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Pierzynowski SG, Stier C, Pierzynowska K. Hypothesis that alpha-amylase evokes regulatory mechanisms originating in the pancreas, gut and circulation, which govern glucose/insulin homeostasis. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1341-1348. [PMID: 37771332 PMCID: PMC10523231 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i9.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-incretin theory involving the abolishment of diabetes type (DT) II by some of methods used in bariatric surgery, first appeared during the early years of the XXI century and considers the existence of anti-incretin substances. However, to date no exogenous or endogenous anti-incretins have been found. Our concept of the acini-islet-acinar axis assumes that insulin intra-pancreatically stimulates alpha-amylase synthesis ("halo phenomenon") and in turn, alpha-amylase reciprocally inhibits insulin production, thus making alpha-amylase a candidate for being an anti-incretin. Additionally, gut as well as plasma alpha-amylase, of pancreatic and other origins, inhibits the appearance of dietary glucose in the blood, lowering the glucose peak after iv or oral glucose loading. This effect of alpha-amylase can be interpreted as an insulin down regulatory mechanism, possibly limiting the depletion of pancreatic beta cells and preventing their failure. Clinical observations agree with the above statements, where patients with high blood alpha-amylase concentrations are seldom obese and seldom develop DT2. Obese-DT2, as well as DT1 patients, usually develop exo-crine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and vice versa. Ultimately, DT2 patients develop DT1, when the pancreatic beta cells are exhausted and insulin production ceases. Studies on biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and on BPD with duodenal switch, a type of bariatric surgery, as well as studies on EPI pigs, allow us to observe and investigate the above-mentioned phenomena of intra-pancreatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Pierzynowski
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin 20090, Poland
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
- Anara AB, Trelleborg 23132, Sweden
| | - Christine Stier
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery and Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
- Department of Surgical Endoscopy, Sana Hospital, Huerth 50354, Germany
| | - Kateryna Pierzynowska
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
- Anara AB, Trelleborg 23132, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Jablonna 05110, Poland
- Anagram Therapeutics, Inc, Framingham, MA 01701, United States
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Pierzynowski SG, Gregory PC, Filip R, Woliński J, Pierzynowska KG. Glucose homeostasis dependency on acini-islet-acinar (AIA) axis communication: a new possible pathophysiological hypothesis regarding diabetes mellitus. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:55. [PMID: 30293998 PMCID: PMC6174155 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have highlighted the existence of two intra-pancreatic axes of communication: one involved in the regulation of enzyme production by insulin-the insular-acinar axis; and another involved in the regulation of insulin release by pancreatic enzymes-the acini-insular axis. Previous studies by our laboratory show that pancreatic enzymes can affect blood glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion independently of their digestive functions, both from the gut lumen and probably from the blood. As a result we would like to introduce here the concept of acini-islet-acinar (AIA) axis communication (feedback), which could play an important role in the development of obesity and diabetes type 2. The AIA feedback links the endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas and emphasizes the essential role that the pancreas plays, as a single organ, in the regulation of glucose homeostasis by amylase most probably in gut epithelium and by insulin and glucagon in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Pierzynowski
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden. .,Anara AB/SGPlus, Alfågelgränden 24, 23132, Trelleborg, Sweden. .,PROF/Vitanano Sp.z o.o., Woronieckiego 1a-13, 20491, Lublin, Poland. .,Department of Medical Biology., Inst, Rural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, 20950, Lublin, Poland. .,Innovation Centre - STB, Skarszewska 23, 83100, Tczew, Poland.
| | - Peter C Gregory
- PROF/Vitanano Sp.z o.o., Woronieckiego 1a-13, 20491, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Filip
- Department of Gastroenterology with IBD Unit of Clinical Hospital 2, University of Rzeszow, Lwowska 60, Rzeszow, 35301, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Kateryna Goncharova Pierzynowska
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden. .,Anara AB/SGPlus, Alfågelgränden 24, 23132, Trelleborg, Sweden. .,PROF/Vitanano Sp.z o.o., Woronieckiego 1a-13, 20491, Lublin, Poland. .,Innovation Centre - STB, Skarszewska 23, 83100, Tczew, Poland.
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Experiments suggesting extra-digestive effects of enteral pancreatic amylase and its peptides on glucose homeostasis in a pig model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8628. [PMID: 28819193 PMCID: PMC5561192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The studies presented were designed to highlight the impact of pancreatic enzymes on glycemic control and insulin response. Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were monitored after intravenous, oral or direct gut glucose tolerance tests (GTT) in 6 pigs with an intact gastrointestinal tract and in 12 pigs following duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery. In the intact pigs, pancreatic enzymes (Creon®) given orally 1 h prior to the GTT, lowered the blood glucose levels during the oral and meal GTT and reduced the plasma insulin response during the intravenous and meal GTT. In DJB pigs, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were higher following glucose loading into the by-passed biliopancreatic limb as compared to that following glucose loading orally or into the common intestinal limb. Infusion of amylase or amylase peptides together with glucose into the biliopancreatic limb lowered blood glucose levels in DJB pigs. These preliminary data suggest new, extra-digestive, actions of enteral pancreatic enzymes – probably amylase or its peptides – on glucose homeostasis, with an reduction in net glucose absorption into the blood and in insulin response. This ability of digestive enzymes (amylase) to reduce post-prandial hyperglycaemia in an insulin-independent manner could aid in preventing the development of obesity and diabetes.
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Arciszewski MB, Zacharko-Siembida A. Cholinergic innervation of the pancreas in the sheep. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2007; 58:151-61. [PMID: 17585505 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.58.2007.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies raised against vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were applied to study the cholinergic innervation pattern of the pancreas of the sheep. To determine whether the cholinergic pancreatic neuronal elements contain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or substance P (SP) double immunocytochemistry was used. A moderate number of VAChT-immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals were distributed between the acini, whereas only single cholinergic nerve fibres innervated the interlobular connective tissue. VAChT-positive nerve fibres supplying the endocrine pancreas were found only occasionally. The pancreatic blood vessels and ducts system were devoid of VAChT-containing nerve endings. All intrapancreatic neurons studied showed immunoreactivity to VAChT, but intrapancreatic ganglia were not innervated with cholinergic nerve fibres. The colocalization of VAChT and TH or VAChT and SP was detected in distinct populations of nerve fibres localized amongst the acini, but not within the islet nor in the connective tissue. Single VAChT-IR nerve terminals co-expressing NPY were distributed around the acini, islets as well as in the connective tissue septa. A moderate number of VAChT-IR/VIP-IR nerve endings were located in the exocrine pancreas, whereas the islets and connective tissue were innervated with VAChT/VIP-containing nerve fibres only occasionally. In the vast majority of VAChT-positive intrapancreatic perikarya the presence of TH was additionally found. A moderate number of VAChT-IR intrapancreatic perikarya co-expressed NPY, SP or VIP. The results of the present study demonstrate species-dependent cholinergic innervation pattern of the pancreas of the sheep. The co-localization of VAChT with the neuropeptides suggests the existence of functional interactions influencing the ovine pancreas (mainly exocrine) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
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Ferrer R, Medrano J, Calpena R, Diego M, Moltó M, Graells M, Pérez M, Cansado P, Oliver I, Pérez F, Arroyo A. Interacción hormonal endoexocrina pancreática: modelo in vivo sin filtro hepático en la rata. Cir Esp 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-739x(01)71778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ferrer R, Medrano J, Diego M, Calpena R, Graells L, Moltó M, Pérez T, Pérez F, Salido G. Effect of exogenous insulin and glucagon on exocrine pancreatic secretion in rats in vivo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 2000; 28:67-75. [PMID: 11185712 DOI: 10.1385/ijgc:28:1:67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological roles of the islet hormones insulin and glucagon in the control of exocrine pancreatic secretion is not clear. It is still unknown whether these hormones have a stimulatory or an inhibitory effect on the basal exocrine pancreatic secretion. METHODS Thirty anesthetized rats were stimulated with doses of insulin and glucagon administered by continuous intravenous infusion. Doses varying from physiological to supraphysiological were used. Different groups of 5 rats were given each of these doses. The volume of pancreatic juice and amylase, lipase and trypsin activity, as well as enzyme output, were measured 0, 20, 40, and 60 min after starting infusion. The insulin, glucagon, and glucose levels were determined in serum at 0, 10, 30, and 60 min. RESULTS In the insulin group, the secreted volume of pancreatic juice increases with the maximum dose. All insulin doses results in amylase and lipase decreased activity. When submaximum and maximum insulin doses are administered, the trypsin activity also decreases. In the glucagon group, the activity of lipase and trypsin decreases regardless the dose, whereas the amylase activity decreases with submaximum and supramaximum doses. CONCLUSION Both insulin and glucagon affect the basal exocrine pancreatic secretion in vivo when physiological doses are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, School of Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
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Pierzynowski SG, Weström BR, Svendsen J, Svendsen L, Karlsson BW. Development and regulation of porcine pancreatic function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1995; 18:81-94. [PMID: 8530834 DOI: 10.1007/bf02785881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A surgical and experimental procedure was developed to enable the collection of pure and inactivated pancreatic juice during the growth of the pig. Studies have shown that, during the suckling period, both the basal and the secretory responses to suckling are low, if present at all. After weaning, basal levels of the total exocrine secretion, total protein, amylase, and trypsin, respectively, increase slightly, while the postprandial levels of total protein, amylase, trypsin, lipase, colipase, and carboxylester lipase, respectively, increase markedly. The pancreatic juice enzyme composition changes qualitatively and the antibacterial activity of the pancreatic juice also significantly increases. Piglet age appeared to be of minor importance, since weaning at either 4 or 6 wk of age gave the same results. Secretin and CCK administered together in supraphysiological doses only significantly affect exocrine function from 3-4 wk of age. However, CCK may also affect the exocrine pancreas indirectly via reflexes initiated intraduodenally. Milk consumption in the suckling pig leads to a postprandial increase in glucose levels but not insulin. Milk appears to be able to regulate the exocrine pancreas to produce only the amount and type of enzymes required for digestion. Thus, milk components or digestive products may affect pancreas function regulation. Studies show that enterostatin, the procolipase activation peptide, may inhibit pancreatic secretion mediated indirectly through the GI tract. Pancreastatin, an endocrine peptide, inhibits both insulin secretion and protein and trypsin secretion to pancreatic juice. In hypoinsulinemic (alloxan+streptozotocin diabetes) pigs (15-20 kg), no postprandial pancreatic juice response is seen, although CCK 33 + secretin can stimulate pancreatic secretion. Hypoinsulinemic pigs have a reduced capacity for glucose tissue utilization, suggesting that tissue metabolism and exocrine pancreas secretion are related.
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Gürtler H, Gálfi P, Fürll M, Neogrády S, Kutas F, Schäfer M. Acute metabolic and hormonal effects of intravenously administered sodium n-butyrate in untreated and alloxan-diabetic sheep. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1993; 40:371-83. [PMID: 8212952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1993.tb00640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Experimental diabetes was induced in 4 wethers of the Mutton Merino breed by intravenous injection of alloxan (75 mg.kg-1) in order to determine its impact on plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin, free fatty acids (FFA), cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (D-3-HB), bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) as well as on the changes of these parameters brought about by an intravenous infusion of sodium n-butyrate (1 mmol.kg-1). Alloxan administration caused a significant elevation of plasma glucose, FFA, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, D-3-HB and bilirubin and a decrease of the level of immunoreactive insulin. The increase in glucose level brought about by a bolus injection of sodium n-butyrate in untreated sheep did not appear in alloxanized animals. Thus, it is suggested that the lack of hyperglycaemic response in diabetic sheep was due to the absence of liver glycogen stores. Unexpectedly in alloxan-diabetic sheep, a decrease in the plasma level of FFA occurred after the administration of sodium n-butyrate. Therefore, it may be assumed that beside insulin other factors may contribute to the decrease of FFA under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gürtler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig
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Pierzynowski SG, Zabielski R, Podgurniak P, Kiela P, Sharma P, Weström B, Kato S, Barej W. Effects of reversible cold vagal blockade and atropinization on exocrine pancreatic function during liquid food consumption in calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pierzynowski SG. The effect of fasting and subsequent long-term intraduodenal glucose infusion on the exocrine pancreas secretion in cattle. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1990.tb00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alvarez C, López MA. Effect of alloxan diabetes on exocrine pancreatic secretion in the anesthetized rabbit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1989; 5:229-38. [PMID: 2476517 DOI: 10.1007/bf02924468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the endocrine pancreas on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of both electrolytes and enzymes was studied in rabbits made diabetic by alloxan administration. No alterations were observed in the flow of pancreatic juice. Bicarbonate concentrations were considerably increased, whereas chloride concentrations were clearly reduced in the alloxan-diabetic rabbits compared with the control animals. Insulin treatment restored anion levels to normal. Similar, although less pronounced changes were seen in the output values of bicarbonate and chloride. There were no significant differences between the control and alloxan-treated animals in the output of sodium and potassium; however, potassium concentrations exhibited a significant rise both in untreated and insulin-treated diabetic rabbits compared with the controls. Total protein and amylase secretion decreased markedly in the diabetic animals. The secretion of amylase was not brought back to control values by additional administration of insulin. These results suggest that the endocrine pancreas plays an extremely important role in exocrine pancreatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alvarez
- Departamento de Fisiologia y Farmacologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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Pierzynowski SG, Barej W, Mikołajczyk M, Zabielski R. The influence of light fermented carbohydrates on the exocrine pancreatic secretion in cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1988.tb00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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