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Palmer RK. Why Taste Is Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 275:1-31. [PMID: 35461405 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The chapter presents an argument supporting the view that taste, defined as the receptor-mediated signaling of taste cells and consequent sensory events, is proper subject matter for the field of pharmacology. The argument develops through a consideration of how the field of pharmacology itself is to be defined. Though its application toward the discovery and development of therapeutics is of obvious value, pharmacology nevertheless is a basic science committed to examining biological phenomena controlled by the selective interactions between chemicals - regardless of their sources or uses - and receptors. The basic science of pharmacology is founded on the theory of receptor occupancy, detailed here in the context of taste. The discussion then will turn to consideration of the measurement of human taste and how well the results agree with the predictions of receptor theory.
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Abstract
The study of taste has been guided throughout much of its history by the conceptual framework of psychophysics, where the focus was on quantification of the subjective experience of the taste sensations. By the mid-20th century, data from physiologic studies had accumulated sufficiently to assemble a model for the function of receptors that must mediate the initial stimulus of tastant molecules in contact with the tongue. But the study of taste as a receptor-mediated event did not gain momentum until decades later when the actual receptor proteins and attendant signaling mechanisms were identified and localized to the highly specialized taste-responsive cells of the tongue. With those discoveries a new opportunity to examine taste as a function of receptor activity has come into focus. Pharmacology is the science designed specifically for the experimental interrogation and quantitative characterization of receptor function at all levels of inquiry from molecules to behavior. This review covers the history of some of the major concepts that have shaped thinking and experimental approaches to taste, the seminal discoveries that have led to elucidation of receptors for taste, and how applying principles of receptor pharmacology can enhance understanding of the mechanisms of taste physiology and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kyle Palmer
- Opertech Bio, Inc., Pennovation Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Silva A, Silva MC, Sudalagunta P, Distler A, Jacobson T, Collins A, Nguyen T, Song J, Chen DT, Chen L, Cubitt C, Baz R, Perez L, Rebatchouk D, Dalton W, Greene J, Gatenby R, Gillies R, Sontag E, Meads MB, Shain KH. An Ex Vivo Platform for the Prediction of Clinical Response in Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3336-3351. [PMID: 28400475 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma remains treatable but incurable. Despite a growing armamentarium of effective agents, choice of therapy, especially in relapse, still relies almost exclusively on clinical acumen. We have developed a system, Ex vivo Mathematical Myeloma Advisor (EMMA), consisting of patient-specific mathematical models parameterized by an ex vivo assay that reverse engineers the intensity and heterogeneity of chemosensitivity of primary cells from multiple myeloma patients, allowing us to predict clinical response to up to 31 drugs within 5 days after bone marrow biopsy. From a cohort of 52 multiple myeloma patients, EMMA correctly classified 96% as responders/nonresponders and correctly classified 79% according to International Myeloma Working Group stratification of level of response. We also observed a significant correlation between predicted and actual tumor burden measurements (Pearson r = 0.5658, P < 0.0001). Preliminary estimates indicate that, among the patients enrolled in this study, 60% were treated with at least one ineffective agent from their therapy combination regimen, whereas 30% would have responded better if treated with another available drug or combination. Two in silico clinical trials with experimental agents ricolinostat and venetoclax, in a cohort of 19 multiple myeloma patient samples, yielded consistent results with recent phase I/II trials, suggesting that EMMA is a feasible platform for estimating clinical efficacy of drugs and inclusion criteria screening. This unique platform, specifically designed to predict therapeutic response in multiple myeloma patients within a clinically actionable time frame, has shown high predictive accuracy in patients treated with combinations of different classes of drugs. The accuracy, reproducibility, short turnaround time, and high-throughput potential of this platform demonstrate EMMA's promise as a decision support system for therapeutic management of multiple myeloma. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3336-51. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariosto Silva
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Maria C Silva
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Praneeth Sudalagunta
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Allison Distler
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Timothy Jacobson
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Aunshka Collins
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jinming Song
- Department of Hematologic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Dung-Tsa Chen
- Department of Statistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Statistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christopher Cubitt
- Translational Medicine Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rachid Baz
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Lia Perez
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | | | - Robert Gatenby
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Robert Gillies
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Mark B Meads
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kenneth H Shain
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. .,Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Pearlstein RA, Sherman W, Abel R. Contributions of water transfer energy to protein-ligand association and dissociation barriers: Watermap analysis of a series of p38α MAP kinase inhibitors. Proteins 2013; 81:1509-26. [PMID: 23468227 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In our previous work, we proposed that desolvation and resolvation of the binding sites of proteins can serve as the slowest steps during ligand association and dissociation, respectively, and tested this hypothesis on two protein-ligand systems with known binding kinetics behavior. In the present work, we test this hypothesis on another kinetically-determined protein-ligand system-that of p38α and eight Type II BIRB 796 inhibitor analogs. The kon values among the inhibitor analogs are narrowly distributed (10⁴ ≤ kon ≤ 10⁵ M⁻¹ s⁻¹), suggesting a common rate-determining step, whereas the koff values are widely distributed (10⁻¹ ≤ koff ≤ 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹), suggesting a spectrum of rate-determining steps. We calculated the solvation properties of the DFG-out protein conformation using an explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulation and thermodynamic analysis method implemented in WaterMap to predict the enthalpic and entropic costs of water transfer to and from bulk solvent incurred upon association and dissociation of each inhibitor. The results suggest that the rate-determining step for association consists of the transfer of a common set of enthalpically favorable solvating water molecules from the binding site to bulk solvent. The rate-determining step for inhibitor dissociation consists of the transfer of water from bulk solvent to specific binding site positions that are unfavorably solvated in the apo protein, and evacuated during ligand association. Different sets of unfavorable solvation are evacuated by each ligand, and the observed dissociation barriers are qualitatively consistent with the calculated solvation free energies of those sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Pearlstein
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Kahlson G, Uvnäs B. Die Bedeutung der Acetylcholinesterase sowie der spezifischen Rezeptoren für die Acetylcholinempfindlichkeit kontraktiler Substrate1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1938.tb01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gaddie R, Stewart CP. The anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrate in the isolated ventricle of the frog. J Physiol 2007; 80:457-79. [PMID: 16994517 PMCID: PMC1394162 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1934.sp003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Clark AJ, Gaddie R, Stewart CP. The anaerobic activity of the isolated frog's heart. J Physiol 2007; 75:321-31. [PMID: 16994320 PMCID: PMC1394782 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1932.sp002894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Davis E. Relations between the actions of adrenaline, acetylcholine, and ions, on the perfused heart. J Physiol 2007; 71:431-41. [PMID: 16994192 PMCID: PMC1403084 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1931.sp002748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Clark AJ, Eggleton MG, Eggleton P. Phosphagen in the perfused heart of the frog. J Physiol 2007; 75:332-44. [PMID: 16994321 PMCID: PMC1394788 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1932.sp002895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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WEBB JL. The action of acetylcholine on the rabbit auricle. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 2004; 5:335-75. [PMID: 14777858 PMCID: PMC1509935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1950.tb00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Barton ES, Connolly JL, Forrest JC, Chappell JD, Dermody TS. Utilization of sialic acid as a coreceptor enhances reovirus attachment by multistep adhesion strengthening. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:2200-11. [PMID: 11054410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004680200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many serotype 3 reoviruses bind to two different host cell molecules, sialic acid and an unidentified protein, using discrete receptor-binding domains in viral attachment protein, final sigma1. To determine mechanisms by which these receptor-binding events cooperate to mediate cell attachment, we generated isogenic reovirus strains that differ in the capacity to bind sialic acid. Strain SA+, but not SA-, bound specifically to sialic acid on a biosensor chip with nanomolar avidity. SA+ displayed 5-fold higher avidity for HeLa cells when compared with SA-, although both strains recognized the same proteinaceous receptor. Increased avidity of SA+ binding was mediated by increased k(on). Neuraminidase treatment to remove cell-surface sialic acid decreased the k(on) of SA+ to that of SA-. Increased k(on) of SA+ enhanced an infectious attachment process, since SA+ was 50-100-fold more efficient than SA- at infecting HeLa cells in a kinetic fluorescent focus assay. Sialic acid binding was operant early during SA+ attachment, since the capacity of soluble sialyllactose to inhibit infection decreased rapidly during the first 20 min of adsorption. These results indicate that reovirus binding to sialic acid enhances virus infection through adhesion of virus to the cell surface where access to a proteinaceous receptor is thermodynamically favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Barton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2581, USA
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Hollenberg MD. Receptor binding and agonist efficacy: new insights from mutants of the thrombin protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:1175-7. [PMID: 11093751 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.6.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M D Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Stephenson RP. A modification of receptor theory. 1956. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 120:106-20; discussion 103-5. [PMID: 9142399 PMCID: PMC3224279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1997.tb06784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/1956] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Karlson P. Historical development of the receptor concept. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1991; 83:3-12. [PMID: 1848807 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75515-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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van Noordwijk AJ, van Noordwijk J. An accurate method for estimating an approximate lethal dose with few animals, tested with a Monte Carlo procedure. Arch Toxicol 1988; 61:333-43. [PMID: 3395244 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A reliable but not necessarily precise indication of the toxicity of a chemical product is frequently needed for the determination of its class of toxicity. Estimations of the LD50 carried out for this purpose often have a precision which is higher than necessary and so is the number of laboratory animals used. Alternative methods estimating an approximate lethal dose (ALD) have been proposed, but too little is known about their accuracy and precision. The method of Deichmann and LeBlanc (1943) for estimating an ALD has a systematic error, dependent upon the magnitude of the unknown variance of the log tolerance. A new method was developed in which this systematic error was removed. Its performance was tested in a model with Monte Carlo techniques. The model is based on the log-normal distribution of individual tolerance, i.e. the lowest dose that is lethal for an individual of the species under study. A hypothetical substance was created with a mean tolerance between 1 and 5,000 mg per kg and a standard deviation of log tolerance between 0.1 and 1.5 (in natural logarithms). This substance was then subjected to a sequential test, by repeatedly drawing a random element from the population of normally distributed log tolerance values and testing whether this element is smaller or greater than the dose administered according to the method's protocol. The method of Lorke (1983) was tested with a similar simulation model. In series of 100 simulations no systematic error was found. For a standard deviation of log tolerance exceeding 0.85 the new method was less precise than that of Lorke, but for smaller values the new method was more precise; it required on average less than ten animals, against 13 required in Lorke's method.
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Schwartz TW, Holst JJ, Fahrenkrug J, Jensen SL, Nielsen OV, Rehfeld JF, de Muckadell OB, Stadil F. Vagal, cholinergic regulation of pancreatic polypeptide secretion. J Clin Invest 1978; 61:781-9. [PMID: 641155 PMCID: PMC372593 DOI: 10.1172/jci108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
THE EFFECT OF EFFERENT, PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION UPON PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE (PP) SECRETION WAS STUDIED IN THREE WAYS: (a) Plasma PP concentrations increased in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in both normal subjects, from 11 pM (9.5-12.5) to 136 pM (118-147), n = 8 (median and interquartile range) and in duodenal ulcer patients, from 33 pM (21-52) to 213 pM (157-233), n = 7. The PP response to hypoglycemia was diminished by atropine in normal subjects (P < 0.005) and completely abolished by vagotomy in the duodenal ulcer patients. (b) Electrical stimulation, 8 Hz, of the vagal nerves in anesthetized pigs induced an increase in portal PP concentrations within 30 s from 32 pM (28-39) to 285 pM (248-294), n = 12. Minimal stimulatory frequency was 0.5 Hz and maximal stimulatory frequency 8-12 Hz. Atropine inhibited the PP response to electrical stimulation. Median inhibition with 0.5 mg of atropine/kg body wt was 74%, range 31-90%, n = 6. The response was eliminated by hexamethonium. Adrenergic alpha and beta blockade did not influence the release of PP in response to vagal stimulation. (c) Acetylcholine stimulated, in a dose-dependent manner, the secretion of PP from the isolated perfused porcine pancreas, half-maximal effective dose being 0.19 muM; maximal PP output in response to 5 min stimulation was 228 pmol, range 140-342 pmol, n = 5. Atropine completely abolished this response.The results of the present study together with the previously demonstrated poor PP response to food in vagotomized patients, indicate that vagal, cholinergic stimulation is a major regulator of PP secretion.
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Loubatières-Mariani MM, Chapal J, Alric R, Loubatières A. Studies of the cholinergic receptors involved in the secretion of insulin using isolated perfused rat pancreas. Diabetologia 1973; 9:439-46. [PMID: 4589822 DOI: 10.1007/bf00461685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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FEHER O, BOKRI E. �ber die Acetylcholinreceptoren der sympathischen Ganglien. Pflugers Arch 1959; 269:68-76. [PMID: 13657654 DOI: 10.1007/bf00362972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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LAM CR, GAHAGAN T, SERGEANT C, GREEN E. Clinical experiences with induced cardiac arrest during intracardiac surgical procedures. Ann Surg 1957; 146:439-49. [PMID: 13459293 PMCID: PMC1450452 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-195709000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brecht K. Über die Wirkung des Acetylcholins auf die Froschlunge, ihre Beeinflussung und ihre theoretischen Grundlagen. Pflugers Arch 1943. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01752522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Boyland E, Warren FL. The induction of tumours by methylcholanthrene in two strains of mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1937. [DOI: 10.1002/path.1700450116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Über die biologische Wirkung des Carnitins und Azetylcarnitins. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1937. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02203221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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