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Sun T, Lv J, Zhao X, Li W, Zhang Z, Nie L. In vivo liver function reserve assessments in alcoholic liver disease by scalable photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 34:100569. [PMID: 38046637 PMCID: PMC10690638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a rapid and high-resolution photoacoustic imaging method for evaluating the liver function reserve (LFR). To validate its accuracy, we establish alcoholic liver disease (ALD) models and employ dual-wavelength spectral unmixing to assess oxygen metabolism. An empirical mathematical model fits the photoacoustic signals, obtaining liver metabolism curve and LFR parameters. Liver oxygen metabolism significantly drops in ALD with the emergence of abnormal hepatic lobular structure. ICG half-life remarkably extends from 241 to 568 s in ALD. A significant decline in LFR occurs in terminal region compared to central region, indicated by a 106.9 s delay in ICG half-life, likely due to hepatic artery and vein damage causing hypoxia and inadequate nutrition. Reduced glutathione repairs LFR with a 43% improvement by reducing alcohol-induced oxidative damage. Scalable photoacoustic imaging shows immense potential for assessing LFR in alcoholic-related diseases, providing assistance to early detection and management of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xingyang Zhao
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenya Li
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhenhui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liming Nie
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Park B, Oh D, Kim J, Kim C. Functional photoacoustic imaging: from nano- and micro- to macro-scale. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:29. [PMID: 37335405 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Functional photoacoustic imaging is a promising biological imaging technique that offers such unique benefits as scalable resolution and imaging depth, as well as the ability to provide functional information. At nanoscale, photoacoustic imaging has provided super-resolution images of the surface light absorption characteristics of materials and of single organelles in cells. At the microscopic and macroscopic scales. photoacoustic imaging techniques have precisely measured and quantified various physiological parameters, such as oxygen saturation, vessel morphology, blood flow, and the metabolic rate of oxygen, in both human and animal subjects. This comprehensive review provides an overview of functional photoacoustic imaging across multiple scales, from nano to macro, and highlights recent advances in technology developments and applications. Finally, the review surveys the future prospects of functional photoacoustic imaging in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byullee Park
- Departments of Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering, School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Oh
- Departments of Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering, School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering, School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Tian L, Li X, Ji H, Yu Q, Yang M, Guo L, Huang L, Gao W. Melanin-like nanoparticles: advances in surface modification and tumour photothermal therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:485. [PMCID: PMC9675272 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, tumor treatments are characterized by intelligence, diversity and personalization, but the therapeutic reagents used are often limited in clinical efficacy due to problems with water solubility, targeting, stability and multidrug resistance. To remedy these shortcomings, the application of multifunctional nanotechnology in the biomedical field has been widely studied. Synthetic melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) surfaces which contain highly reactive chemical groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and amine groups, can be used as a reaction platform on which to graft different functional components. In addition, MNPs easily adhere to substrate surface, and serve as a secondary reaction platform to modify it. The multifunctionality and intrinsic biocompatibility make melanin-like nanoparticles promising as a multifunctional and powerful nanoplatform for oncological applications. This paper first reviews the preparation methods, polymerization mechanisms and physicochemical properties of melanin including natural melanin and chemically synthesized melanin to guide scholars in MNP-based design. Then, recent advances in MNPs especially synthetic polydopamine (PDA) melanin for various medical oncological applications are systematically and thoroughly described, mainly focusing on bioimaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), and drug delivery for tumor therapy. Finally, based on the investigated literature, the current challenges and future directions for clinical translation are reasonably discussed, focusing on the innovative design of MNPs and further elucidation of pharmacokinetics. This paper is a timely and comprehensive and detailed study of the progress of MNPs in tumor therapy, especially PTT, and provides ideas for the design of personalized and customizable oncology nanomedicines to address the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Tian
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300193 China
| | - Xia Li
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300193 China
| | - Haixia Ji
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300193 China
| | - Qing Yu
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300193 China
| | - Mingjuan Yang
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300193 China
| | - Lanping Guo
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Luqi Huang
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300193 China
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Kye H, Song Y, Ninjbadgar T, Kim C, Kim J. Whole-Body Photoacoustic Imaging Techniques for Preclinical Small Animal Studies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5130. [PMID: 35890810 PMCID: PMC9318812 DOI: 10.3390/s22145130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid imaging technique that has received considerable attention in biomedical studies. In contrast to pure optical imaging techniques, photoacoustic imaging enables the visualization of optical absorption properties at deeper imaging depths. In preclinical small animal studies, photoacoustic imaging is widely used to visualize biodistribution at the molecular level. Monitoring the whole-body distribution of chromophores in small animals is a key method used in preclinical research, including drug-delivery monitoring, treatment assessment, contrast-enhanced tumor imaging, and gastrointestinal tracking. In this review, photoacoustic systems for the whole-body imaging of small animals are explored and summarized. The configurations of the systems vary with the scanning methods and geometries of the ultrasound transducers. The future direction of research is also discussed with regard to achieving a deeper imaging depth and faster imaging speed, which are the main factors that an imaging system should realize to broaden its application in biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Kye
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Yuon Song
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Tsedendamba Ninjbadgar
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering, School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
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Kalva SK, Sánchez-Iglesias A, Deán-Ben XL, Liz-Marzán LM, Razansky D. Rapid Volumetric Optoacoustic Tracking of Nanoparticle Kinetics across Murine Organs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:172-178. [PMID: 34949083 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale visualization of nanoparticle kinetics is essential for optimizing drug delivery and characterizing in vivo toxicity associated with engineered nanomaterials. Real-time tracking of nanoparticulate agents across multiple murine organs is hindered with the currently available whole-body preclinical imaging systems due to limitations in contrast, sensitivity, spatial, or temporal resolution. Herein, we demonstrate rapid volumetric tracking of gold nanoagent kinetics and biodistribution in mice at a suborgan level with single-sweep volumetric optoacoustic tomography (sSVOT). The imaging system accomplishes whole-body three-dimensional scans in less than 1.8 s, further attaining a high spatial resolution of 130 μm and sub-picomolar sensitivity. We visualized the clearance dynamics of purposely synthesized gold nanorods and nanorod clusters, featuring different sizes and surface chemistries as well as their corresponding accumulation within the liver and spleen. The newly discovered capacity to image rapid whole-body kinetics down to suborgan scales opens up new avenues for the development and characterization of diagnostic and therapeutic nanoagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Kalva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Ana Sánchez-Iglesias
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
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Liu S, Zhang R, Zheng Z, Zheng Y. Electromagnetic⁻Acoustic Sensing for Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3203. [PMID: 30248969 PMCID: PMC6210000 DOI: 10.3390/s18103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the theories and applications of electromagnetic⁻acoustic (EMA) techniques (covering light-induced photoacoustic, microwave-induced thermoacoustic, magnetic-modulated thermoacoustic, and X-ray-induced thermoacoustic) belonging to the more general area of electromagnetic (EM) hybrid techniques. The theories cover excitation of high-power EM field (laser, microwave, magnetic field, and X-ray) and subsequent acoustic wave generation. The applications of EMA methods include structural imaging, blood flowmetry, thermometry, dosimetry for radiation therapy, hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO₂) sensing, fingerprint imaging and sensing, glucose sensing, pH sensing, etc. Several other EM-related acoustic methods, including magnetoacoustic, magnetomotive ultrasound, and magnetomotive photoacoustic are also described. It is believed that EMA has great potential in both pre-clinical research and medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Ruochong Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Zesheng Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Longo DL, Stefania R, Aime S, Oraevsky A. Melanin-Based Contrast Agents for Biomedical Optoacoustic Imaging and Theranostic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081719. [PMID: 28783106 PMCID: PMC5578109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optoacoustic imaging emerged in early 1990s as a new biomedical imaging technology that generates images by illuminating tissues with short laser pulses and detecting resulting ultrasound waves. This technique takes advantage of the spectroscopic approach to molecular imaging, and delivers high-resolution images in the depth of tissue. Resolution of the optoacoustic imaging is scalable, so that biomedical systems from cellular organelles to large organs can be visualized and, more importantly, characterized based on their optical absorption coefficient, which is proportional to the concentration of absorbing chromophores. Optoacoustic imaging was shown to be useful in both preclinical research using small animal models and in clinical applications. Applications in the field of molecular imaging offer abundant opportunities for the development of highly specific and effective contrast agents for quantitative optoacoustic imaging. Recent efforts are being made in the direction of nontoxic biodegradable contrast agents (such as nanoparticles made of melanin) that are potentially applicable in clinical optoacoustic imaging. In order to increase the efficiency and specificity of contrast agents and probes, they need to be made smart and capable of controlled accumulation in the target cells. This review was written in recognition of the potential breakthroughs in medical optoacoustic imaging that can be enabled by efficient and nontoxic melanin-based optoacoustic contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Livio Longo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Rachele Stefania
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Silvio Aime
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10126, Italy.
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Upputuri PK, Periyasamy V, Kalva SK, Pramanik M. A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging. J Vis Exp 2017:55811. [PMID: 28671657 PMCID: PMC5608463 DOI: 10.3791/55811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo small-animal imaging has an important role to play in preclinical studies. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality that shows great potential for both preclinical and clinical applications. Conventional optical parametric oscillator-based PAT (OPO-PAT) systems are bulky and expensive and cannot provide high-speed imaging. Recently, pulsed-laser diodes (PLDs) have been successfully demonstrated as an alternative excitation source for PAT. Pulsed-laser diode PAT (PLD-PAT) has been successfully demonstrated for high-speed imaging on photoacoustic phantoms and biological tissues. This work provides a visualized experimental protocol for in vivo brain imaging using PLD-PAT. The protocol includes the compact PLD-PAT system configuration and its description, animal preparation for brain imaging, and a typical experimental procedure for 2D cross-sectional rat brain imaging. The PLD-PAT system is compact and cost-effective and can provide high-speed, high-quality imaging. Brain images collected in vivo at various scan speeds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kumar Upputuri
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Vijitha Periyasamy
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Sandeep Kumar Kalva
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University;
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Longo DL, Stefania R, Callari C, De Rose F, Rolle R, Conti L, Consolino L, Arena F, Aime S. Water Soluble Melanin Derivatives for Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging of Tumor Vasculature and Response to Antiangiogenic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27782375 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) approach for tumor photoacoustic (PA) imaging is described. Novel water soluble melanin-based derivatives are synthesized that exhibit good PA properties, stability, safety and accumulation in tumor bearing mice. This melanin derivative is capable to characterize tumor vasculature and to monitor vessel permeability changes upon antiangiogenic treatment. DCE-PA imaging can assess functional response to cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario L. Longo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (CNR) c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center; Via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Rachele Stefania
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Callari
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Francesco De Rose
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Riccardo Rolle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Lorena Consolino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Francesca Arena
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
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Liopo A, Su R, Tsyboulski DA, Oraevsky AA. Optical clearing of skin enhanced with hyaluronic acid for increased contrast of optoacoustic imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:081208. [PMID: 27232721 PMCID: PMC4882400 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.8.081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced delivery of optical clearing agents (OCA) through skin may improve sensitivity of optical and optoacoustic (OA) methods of imaging, sensing, and monitoring. This report describes a two-step method for enhancement of light penetration through skin. Here, we demonstrate that topical application of hyaluronic acid (HA) improves skin penetration of hydrophilic and lipophilic OCA and thus enhances their performance. We examined the OC effect of 100% polyethylene and polypropylene glycols (PPGs) and their mixture after pretreatment by HA, and demonstrated significant increase in efficiency of light penetration through skin. Increased light transmission resulted in a significant increase of OA image contrast in vitro. Topical pretreatment of skin for about 30 min with 0.5% HA in aqueous solution offers effective delivery of low molecular weight OCA such as a mixture of PPG-425 and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400. The developed approach of pretreatment by HA prior to application of clearing agents (PEG and PPG) resulted in a ∼ 47-fold increase in transmission of red and near-infrared light and significantly enhanced contrast of OA images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Liopo
- TomoWave Laboratories, 6550 Mapleridge Street Suite 124, Houston, Texas 77081, United States
| | - Richard Su
- TomoWave Laboratories, 6550 Mapleridge Street Suite 124, Houston, Texas 77081, United States
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3600 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Dmitri A. Tsyboulski
- TomoWave Laboratories, 6550 Mapleridge Street Suite 124, Houston, Texas 77081, United States
| | - Alexander A. Oraevsky
- TomoWave Laboratories, 6550 Mapleridge Street Suite 124, Houston, Texas 77081, United States
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3600 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Alexander A. Oraevsky, E-mail:
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11
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Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines rich optical absorption contrast with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound at depths in tissue. The high scalability of PAT has enabled anatomical imaging of biological structures ranging from organelles to organs. The inherent functional and molecular imaging capabilities of PAT have further allowed it to measure important physiological parameters and track critical cellular activities. Integration of PAT with other imaging technologies provides complementary capabilities and can potentially accelerate the clinical translation of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
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Ermilov SA, Su R, Conjusteau A, Anis F, Nadvoretskiy V, Anastasio MA, Oraevsky AA. Three-Dimensional Optoacoustic and Laser-Induced Ultrasound Tomography System for Preclinical Research in Mice: Design and Phantom Validation. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2016; 38:77-95. [PMID: 26088582 DOI: 10.1177/0161734615591163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a novel three-dimensional imaging system for in vivo high-resolution anatomical and functional whole-body visualization of small animal models developed for preclinical and other type of biomedical research. The system (LOUIS-3DM) combines a multiwavelength optoacoustic tomography (OAT) and laser-induced ultrasound tomography (LUT) to obtain coregistered maps of tissue optical absorption and speed of sound, displayed within the skin outline of the studied animal. The most promising applications of the LOUIS-3DM include 3D angiography, cancer research, and longitudinal studies of biological distributions of optoacoustic contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Su
- TomoWave Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - F Anis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - M A Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A A Oraevsky
- TomoWave Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Simandoux O, Prost A, Gateau J, Bossy E. Influence of nanoscale temperature rises on photoacoustic generation: Discrimination between optical absorbers based on thermal nonlinearity at high frequency. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2015; 3:20-5. [PMID: 25893167 PMCID: PMC4398813 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we experimentally investigate thermal-based nonlinear photoacoustic generation as a mean to discriminate between different types of absorbing particles. The photoacoustic generation from solutions of dye molecules and gold nanospheres (same optical densities) was detected using a high frequency ultrasound transducer (20 MHz). Photoacoustic emission was observed with gold nanospheres at low fluence for an equilibrium temperature around 4 °C, where the linear photoacoustic effect in water vanishes, highlighting the nonlinear emission from the solution of nanospheres. The photoacoustic amplitude was also studied as a function of the equilibrium temperature from 2 °C to 20 °C. While the photoacoustic amplitude from the dye molecules vanished around 4 °C, the photoacoustic amplitude from the gold nanospheres remained significant over the whole temperature range. Our preliminary results suggest that in the context of high frequency photoacoustic imaging, nanoparticles may be discriminated from molecular absorbers based on nanoscale temperature rises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Bossy
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 1 80963081; fax: +33 1 80963355.
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Liopo A, Su R, Oraevsky AA. Melanin nanoparticles as a novel contrast agent for optoacoustic tomography. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2015; 3:35-43. [PMID: 25893172 PMCID: PMC4398798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and characterization of melanin-like nanoparticles (MNP) as novel contrast agents for optoacoustic tomography. Good dispersion stability of high concentration MNPs in different biological media was achieved with thiol-terminated methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol), which can be used for further functional conjugation. MNP-PEG were found biocompatible with human MCF-7 and 3T3 cells. Cell toxicity of MNPs was found lower than that of gold nanorods for concentrations that provide equal optical absorbance. Optoacoustic tomography images were obtained with Laser Optoacoustic Imaging System (LOIS-3D) from tubes filled with contrast agents and live mice. Imaging of tubes permitted verification of the system resolution <300 μm and sensitivity Δμa=0.03/cm under safe laser fluence of 20 mJ/cm(2). Water suspensions of MNP demonstrated optoacoustic efficiency that is about equal to that of gold nanorods under conditions of equal optical absorption. We conclude that MNPs have the potential for biomedical imaging applications as optoacoustic contrast agents.
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15
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Cell type-specific delivery of short interfering RNAs by dye-functionalised theranostic nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5565. [PMID: 25470305 PMCID: PMC4268698 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of short interfering RNAs reflects a prerequisite for the development of RNA interference therapeutics. Here, we describe highly specific nanoparticles, based on near infrared fluorescent polymethine dye-derived targeting moieties coupled to biodegradable polymers. The fluorescent dye, even when coupled to a nanoparticle, mimics a ligand for hepatic parenchymal uptake transporters resulting in hepatobiliary clearance of approximately 95% of the dye within 45 min. Body distribution, hepatocyte uptake and excretion into bile of the dye itself, or dye-coupled nanoparticles can be tracked by intravital microscopy or even non-invasively by multispectral optoacoustic tomography. Efficacy of delivery is demonstrated in vivo using 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase siRNA as an active payload resulting in a reduction of plasma cholesterol levels if siRNA was formulated into dye-functionalised nanoparticles. This suggests that organ-selective uptake of a near infrared dye can be efficiently transferred to theranostic nanoparticles allowing novel possibilities for personalised silencing of disease-associated genes. A potential drug should specifically interact with its intended target in order to limit unwanted side effects. Here, the authors fabricate a biodegradable polymer nanoparticle with a fluorescent hepatic uptake transporter ligand to achieve targeted in vivo siRNA delivery and imaging of delivery.
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Jeon M, Kim J, Kim C. Multiplane spectroscopic whole-body photoacoustic imaging of small animals in vivo. Med Biol Eng Comput 2014; 54:283-94. [PMID: 25115270 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-014-1182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully developed a multiscale acoustic-resolution photoacoustic tomography system in a single imaging platform. By switching between ultrasound transducers (center frequencies 5 and 40 MHz) and optical condensers, we have photoacoustically imaged microvasculatures of small animals in vivo at different scales. Further, we have extended the field of view of our imaging system to entire bodies of small animals. At different imaging planes, we have noninvasively imaged the major blood vessels (e.g., descending aorta, intercostal vessels, cephalic vessels, brachial vessels, femoral vessels, popliteal vessels, lateral marginal vessels, cranial mesenteric vessels, mammalian vessels, carotid artery, jugular vein, subclavian vessels, iliac vessels, and caudal vessels) as well as intact internal organs (e.g., spleen, liver, kidney, intestine, cecum, and spinal cord) of the animals in vivo. The spectroscopic whole-body photoacoustic imaging clearly reveals the spectral responses of the internal structures. Similar to other existing preclinical whole-body imaging systems, this whole-body photoacoustic tomography can be a useful tool for small-animal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansik Jeon
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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Tsyboulski DA, Liopo AV, Su R, Ermilov SA, Bachilo SM, Weisman RB, Oraevsky AA. Enabling in vivo measurements of nanoparticle concentrations with three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:581-8. [PMID: 23554158 PMCID: PMC4153368 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate the feasibility of using optoacoustic tomography (OAT) to evaluate biodistributions of nanoparticles in animal models. The redistribution of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was visualized in living mice. Nanoparticle concentrations in harvested organs were measured spectroscopically using the intrinsic optical absorption and fluorescence of SWCNTs. Observed increases in optoacoustic signal brightness in tissues were compared with increases in optical absorption coefficients caused by SWCNT accumulation. The methodology presented in this report can further be extended to calibrate the sensitivity of an optoacoustic imaging system for a range of changes in optical absorption coefficient values at specific locations or organs in a mouse body to enable noninvasive measurements of nanoparticle concentrations in vivo. Additionally, qualitative information provided by OAT and quantitative information obtained ex vivo may provide valuable feedback for advancing methods of quantitative analysis with OAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Tsyboulski
- TomoWave Laboratories, Inc., 6550 Mapleridge St., Suite 124, Houston, TX 77081, USA.
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18
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Wang K, Schoonover RW, Su R, Oraevsky A, Anastasio MA. Discrete imaging models for three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography using radially symmetric expansion functions. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:1180-93. [PMID: 24770921 PMCID: PMC4374808 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2308478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Optoacoustic tomography (OAT), also known as photoacoustic tomography, is an emerging computed biomedical imaging modality that exploits optical contrast and ultrasonic detection principles. Iterative image reconstruction algorithms that are based on discrete imaging models are actively being developed for OAT due to their ability to improve image quality by incorporating accurate models of the imaging physics, instrument response, and measurement noise. In this work, we investigate the use of discrete imaging models based on Kaiser-Bessel window functions for iterative image reconstruction in OAT. A closed-form expression for the pressure produced by a Kaiser-Bessel function is calculated, which facilitates accurate computation of the system matrix. Computer-simulation and experimental studies are employed to demonstrate the potential advantages of Kaiser-Bessel function-based iterative image reconstruction in OAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Robert W. Schoonover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Richard Su
- TomoWave Laboratories, 6550 Mapleridge Street, Suite 124, Houston, TX 77081-4629
| | - Alexander Oraevsky
- TomoWave Laboratories, 6550 Mapleridge Street, Suite 124, Houston, TX 77081-4629
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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Abstract
With the wide use of small animals for biomedical studies, in vivo small-animal whole-body imaging plays an increasingly important role. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging whole-body imaging modality that shows great potential for preclinical research. As a hybrid technique, PAT is based on the acoustic detection of optical absorption from either endogenous tissue chromophores, such as oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, or exogenous contrast agents. Because ultrasound scatters much less than light in tissue, PAT generates high-resolution images in both the optical ballistic and diffusive regimes. Using near-infrared light, which has relatively low blood absorption, PAT can image through the whole body of small animals with acoustically defined spatial resolution. Anatomical and vascular structures are imaged with endogenous hemoglobin contrast, while functional and molecular images are enabled by the wide choice of exogenous optical contrasts. This paper reviews the rapidly growing field of small-animal whole-body PAT and highlights studies done in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia
- J. Xia and L.V. Wang are with the Optical Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis ( and )
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- J. Xia and L.V. Wang are with the Optical Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis ( and )
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Piao D, Towner RA, Smith N, Chen WR. Magnetothermoacoustics from magnetic nanoparticles by short bursting or frequency chirped alternating magnetic field: a theoretical feasibility analysis. Med Phys 2014; 40:063301. [PMID: 23718611 DOI: 10.1118/1.4804056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To propose an alternative method of thermoacoustic wave generation based on heating of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using alternating magnetic field (AMF). METHODS The feasibility of thermoacoustic wave generation from MNPs by applying a short-burst of AMF or a frequency-modulated AMF is theoretically analyzed. As the relaxation of MNPs is strongly dependent upon the amplitude and frequency of AMF, either an amplitude modulated, fixed frequency AMF (termed time-domain AMF) or a frequency modulated, constant amplitude AMF (termed frequency-domain AMF) will result in time-varying heat dissipation from MNPs, which has the potential to generate thermoacoustic waves. Following Rosensweig's model of specific power loss of MNPs in a steady-state AMF, the time-resolved heat dissipations of MNPs of superparamagnetic size when exposed to a short bursting of AMF and∕or to a linearly frequency chirped AMF are derived, and the resulted acoustic propagation is presented. Based on experimentally measured temperature-rise characteristics of a superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticle (SPION) matrix in a steady-state AMF of various frequencies, the heat dissipations of the SPION under time-domain and frequency-domain AMF configurations that could have practical utility for thermoacoustic wave generation are estimated. RESULTS The initial rates of the temperature-rise of the SPION matrix were measured at an iron-weight concentration of 0.8 mg∕ml and an AMF frequency of 88.8 kHz to 1.105 MHz. The measured initial rates of temperature-rise were modeled by Rosensweig's theory, and projected to 10 MHz AMF frequency, at which a 1 μs bursting corresponding to a 1.55 mm axial resolution of acoustic detection could contain 10 complete cycles of AMF oscillation and the power dissipation is approximately 84 times of that at 1 MHz. Exposing the SPION matrix to a 1 μs bursting of AMF at 10 MHz frequency and 100 Oe field intensity would produce a volumetric heat dissipation of 7.7 μJ∕cm(3) over the microsecond duration of the AMF burst. If the SPION matrix is exposed to a 1 ms long AMF train at 100 Oe field intensity that chirps linearly from 1 to 10 MHz, the volumetric heat dissipation produced over each 2π phase change of the AMF oscillation is estimated to increase from 0.15 to 1.1 μJ∕cm(3) within the millisecond duration of the chirping of AMF. CONCLUSIONS The heat dissipations upon SPION (∼1 mg∕ml iron-weight concentration) by a 1 μs bursting of 100 Oe AMF at 10 MHz and a 1 ms train of 100 Oe AMF that chirps linearly from 1 to 10 MHz were estimated to determine the potential of thermal-acoustic wave generation. Although thermoacoustic wave generation from MNPs by time- or frequency-domain AMF applications is predicted, the experimental generation of such a wave remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Piao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
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Su R, Ermilov S, Liopo A, Oraevsky A. Laser OptoAcoustic Tomography: Towards New Technology for Biomedical Diagnostics. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2013; 720:58-61. [PMID: 25210212 PMCID: PMC4157689 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a short review of physical principles, technology, biomedical applications and perspectives of the optoacoustic imaging. Ideas that made this rapidly developing field possible include the following: (1) laser pulses may be effectively used to produce acoustic pressure in biological tissues localized to the areas of increased optical absorption, (2) the resulting acoustic (ultrasonic) waves propagate in tissues with minimal distortions and attenuation, (3) 2D and 3D maps (images) of the absorbed optical energy can be reconstructed with high resolution from the detected optoacoustic signals. Modern optoacoustic imaging systems include scanning focused transducers and 2D/3D transducer arrays. The widely accepted 2D arrays are employed either for real-time 2D optoacoustic imaging or for 3D imaging via translational or rotational scanning. A commercial prototype of a 3D OAT system is being developed by TomoWave Labs where major biomedical applications include visualization of specific targeting using exogenous optoacoustic contrast agents and imaging of blood distribution and oxygentaion status can be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Su
- TomoWave Laboratories, Houston, TX 77081, USA
- University of Houston, Houston TX 77004, USA
| | | | - Anton Liopo
- TomoWave Laboratories, Houston, TX 77081, USA
| | - Alexander Oraevsky
- TomoWave Laboratories, Houston, TX 77081, USA
- University of Houston, Houston TX 77004, USA
- Corresponding author address: 6550 Mapleridge St., Suite 124, Houston TX 77081-4629, , , Telephone: 1 713 270 5393, Fax: 1 713 270 5392
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Nuster R, Schmitner N, Wurzinger G, Gratt S, Salvenmoser W, Meyer D, Paltauf G. Hybrid photoacoustic and ultrasound section imaging with optical ultrasound detection. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:549-559. [PMID: 23650129 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A setup is proposed that provides perfectly co-registered photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) section images. Photoacoustic and ultrasound backscatter signals are generated by laser pulses coming from the same laser system, the latter by absorption of some of the laser energy on an optically absorbing target near the imaged object. By measuring both signals with the same optical detector, which is focused into the selected section by use of a cylindrical acoustic mirror, the information for both images is acquired simultaneously. Co-registered PA and US images are obtained after applying the inverse Radon transform to the data, which are gathered while rotating the object relative to the detector. Phantom experiments demonstrate a resolution of 1.1 mm between the sections of both imaging modalities and a in-plane resolution of about 60 µm and 120 µm for the US and PA modes, respectively. The complementary contrast mechanisms of the two modalities are shown by images of a zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nuster
- Department of Physics, Karl-Franzens University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Liopo A, Conjusteau A, Tsyboulski D, Ermolinsky B, Kazansky A, Oraevsky A. Biocompatible Gold Nanorod Conjugates for Preclinical Biomedical Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; S2. [PMID: 23264890 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.s2-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods with a peak absorption wavelength of 760 nm were prepared using a seed-mediated method. A novel protocol has been developed to replace hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide on the surface of the nanorods with 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid and metoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-thiol, and the monoclonal antibody HER2. The physical chemistry properties of the conjugates were monitored through optical and zeta-potential measurements to confirm surface chemistry changes. The efficiency of the modifications was quantified through measurement of the average number of antibodies per gold nanorod. The conjugates were investigated for different cells lines: BT-474, MCF7, MCF10, MDCK, and fibroblast. The results show successful cell accumulation of the gold nanorod HER2 conjugates in cells with HER2 overexpression. Incubation of the complexes in heparinized mouse blood demonstrated the low aggregation of the metallic particles through stability of the spectral properties, as verified by UV/VIS spectrometry. Cytotoxicity analysis with LDH release and MTT assay confirms strong targeting and retention of functional activity of the antibody after their conjugation with gold nanorods. Silver staining confirms efficient specific binding to BT-474 cells even in cases where the nanorod complexes were incubated in heparinized mouse blood. This is confirmed through in vivo studies where, following intravenous injection of gold nanorod complexes, silver staining reveals noticeably higher rates of specific binding in mouse tumors than in healthy liver.The conjugates are reproducible, have strong molecular targeting capabilities, have long term stability in vivo and can be used in pre-clinical applications. The conjugates can also be used for molecular and optoacoustic imaging, quantitative sensing of biological substrates, and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Liopo
- TomoWave Laboratories, Houston, TX 77081, USA
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