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Villadiego J, García-Swinburn R, García-González D, Lebrón-Galán R, Murcia-Belmonte V, García-Roldán E, Suárez-Luna N, Nombela C, Marchena M, de Castro F, Toledo-Aral JJ. Extracellular matrix protein anosmin-1 overexpression alters dopaminergic phenotype in the CNS and the PNS with no pathogenic consequences in a MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:907-920. [PMID: 36995433 PMCID: PMC10147818 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The development and survival of dopaminergic neurons are influenced by the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway. Anosmin-1 (A1) is an extracellular matrix protein that acts as a major regulator of this signaling pathway, controlling FGF diffusion, and receptor interaction and shuttling. In particular, previous work showed that A1 overexpression results in more dopaminergic neurons in the olfactory bulb. Prompted by those intriguing results, in this study, we investigated the effects of A1 overexpression on different populations of catecholaminergic neurons in the central (CNS) and the peripheral nervous systems (PNS). We found that A1 overexpression increases the number of dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons and alters the striosome/matrix organization of the striatum. Interestingly, these numerical and morphological changes in the nigrostriatal pathway of A1-mice did not confer an altered susceptibility to experimental MPTP-parkinsonism with respect to wild-type controls. Moreover, the study of the effects of A1 overexpression was extended to different dopaminergic tissues associated with the PNS, detecting a significant reduction in the number of dopaminergic chemosensitive carotid body glomus cells in A1-mice. Overall, our work shows that A1 regulates the development and survival of dopaminergic neurons in different nuclei of the mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Villadiego
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto García-Swinburn
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diego García-González
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Verónica Murcia-Belmonte
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071, Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Sant Joan d´Alacant, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ernesto García-Roldán
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Sevilla, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nela Suárez-Luna
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Nombela
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Marchena
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Europea de Madrid-UEM, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan José Toledo-Aral
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Sevilla, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Protection and Repair of the Nigrostriatal Pathway with Stem-Cell-Derived Carotid Body Glomus Cell Transplants in Chronic MPTP Parkinsonian Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065575. [PMID: 36982650 PMCID: PMC10057403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiparkinsonian carotid body (CB) cell therapy has been proven to be effective in rodent and nonhuman primate models of Parkinson’s disease (PD), exerting trophic protection and restoration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. These neurotrophic actions are mediated through the release of high levels of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) by the CB transplant. Pilot clinical trials have also shown that CB autotransplantation can improve motor symptoms in PD patients, although its effectiveness is affected by the scarcity of the grafted tissue. Here, we analyzed the antiparkinsonian efficacy of in vitro-expanded CB dopaminergic glomus cells. Intrastriatal xenografts of rat CB neurospheres were shown to protect nigral neurons from degeneration in a chronic MPTP mouse PD model. In addition, grafts performed at the end of the neurotoxic treatment resulted in the repair of striatal dopaminergic terminals through axonal sprouting. Interestingly, both neuroprotective and reparative effects induced by in vitro-expanded CB cells were similar to those previously reported by the use of CB transplants. This action could be explained because stem-cell-derived CB neurospheres produce similar amounts of GDNF compared to native CB tissue. This study provides the first evidence that in vitro-expanded CB cells could be a clinical option for cell therapy in PD.
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Embryoid Body Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Overexpressing Dopaminergic Transcription Factors Survive and Initiate Neurogenesis via Neural Rosettes in the Substantia Nigra. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020329. [PMID: 36831872 PMCID: PMC9954545 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of immature dopaminergic neurons or neural precursors derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is a potential therapeutic approach for functional restitution of the nigrostriatal pathway in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, further studies are needed to understand the effects of the local microenvironment on the transplanted cells to improve survival and specific differentiation in situ. We have previously reported that the adult SNpc sustains a neurogenic microenvironment. Non-neuralized embryoid body cells (EBCs) from mouse ESCs (mESCs) overexpressing the dopaminergic transcription factor Lmx1a gave rise to many tyrosine hydroxylase (Th+) cells in the intact and damaged adult SNpc, although only for a short-term period. Here, we extended our study by transplanting EBCs from genetically engineered naive human ESC (hESC), overexpressing the dopaminergic transcription factors LMX1A, FOXA2, and OTX2 (hESC-LFO), in the SNpc. Unexpectedly, no graft survival was observed in wild-type hESC EBCs transplants, whereas hESC-LFO EBCs showed viability in the SNpc. Interestingly, neural rosettes, a developmental hallmark of neuroepithelial tissue, emerged at 7- and 15-days post-transplantation (dpt) from the hESC-LFO EBCs. Neural rosettes expressed specification dopaminergic markers (Lmx1a, Otx2), which gave rise to several Th+ cells at 30 dpt. Our results suggest that the SNpc enables the robust initiation of neural differentiation of transplanted human EBCs prompted to differentiate toward the midbrain dopaminergic phenotype.
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Villadiego J, García-Arriaza J, Ramírez-Lorca R, García-Swinburn R, Cabello-Rivera D, Rosales-Nieves AE, Álvarez-Vergara MI, Cala-Fernández F, García-Roldán E, López-Ogáyar JL, Zamora C, Astorgano D, Albericio G, Pérez P, Muñoz-Cabello AM, Pascual A, Esteban M, López-Barneo J, Toledo-Aral JJ. Full protection from SARS-CoV-2 brain infection and damage in susceptible transgenic mice conferred by MVA-CoV2-S vaccine candidate. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:226-238. [PMID: 36624276 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to be safe and effective but their protective efficacy against infection in the brain is yet unclear. Here, in the susceptible transgenic K18-hACE2 mouse model of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we report a spatiotemporal description of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication through the brain. SARS-CoV-2 brain replication occurs primarily in neurons, leading to neuronal loss, signs of glial activation and vascular damage in mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. One or two doses of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (MVA-CoV2-S) conferred full protection against SARS-CoV-2 cerebral infection, preventing virus replication in all areas of the brain and its associated damage. This protection was maintained even after SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. These findings further support the use of MVA-CoV2-S as a promising vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Villadiego
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Reposo Ramírez-Lorca
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roberto García-Swinburn
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Cabello-Rivera
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia E Rosales-Nieves
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Álvarez-Vergara
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Cala-Fernández
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ernesto García-Roldán
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan L López-Ogáyar
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Zamora
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Astorgano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Albericio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Muñoz-Cabello
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Pascual
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Toledo-Aral
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.
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Trillo-Contreras JL, Toledo-Aral JJ, Villadiego J, Echevarría M. Aquaporin-4 Mediates Permanent Brain Alterations in a Mouse Model of Hypoxia-Aged Hydrocephalus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189745. [PMID: 34575909 PMCID: PMC8471142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the principal water channel in the brain being expressed in astrocytes and ependymal cells. AQP4 plays an important role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, and alterations in its expression have been associated with hydrocephalus. AQP4 contributes to the development of hydrocephalus by hypoxia in aged mice, reproducing such principal characteristics of the disease. Here, we explore whether these alterations associated with the hydrocephalic state are permanent or can be reverted by reexposure to normoxia. Alterations such as ventriculomegaly, elevated intracranial pressure, and cognitive deficits were reversed, whereas deficits in CSF outflow and ventricular distensibility were not recovered, remaining impaired even one month after reestablishment of normoxia. Interestingly, in AQP4−/− mice, the impairment in CSF drainage and ventricular distensibility was completely reverted by re-normoxia, indicating that AQP4 has a structural role in the chronification of those alterations. Finally, we show that aged mice subjected to two hypoxic episodes experience permanent ventriculomegaly. These data reveal that repetitive hypoxic events in aged cerebral tissue promote the permanent alterations involved in hydrocephalic pathophysiology, which are dependent on AQP4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Trillo-Contreras
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville-IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.L.T.-C.); (J.J.T.-A.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Juan José Toledo-Aral
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville-IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.L.T.-C.); (J.J.T.-A.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Villadiego
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville-IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.L.T.-C.); (J.J.T.-A.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (M.E.); Tel.: +34-955-920-034 (J.V.); +34-955-920-036 (M.E.)
| | - Miriam Echevarría
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville-IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.L.T.-C.); (J.J.T.-A.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (M.E.); Tel.: +34-955-920-034 (J.V.); +34-955-920-036 (M.E.)
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Lo PC, Maeda A, Kodama T, Takakura C, Yoneyama T, Sakai R, Noguchi Y, Matsuura R, Eguchi H, Matsunami K, Okuyama H, Miyagawa S. The novel immunosuppressant prenylated quinolinecarboxylic acid-18 (PQA-18) suppresses macrophage differentiation and cytotoxicity in xenotransplantation. Immunobiology 2019; 224:575-584. [PMID: 30967296 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a major role in xenograft rejection. However, the majority of immunosuppressants focus on inhibiting acquired immunity and not innate immunity. Therefore, a novel immunosuppressant suitable for use in conjunction with xenografts continues to be needed. It has been reported that prenylated quinolinecarboxylic acid-18 (PQA-18), a p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) inhibitor, exerts an immunosuppressive function on T cells. Hence, the possibility exists that PQA-18 might be used in conjunction with xenografts, which prompted us to investigate the efficacy of PQA-18 on macrophages compared with Tofacitinib, a janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. Initial experiments confirmed that PQA-18 is non-toxic to swine endothelial cells (SECs) and human monocytes. Both PQA-18 and Tofacitinib suppressed macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity in both the differentiation and effector phases. Both PQA-18 and tofacitinib suppressed the expression of HLA-ABC by macrophages. However, contrary to Tofacitinib, PQA-18 also significantly suppressed the expression of CD11b, HLA-DR and CD40 on macrophages. PQA-18 significantly suppressed CCR7 expression on day 3 and on day 6, but Tofacitinib-induced suppression only on day 6. In a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay, PQA-18 was found to suppress Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-stimulated T cell proliferation to a lesser extent than Tofacitinib. However, PQA-18 suppressed xenogeneic-induced T cell proliferation more strongly than Tofacitinib on day 3 and the suppression was similar on day 7. In conclusion, PQA-18 has the potential to function as an immunosuppressant for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Lo
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Akira Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan.
| | - Tasuku Kodama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Chihiro Takakura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yoneyama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Rieko Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Yuki Noguchi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Rei Matsuura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Hiroshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | | | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
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AQP1 and AQP4 Contribution to Cerebrospinal Fluid Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020197. [PMID: 30813473 PMCID: PMC6406452 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 1 (AQP1), expressed in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) present in ependymal cells and glia limitants have been proposed to play a significant role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and homeostasis. However, the specific contribution of each water channel to these functions remains unknown, being a subject of debate during the last years. Here, we analyzed in detail how AQP1 and AQP4 participate in different aspects of the CSF homeostasis such as the load and drainage of ventricles, and further explored if these proteins play a role in the ventricular compliance. To do that, we carried out records of intraventricular pressure and CSF outflow, and evaluated ventricular volume by magnetic resonance imaging in AQP1−/−, AQP4−/−, double AQP1−/−-AQP4−/− knock out and wild type mice controls. The analysis performed clearly showed that both AQPs have a significant participation in the CSF production, and additionally revealed that the double AQP1-AQP4 mutation alters the CSF drainage and the ventricular compliance. The data reported here indicate a significant extra-choroidal CSF formation mediated by AQP4, supporting the idea of an important and constant CSF production/absorption process, sustained by efflux/influx of water between brain capillaries and interstitial fluid. Moreover, our results suggest the participation of AQPs in structural functions also related with CSF homeostasis such as the distensibility capacity of the ventricular system.
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Levy HE, Burlak C. Xenotransplantation literature update, November/December 2018. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12494. [PMID: 30697828 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Levy
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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