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Li Z, Yan J, Bian Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Deng J, Deng B, Han S. Protective effect of chicken yolk antibody Y against Campylobacter jejuni induced diarrhea in cats. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1378029. [PMID: 38655089 PMCID: PMC11037399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1378029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a common pathogen that often causes diarrhea, loss of appetite, and even enteritis in domestic cats, affecting their growth and development, especially in kittens under 6 months of age. Oral passive immunization with chicken yolk antibody Y has been proved effective for the treatment of gastrointestinal pathogen infections due to its high specificity. In this study, C. jejuni was isolated from diarrheal cat feces, and the specific egg yolk antibody Y against C. jejuni was demonstrated to effectively inhibit its proliferation in vitro experiments. To evaluate the effect of anti-C. jejuni IgY, the mouse C. jejuni infection model was established and it was found that IgY could alleviate C. jejuni-induced clinical symptoms. Consistent with these results, the reduction of pro-inflammatory factors and intestinal colonization by C. jejuni in the IgY-treated groups, especially in the high dose group. We then evaluated the protective effect of IgY on young Ragdoll cats infected with C. jejuni. This specific antibody reduced the rate of feline diarrhea, protected the growth of young cats, inhibited systemic inflammatory hyperactivation, and increased fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations. Notably, IgY may have a protective role by changing intestinal amino acid metabolism and affecting C. jejuni chemotaxis. Collectively, specific IgY is a promising therapeutic strategy for C. jejuni-induced cat diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sufang Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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O’Halloran C, Cerna P, Barnicoat R, Caney SMA, Gunn-Moore DA. How and why pet cats are fed the way they are: a self-reported owner survey. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231209894. [PMID: 38381461 PMCID: PMC10911312 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231209894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study used an owner-directed online questionnaire to collect data regarding their food and water provision for their pet cats. The survey was conducted in 2019. METHODS The anonymous online 30-question survey was available via vetprofessionals.com. RESULTS A total of 1172 cat owners fully completed the questionnaire. The respondents each owned a median of two cats (range 1-6). They reported being most strongly motivated to feed a particular ration because of palatability, observed and/or expected health benefits, or that the diet was/is perceived as 'natural'. The majority of owners (n = 946, 80.7%) fed their cats exclusively a commercially purchased complete wet food, dry kibble diet or mixture of both. Compared with a previous (unpublished) survey conducted by the same authors in 2013,1 there were substantial increases in the number of owners feeding therapeutic diets (26.6% vs 0.7%) and the inclusion of raw meat in cats' rations (15.6% vs 3.7%). The proportion of respondents providing at least one feeding station per cat was 83.1%, with significant use of enrichment feeding methods (29.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Veterinarians need to be aware of changing trends in cat feeding to provide owners with appropriate support. Veterinary advice was frequently sought by owners and can be used as an opportunity to improve cat health and welfare, particularly in multi-cat households, but was not often influential to client decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O’Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Petra Cerna
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Sarah MA Caney
- Vet Professionals Ltd, Midlothian Innovation Centre, Roslin, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
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3
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Morgan G, Pinchbeck G, Taymaz E, Chattaway MA, Schmidt V, Williams N. An investigation of the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae in raw and cooked kibble diets for dogs in the United Kingdom. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1301841. [PMID: 38260907 PMCID: PMC10800874 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1301841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Raw meat diets (RMD) for dogs are an increasingly popular alternative pet food choice, however studies worldwide have demonstrated them to be contaminated with zoonotic and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, including bacteria resistant to critically important antibiotics. Despite this, few data exist surrounding the presence of these bacteria in RMD in the United Kingdom. The present study aimed to identify the most commonly selected RMD and non-raw diets (NRMD) by United Kingdom dog owners. Additionally, it investigated the presence of AMR-Enterobacteriaceae in samples of pre-prepared RMD and cooked commercial kibble dog foods. An online survey investigating diet preferences of United Kingdom dog owners was open for 6 weeks between February-March 2020. From this, the top 10 brands of pre-prepared raw and cooked kibble diets were ascertained and 134 samples purchased (110 RMD, 24 kibble) and subjected to microbiological testing. Bacterial enumeration of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae was undertaken, and the presence of Salmonella spp. and AMR-E. coli within samples determined. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken on Salmonella spp. and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Pre-prepared RMD was most commonly selected by dog owners who fed RMD, and cooked commercial complete dry food was most frequently fed by owners who fed NRMD. Damaged and leaking packaging was observed in samples of RMD, alongside variability in information provided surrounding product traceability. Counts of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae exceeding >5,000 CFU/g were identified in samples of RMD. AMR-, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and 3GCR-E. coli was isolated from 39, 14 and 16% of RMD samples, respectively. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Of the ESBL encoding genes, blaCTX-M-15 was most commonly identified. S. enterica was isolated from 5% of RMD samples. No Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from any of the cooked kibble samples. The present study suggests that pre-prepared RMD available for dogs in the United Kingdom can be contaminated with zoonotic and AMR-Enterobacteriaceae. RMDs, therefore, are potentially an important One Health concern. Veterinary and medical professionals, pet food retailers and pet owners should be aware of these risks; and stringent hygiene measures should be practiced if owners choose to feed RMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Eda Taymaz
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Yildiz M, Sahin O, Adiguzel MC. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species in shelter-housed healthy and diarrheic cats and dogs in Turkey. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1327. [PMID: 37990962 PMCID: PMC10766042 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter spp. are among the leading foodborne bacterial pathogens. Pet animals may be an important reservoir for human infection. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles and mechanisms of Campylobacter isolates recovered from shelter-housed healthy and diarrheic cats and dogs in Erzurum province in Turkey. METHODS A total of 250 rectal swabs (from 124 cats and 126 dogs) collected between 2020 and 2021 were included in this study. The samples were cultured using a Campylobacter-selective agar medium. A single suspect colony from each plate was purified and species identification was performed by PCR. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined against eight antibiotics. Specific antimicrobial resistance genes (tetO and aphA-3) and mutations (in gyrA) were screened by PCR and/or sequencing. RESULTS A total of 26 (10.4%) isolates (25 Campylobacter jejuni and 1 Campylobacter coli) were obtained from the dogs; no Campylobacter was isolated from the cats. Of the C. jejuni isolates, 19.2% were resistant to nalidixic acid, 7.7% to ciprofloxacin and 3.8% to tetracycline and gentamicin per the CLSI interpretative criteria. The C. coli isolate was susceptible to all of the tested antibiotics. Thr-86-Ile mutation was the most common change detected in the gyrA gene in the quinolone-resistant isolates. CONCLUSION While geographic and population differences exist, Campylobacter carriage and associated antibiotic resistance in dogs is common, emphasising the need for continuous surveillance in this species, particularly given its zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yildiz
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of MicrobiologyAtaturk UniversityErzurumTurkey
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Mehmet Cemal Adiguzel
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of MicrobiologyAtaturk UniversityErzurumTurkey
- Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Product Development Application and Research CenterAtaturk UniversityErzurumTurkey
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Ghssein G, Barakat R, Nehme N, Awada R, Hassan HF. Fecal prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in house dogs in Lebanon: A pilot study. Vet World 2023; 16:2250-2255. [PMID: 38152257 PMCID: PMC10750756 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2250-2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Campylobacter spp. are Gram-negative bacilli that are widely recognized as a primary cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Campylobacteriosis is the disease caused by this pathogen. Recently, greater attention has been given to the prevalence of campylobacteriosis in different animals, including pets. These animals are considered to be significant reservoirs for this zoonosis. In Lebanon, the occurrence of Campylobacter infection is high. Our first-of-its-kind pilot study in Lebanon aimed to estimate the fecal prevalence of Campylobacter species in house dogs. Materials and Methods Thirty-five rectal swabs were collected from male and female house dogs of different ages, both with or without diarrhea. Samples obtained from the dogs were subjected to qualitative microbiological culture testing and molecular diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction assays after bacterial DNA extraction. Results Fecal prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in house dogs in this study was 17%. There was a relatively higher prevalence among young females and a significant difference between healthy dogs and those suffering from diarrhea. Conclusion Campylobacteriosis was found to be prevalent among house dogs in Lebanon, making them potential carriers of Campylobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Ghssein
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Barakat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Nehme
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Rana Awada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein F. Hassan
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Wang H, Li Y, Gu Y, Zhou G, Chen X, Zhang X, Shao Z, Zhang J, Zhang M. Isolation and Genomic Characteristics of Cat-Borne Campylobacter felis sp. nov. and Sheep-Borne Campylobacter ovis sp. nov. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040971. [PMID: 37110394 PMCID: PMC10145079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine novel bacterial strains were isolated from the feces of cats and sheep in 2019 and 2020 in Beijing, China. Cells were 1-3 μm long and ≤0.5 μm wide, Gram-stain negative, microaerobic, motile, oxidase positive, and urease negative. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these nine isolates belong to the genus Campylobacter but formed two robust clades that were clearly separate from the currently recognized species and, respectively, isolated from the cat and sheep. Both these strains shared low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, dDDH relatedness, and ANI values with their closest species C. upsaliensis CCUG 14913T and C. lanienae NCTC 13004T, and against each other, which are below the cut-off values generally recognized for isolates of the same species. The genomic DNA G + C contents of type strains XJK22-1T and SYS25-1T were 34.99 mol% and 32.43 mol%, respectively. Electron microscopy showed that these cells were spiral shaped, with bipolar single flagella. Based on results from genotypic, phenotypic, phylogenetic, and phylogenomic analyses, these nine strains represent two novel species within the genus Campylobacter, for which the names Campylobacter felis sp. nov. (Type strain XJK22-1T = GDMCC 1.3684T = JCM 35847T) and Campylobacter ovis sp. nov. (Type strain SYS25-1T = GDMCC 1.3685T) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ying Li
- Shunyi District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 101320, China
| | - Yixin Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guilan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhujun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Maojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
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Awada R, Ghssein G, El Roz A, Farhat M, Nehme N, Hassan HF. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers in North Lebanon. Vet World 2023; 16:322-328. [PMID: 37041998 PMCID: PMC10082710 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.322-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Great attention has been given recently to the prevalence of different Campylobacter spp. in poultry since the latter are considered the major contributing reservoir of human campylobacteriosis. In Lebanon, the occurrence of campylobacteriosis in humans is high. The aim of our first-of-its-kind study in the country was to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers from a convenient sample of farms in North Lebanon.
Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-five fecal samples were collected from 25 broiler farms, which were selected, examined, and classified according to their biosecurity level and rearing system. All samples were subjected to qualitative microbiological culture testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect Campylobacter spp.
Results: Despite the reported use of antibiotics, cell culture and PCR were positive for 44% and 88%, respectively. This implies that this bacterium is resistant to antibiotics used on the farms. Furthermore, Campylobacter infection rate was higher in open (92%) than in closed (85%) system farms. All farms with poor biosecurity measures, and 82% of farms with good biosecurity measures had Campylobacter infections, and the difference was significant (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our results show that campylobacteriosis was found prevalent among broilers in North Lebanon, making them potential carriers of Campylobacter spp. Future studies should include antibiotic susceptibility testing to check the susceptibility pattern of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Awada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Ghssein
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali El Roz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mona Farhat
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Nehme
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Hussein F. Hassan
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Garrigues Q, Apper E, Chastant S, Mila H. Gut microbiota development in the growing dog: A dynamic process influenced by maternal, environmental and host factors. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:964649. [PMID: 36118341 PMCID: PMC9478664 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.964649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract play a crucial role in the health, metabolism and development of their host by modulating vital functions such as digestion, production of key metabolites or stimulation of the immune system. This review aims to provide an overview on the current knowledge of factors shaping the gut microbiota of young dogs. The composition of the gut microbiota is modulated by many intrinsic (i.e., age, physiology, pathology) and extrinsic factors (i.e., nutrition, environment, medication) which can cause both beneficial and harmful effects depending on the nature of the changes. The composition of the gut microbiota is quickly evolving during the early development of the dog, and some crucial bacteria, mostly anaerobic, progressively colonize the gut before the puppy reaches adulthood. Those bacterial communities are of paramount importance for the host health, with disturbance in their composition potentially leading to altered metabolic states such as acute diarrhea or inflammatory bowel disease. While many studies focused on the microbiota of young children, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the development of gut microbiota in puppies. Understanding this early evolution is becoming a key aspect to improve dogs' short and long-term health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Garrigues
- NeoCare, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Quentin Garrigues
| | | | | | - Hanna Mila
- NeoCare, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Murawska M, Sypecka M, Bartosik J, Kwiecień E, Rzewuska M, Sałamaszyńska-Guz A. Should We Consider Them as a Threat? Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Potential and Genetic Diversity of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Varsovian Dogs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070964. [PMID: 35884218 PMCID: PMC9311969 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis seems to be a growing problem worldwide. Apart from the most common sources of numerous Campylobacter species, such as poultry and other farm animals, dogs may be an underrated reservoir of this pathogen. Our goal was to establish the frequency of occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, and detection of chosen virulence factor genes in genomes of canine Campylobacter isolates. Campylobacter isolates frequency in dogs from shelters, and private origin was 13%. All of the tested virulence factor genes were found in 28 of 31 isolates. We determined high resistance levels to the ciprofloxacin and ampicillin and moderate tetracycline resistance. For C. jejuni shelter isolates, genetic diversity was also determined using PFGE. Our results indicate that dogs may be the reservoir of potentially diverse, potentially virulent, and antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Murawska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (E.K.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.S.-G.)
| | - Monika Sypecka
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Justyna Bartosik
- Division of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Kwiecień
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (E.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Magdalena Rzewuska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (E.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Agnieszka Sałamaszyńska-Guz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (E.K.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.S.-G.)
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10
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Cribb DM, Varrone L, Wallace RL, McLure AT, Smith JJ, Stafford RJ, Bulach DM, Selvey LA, Firestone SM, French NP, Valcanis M, Fearnley EJ, Sloan-Gardner TS, Graham T, Glass K, Kirk MD. Risk factors for campylobacteriosis in Australia: outcomes of a 2018-2019 case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:586. [PMID: 35773664 PMCID: PMC9245254 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify risk factors for sporadic campylobacteriosis in Australia, and to compare these for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections. METHODS In a multi-jurisdictional case-control study, we recruited culture-confirmed cases of campylobacteriosis reported to state and territory health departments from February 2018 through October 2019. We recruited controls from notified influenza cases in the previous 12 months that were frequency matched to cases by age group, sex, and location. Campylobacter isolates were confirmed to species level by public health laboratories using molecular methods. We conducted backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression to identify significant risk factors. RESULTS We recruited 571 cases of campylobacteriosis (422 C. jejuni and 84 C. coli) and 586 controls. Important risk factors for campylobacteriosis included eating undercooked chicken (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 70, 95% CI 13-1296) or cooked chicken (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8), owning a pet dog aged < 6 months (aOR 6.4, 95% CI 3.4-12), and the regular use of proton-pump inhibitors in the 4 weeks prior to illness (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.9-4.3). Risk factors remained similar when analysed specifically for C. jejuni infection. Unique risks for C. coli infection included eating chicken pâté (aOR 6.1, 95% CI 1.5-25) and delicatessen meats (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0-3.3). Eating any chicken carried a high population attributable fraction for campylobacteriosis of 42% (95% CI 13-68), while the attributable fraction for proton-pump inhibitors was 13% (95% CI 8.3-18) and owning a pet dog aged < 6 months was 9.6% (95% CI 6.5-13). The population attributable fractions for these variables were similar when analysed by campylobacter species. Eating delicatessen meats was attributed to 31% (95% CI 0.0-54) of cases for C. coli and eating chicken pâté was attributed to 6.0% (95% CI 0.0-11). CONCLUSIONS The main risk factor for campylobacteriosis in Australia is consumption of chicken meat. However, contact with young pet dogs may also be an important source of infection. Proton-pump inhibitors are likely to increase vulnerability to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Cribb
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Liana Varrone
- Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rhiannon L Wallace
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Angus T McLure
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - James J Smith
- Food Safety Standards and Regulation, Health Protection Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Russell J Stafford
- OzFoodNet, Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Linda A Selvey
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Nigel P French
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Emily J Fearnley
- OzFoodNet, Government of South Australia, Department for Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, SK, Australia
| | | | - Trudy Graham
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Martyn D Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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McDonnell S, Gutierrez M, Leonard FC, O'Brien T, Kearney P, Swan C, Madigan G, Bracken E, McLernon J, Griffin M, O'Sullivan CM, Egan J, Prendergast DM. A survey of food-borne and antimicrobial resistance-harbouring bacteria in meat by-products from knackeries and associated equipment and kennels. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:9. [PMID: 35538509 PMCID: PMC9088083 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ireland, meat by-products (MBP) harvested at knackeries from farmed animals that have not died of an infectious or systemic disease are legally permitted to be fed to dogs in kennels and packs of hounds. There is limited information available on the risks of spreading foodborne bacteria or antimicrobial resistant (AMR) determinants to dogs, their handlers or the associated environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of Salmonella serovars, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter species, enterococci, their associated AMR determinants and the level of Escherichia coli in samples of MBP from knackeries and associated equipment and kennels. For this purpose, 313 fresh and 208 frozen MBP samples from 22 knackeries, 16 swabs of mincing equipment from two of the knackeries and 138 swabs from kennels adjacent to seven of the knackeries were collected and processed over a 12-month period. Results From the 521 MBP samples analysed, a total of 77 Salmonella (14.8%), 101 L. monocytogenes (19.4%), 12 Campylobacter (2.3%), 271 Enterococcus faecalis (52.0%) and 127 Enterococcus faecium (24.4%) strains were recovered. The 154 analysed environmental samples from kennels and mincing equipment yielded 194 isolates (3 Salmonella, 85 E. coli, 76 E. faecalis and 30 E. faecium.). E. coli was quantifiable in 423 of the 521 MBP samples with log counts per gram ranging between 1 and 6. AMR characterisation of 168 E. coli, enterococci and Salmonella isolates from MBP and environmental samples showed high levels of AMR including multi-drug resistance (MDR) with 63.6%, 9.1%, 29% and 45.8% of E. coli, Salmonella, E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively showing resistance to three or more antimicrobials (MDR) Conclusions The findings of this survey confirm that MBP from fallen animals contain high levels of zoonotic and AMR-harbouring bacteria that pose a risk of transmission to dogs, their handlers, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McDonnell
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tony O'Brien
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Pat Kearney
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Catherine Swan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gillian Madigan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Elaine Bracken
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Joanne McLernon
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Margaret Griffin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ciaran M O'Sullivan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Egan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Prendergast
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland.
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12
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Groat EF, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck G, Warner B, Simpson A, Schmidt VM. UK dogs eating raw meat diets have higher risk of Salmonella and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli faecal carriage. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:435-441. [PMID: 35191029 PMCID: PMC9305152 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To compare detection of Salmonella species and antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli in the faeces of dogs eating raw meat or non‐raw diets and examine risk factors for their carriage. Materials and Methods Canine faecal samples (raw fed n=114; non‐raw fed n=76) were collected from May to July 2015 from across the UK. Enrichment and selective culture and biochemical and PCR assays were used to identify isolates. Escherichia coli underwent susceptibility testing to a range of antimicrobials, including third‐generation cephalosporins; PCR assays were used to detect antimicrobial‐resistant genes. Questionnaires were used to collect data on independent variables as risks for antimicrobial‐resistant (resistant to ≥1 tested antimicrobial), multi‐drug‐resistant (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) and third‐generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli. Results Antimicrobial‐resistant, multi‐drug‐resistant and third‐generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli were significantly more likely to be detected in raw fed (54, 25 and 31%, respectively) compared to non‐raw fed (17, 4 and 4%, respectively) dogs; Salmonella species were detected in eight (4%) raw fed dogs only. Clinical Significance Raw fed dogs may be a source of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli, resistant to highest priority critically important antimicrobials, representing a potential animal welfare and public health issue. Owners should be aware of the risks, especially households with members, both human and canine, who are very young, elderly or immunocompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Groat
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Pinchbeck
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Warner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Simpson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - V M Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Wales A, Davies R. How to talk to clients about giving raw food diets to their dogs and cats. IN PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Tanprasertsuk J, Shmalberg J, Maughan H, Tate DE, Perry LM, Jha AR, Honaker RW. Heterogeneity of gut microbial responses in healthy household dogs transitioning from an extruded to a mildly cooked diet. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11648. [PMID: 34249503 PMCID: PMC8254476 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota (GM) is associated with canine health and can be impacted by diet. Dog owners in the U.S. have increasingly shown an interest in feeding their dogs a mildly cooked (MC) diet. However, its impact on canine GM and health remains largely unknown. Methods Healthy household dogs were tracked upon switching from various brands of extruded to MC diets for four weeks. A health assessment was completed and stool samples were collected by each owner before (day 0) and after the diet transition (day 28). Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed at both time points to characterize the GM. Results Dogs completed the study by either completing the health assessments (n = 31) or providing stool samples at both time points (n = 28). All owners reported either better or no change in overall health at the end of the study (61% and 39%, respectively), and none reported worse overall health. Defecation frequency was also reported to be lower (58%) or about the same (35%). Principal coordinate (PCo) analysis showed a significant shift (p = 0.004) in the β-diversity of the GM upon diet transition (34.2% and 10.3% explained by the first two axes). The abundances of 70 species increased after the diet change (adjusted p < 0.05), 67% and 24% of which belonged to the Lactobacillales and the Enterobacterales orders respectively. The abundances of 28 species decreased (adjusted p < 0.05), 46%, 18%, and 11% of which belonged to the Clostridiales, Bacillales, and Bacteroidales orders, respectively. Lower Lactobacillales and Enterobacterales, and higher Bacteroidales at baseline were associated with a greater shift along the PCo1 axis. Protein content of the baseline diet was correlated with the shift along the PCo1 axis (ρ = 0.67, p = 0.006). Conclusion Owners reported either improvement or no change in health in dogs transitioning from extruded kibble to MC diets for 4 weeks, but this report of health perception requires further exploration in a controlled trial. Diet change also led to a significant shift in the GM profile of healthy dogs. The magnitude of shift was associated with baseline GM and dietary protein, and warrants further examination of individualized responses and personalized nutrition in companion dogs. These results also support future investigation of the impact of a MC diet on health maintenance given its increasing popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Shmalberg
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Heather Maughan
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Ronin Institute, Montclair, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Devon E Tate
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - LeeAnn M Perry
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aashish R Jha
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Genetic Heritage Group, Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ryan W Honaker
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Abdelmageed HA, Mandour AS, El Gedawy AA, Fawzy M, Furuya T, Ezzat M. Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from dogs and humans using flaA-SVR fragment sequencing in Ismailia, Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 77:101675. [PMID: 34098505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dogs are known as asymptomatic carriers forCampylobacter jejuni. The number of pet dogs is increasing in Egypt in the last decade. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the frequency ofC. jejuni infection in dogs and humans, molecular typing of associated virulence genes, and flaA-SVR gene using sequencing. METHODOLOGY 152 unpaired fecal swabs from dogs (n = 72) and humans (80) were examined for the presence of C. jejuni and Campylobacter 23S rRNA, and the pathogenicity genes including mapA genes, virB11, flaA, wlaN, iam, tetO, and aadA genes. Sequencing of the flaA- amplicon was also performed for the representative isolates. RESULTS The isolation rate ofC. jejuni was 20.8 % and 31.2 %, respectively in dogs and humans, and all isolates were tested positive for 23S rRNA and mapA genes. C. jejuni harbor virB11 and wlaN (20 %, 0%), iam (10 %, 20 %), tetO and aadA1 (40 %, both), and flaA (40 %, 20 %) in human and dog strains, respectively. The flaA-SVR sequences revealed high identity between human and dog isolates (94.8 %), but revealed 18 substitutions in the amino acid sequence, and showed that the dog and human C. jejuni were close to strains isolated from human and poultry sources. CONCLUSION this study demonstrated the comparative sequence analysis ofC. jejuni flaA-SVR fragment in dogs and some Egyptians, which indicated a high identity percentage between them. The results suggest that C. jejuni reservoirs dogs is an alarming public health concern and effective hygienic measures are necessary for house-holding pets to prevent C. jejuni zoonosis in Egypt's community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend A Abdelmageed
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Ismailia lab, First District, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ahmed S Mandour
- Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ring road, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Attia A El Gedawy
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Ezzat
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ring road, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Abstract
Veterinarians are faced with the challenge of understanding and discussing the wide array of commercial pet foods with their clients. To promote these discussions, a pet food processing categorization system is applied to define familiar heat processed dry and can pet foods as ultra-processed commercial diets (UPCD) and other less processed diets as minimally processed commercial diets. A review of the FDA pet food recalls on commercial diets are used to discuss well-known health risks, such as nutritional imbalances, bacterial pathogens, aflatoxin, and toxic contaminations. A less-known concern of advanced glycation end products found in UPCDs is presented.
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17
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Parisi A, Chiara M, Caffara M, Mion D, Miller WG, Caruso M, Manzari C, Florio D, Capozzi L, D'Erchia AM, Manzulli V, Zanoni RG. Campylobacter vulpis sp. nov. isolated from wild red foxes. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126204. [PMID: 33895623 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During a sampling of wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for the detection of Epsilonproteobacteria, 14 strains were isolated from the caecal contents of 14 epidemiologically-unrelated animals. A genus-specific PCR indicated that the isolates belonged to the genus Campylobacter. Based on the results of a species-specific PCR, the isolates were initially identified as C. upsaliensis. However, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that the isolates were significantly different from the C. upsaliensis present in the MLST database. A polyphasic study, including conventional biochemical and tolerance characteristics, morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), MALDI-TOF analysis, and genetic comparisons based on partial 16S rDNA and atpA gene sequences, was undertaken. Finally, the complete genome sequence of the type strain 251/13T and the draft genome sequences of the other isolates were determined. Average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization analyses confirmed that the isolates represent a novel taxon for which the name Campylobacter vulpis sp. nov. is proposed, with isolate 251/13T (=CCUG 70587T = LMG 30110T) as the type strain. In order to allow a rapid discrimination of C. vulpis from the closely-related C. upsaliensis, a specific PCR test was designed, based on atpA gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Parisi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Matteo Chiara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Mion
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - William G Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Marta Caruso
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola 165A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola 165A, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Manzulli
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Renato Giulio Zanoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Gharibi D, Mosallanejad B, Avizeh R, Feyzabadi M. Isolation, Molecular Detection, and Risk Factors of Campylobacter Infection From Companion Dogs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2020.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Campylobacter is an organism that is usually associated with diarrhea in pet animals and humans, as well as other domestic, wild, and laboratory animals. Objective: The aim of the present survey was the isolation, molecular detection, and risk factors of Campylobacter infection from companion dogs referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz district, the South-West of Iran. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs were examined by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods from 122 companion dogs (52 diarrheic and 70 clinically healthy). Several risk factors were reviewed, including age, gender, breed, nutrition status, and lifestyle. Results: The results showed that only five samples (4.1%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. in the culture method. Campylobacter spp. was detected in 18 out of 122 dogs by the PCR, yielding an overall prevalence of 14.8%. The most prevalent species of Campylobacter among the referred dogs were C. coli (38.89%) and C. jejuni (33.33%). A lower prevalence was found for C. upsaliensis (11.11%) and C. lari (5.55%). Concurrent infections were observed in two cases of C. upsaliensis + C. lari (5.55%) and C. coli + C. lari (5.55%). No significant difference was noted between healthy (11.43%) and diarrheic (19.23%) dogs (P>0.05). Eventually, age, gender, breed, nutrition status, and lifestyle had no significant effect on Campylobacter infection (P>0.05). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of Campylobacter was moderate in the dog population of Ahvaz district, these bacteria can constitute a public health hazard because of the frequent presence of Campylobacter species in the feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darioush Gharibi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Mosallanejad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Avizeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Feyzabadi
- Graduated of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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19
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Bojanić K, Acke E, Roe WD, Marshall JC, Cornelius AJ, Biggs PJ, Midwinter AC. Comparison of the Pathogenic Potential of Campylobacter jejuni, C. upsaliensis and C. helveticus and Limitations of Using Larvae of Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090713. [PMID: 32872505 PMCID: PMC7560178 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter enteritis in humans is primarily associated with C. jejuni/coli infection. Other species cause campylobacteriosis relatively infrequently; while this could be attributed to bias in diagnostic methods, the pathogenicity of non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter spp. such as C. upsaliensis and C. helveticus (isolated from dogs and cats) is uncertain. Galleria mellonella larvae are suitable models of the mammalian innate immune system and have been applied to C. jejuni studies. This study compared the pathogenicity of C. jejuni, C. upsaliensis, and C. helveticus isolates. Larvae inoculated with either C. upsaliensis or C. helveticus showed significantly higher survival than those inoculated with C. jejuni. All three Campylobacter species induced indistinguishable histopathological changes in the larvae. C. jejuni could be isolated from inoculated larvae up to eight days post-inoculation whereas C. upsaliensis and C. helveticus could only be isolated in the first two days. There was a significant variation in the hazard rate between batches of larvae, in Campylobacter strains, and in biological replicates as random effects, and in species and bacterial dose as fixed effects. The Galleria model is applicable to other Campylobacter spp. as well as C. jejuni, but may be subject to significant variation with all Campylobacter species. While C. upsaliensis and C. helveticus cannot be considered non-pathogenic, they are significantly less pathogenic than C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krunoslav Bojanić
- EpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (J.C.M.); (P.J.B.); (A.C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38-514571391
| | - Els Acke
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Wendi D. Roe
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Jonathan C. Marshall
- EpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (J.C.M.); (P.J.B.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Angela J. Cornelius
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand;
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- EpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (J.C.M.); (P.J.B.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Anne C. Midwinter
- EpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (J.C.M.); (P.J.B.); (A.C.M.)
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20
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A One Health approach to prevention, treatment, and control of campylobacteriosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 32:453-460. [PMID: 31305492 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent findings regarding the control and treatment of campylobacteriosis. RECENT FINDINGS The application of improved diagnostics has led to an upward shift in the attributable burden of Campylobacter infections, in both the United States and Europe as well as in resource-poor settings. Increased focus has brought a fundamental feature of campylobacteriosis -- the ability to cause relapsing disease back into focus, and expanding data on antimicrobial resistance has lead from a switch in first-line therapy for severe diarrhea from quinolones to azithromycin in most contexts, even as evidence of expanding macrolide resistance emerges. SUMMARY Campylobacter spp. infection is a common infection worldwide. Antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter spp. has become an emerging threat with the increase in industrial poultry production, as well as the broad use of antibiotics in both animals and humans.
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21
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Dodd S, Cave N, Abood S, Shoveller AK, Adolphe J, Verbrugghe A. An observational study of pet feeding practices and how these have changed between 2008 and 2018. Vet Rec 2020; 186:643. [PMID: 32554799 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pet owners have many feeding options, some may be considered unconventional by veterinary practitioners. Provision of appropriate nutrition is a basic requirement, with adverse health outcomes possible when a pet diet is inadequate. OBJECTIVE To capture dog and cat feeding practices, with a special focus on countries with large English-speaking populations, and to compare with data published over the previous 10 years. METHODS An electronic questionnaire was provided for dog and cat owners online. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, and comparisons made with data from nine peer-reviewed articles published over the previous 10 years. RESULTS Responses from 3673 English-speaking dog and cat owners in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the USA were included. In previous publications, conventional (commercial, heat-processed) products were the predominant method of feeding. In recent publications, feeding unconventional (raw, homemade, vegetarian) diets appeared more prevalent. In the present study, most (79 per cent dogs, 90 per cent cats) pets were offered conventional food. However a few (13 per cent dogs, 32 per cent cats) pets were fed conventional foods exclusively. Many pets were offered homemade (64 per cent dogs, 46 per cent cats) and/or raw (66 per cent dogs, 53 per cent cats) foods. Different feeding practices were associated with geographical location. CONCLUSION As an increased risk of nutrient insufficiency and associated conditions have been attributed to unconventional feeding practices, veterinarians must be aware of pet feeding trends and educate clients about the nutritional needs of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dodd
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Cave
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Abood
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna-Kate Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Bloomfield S, Wilkinson D, Rogers L, Biggs P, French N, Mohan V, Savoian M, Venter P, Midwinter A. Campylobacter novaezeelandiae sp. nov., isolated from birds and water in New Zealand. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:3775-3784. [PMID: 32501787 PMCID: PMC7395618 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Six isolates of Campylobacter with similar non-standard colonial morphologies were identified during studies isolating Campylobacter from bird faeces and rivers in New Zealand. Genomic (16S rRNA gene sequencing and whole genome analysis) and phenotypic (MALDI-TOF analysis and conventional biochemical tests) showed that the isolates form a monophyletic clade with genetic relationships to Campylobacter coli/Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter peloridis/Campylobacter amoricus. They may be distinguished from other Campylobacter by their MALDI-TOF spectral pattern, their florid α-haemolysis, their ability to grow anaerobically at 37 °C, and on 2 % NaCl nutrient agar, and their lack of hippuricase. This study shows that these isolates represent a novel species within the genus Campylobacter for which the name Campylobacter novaezeelandiae sp. nov. is proposed. The presence of C. novaezeelandiae in water may be a confounder for freshwater microbial risk assessment as they may not be pathogenic for humans. The type strain is B423bT (=NZRM 4741T=ATCC TSD-167T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bloomfield
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Present address: Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - David Wilkinson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lynn Rogers
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Biggs
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel French
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Present address: New Zealand Food Safety and Science Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vathsala Mohan
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Present address: Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Savoian
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Pierre Venter
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anne Midwinter
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Sharma B, Thille K, Belmar VM, Thomas RN, Sharma RN. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from red-footed pet tortoises suspected for Campylobacter spp. from Grenada, West Indies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230390. [PMID: 32176736 PMCID: PMC7075591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to detect and genetically characterize Arcobacter butzleri in pet red-footed tortoises suspected for Campylobacter spp., using molecular techniques. A written consent from tortoise owners was obtained, after explaining the advantages of the research to tortoise owners of Grenada. Fecal samples were collected from 114 tortoises from five parishes of the country and cultured for Campylobacter spp. using selective culture techniques. A. butzleri was isolated from 4.39% of pet tortoises. Total thirteen isolates were obtained; all identified as A. butzleri by a universal and a species-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Genetic characterization of these isolates was performed based on Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) that generated eight different genetic fingerprints with a discriminatory power of 0.91. Campylobacter species were not detected molecularly in any of the culture-positive samples. This is the first report of infection of pet tortoises in Grenada, West Indies with A. butzleri. This study emphasizes on the risk of zoonotic transmission of A. butzleri by exotic pets, which is a serious concern for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
- * E-mail:
| | - Katelyn Thille
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Vanessa Matthew Belmar
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Roxanne Nicholas Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Ravindra Nath Sharma
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
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Palma E, Tilocca B, Roncada P. Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1914. [PMID: 32168903 PMCID: PMC7139321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most important human- and animal health-threatening issues worldwide. Bacterial capability to face antimicrobial compounds is an ancient feature, enabling bacterial survival over time and the dynamic surrounding. Moreover, bacteria make use of their evolutionary machinery to adapt to the selective pressure exerted by antibiotic treatments, resulting in reduced efficacy of the therapeutic intervention against human and animal infections. The mechanisms responsible for both innate and acquired AMR are thoroughly investigated. Commonly, AMR traits are included in mobilizable genetic elements enabling the homogeneous diffusion of the AMR traits pool between the ecosystems of diverse sectors, such as human medicine, veterinary medicine, and the environment. Thus, a coordinated multisectoral approach, such as One-Health, provides a detailed comprehensive picture of the AMR onset and diffusion. Following a general revision of the molecular mechanisms responsible for both innate and acquired AMR, the present manuscript focuses on reviewing the contribution of veterinary medicine to the overall issue of AMR. The main sources of AMR amenable to veterinary medicine are described, driving the attention towards the indissoluble cross-talk existing between the diverse ecosystems and sectors and their cumulative cooperation to this warning phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.P.); (B.T.)
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25
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Runesvärd E, Wikström C, Fernström LL, Hansson I. Presence of pathogenic bacteria in faeces from dogs fed raw meat-based diets or dry kibble. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e71. [PMID: 32054718 PMCID: PMC7799416 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding dogs with raw meat-based diets (RMBD) has increased in popularity in recent years. Proponents claim that RMBD is more natural for dogs, because it is what their ancestors (wolves) eat. Opponents claim that RMBD is a health hazard to both humans and animals, with a risk of spreading zoonotic bacteria and resistant bacterial strains. METHODS This cross-sectional study investigated differences in bacteria shedding in faeces between dogs fed RMBD and dogs fed dry kibble. Faeces samples from 50 dogs from the same municipality were analysed for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella. RESULTS For the 25 dogs fed RMBD, ESBL E coli was isolated from 13 faeces samples, Campylobacter from 12 and Salmonella from 1. For the 25 dogs fed dry kibble, ESBL-producing E coli was isolated from one faeces sample and Campylobacter from four, while Salmonella was not detected. CONCLUSION There was thus a significant difference in excretion of zoonotic and resistant bacteria in faeces between dogs fed RMBD and dogs fed dry kibble. These results confirm that RMBD can pose a microbiological risk not only for dogs, but also for people handling RMBD and faeces from dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Runesvärd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wikström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lise-Lotte Fernström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Draft Genome Sequences of Eight Strains of Campylobacter helveticus Isolated from Cats and a Dog in New Zealand. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/5/e01244-19. [PMID: 32001558 PMCID: PMC6992862 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01244-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The draft genome sequences for eight isolates of Campylobacter helveticus isolated from companion animals are described and compared with that of the type strain. On average, the genomes are 1,825,025 bp long and have a GC content of 34.4% and 1,885 coding DNA sequences (CDSs). CRISPRs were detected in only one isolate and phages in none. The draft genome sequences for eight isolates of Campylobacter helveticus isolated from companion animals are described and compared with that of the type strain. On average, the genomes are 1,825,025 bp long and have a GC content of 34.4% and 1,885 coding DNA sequences (CDSs). CRISPRs were detected in only one isolate and phages in none.
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Lappin MR, Elston T, Evans L, Glaser C, Jarboe L, Karczmar P, Lund C, Ray M. 2019 AAFP Feline Zoonoses Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:1008-1021. [PMID: 31613173 PMCID: PMC10814210 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19880436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The overarching purpose of the 2019 AAFP Feline Zoonoses Guidelines (hereafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') is to provide accurate information about feline zoonotic diseases to owners, physicians and veterinarians to allow logical decisions to be made concerning cat ownership. SCOPE AND ACCESSIBILITY The Panelists are physicians and veterinarians who worked closely together in an attempt to make these Guidelines a document that can be used to support the International One Health movement. This version of the Guidelines builds upon the first feline zoonosis panel report, published in 2003 ( catvets.com/guidelines ), and provides an updated reference list and recommendations. Each of the recommendations received full support from every Panelist. Primary recommendations are highlighted in a series of 'Panelists' advice' boxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tom Elston
- The Cat Hospital, 3069 Edinger Avenue, Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Lisanne Evans
- All Pets Veterinary Hospital, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA, USA
| | - Carol Glaser
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Kaiser Permanente, CA, USA
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On SLW, Althaus D, Miller WG, Lizamore D, Wong SGL, Mathai AJ, Chelikani V, Carter GP. Arcobacter cryaerophilus Isolated From New Zealand Mussels Harbor a Putative Virulence Plasmid. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1802. [PMID: 31428079 PMCID: PMC6690266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of Arcobacter species have been described from shellfish in various countries but their presence has not been investigated in Australasia, in which shellfish are a popular delicacy. Since several arcobacters are considered to be emerging pathogens, we undertook a small study to evaluate their presence in several different shellfish, including greenshell mussels, oysters, and abalone (paua) in New Zealand. Arcobacter cryaerophilus, a species associated with human gastroenteritis, was the only species isolated, from greenshell mussels. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a range of genomic traits in these strains that were known or associated virulence factors. Furthermore, we describe the first putative virulence plasmid in Arcobacter, containing lytic, immunoavoidance, adhesion, antibiotic resistance, and gene transfer traits, among others. Complete genome sequence determination using a combination of long- and short-read genome sequencing strategies, was needed to identify the plasmid, clearly identifying its benefits. The potential for plasmids to disseminate virulence traits among Arcobacter and other species warrants further consideration by researchers interested in the risks to public health from these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L W On
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Damien Althaus
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - William G Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Darrell Lizamore
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Samuel G L Wong
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Anso J Mathai
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Venkata Chelikani
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Glen P Carter
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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O’Halloran C, Ioannidi O, Reed N, Murtagh K, Dettemering E, Van Poucke S, Gale J, Vickers J, Burr P, Gascoyne-Binzi D, Howe R, Dobromylskyj M, Mitchell J, Hope J, Gunn-Moore D. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in pet cats associated with feeding a commercial raw food diet. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:667-681. [PMID: 31082328 PMCID: PMC10814295 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19848455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, can infect cats and has proven zoonotic risks for owners. Infected cats typically present with a history of outdoor lifestyle and hunting behaviour, and cutaneous granulomas are most commonly observed. The aim of this study is to describe an outbreak of tuberculous disease commencing with six young cats, living exclusively indoors in five different households across England, being presented to separate veterinarians across the UK with a variety of clinical signs. METHODS Investigations into the pyogranulomatous lesions, lymphadenopathy and/or pulmonary disease of these cases consistently identified infection with M bovis. Infection was confirmed by PCR, where possible, or was indicated with a positive interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), where material for PCR was unavailable. In-contact, cohabiting cats were screened by IGRA and follow-up testing was undertaken/advised where results were positive. A lifestyle investigation was undertaken to identify the source of infection. RESULTS Six clinically sick cats and seven in-contact cats were identified with evidence of M bovis infection. Five clinical cases were either too sick to treat or deteriorated despite therapy, giving a mortality rate of 83%. Lifestyle investigations revealed the common factors between clusters to be that affected cats had mycobacterial infections speciated to M bovis, were exclusively indoor cats and were fed a commercially available raw food product produced by a single manufacturer. The Food Standards Agency, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Public Health England and the food manufacturer concerned have been notified/informed. Other possible sources of exposure for these cats to M bovis were explored and were excluded, including wildlife contact, access to raw milk, the presence of rodent populations inside the buildings in which the cats lived and exposure to known infectious humans. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Upon investigations, our results provide compelling, if circumstantial, evidence of an association between the commercial raw diet of these cats and their M bovis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O’Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Kevin Murtagh
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jordan Mitchell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jayne Hope
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Kim J, Shin H, Park H, Jung H, Kim J, Cho S, Ryu S, Jeon B. Microbiota Analysis for the Optimization of Campylobacter Isolation From Chicken Carcasses Using Selective Media. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1381. [PMID: 31293537 PMCID: PMC6598470 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since contaminated poultry meat is the major source of transmitting Campylobacter jejuni to humans, the isolation of Campylobacter from poultry carcasses is frequently performed in many countries as a baseline survey to ensure food safety. However, existing isolation methods have technical limitations in isolating this fastidious bacterium, such as a growth competition with indigenous bacteria in food samples. In this study, we compared the differences in microbiota compositions between Bolton and Preston selective media, two most common selective media to isolate Campylobacter, and investigated how different microbiota compositions resulting from different enrichment methods may affect isolation frequencies. A next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of 16S rRNA demonstrated that Bolton and Preston-selective enrichments generated different microbiota structures that shared only 31.57% of Operating Taxonomic Unit (OTU) types. Particularly, Escherichia was highly prevalent in Bolton selective media, and the enrichment cultures that increase Escherichia negatively affected the efficacy of Campylobacter isolation. Furthermore, the combination of the selective media made a significant difference in the isolation frequency. The Bolton broth and Preston agar combination exhibited the highest (60.0%) frequencies of Campylobacter isolation, whereas the Bolton broth and Bolton agar combination showed the lowest (2.5%). These results show that each selective medium generates a unique microbiota structure and that the sequence of combining the selective media also critically affects the isolation frequency by altering microbiota compositions. In this study, we demonstrated how a microbiota analysis using NGS can be utilized to optimize a protocol for bacterial isolation from food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hakdong Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeeun Park
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hayan Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junhyung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Davies RH, Lawes JR, Wales AD. Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:329-339. [PMID: 31025713 PMCID: PMC6849757 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a recent trend to feed pet dogs and cats in Britain and other developed countries on raw meat and animal by-products using either commercial preparations or home recipes. This shift from heat-treated processed food has been driven by perceived health benefits to pets and a suspicion of industrially produced pet food. The diets of wild-living related species have been used as a rationale for raw feeding, but differences in biology and lifestyle impose limitations on such comparisons. Formal evidence does exist for claims by raw-feeding proponents of an altered intestinal microbiome and (subjectively) improved stool quality. However, there is currently neither robust evidence nor identified plausible mechanisms for many of the wide range of other claimed benefits. There are documented risks associated with raw feeding, principally malnutrition (inexpert formulation and testing of diets) and infection affecting pets and/or household members. Surveys in Europe and North America have consistently found Salmonella species in a proportion of samples, typically of fresh-frozen commercial diets. Another emerging issue concerns the risk of introducing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Raw pet food commonly exceeds hygiene thresholds for counts of Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria often encode resistance to critically important antibiotics such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and raw-fed pets create an elevated risk of shedding such resistant bacteria. Other infectious organisms that may be of concern include Listeria, shiga toxigenic E scherichia coli , parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii and exotic agents such as the zoonotic livestock pathogen Brucella suis, recently identified in European Union and UK raw pet meat imported from Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Davies
- Department of Bacteriology and Food SafetyAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge)Addlestone, KT15 3NBUK
| | - J. R. Lawes
- Department of Epidemiological SciencesAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge)Addlestone, KT15 3NBUK
| | - A. D. Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford, GU2 7ALUK
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Karama M, Cenci-Goga BT, Prosperi A, Etter E, El-Ashram S, McCrindle C, Ombui JN, Kalake A. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter spp. occurrence in healthy dogs visiting four rural community veterinary clinics in South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e1-e6. [PMID: 31170781 PMCID: PMC6556946 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Reports on the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in dogs in South Africa are non-existent. This study investigated the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in 481 dogs visiting four rural community veterinary clinics in South Africa. Dogs were screened for Campylobacter spp. by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between sex, clinic, breed and age and the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in dogs. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 41.50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.39% - 46.04%). Campylobacter jejuni, C. upsaliensis and C. coli were detected in 29.31% (95% CI, 25.42% - 33.54%), 13.10% (95% CI, 10.37% - 16.42%) and 5.41% (95% CI, 3.71% - 7.82%) of dogs, respectively. Dogs carrying more than one species of Campylobacter spp. accounted for 6.23% (95% CI, 4.40% - 8.78%). Campylobacter upsaliensis and C. jejuni were detected in 3.74% (95% CI, 2.37% - 5.86%), whereas C. coli and C. jejuni were found in 2.49% (95% CI, 1.42% - 4.34%) of dogs. Age and clinic were the risk factors significantly associated with Campylobacter spp. occurrence, while age, breed and clinic were predictors of C. jejuni carriage. Furthermore, age was the only risk factor associated with a higher likelihood of carrying C. upsaliensis. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis increased significantly as dogs grew older. In addition, the odds of carrying Campylobacter spp. were higher in the Staffordshire bull terrier breed compared to crossbreed dogs. In conclusion, this study shows that dogs visiting rural community veterinary clinics in South Africa are reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. and may be potential sources of Campylobacter spp. for humans living in close proximity of the dog populations under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musafiri Karama
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort.
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Hellgren J, Hästö LS, Wikström C, Fernström LL, Hansson I. Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in raw meat-based diets for dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 184:442. [PMID: 30833301 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The practice of feeding raw meat-based diets (RMBD) to dogs has increased in popularity in recent years. However, RMBD are based on offal that has not undergone any type of treatment to reduce the microbial content, so there is a risk of potential pathogenic microorganisms being present. Frozen samples from 60 RMBD packs produced by 10 different manufacturers were analysed for their content of bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, for Clostridium perfringens and for the presence of Salmonella and Campylobacter. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in all 60 samples and in 31 samples exceeded a level of 5000 bacteria/g, which is the threshold for satisfactory microbial hygiene according to EU regulations. In two samples, the amount of C. perfringens exceeded 5000 bacteria/g, which is the maximum level of anaerobic bacteria permitted by Swedish national guidelines. Salmonella species were found in four (7 per cent) and Campylobacter species in three (5 per cent) samples. These results show that it is critical to maintain good hygiene when storing, handling and feeding RMBD, in order to limit the potential health risks to animals and humans, especially young and immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Hellgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Staaf Hästö
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wikström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lise-Lotte Fernström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mohan V, Habib I. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), porA and flaA typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from cats attending a veterinary clinic. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:76. [PMID: 30717780 PMCID: PMC6360738 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Campylobacter is a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans and pet ownership is a risk factor for infection. To study the occurrence, species distribution and sequence-based types of Campylobacter spp. in pet cats, 82 faecal samples were collected from cats in New Zealand. The PCR positive samples of Campylobacter jejuni were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), major outer membrane protein gene (porA) and flagellin A gene (flaA) sequence typing. RESULTS Seven faecal samples were tested positive for Campylobacter spp. (9%, or 4-17% at 95% confidence interval), of which six were identified as C. jejuni, and one was C. upsaliensis. The six C. jejuni isolates were characterised by MLST; four belonged to ST-45 clonal complex and two of the isolates could not be typed. Two flaA-SVR types were identified: three samples were flaA-SVR type 8 and one belonged to 239. By combining all data, three isolates were indistinguishable with allelic combinations of ST-45, flaA-SVR 8, porA 44, although no epidemiological connection between these isolates could be established. To conclude, healthy cats can carry C. jejuni, whose detected genetic diversity is limited. The isolated sequence type ST-45 is frequently reported in human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathsala Mohan
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia Australia
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Bojanić K, Midwinter AC, Marshall JC, Biggs PJ, Acke E. Isolation of emerging Campylobacter species in working farm dogs and their frozen home-killed raw meat diets. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 31:23-32. [PMID: 30574836 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718820082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied 7 culture methods to 50 working farm dog fecal samples and 6 methods to 50 frozen home-killed raw meat diet samples to optimize recovery of a wide range of Campylobacter spp. Culture methods combined filtration, enrichment broths, and agars at 37°C and 42°C in conventional and hydrogen-enriched microaerobic atmospheres. Overall, a prevalence of 62% (31 of 50) and 6% (3 of 50) was detected in dog and meat samples, respectively, based on Campylobacter genus PCR. A total of 356 Campylobacter spp. isolates were recovered from dogs, with successful isolation by individual methods ranging from 2 to 25 dogs. The species detected most commonly were C. upsaliensis and C. jejuni, and less commonly C. coli and C. lari. Species isolated that are rarely reported from dogs included C. rectus, C. lari subsp. concheus, C. volucris, and Helicobacter winghamensis. Six isolates from dogs positive by Campylobacter genus PCR were confirmed, using 16S rRNA sequencing, as Arcobacter cryaerophilus (1) and Arcobacter butzleri (5). C. jejuni multi-locus sequence typing results revealed a diversity of sequence types in working dogs, with several uncommonly reported from other C. jejuni sources in New Zealand. Overall, 20 isolates from 3 meat samples were positive by Campylobacter genus PCR; 1 meat sample was positive for C. jejuni, 1 for C. rectus, and 1 isolate was subsequently identified as A. butzleri. The method using Campylobacter enrichment broth in a hydrogen-enriched environment on nonselective agar resulted in significantly reduced recovery of Campylobacter spp. from both sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krunoslav Bojanić
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
| | - Anne C Midwinter
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
| | - Jonathan C Marshall
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
| | - Els Acke
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
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LaLonde‐Paul D, Cummings KJ, Rodriguez‐Rivera LD, Wu J, Lawhon SD. Ciprofloxacin resistance among
Campylobacter jejuni
isolates obtained from shelter dogs in Texas. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:337-342. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Wu
- Texas A&M University College Station Texas
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38
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Ahmed I, Verma AK, Kumar A. Prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter species among dogs attending veterinary practices at Veterinary University, Mathura, India. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:6-11. [PMID: 32734047 PMCID: PMC7386756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is among the leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis all over the world and most of the isolates are resistant to different antibacterials. Pet rearing has been identified as a risk factor for Campylobacter infection in humans. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of faecal Campylobacter shedding among dogs, to estimate the specific prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni shedding, to identify the associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter spp. in dogs attending veterinary practice at Veterinary University, Mathura, India. Rectal swabs were aseptically collected and incubated using selective media and species isolation was further processed following standard protocols. In addition, genus and species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for species differentiation. A total of 134 dogs were included in this study. Among 134 faecal samples cultured, 38 samples (28.36%) were positive for Campylobacter species. C. jejuni was the most prevalent isolate in dogs. Breed, age, clinical signs of diarrhea and habitat sharing had statistically significant association with Campylobacter shedding. On drug sensitivity assay with 19 commonly used antibacterials 100% resistance was shown against amoxycillin, ampicillin, aztreonam, cefotaxim, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. It was followed by pefloxacin (92.11%), chloramphenicol (86.84%), ciprofloxacin (84.21%), nitrofurazone (78.94%), ofloxacin (76.32%), norfloxacin (73.68%) and cefaclor (73.68%). The results of the present study revealed high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. among dogs. The prevalence was higher in dogs of nondescript breed, pups and dogs sharing their habitat. The antimicrobial resistance patterns showed a high rate of multi drug resistant isolates in the dog population. Therefore, awareness in handling of dogs is important to prevent the zoonotic transmission of bacteria from pets to human beings especially in children and immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine., College of Veterinary Sciences, U. P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine., College of Veterinary Sciences, U. P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, U. P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
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Moon CD, Young W, Maclean PH, Cookson AL, Bermingham EN. Metagenomic insights into the roles of Proteobacteria in the gastrointestinal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00677. [PMID: 29911322 PMCID: PMC6182564 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interests in the impact of the gastrointestinal microbiota on health and wellbeing have extended from humans to that of companion animals. While relatively fewer studies to date have examined canine and feline gut microbiomes, analysis of the metagenomic DNA from fecal communities using next‐generation sequencing technologies have provided insights into the microbes that are present, their function, and potential to contribute to overall host nutrition and health. As carnivores, healthy dogs and cats possess fecal microbiomes that reflect the generally higher concentrations of protein and fat in their diets, relative to omnivores and herbivores. The phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are highly abundant, and Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria also feature prominently. Proteobacteria is the most diverse bacterial phylum and commonly features in the fecal microbiota of healthy dogs and cats, although its reputation is often sullied as its members include a number of well‐known opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter, which may impact the health of the host and its owner. Furthermore, in other host species, high abundances of Proteobacteria have been associated with dysbiosis in hosts with metabolic or inflammatory disorders. In this review, we seek to gain further insight into the prevalence and roles of the Proteobacteria within the gastrointestinal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats. We draw upon the growing number of metagenomic DNA sequence‐based studies which now allow us take a culture‐independent approach to examine the functions that this more minor, yet important, group contribute to normal microbiome function. The fecal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats often include Proteobacteria at varying abundances. This phylum can have a sullied reputation as it contains a number of well‐known pathogenic members. We explored the functions of the Proteobacteria in fecal shotgun metagenome datasets from healthy dogs and cats. The Proteobacteria appeared to be enriched for functions that are consistent with a role in helping to maintain the anaerobic environment of the gut for normal microbiome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Moon
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul H Maclean
- AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Adrian L Cookson
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emma N Bermingham
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- E Acke
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, IDEXX Laboratories, Mörikestraβe 28/3, Ludwigsburg 71636, Germany
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41
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Pölzler T, Stüger HP, Lassnig H. Prevalence of most common human pathogenic Campylobacter spp. in dogs and cats in Styria, Austria. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:115-125. [PMID: 29851311 PMCID: PMC5980169 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of most common human pathogenic Campylobacter species, Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli), in dogs and cats in Styria, Austria. In the period from April 2010 to April 2012, 842 faecal samples from dogs and cats from Styria, Austria were examined for Campylobacter (C.) species (spp.). All samples were subjected to qualitative microbiological culture testing, and additionally, some of them have been studied using qualitative real‐time PCR. In microbiological culture, 5.9% of all samples investigated were C. spp. positive. With 3.1% out of positive samples, C. jejuni was the most common type. Campylobacter upsaliensis (C. upsaliensis) was detected only in 0.5% of the samples. The remaining positive samples (2.4%) were classified as C. species (sp.). C. coli could not be found in any of the samples. A higher prevalence of C. jejuni was found in kittens with 14.3% and in diarrhoeic dogs (7.4%) and cats (23.8%). The real‐time PCR revealed for dogs and cats together, 27% of C. jejuni‐positive faecal and 8% positive faecal swap samples. The obtained C. jejuni strains underwent antibiotic resistance testing using three different tests (agar diffusion, MIC testing and E‐test) with different numbers of antibiotics. From the antibiotics used in this study, several showed high test‐dependent resistance rates (cephalexin, cefovecin, kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, nalidixic acid). Overall, the prevalence of C. spp. in this study was very low compared to others, with the exception of C. jejuni in kittens and diarrhoeic animals. The results of the real‐time PCR suggest that the rate of colonization of C. jejuni was actually higher than the results of the culture showed. As the resistance rates of C. jejuni isolates partly were very high, possible transmission of (multi‐) resistant C. jejuni strains to humans especially from kittens and diarrhoeic animals must be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pölzler
- Centre for Foodborne Infectious Diseases in Graz, Department of Veterinary Microbiology (VEMI), Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Graz (IMED Graz), Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Stüger
- Division for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment (DSR), Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Lassnig
- Centre for Foodborne Infectious Diseases in Graz, Department of Veterinary Microbiology (VEMI), Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Graz (IMED Graz), Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Graz, Austria
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42
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Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Heikkilä T, Pernu N, Kovanen S, Hielm-Björkman A, Kivistö R. Raw Meat-Based Diets in Dogs and Cats. Vet Sci 2017; 4:E33. [PMID: 29056692 PMCID: PMC5644655 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding pets raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) is commonly practiced by many companion animal owners and has received increasing attention in recent years. It may be beneficial for the animals, but may also pose a health risk for both pets and their owners, as RMBDs may be contaminated by enteric pathogens-such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia-which are the most common zoonotic bacteria causing enteritis in humans. Little information exists on the prevalence of these pathogens in pet food, and thus one aim was to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia in commercial RMBDs from retail stores. Little evidence also exists on the significance of raw meat feeding on the shedding of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and enteropathogenic Yersinia in the feces of pets, and therefore, the second goal was to study the presence of these pathogens in dogs and cats fed RMBDs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) only sporadically detected Campylobacter, Salmonella, and enteropathogenic Yersinia in RMBDs. These pathogens were not found by culturing, indicating a low contamination level in frozen RMBDs. They were also detected in the feces of dogs and cats, but the association with feeding RMBDs to them remained unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tiina Heikkilä
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Noora Pernu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sara Kovanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Rauni Kivistö
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Campylobacter helveticus Type Strain ATCC 51209. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/21/e00398-17. [PMID: 28546490 PMCID: PMC5477403 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00398-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter helveticus has been isolated from domestic dogs and cats. Although C. helveticus is closely related to the emerging human pathogen C. upsaliensis, no C. helveticus-associated cases of human illness have been reported. This study describes the whole-genome sequence of the C. helveticus type strain ATCC 51209 (=CCUG 30682T).
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Somroop S, Hatanaka N, Awasthi SP, Okuno K, Asakura M, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S. Campylobacter upsaliensis isolated from dogs produces high titer of cytolethal distending toxin. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:683-691. [PMID: 28202878 PMCID: PMC5383197 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) consisting of CdtA, CdtB and CdtC has been reported to be a possible virulence factor of campylobacters including
Campylobacter upsaliensis. In our previous study, the cdtB gene-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
assay for detection and differentiation of 7 Campylobacter species yielded 3 different RFLP patterns (Cu-I to Cu-III). In this study, entire
cdt (Cucdt) genes of each pattern were sequenced to see whether there are any differences in cdt genes, its
amino acid sequences and biological activity of CuCDT. We found that all 3 representative strains harbor the entire Cucdt genes and homology
between prototype and newly determined Cucdt genes was 94 to 98% with cdtA, 93 to 94% with cdtB and 92 to 93%
with cdtC, while that between amino acids of CuCDT was 95 to 99% with CdtA, 97 to 98% with CdtB and 92 to 93% with CdtC. Furthermore, CDT
activity produced by C. upsaliensis strains was examined by cytotoxicity assay with HeLa cells. Interestingly, C. upsaliensis
produced 64 to 2,340 times higher CDT titer in comparison to other campylobacters did. In addition, Cu-III showed 64 times higher CDT titer than Cu-II, although
CDT production level was almost the same by western blotting. These data suggest that CDT produced by C. upsaliensis might contribute more to
human diseases in comparison to that produced by other campylobacters and Cu-III CDT seems to be more toxic to HeLa cells in comparison to Cu-I and Cu-II
CDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinuan Somroop
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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