in controlling the intercellular trafficking of transcription factors based on studies of many plasmodesmal components. Furthermore, diverse omics approaches are being successfully applied to explore a large number of candidate transcription factors as mobile signals in plants. Here, we review these fascinating discoveries to integrate current knowledge of non-cell-autonomous transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus/WCU Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju 660-701, Korea
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35
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Niehl A, Pasquier A, Ferriol I, Mély Y, Heinlein M. Comparison of the Oilseed rape mosaic virus and Tobacco mosaic virus movement proteins (MP) reveals common and dissimilar MP functions for tobamovirus spread. Virology 2014; 456-457:43-54. [PMID: 24889224 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a longstanding model for studying virus movement and macromolecular transport through plasmodesmata (PD). Its movement protein (MP) interacts with cortical microtubule (MT)-associated ER sites (C-MERs) to facilitate the formation and transport of ER-associated viral replication complexes (VRCs) along the ER-actin network towards PD. To investigate whether this movement mechanism might be conserved between tobamoviruses, we compared the functions of Oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) MP with those of MP(TMV). We show that MP(ORMV) supports TMV movement more efficiently than MP(TMV). Moreover, MP(ORMV) localizes to C-MERs like MP(TMV) but accumulates to lower levels and does not localize to larger inclusions/VRCs or along MTs, patterns regularly seen for MP(TMV). Our findings extend the role of C-MERs in viral cell-to-cell transport to a virus commonly used for functional genomics in Arabidopsis. Moreover, accumulation of tobamoviral MP in inclusions or along MTs is not required for virus movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Adrien Pasquier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Inmaculada Ferriol
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, CNRS (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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36
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Chen H, Jackson D, Kim JY. Identification of evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues in homeodomain of KNOX proteins for intercellular trafficking. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28355. [PMID: 24603432 PMCID: PMC4091555 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Maize knotted (KN1) homeodomain (HD) protein is a well-known mobile transcription factor crucial for stem cell maintenance. Recent studies have revealed that the trihelical HD of knotted1-like homeobox (KNOX) proteins is necessary and sufficient for selective cell-to-cell trafficking. Also, the efficient trafficking ability for HD is likely to be acquired during the evolution of early nonvascular land plants. Here, using the point-mutated HD of KN1 and shoot meristemless (STM) in the trichome rescue system, together with molecular structure modeling, we have found the evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues, such as arginine in helix α1 and leucine in helix α3, which are essential for intercellular trafficking. Our studies provided important clues for the 3-dimensional protein structure required for cell-to-cell movement of non-cell-autonomous transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus); Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju, Korea
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY USA
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus); Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju, Korea
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37
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Hamada T. Microtubule organization and microtubule-associated proteins in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 312:1-52. [PMID: 25262237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Plants have unique microtubule (MT) arrays, cortical MTs, preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and phragmoplast, in the processes of evolution. These MT arrays control the directions of cell division and expansion especially in plants and are essential for plant morphogenesis and developments. Organizations and functions of these MT arrays are accomplished by diverse MT-associated proteins (MAPs). This review introduces 10 of conserved MAPs in eukaryote such as γ-TuC, augmin, katanin, kinesin, EB1, CLASP, MOR1/MAP215, MAP65, TPX2, formin, and several plant-specific MAPs such as CSI1, SPR2, MAP70, WVD2/WDL, RIP/MIDD, SPR1, MAP18/PCaP, EDE1, and MAP190. Most of the studies cited in this review have been analyzed in the particular model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. The significant knowledge of A. thaliana is the important established base to understand MT organizations and functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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38
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Peña EJ, Heinlein M. Cortical microtubule-associated ER sites: organization centers of cell polarity and communication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:764-73. [PMID: 24269577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic cell growth and the ability of plant cells to communicate within and across the borders of cellular and supracellular domains depends on the ability of the cells to dynamically establish polarized networks able to deliver structural and informational macromolecules to distinct cellular sites. Studies of organelle movements and transport of endogenous and viral proteins suggest that organelle and macromolecular trafficking pathways involve transient or stable interactions with cortical microtubule-associated endoplasmic reticulum sites (C-MERs). The observations suggest that C-MERs may function as cortical hubs that organize cargo exchange between organelles and allow the recruitment, assembly, and subsequently site-specific delivery of macromolecular complexes. We propose that viruses interact with such hubs for replication and intercellular spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo José Peña
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg 67084, France
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39
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Root apex transition zone as oscillatory zone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:354. [PMID: 24106493 PMCID: PMC3788588 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root apex of higher plants shows very high sensitivity to environmental stimuli. The root cap acts as the most prominent plant sensory organ; sensing diverse physical parameters such as gravity, light, humidity, oxygen, and critical inorganic nutrients. However, the motoric responses to these stimuli are accomplished in the elongation region. This spatial discrepancy was solved when we have discovered and characterized the transition zone which is interpolated between the apical meristem and the subapical elongation zone. Cells of this zone are very active in the cytoskeletal rearrangements, endocytosis and endocytic vesicle recycling, as well as in electric activities. Here we discuss the oscillatory nature of the transition zone which, together with several other features of this zone, suggest that it acts as some kind of command center. In accordance with the early proposal of Charles and Francis Darwin, cells of this root zone receive sensory information from the root cap and instruct the motoric responses of cells in the elongation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Cell Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV – DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of FlorenceSesto Fiorentino, Italy
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40
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Liu L, Zhu Y, Shen L, Yu H. Emerging insights into florigen transport. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:607-13. [PMID: 23810436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The photoperiodic control of flowering in plants begins with the perception of seasonal changes in day length and consequential induction of a mobile floral stimulus in leaves. This stimulus called florigen is transported from leaves to the shoot apical meristem to provoke the initiation of floral meristems. Decades of efforts have identified that the proteins encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis and its orthologs in other plant species are part of the long-sought florigen. Emerging evidence suggests that long-distance transport of FT towards the shoot apical meristem occurs through the phloem in a regulated manner. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding florigen transport and discusses the proven and potential regulators required for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 10 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
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41
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Niehl A, Peña EJ, Amari K, Heinlein M. Microtubules in viral replication and transport. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:290-308. [PMID: 23379770 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses use and subvert host cell mechanisms to support their replication and spread between cells, tissues and organisms. Microtubules and associated motor proteins play important roles in these processes in animal systems, and may also play a role in plants. Although transport processes in plants are mostly actin based, studies, in particular with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and its movement protein (MP), indicate direct or indirect roles of microtubules in the cell-to-cell spread of infection. Detailed observations suggest that microtubules participate in the cortical anchorage of viral replication complexes, in guiding their trafficking along the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/actin network, and also in developing the complexes into virus factories. Microtubules also play a role in the plant-to-plant transmission of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) by assisting in the development of specific virus-induced inclusions that facilitate viral uptake by aphids. The involvement of microtubules in the formation of virus factories and of other virus-induced inclusions suggests the existence of aggresomal pathways by which plant cells recruit membranes and proteins into localized macromolecular assemblies. Although studies related to the involvement of microtubules in the interaction of viruses with plants focus on specific virus models, a number of observations with other virus species suggest that microtubules may have a widespread role in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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