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Bai W, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Dan M, Liu D, Gao F. Wide-field illumination diffuse optical tomography within a framework of single-pixel time-domain spatial frequency domain imaging. Opt Express 2024; 32:6104-6120. [PMID: 38439321 DOI: 10.1364/oe.513909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
We present a wide-field illumination time-domain (TD) diffusion optical tomography (DOT) for three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction within a shallow region under the illuminated surface of the turbid medium. The methodological foundation is laid on the single-pixel spatial frequency domain (SFD) imaging that facilitates the adoption of the well-established time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC)-based TD detection and generalized pulse spectrum techniques (GPST)-based reconstruction. To ameliorate the defects of the conventional diffusion equation (DE) in the forward modeling of TD-SFD-DOT, mainly the low accuracy in the near-field region and in profiling early-photon migration, we propose a modified model employing the time-dependent δ-P1 approximation and verify its improved accuracy in comparison with both the Monte Carlo and DE-based ones. For a simplified inversion process, a modified GPST approach is extended to TD-SFD-DOT that enables the effective separation of the absorption and scattering coefficients using a steady-state equivalent strategy. Furthermore, we set up a single-pixel TD-SFD-DOT system that employs the TCSPC-based TD detection in the SFD imaging framework. For assessments of the reconstruction approach and the system performance, phantom experiments are performed for a series of scenarios. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for rapid 3-D reconstruction of the absorption and scattering coefficients within a depth range of about 5 mean free pathlengths.
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Zhang L, Bounds A, Girkin J. Monte Carlo simulations and phantom modeling for spatial frequency domain imaging of surgical wound monitoring. J Biomed Opt 2023; 28:126003. [PMID: 38098981 PMCID: PMC10720737 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.12.126003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Significance Postoperative surgical wound infection is a serious problem around the globe, including in countries with advanced healthcare systems, and a method for early detection of infection is urgently required. Aim We explore spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) for distinguishing changes in surgical wound healing based on the tissue scattering properties and surgical wound width measurements. Approach A comprehensive numerical method is developed by applying a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation to a vertical heterogeneous wound model. The Monte Carlo simulation results are validated using resin phantom imaging experiments. Results We report on the SFDI lateral resolution with varying reduced scattering value and wound width and discuss the partial volume effect at the sharp vertical boundaries present in a surgical incision. The detection sensitivity of this method is dependent on spatial frequency, wound reduced scattering coefficient, and wound width. Conclusions We provide guidelines for future SFDI instrument design and explanation for the expected error in SFDI measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Zhang
- Durham University, Department of Physics, Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Girkin
- Durham University, Department of Physics, Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Durham, United Kingdom
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3
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Walke A, Black D, Valdes PA, Stummer W, König S, Suero-Molina E. Challenges in, and recommendations for, hyperspectral imaging in ex vivo malignant glioma biopsy measurements. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3829. [PMID: 36882505 PMCID: PMC9992662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The visualization of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) fluorescence with the help of surgical microscopes during 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) of gliomas is still limited at the tumor margins. Hyperspectral imaging (HI) detects PPIX more sensitively but is not yet ready for intraoperative use. We illustrate the current status with three experiments and summarize our own experience using HI: (1) assessment of HI analysis algorithm using pig brain tissue, (2) a partially retrospective evaluation of our experience from HI projects, and (3) device comparison of surgical microscopy and HI. In (1), we address the problem that current algorithms for evaluating HI data are based on calibration with liquid phantoms, which have limitations. Their pH is low compared to glioma tissue; they provide only one PPIX photo state and only PPIX as fluorophore. Testing the HI algorithm with brain homogenates, we found proper correction for optical properties but not pH. Considerably more PPIX was measured at pH 9 than at pH 5. In (2), we indicate pitfalls and guide HI application. In (3), we found HI superior to the microscope for biopsy diagnosis (AUC = 0.845 ± 0.024 (cut-off 0.75 µg PPIX/ml) vs. 0.710 ± 0.035). HI thus offers potential for improved FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Walke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - David Black
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pablo A Valdes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Simone König
- Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eric Suero-Molina
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Chong SH, Markel VA, Parthasarathy AB, Ong YH, Abramson K, Moscatelli FA, Yodh AG. Algorithms and instrumentation for rapid spatial frequency domain fluorescence diffuse optical imaging. J Biomed Opt 2022; 27:116002. [PMID: 36348511 PMCID: PMC9641268 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.11.116002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Rapid estimation of the depth and margins of fluorescence targets buried below the tissue surface could improve upon current image-guided surgery techniques for tumor resection. AIM We describe algorithms and instrumentation that permit rapid estimation of the depth and transverse margins of fluorescence target(s) in turbid media; the work aims to introduce, experimentally demonstrate, and characterize the methodology. APPROACH Spatial frequency domain fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (SFD-FDOT) technique is adapted for rapid and computationally inexpensive estimation of fluorophore target depth and lateral margins. The algorithm utilizes the variation of diffuse fluorescence intensity with respect to spatial-modulation-frequency to compute target depth. The lateral margins are determined via analytical inversion of the data using depth information obtained from the first step. We characterize method performance using fluorescent contrast targets embedded in tissue-simulating phantoms. RESULTS Single and multiple targets with significant lateral size were imaged at varying depths as deep as 1 cm. Phantom data analysis showed good depth-sensitivity, and the reconstructed transverse margins were mostly within ∼30 % error from true margins. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the rapid SFD-FDOT approach could be useful in resection surgery and, more broadly, as a first step in more rigorous SFD-FDOT reconstructions. The experiments permit evaluation of current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Chong
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Vadim A. Markel
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ashwin B. Parthasarathy
- University of South Florida, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Yi Hong Ong
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kenneth Abramson
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Shapey J, Xie Y, Nabavi E, Ebner M, Saeed SR, Kitchen N, Dorward N, Grieve J, McEvoy AW, Miserocchi A, Grover P, Bradford R, Lim YM, Ourselin S, Brandner S, Jaunmuktane Z, Vercauteren T. Optical properties of human brain and tumour tissue: An ex vivo study spanning the visible range to beyond the second near-infrared window. J Biophotonics 2022; 15:e202100072. [PMID: 35048541 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuro-oncology surgery would benefit from detailed intraoperative tissue characterization provided by noncontact, contrast-agent-free, noninvasive optical imaging methods. In-depth knowledge of target tissue optical properties across a wide-wavelength spectrum could inform the design of optical imaging and computational methods to enable robust tissue analysis during surgery. We adapted a dual-beam integrating sphere to analyse small tissue samples and investigated ex vivo optical properties of five types of human brain tumour (meningioma, pituitary adenoma, schwannoma, low- and high-grade glioma) and nine different types of healthy brain tissue across a wavelength spectrum of 400 to 1800 nm. Fresh and frozen tissue samples were analysed. All tissue types demonstrated similar absorption spectra, but the reduced scattering coefficients of tumours show visible differences in the obtained optical spectrum compared to those of surrounding normal tissue. These results underline the potential of optical imaging technologies for intraoperative tissue characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shapey
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yijing Xie
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elham Nabavi
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Ebner
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shakeel R Saeed
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- The Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
- The Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - Neil Kitchen
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Neil Dorward
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Joan Grieve
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Andrew W McEvoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Anna Miserocchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Patrick Grover
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Robert Bradford
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Yau-Mun Lim
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tom Vercauteren
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Atif M, Hanif A, Alsalhi M, Devanesan S, Abdulaziz Altamimi H. Oxygen saturation and blood volume analysis by Photoacoustic imaging to identify pre and post-PDT vascular changes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022. [PMID: 35574285 PMCID: PMC9092990 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the blood volume and oxygen saturation of tumors were measured after photoacoustic imaging (PAI) under conditions of pre-photodynamic therapy (PDT), post-PDT, and 4 hrs, and 24 hrs post-PDT. PDTs with aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and low and high doses of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) were conducted to observe oxygen saturation changes, and the rapid oxygen consumption in the blood detected due to the action of BPD at the vascular level resulted in the recovery of PDT completion. Likewise, blood volume changes followed by ALA-PDT and BPD-PDT at low and high doses depicted a fast expansion of the blood volume after treatment. The tumor subjected to a high dose of ALA-PDT showed a partial alteration of Hb-pO2 in the first 24 hrs, as did the tumors treated with two ALA- and BPD-mediated PDTs. The Hb-pO2 started reducing immediately post-PDT and was less than 30% after 4 hrs until 24 hrs post-PDT. Reduced vascular demand was possibly due to tumor necrosis, as shown by the permanent damage in the cancer cells' bioluminescence signal. The ALA-mediated PDT-subjected tumor showed a 50% drop in BV at 24 hrs post-PDT, which is suggestive of vascular pruning. The studied data of blood volume against BLI showed the blood volume and oxygenation variations validating the cells' metabolic activity, including cell death.
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Urban BE, Subhash HM. Multimodal hyperspectral fluorescence and spatial frequency domain imaging for tissue health diagnostics of the oral cavity. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:6954-6968. [PMID: 34858691 PMCID: PMC8606135 DOI: 10.1364/boe.439663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A multimodal, hyperspectral imaging system was built for diagnostics of oral tissues. The system, termed Hyperspectral-Fluorescence-Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (Hy-F-SFDI), combines the principles of spatial frequency domain imaging, quantitative light fluorescence, and CIELAB color measurement. Hy-F-SFDI employs a compact LED projector, excitation LED, and a 16 channel hyperspectral camera mounted on a custom platform for tissue imaging. A two layer Monte Carlo approach was used to generate a reference table for quick tissue analysis. To demonstrate the clinical capabilities of Hy-F-SFDI, we used the system to quantify gingival tissue hemoglobin volume fraction, detect caries, bacterial activity, and measure tooth color of a volunteer at different time points. Hy-F-SFDI was able to measure quantitative changes in tissue parameters.
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Lyu L, Kim H, Bae JS, Hua C, Kim JH, Kim EH, Mo JH, Park I. The application of SFDI and LSI system to evaluate the blood perfusion in skin flap mouse model. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1069-1079. [PMID: 34213684 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the blood perfusion to tissues for detecting ischemic necrosis can be quantitatively monitored by spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI) in a skin flap mouse model. Skin flaps were made on Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. Using SFDI and LSI, the following parameters were estimated: oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), deoxyhemoglobin (Hb), total hemoglobin (THb), tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), and speckle flow index (SFI). Histologically, epithelium thickness, collagen deposition, and blood vessel count of skin flap tissues were analyzed. Then, the correlation of SFDI and histological results was assessed by application of Spearman rank correlation method. As the result, the number of blood vessels and the percentage of collagen areas showed significant difference between the necrotic tissue group and the non-necrotic one. Especially, the necrotic tissue had a complete epithelial loss and loses its normal structure. We identified that SFDI/LSI parameters were significantly different between non-necrotic and necrotic tissue groups. Especially, all SFDI and LSI parameters measured on the 1st day after surgery showed significant difference between necrotic tissue and non-necrotic tissue. In addition, the number of blood vessel and percentage of collagen area were positively correlated with HbO2 and StO2 among SFDI/LSI parameters. Meanwhile, the number of blood vessel and percentage of collagen area showed the negative correlation with Hb. By applying SFDI and LSI simultaneously to the skin flap, we could quantitatively monitor the blood perfusion and the tissue condition which can help us to detect ischemic necrosis objectively in early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongbeom Kim
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Hua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Hye Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ilyong Park
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Burns JM, Shafer E, Vankayala R, Kundra V, Anvari B. Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Intraperitoneal Ovarian Tumors in Mice Using Erythrocyte-Derived Optical Nanoparticles and Spatially-Modulated Illumination. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112544. [PMID: 34067308 PMCID: PMC8196853 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ovarian cancer has a greater mortality rate than all gynecological malignancies combined. While cytoreductive surgery remains the primary therapeutic approach, its success is limited by the inability to visualize all tumor nodules for resection. We developed light activated nano-sized particles derived from red blood cells as potential imaging probes for near infrared fluorescence imaging of tumors during cytoreductive surgery. We present the first demonstration of the use of these nanoparticles in conjunction a spatially-modulated illumination (SMI) modality to image ovarian intraperitoneal tumors in mice. Our findings indicate that, at 24 h post-administration, these nanoparticles accumulated at higher levels in tumors as compared to organs, and that use of SMI enhances the image contrast. Abstract Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer. Cytoreductive surgery to remove primary and intraperitoneal tumor deposits remains as the standard therapeutic approach. However, lack of an intraoperative image-guided approach to enable the visualization of all tumors can result in incomplete cytoreduction and recurrence. We engineered nano-sized particles derived from erythrocytes that encapsulate the near infrared (NIR) fluorochrome, indocyanine green, as potential imaging probes for tumor visualization during cytoreductive surgery. Herein, we present the first demonstration of the use of these nanoparticles in conjunction with spatially-modulated illumination (SMI), at spatial frequencies in the range of 0–0.5 mm−1, to fluorescently image intraperitoneal ovarian tumors in mice. Results of our animal studies suggest that the nanoparticles accumulated at higher levels within tumors 24 h post-intraperitoneal injection as compared to various other organs. We demonstrate that, under the imaging specifications reported here, use of these nanoparticles in conjunction with SMI enhances the fluorescence image contrast between intraperitoneal tumors and liver, and between intraperitoneal tumors and spleen by nearly 2.1, and 3.0 times, respectively, at the spatial frequency of 0.2 mm−1 as compared to the contrast values at spatially-uniform (non-modulated) illumination. These results suggest that the combination of erythrocyte-derived NIR nanoparticles and structured illumination provides a promising approach for intraoperative fluorescence imaging of ovarian tumor nodules at enhanced contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Burns
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (J.M.B.); (E.S.); (R.V.)
| | - Elise Shafer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (J.M.B.); (E.S.); (R.V.)
| | - Raviraj Vankayala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (J.M.B.); (E.S.); (R.V.)
- Radoptics, LLC, 1002 Health Science Rd. E., Suite P214, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Vikas Kundra
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, #57, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (J.M.B.); (E.S.); (R.V.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Sun Z, Hu D, Wang Z, Xie L, Ying Y. Spatial-Frequency Domain Imaging: An Emerging Depth-Varying and Wide-Field Technique for Optical Property Measurement of Biological Tissues. Photonics 2021; 8:162. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of optical properties is critical for understanding light-tissue interaction, properly interpreting measurement data, and gaining better knowledge of tissue physicochemical properties. However, conventional optical measuring techniques are limited in point measurement, which partly hinders the applications on characterizing spatial distribution and inhomogeneity of optical properties of biological tissues. Spatial-frequency domain imaging (SFDI), as an emerging non-contact, depth-varying and wide-field optical imaging technique, is capable of measuring the optical properties in a wide field-of-view on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This review first describes the typical SFDI system and the principle for estimating optical properties using the SFDI technique. Then, the applications of SFDI in the fields of biomedicine, as well as food and agriculture, are reviewed, including burn assessment, skin tissue evaluation, tumor tissue detection, brain tissue monitoring, and quality evaluation of agro-products. Finally, a discussion on the challenges and future perspectives of SFDI for optical property estimation is presented.
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11
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Dan M, Liu M, Bai W, Gao F. Profile-based intensity and frequency corrections for single-snapshot spatial frequency domain imaging. Opt Express 2021; 29:12833-12848. [PMID: 33985031 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed the profile-based intensity and frequency corrections for single-snapshot spatial frequency domain (SFD) imaging to mitigate surface profile effects on the measured intensity and spatial frequency in extracting the optical properties. In the scheme, the spatially modulated frequency of the projected sinusoidal pattern is adaptively adjusted according to the sample surface profile, reducing distortions of the modulation amplitude in the single-snapshot demodulation and errors in the optical property extraction. The profile effects on both the measured intensities of light incident onto and reflected from the sample are then compensated using Minnaert's correction to obtain the true diffuse reflectance of the sample. We have validated the method by phantom experiments using a highly sensitive SFD imaging system based on the single-pixel photon-counting detection and assessed error reductions in extracting the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients by an average of 40% and 10%, respectively. Further, an in vivo topography experiment of the opisthenar vessels has demonstrated its clinical feasibility.
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Li T, Qin Z, Hou X, Dan M, Li J, Zhang L, Zhou Z, Gao F. Multi-wavelength spatial frequency domain diffuse optical tomography using single-pixel imaging based on lock-in photon counting. Opt Express 2019; 27:23138-23156. [PMID: 31510597 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a spatial frequency domain (SFD) diffuse optical tomography for simultaneous acquisition of multi-wavelength tomographic images of turbid media. We propose a highly sensitive single-pixel SFD imaging system for simultaneously collecting multi-wavelength spatially modulated reflectance images, instead of using the expensive electron-multiplying charge-coupled device camera that requires switching between the multi-wavelength collections. The single-pixel SFD imaging system using three low-power light sources (455, 532 and 660 nm) that were intensity-modulated by square waves with three different frequencies for frequency encoding, and all the light sources were focused onto one digital micromirror device (DMD) for generating wide-field sinusoidal illumination patterns. Reflected light from the surface of the turbid media was modulated by the other DMD with many sampling patterns before being spatially integrated. Spatially integrated light signals were frequency decoded with a novel highly sensitive lock-in photon counting detection, then multi-wavelength spatially modulated reflectance images were recovered with the single-pixel imaging (SPI) method. We incorporated the two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) into the SPI method to reduce the number of sampling patterns, and, thereby, the proposed DCT-SPI scheme achieved a fast acquisition of SFD reflectance images that is desired for a dynamic SFD imaging application. Direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) amplitudes at all the locations on the media surface were extracted from the recovered images. Multi-wavelength tomographic images were reconstructed with an inversion algorithm based on the first-order Rytov approximation of the diffusion equation, using both the extracted DC and AC amplitudes. We performed experiments using a series of tissue simulating phantoms to verify the performances of the proposed approach and compared the experimental results with those using a conventional camera-based SFD imaging system. The results demonstrate that our DCT-SPI based SFD-DOT approach is well suited for simultaneous reconstruction of multi-wavelength tomographic images to pave the way for many SFD imaging applications.
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13
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Wei L, Fujita Y, Sanai N, Liu JTC. Toward Quantitative Neurosurgical Guidance With High-Resolution Microscopy of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Protoporphyrin IX. Front Oncol 2019; 9:592. [PMID: 31334117 PMCID: PMC6616084 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-power fluorescence microscopy of 5-ALA-induced PpIX has emerged as a valuable intraoperative imaging technology for improving the resection of malignant gliomas. However, current fluorescence imaging tools are not highly sensitive nor quantitative, which limits their effectiveness for optimizing operative decisions near the surgical margins of gliomas, in particular non-enhancing low-grade gliomas. Intraoperative high-resolution optical-sectioning microscopy can potentially serve as a valuable complement to low-power fluorescence microscopy by providing reproducible quantification of tumor parameters at the infiltrative margins of diffuse gliomas. In this forward-looking perspective article, we provide a brief discussion of recent technical advancements, pilot clinical studies, and our vision of the future adoption of handheld optical-sectioning microscopy at the final stages of glioma surgeries to enhance the extent of resection. We list a number of challenges for clinical acceptance, as well as potential strategies to overcome such obstacles for the surgical implementation of these in vivo microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yoko Fujita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Nader Sanai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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Gioux S, Mazhar A, Cuccia DJ. Spatial frequency domain imaging in 2019: principles, applications, and perspectives. J Biomed Opt 2019; 24:1-18. [PMID: 31222987 PMCID: PMC6995958 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) has witnessed very rapid growth over the last decade, owing to its unique capabilities for imaging optical properties and chromophores over a large field-of-view and in a rapid manner. We provide a comprehensive review of the principles of this imaging method as of 2019, review the modeling of light propagation in this domain, describe acquisition methods, provide an understanding of the various implementations and their practical limitations, and finally review applications that have been published in the literature. Importantly, we also introduce a group effort by several key actors in the field for the dissemination of SFDI, including publications, advice in hardware and implementations, and processing code, all freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
- Address all correspondence to Sylvain Gioux, E-mail:
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15
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Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) has witnessed very rapid growth over the last decade, owing to its unique capabilities for imaging optical properties and chromophores over a large field-of-view and in a rapid manner. We provide a comprehensive review of the principles of this imaging method as of 2019, review the modeling of light propagation in this domain, describe acquisition methods, provide an understanding of the various implementations and their practical limitations, and finally review applications that have been published in the literature. Importantly, we also introduce a group effort by several key actors in the field for the dissemination of SFDI, including publications, advice in hardware and implementations, and processing code, all freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
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16
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Sibai M, Wirth DJ, Leblond F, Roberts DW, Paulsen KD, Wilson BC. Quantitative subsurface spatial frequency-domain fluorescence imaging for enhanced glioma resection. J Biophotonics 2019. [PMID: 30358162 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.2019.12.issue-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The rate of complete resection of glioma has improved with the introduction of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence image guidance. Surgical outcomes are further enhanced when the fluorescence signal is decoupled from the intrinsic tissue optical absorption and scattering obtained from diffuse reflectance measurements, yielding the absolute PpIX concentration, [PpIX]. Spatial frequency domain imaging was used previously to measure [PpIX] in near-surface tumors under blue fluorescence excitation. Here, we extend this to subsurface [PpIX] fluorescence under red-light excitation. The decay rate of the modulation amplitude of the fluorescence signal was used to calculate the PpIX depth, which was then applied in a forward diffusion model to estimate [PpIX] at depth. For brain-like optical properties in phantoms with PpIX fluorescent inclusions, the depth can be recovered up to depths of 9.5 mm ± 0.4 mm, with [PpIX] ranging from 5 to 15 μg/mL within an average deviation of 15% from the true [PpIX] value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Sibai
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis J Wirth
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique De Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David W Roberts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Keith D Paulsen
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sibai M, Wirth DJ, Leblond F, Roberts DW, Paulsen KD, Wilson BC. Quantitative subsurface spatial frequency-domain fluorescence imaging for enhanced glioma resection. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800271. [PMID: 30358162 PMCID: PMC6470016 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The rate of complete resection of glioma has improved with the introduction of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence image guidance. Surgical outcomes are further enhanced when the fluorescence signal is decoupled from the intrinsic tissue optical absorption and scattering obtained from diffuse reflectance measurements, yielding the absolute PpIX concentration, [PpIX]. Spatial frequency domain imaging was used previously to measure [PpIX] in near-surface tumors under blue fluorescence excitation. Here, we extend this to subsurface [PpIX] fluorescence under red-light excitation. The decay rate of the modulation amplitude of the fluorescence signal was used to calculate the PpIX depth, which was then applied in a forward diffusion model to estimate [PpIX] at depth. For brain-like optical properties in phantoms with PpIX fluorescent inclusions, the depth can be recovered up to depths of 9.5 mm ± 0.4 mm, with [PpIX] ranging from 5 to 15 μg/mL within an average deviation of 15% from the true [PpIX] value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Sibai
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada, Canada
- Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Dennis J. Wirth
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive Hanover, NH USA 03755 USA
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Dept. of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique De Montreal, 2900, boul. Édouard-Montpetit Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - David W. Roberts
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive Hanover, NH USA 03755 USA
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada, Canada
- Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
- Corresponding Author, Brian C. Wilson PhD,
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5-ALA-based fluorescence-guided surgery has been shown to be a safe and effective method to improve intraoperative visualization and resection of malignant gliomas. However, it remains ineffective in guiding the resection of lower-grade, non-enhancing, and deep-seated tumors, mainly because these tumors do not produce detectable fluorescence with conventional visualization technologies, namely, wide-field (WF) surgical microscopy. METHODS We describe some of the main factors that limit the sensitivity and accuracy of conventional WF surgical microscopy, and then provide a survey of commercial and research prototypes being developed to address these challenges, along with their principles, advantages and disadvantages, as well as the current status of clinical translation for each technology. We also provide a neurosurgical perspective on how these visualization technologies might best be implemented for guiding glioma surgeries in the future. RESULTS Detection of PpIX expression in low-grade gliomas and at the infiltrative margins of all gliomas has been achieved with high-sensitivity probe-based visualization techniques. Deep-tissue PpIX imaging of up to 5 mm has also been achieved using red-light illumination techniques. Spectroscopic approaches have enabled more accurate quantification of PpIX expression. CONCLUSION Advancements in visualization technologies have extended the sensitivity and accuracy of conventional WF surgical microscopy. These technologies will continue to be refined to further improve the extent of resection in glioma patients using 5-ALA-induced fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - David W Roberts
- Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Nader Sanai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Horan ST, Gardner AR, Saager R, Durkin AJ, Venugopalan V. Recovery of layered tissue optical properties from spatial frequency-domain spectroscopy and a deterministic radiative transport solver. J Biomed Opt 2018; 24:1-11. [PMID: 30456934 PMCID: PMC6995875 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to recover absorption and reduced scattering spectra for each layer of a two-layer turbid media from spatial frequency-domain spectroscopy data. We focus on systems in which the thickness of the top layer is less than the transport mean free path ( 0.1 - 0.8l * ) . We utilize an analytic forward solver, based upon the N'th-order spherical harmonic expansion with Fourier decomposition ( SHEFN ) method in conjunction with a multistage inverse solver. We test our method with data obtained using spatial frequency-domain spectroscopy with 32 evenly spaced wavelengths within λ = 450 to 1000 nm on six-layered tissue phantoms with distinct optical properties. We demonstrate that this approach can recover absorption and reduced scattering coefficient spectra for both layers with accuracy comparable with current Monte Carlo methods but with lower computational cost and potential flexibility to easily handle variations in parameters such as the scattering phase function or material refractive index. To our knowledge, this approach utilizes the most accurate deterministic forward solver used in such problems and can successfully recover properties from a two-layer media with superficial layer thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. Horan
- University of California, Department of Mathematics, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Adam R. Gardner
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Rolf Saager
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Vasan Venugopalan
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
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20
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Angelo JP, Chen SJ, Ochoa M, Sunar U, Gioux S, Intes X. Review of structured light in diffuse optical imaging. J Biomed Opt 2018; 24:1-20. [PMID: 30218503 PMCID: PMC6676045 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical imaging probes deep living tissue enabling structural, functional, metabolic, and molecular imaging. Recently, due to the availability of spatial light modulators, wide-field quantitative diffuse optical techniques have been implemented, which benefit greatly from structured light methodologies. Such implementations facilitate the quantification and characterization of depth-resolved optical and physiological properties of thick and deep tissue at fast acquisition speeds. We summarize the current state of work and applications in the three main techniques leveraging structured light: spatial frequency-domain imaging, optical tomography, and single-pixel imaging. The theory, measurement, and analysis of spatial frequency-domain imaging are described. Then, advanced theories, processing, and imaging systems are summarized. Preclinical and clinical applications on physiological measurements for guidance and diagnosis are summarized. General theory and method development of tomographic approaches as well as applications including fluorescence molecular tomography are introduced. Lastly, recent developments of single-pixel imaging methodologies and applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Angelo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Sensor Science Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Joseph P. Angelo, E-mail: ; Sez-Jade Chen, E-mail:
| | - Sez-Jade Chen
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Joseph P. Angelo, E-mail: ; Sez-Jade Chen, E-mail:
| | - Marien Ochoa
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Ulas Sunar
- Wright State University, Department of Biomedical Industrial and Human Factor Engineering, Dayton, Ohio, United States
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier Intes
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Stepp
- LIFE Center and Department of UrologyUniversity Hospital of MunichFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1981377MunichGermany
| | - Walter Stummer
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity Clinic MünsterAlbert‐Schweitzer‐Campus 1, Gebäude A148149MünsterGermany
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Li T, Qin Z, Chen W, Zhao H, Yan P, Zhao K, Gao F. Wide-field fluorescence tomography with composited epi-illumination of multi-frequency sinusoidal patterns. Appl Opt 2017; 56:8283-8290. [PMID: 29047695 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.008283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a spatial-frequency domain (SFD) fluorescence tomography (FT) for acquiring three-dimensional fluorophore distribution in turbid media. The approach uses a composited epi-illumination of multi-frequency sinusoidal patterns on a sample of semi-infinite geometry and demodulates the measured data with a generalized phase shifting scheme to calculate the modulation transfer function (MTF) at each frequency. This method results in a significantly reduced number of the optical field measurements, as compared to those with separate illumination of single-frequency sinusoidal patterns, and, thereby, achieves a fast data acquisition that is desired for a dynamic imaging application. Fluorescence yield images are recovered with the normalized Born formulated inversion of the diffusion model by simultaneously using the multi-frequency MTFs. Simulative and experimental reconstructions are performed in comparison with the single-frequency scheme to validate the proposed algorithm. The results suggest that adoption of the multi-frequency strategy to the SFD-FT can substantially improve the reconstruction quality, as well as its imaging resolution and quantitative accuracy.
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Wilson RH, Crouzet C, Torabzadeh M, Bazrafkan A, Farahabadi MH, Jamasian B, Donga D, Alcocer J, Zaher SM, Choi B, Akbari Y, Tromberg BJ. High-speed spatial frequency domain imaging of rat cortex detects dynamic optical and physiological properties following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Neurophotonics 2017; 4:045008. [PMID: 29296630 PMCID: PMC5742642 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.045008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying rapidly varying perturbations in cerebral tissue absorption and scattering can potentially help to characterize changes in brain function caused by ischemic trauma. We have developed a platform for rapid intrinsic signal brain optical imaging using macroscopically structured light. The device performs fast, multispectral, spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), detecting backscattered light from three-phase binary square-wave projected patterns, which have a much higher refresh rate than sinusoidal patterns used in conventional SFDI. Although not as fast as "single-snapshot" spatial frequency methods that do not require three-phase projection, square-wave patterns allow accurate image demodulation in applications such as small animal imaging where the limited field of view does not allow single-phase demodulation. By using 655, 730, and 850 nm light-emitting diodes, two spatial frequencies ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]), three spatial phases (120 deg, 240 deg, and 360 deg), and an overall camera acquisition rate of 167 Hz, we map changes in tissue absorption and reduced scattering parameters ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) and oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentration at [Formula: see text]. We apply this method to a rat model of cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to quantify hemodynamics and scattering on temporal scales ([Formula: see text]) ranging from tens of milliseconds to minutes. We observe rapid concurrent spatiotemporal changes in tissue oxygenation and scattering during CA and following CPR, even when the cerebral electrical signal is absent. We conclude that square-wave SFDI provides an effective technical strategy for assessing cortical optical and physiological properties by balancing competing performance demands for fast signal acquisition, small fields of view, and quantitative information content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Wilson
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Christian Crouzet
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Mohammad Torabzadeh
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Afsheen Bazrafkan
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Maryam H. Farahabadi
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Babak Jamasian
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Dishant Donga
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Juan Alcocer
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Shuhab M. Zaher
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Yama Akbari
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
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Chen W, Zhao H, Li T, Yan P, Zhao K, Qi C, Gao F. Reference-free determination of tissue absorption coefficient by modulation transfer function characterization in spatial frequency domain. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:100. [PMID: 28789661 PMCID: PMC5549354 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spatial frequency domain (SFD) measurement allows rapid and non-contact wide-field imaging of the tissue optical properties, thus has become a potential tool for assessing physiological parameters and therapeutic responses during photodynamic therapy of skin diseases. The conventional SFD measurement requires a reference measurement within the same experimental scenario as that for a test one to calibrate mismatch between the real measurements and the model predictions. Due to the individual physical and geometrical differences among different tissues, organs and patients, an ideal reference measurement might be unavailable in clinical trials. To address this problem, we present a reference-free SFD determination of absorption coefficient that is based on the modulation transfer function (MTF) characterization. Methods Instead of the absolute amplitude that is used in the conventional SFD approaches, we herein employ the MTF to characterize the propagation of the modulated lights in tissues. With such a dimensionless relative quantity, the measurements can be naturally corresponded to the model predictions without calibrating the illumination intensity. By constructing a three-dimensional database that portrays the MTF as a function of the optical properties (both the absorption coefficient μa and the reduced scattering coefficient \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu^{\prime}_{s}$$\end{document}μs′) and the spatial frequency, a look-up table approach or a least-square curve-fitting method is readily applied to recover the absorption coefficient from a single frequency or multiple frequencies, respectively. Results Simulation studies have verified the feasibility of the proposed reference-free method and evaluated its accuracy in the absorption recovery. Experimental validations have been performed on homogeneous tissue-mimicking phantoms with μa ranging from 0.01 to 0.07 mm−1 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu^{\prime}_{s}$$\end{document}μs′ = 1.0 or 2.0 mm−1. The results have shown maximum errors of 4.86 and 7% for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu^{\prime}_{s}$$\end{document}μs′ = 2.0 mm−1, respectively. We have also presented quantitative ex vivo imaging of human lung cancer in a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model for further validation, and observed high absorption contrast in the tumor region. Conclusions The proposed method can be applied to the rapid and accurate determination of the absorption coefficient, and better yet, in a reference-free way. We believe this reference-free strategy will facilitate the clinical translation of the SFD measurement to achieve enhanced intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring and personalized treatment planning in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Chen
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huijuan Zhao
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Tongxin Li
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Panpan Yan
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kuanxin Zhao
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Caixia Qi
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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25
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Valdes PA, Angelo JP, Choi HS, Gioux S. qF-SSOP: real-time optical property corrected fluorescence imaging. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:3597-3605. [PMID: 28856038 PMCID: PMC5560828 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is well suited to provide image guidance during resections in oncologic and vascular surgery. However, the distorting effects of tissue optical properties on the emitted fluorescence are poorly compensated for on even the most advanced fluorescence image guidance systems, leading to subjective and inaccurate estimates of tissue fluorophore concentrations. Here we present a novel fluorescence imaging technique that performs real-time (i.e., video rate) optical property corrected fluorescence imaging. We perform full field of view simultaneous imaging of tissue optical properties using Single Snapshot of Optical Properties (SSOP) and fluorescence detection. The estimated optical properties are used to correct the emitted fluorescence with a quantitative fluorescence model to provide quantitative fluorescence-Single Snapshot of Optical Properties (qF-SSOP) images with less than 5% error. The technique is rigorous, fast, and quantitative, enabling ease of integration into the surgical workflow with the potential to improve molecular guidance intraoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Valdes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s/Boston Children’s Hospitals, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Co-first authorship shared
| | - Joseph P. Angelo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Co-first authorship shared
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- ICube Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085 Strasbourg, France
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Sibai M, Fisher C, Veilleux I, Elliott JT, Leblond F, Roberts DW, Wilson BC. Preclinical evaluation of spatial frequency domain-enabled wide-field quantitative imaging for enhanced glioma resection. J Biomed Opt 2017; 22:76007. [PMID: 28697235 PMCID: PMC5995142 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.7.076007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevelunic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) enables maximum safe resection of glioma by providing real-time tumor contrast. However, the subjective visual assessment and the variable intrinsic optical attenuation of tissue limit this technique to reliably delineating only high-grade tumors that display strong fluorescence. We have previously shown, using a fiber-optic probe, that quantitative assessment using noninvasive point spectroscopic measurements of the absolute PpIX concentration in tissue further improves the accuracy of FGR, extending it to surgically curable low-grade glioma. More recently, we have shown that implementing spatial frequency domain imaging with a fluorescent-light transport model enables recovery of two-dimensional images of [PpIX], alleviating the need for time-consuming point sampling of the brain surface. We present first results of this technique modified for <italic<in vivo</italic< imaging on an RG2 rat brain tumor model. Despite the moderate errors in retrieving the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients in the subdiffusive regime of 14% and 19%, respectively, the recovered [PpIX] maps agree within 10% of the point [PpIX] values measured by the fiber-optic probe, validating its potential as an extension or an alternative to point sampling during glioma resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Sibai
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl Fisher
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Ontario, Canada
| | - Israel Veilleux
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan T. Elliott
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Frederic Leblond
- École Polytechnique De Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Québec, Canada
| | - David W. Roberts
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Ontario, Canada
- Address all correspondence to: Brian C. Wilson, E-mail:
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Abstract
Biomedical optics is a broadly interdisciplinary field at the interface of optical engineering, biophysics, computer science, medicine, biology, and chemistry, helping us understand light-tissue interactions to create applications with diagnostic and therapeutic value in medicine. Implementation of biomedical optics tools and principles has had a notable scientific and clinical resurgence in recent years in the neurosurgical community. This is in great part due to work in fluorescence-guided surgery of brain tumors leading to reports of significant improvement in maximizing the rates of gross-total resection. Multiple additional optical technologies have been implemented clinically, including diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and imaging, optical coherence tomography, Raman spectroscopy and imaging, and advanced quantitative methods, including quantitative fluorescence and lifetime imaging. Here we present a clinically relevant and technologically informed overview and discussion of some of the major clinical implementations of optical technologies as intraoperative guidance tools in neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Valdés
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston
| | - David W Roberts
- Section of Neurosurgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Alexandra Golby
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.,Radiology, and.,Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital
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Tabassum S, Zhao Y, Istfan R, Wu J, Waxman DJ, Roblyer D. Feasibility of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) for optically characterizing a preclinical oncology model. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:4154-4170. [PMID: 27867722 PMCID: PMC5102554 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Determination of chemotherapy efficacy early during treatment would provide more opportunities for physicians to alter and adapt treatment plans. Diffuse optical technologies may be ideally suited to track early biological events following chemotherapy administration due to low cost and high information content. We evaluated the use of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to characterize a small animal tumor model in order to move towards the goal of endogenous optical monitoring of cancer therapy in a controlled preclinical setting. The effects of key measurement parameters including the choice of imaging spatial frequency and the repeatability of measurements were evaluated. The precision of SFDI optical property extractions over repeat mouse measurements was determined to be within 3.52% for move and replace experiments. Baseline optical properties and chromophore values as well as intratumor heterogeneity were evaluated over 25 tumors. Additionally, tumor growth and chemotherapy response were monitored over a 45 day longitudinal study in a small number of mice to demonstrate the ability of SFDI to track treatment effects. Optical scattering and oxygen saturation increased as much as 70% and 25% respectively in treated tumors, suggesting SFDI may be useful for preclinical tracking of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Tabassum
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215,USA
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Raeef Istfan
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Junjie Wu
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David J. Waxman
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Zhao Y, Tabassum S, Piracha S, Nandhu MS, Viapiano M, Roblyer D. Angle correction for small animal tumor imaging with spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:2373-84. [PMID: 27375952 PMCID: PMC4918590 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a widefield imaging technique that allows for the quantitative extraction of tissue optical properties. SFDI is currently being explored for small animal tumor imaging, but severe imaging artifacts occur for highly curved surfaces (e.g. the tumor edge). We propose a modified Lambertian angle correction, adapted from the Minnaert correction method for satellite imagery, to account for tissue surface angles up to 75°. The method was tested in a hemisphere phantom study as well as a small animal tumor model. The proposed method reduced µa and µs` extraction errors by an average of 64% and 16% respectively compared to performing no angle correction, and provided more physiologically agreeable optical property and chromophore values on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Zhao
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Syeda Tabassum
- Boston University, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Shaheer Piracha
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Mohan Sobhana Nandhu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mariano Viapiano
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Nadeau KP, Rice TB, Durkin AJ, Tromberg BJ. Multifrequency synthesis and extraction using square wave projection patterns for quantitative tissue imaging. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:116005. [PMID: 26524682 PMCID: PMC5879061 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.116005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for spatial frequency domain data acquisition utilizing a multifrequency synthesis and extraction (MSE) method and binary square wave projection patterns. By illuminating a sample with square wave patterns, multiple spatial frequency components are simultaneously attenuated and can be extracted to determine optical property and depth information. Additionally, binary patterns are projected faster than sinusoids typically used in spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), allowing for short (millisecond or less) camera exposure times, and data acquisition speeds an order of magnitude or more greater than conventional SFDI. In cases where sensitivity to superficial layers or scattering is important, the fundamental component from higher frequency square wave patterns can be used. When probing deeper layers, the fundamental and harmonic components from lower frequency square wave patterns can be used. We compared optical property and depth penetration results extracted using square waves to those obtained using sinusoidal patterns on an in vivo human forearm and absorbing tube phantom, respectively. Absorption and reduced scattering coefficient values agree with conventional SFDI to within 1% using both high frequency (fundamental) and low frequency (fundamental and harmonic) spatial frequencies. Depth penetration reflectance values also agree to within 1% of conventional SFDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P. Nadeau
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612 United States
| | - Tyler B. Rice
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Associated Sciences, Photonic Incubator, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612 United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612 United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612 United States
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce J. Tromberg, E-mail:
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31
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Konecky SD, Wilson RH, Hagen N, Mazhar A, Tkaczyk TS, Frostig RD, Tromberg BJ. Hyperspectral optical tomography of intrinsic signals in the rat cortex. Neurophotonics 2015; 2:045003. [PMID: 26835483 PMCID: PMC4718192 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.2.4.045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a tomographic approach for three-dimensional imaging of evoked hemodynamic activity, using broadband illumination and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) image reconstruction. Changes in diffuse reflectance in the rat somatosensory cortex due to stimulation of a single whisker were imaged at a frame rate of 5 Hz using a hyperspectral image mapping spectrometer. In each frame, images in 38 wavelength bands from 484 to 652 nm were acquired simultaneously. For data analysis, we developed a hyperspectral DOT algorithm that used the Rytov approximation to quantify changes in tissue concentration of oxyhemoglobin ([Formula: see text]) and deoxyhemoglobin (ctHb) in three dimensions. Using this algorithm, the maximum changes in [Formula: see text] and ctHb were found to occur at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] beneath the surface of the cortex, respectively. Rytov tomographic reconstructions revealed maximal spatially localized increases and decreases in [Formula: see text] and ctHb of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively, with these maximum changes occurring at [Formula: see text] poststimulus. The localized optical signals from the Rytov approximation were greater than those from modified Beer-Lambert, likely due in part to the inability of planar reflectance to account for partial volume effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren D. Konecky
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Robert H. Wilson
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Nathan Hagen
- Rice University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Amaan Mazhar
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Tomasz S. Tkaczyk
- Rice University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ron D. Frostig
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce J. Tromberg, E-mail:
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32
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Gallagher-Colombo SM, Quon H, Malloy KM, Ahn PH, Cengel KA, Simone CB, Chalian AA, O'Malley BW, Weinstein GS, Zhu TC, Putt ME, Finlay JC, Busch TM. Measuring the Physiologic Properties of Oral Lesions Receiving Fractionated Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1210-8. [PMID: 26037487 DOI: 10.1111/php.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can treat superficial, early-stage disease with minimal damage to underlying tissues and without cumulative dose-limiting toxicity. Treatment efficacy is affected by disease physiologic properties, but these properties are not routinely measured. We assessed diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) for the noninvasive, contact measurement of tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (St O2 ) and total hemoglobin concentration ([tHb]) in the premalignant or superficial microinvasive oral lesions of patients treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-PDT. Patients were enrolled on a Phase 1 study of ALA-PDT that evaluated fluences of 50, 100, 150 or 200 J cm(-2) delivered at 100 mW cm(-2) . To test the feasibility of incorporating DRS measurements within the illumination period, studies were performed in patients who received fractionated (two-part) illumination that included a dark interval of 90-180 s. Using DRS, tissue oxygenation at different depths within the lesion could also be assessed. DRS could be performed concurrently with contact measurements of photosensitizer levels by fluorescence spectroscopy, but a separate noncontact fluorescence spectroscopy system provided continuous assessment of photobleaching during illumination to greater tissue depths. Results establish that the integration of DRS into PDT of early-stage oral disease is feasible, and motivates further studies to evaluate its predictive and dosimetric value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry Quon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelly M Malloy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peter H Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keith A Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles B Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ara A Chalian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gregory S Weinstein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mary E Putt
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jarod C Finlay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Saager RB, Balu M, Crosignani V, Sharif A, Durkin AJ, Kelly KM, Tromberg BJ. In vivo measurements of cutaneous melanin across spatial scales: using multiphoton microscopy and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:066005. [PMID: 26065839 PMCID: PMC4463032 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.6.066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of nonlinear optical microscopy and broadband reflectance techniques to assess melanin concentration and distribution thickness in vivo over the full range of Fitzpatrick skin types is presented. Twelve patients were measured using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS) on both dorsal forearm and volar arm, which are generally sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed areas, respectively. Both MPM and SFDS measured melanin volume fractions between (skin type I non-sun-exposed) and 20% (skin type VI sun exposed). MPM measured epidermal (anatomical) thickness values ~30-65 μm, while SFDS measured melanin distribution thickness based on diffuse optical path length. There was a strong correlation between melanin concentration and melanin distribution (epidermal) thickness measurements obtained using the two techniques. While SFDS does not have the ability to match the spatial resolution of MPM, this study demonstrates that melanin content as quantified using SFDS is linearly correlated with epidermal melanin as measured using MPM (R² = 0.8895). SFDS melanin distribution thickness is correlated to MPM values (R² = 0.8131). These techniques can be used individually and/or in combination to advance our understanding and guide therapies for pigmentation-related conditions as well as light-based treatments across a full range of skin types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf B. Saager
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Rolf B. Saager, E-mail:
| | - Mihaela Balu
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
| | - Viera Crosignani
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
| | - Ata Sharif
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
| | - Kristen M. Kelly
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
- University of California, Department of Dermatology, Irvine, California, 92697, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
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Kolste KK, Kanick SC, Valdés PA, Jermyn M, Wilson BC, Roberts DW, Paulsen KD, Leblond F. Macroscopic optical imaging technique for wide-field estimation of fluorescence depth in optically turbid media for application in brain tumor surgical guidance. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:26002. [PMID: 25652704 PMCID: PMC4405086 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.2.026002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A diffuse imaging method is presented that enables wide-field estimation of the depth of fluorescent molecular markers in turbid media by quantifying the deformation of the detected fluorescence spectra due to the wavelength-dependent light attenuation by overlying tissue. This is achieved by measuring the ratio of the fluorescence at two wavelengths in combination with normalization techniques based on diffuse reflectance measurements to evaluate tissue attenuation variations for different depths. It is demonstrated that fluorescence topography can be achieved up to a 5 mm depth using a near-infrared dye with millimeter depth accuracy in turbid media having optical properties representative of normal brain tissue. Wide-field depth estimates are made using optical technology integrated onto a commercial surgical microscope, making this approach feasible for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolbein K. Kolste
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, 14 Engineering Drive, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Stephen C. Kanick
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, 14 Engineering Drive, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Pablo A. Valdés
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, 14 Engineering Drive, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, 1 Rope Ferry Road, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Polytechnique Montreal, Engineering Physics Department, Montreal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - David W. Roberts
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Neurosurgery, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, 14 Engineering Drive, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Polytechnique Montreal, Engineering Physics Department, Montreal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
- Address all correspondence to: Frederic Leblond, E-mail:
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Gallagher‐colombo SM, Finlay JC, Busch TM. Tumor Microenvironment as a Determinant of Photodynamic Therapy Resistance. Resistance to Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapeutics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12730-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Saager RB, Cuccia DJ, Saggese S, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. A light emitting diode (LED) based spatial frequency domain imaging system for optimization of photodynamic therapy of nonmelanoma skin cancer: quantitative reflectance imaging. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:207-15. [PMID: 23619900 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers the potential for enhanced treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) with minimal scarring. Yet, PDT has not achieved consistent long term effectiveness to gain widespread clinical acceptance for treatment of skin cancer. Therapeutic response varies between practitioners, patients and lesions. One important contributing factor is the absence of quantitative tools to perform in vivo dosimetry. To this end, we have developed a new quantitative imaging device that can be used to investigate parameters related to optimizing dosimetry. METHODS We present a spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) based device designed to: (1) determine the optical properties at the therapeutic wavelength, which can inform variations in light penetration depth and (2) measure the spatially resolved oxygen saturation of the skin cancer lesions and surrounding tissue. We have applied this system to a preliminary clinical study of nine skin cancer lesions. RESULTS Optical properties vary greatly both spatially [101%, 48% for absorption and reduced scattering, respectively] and across patients [102%, 57%]. Blood volume maps determined using visible wavelengths (460, 525, and 630 nm) represent tissue volumes within ∼1 mm in tissue (1.17 ± 0.3 mm). Here the average total hemoglobin concentration is approximately three times greater in the lesion than that detected in normal tissue, reflecting increased vasculature typically associated with tumors. Data acquired at near infrared wavelengths (730 and 850 nm) reports tissue blood concentrations and oxygenations from the underlying dermal microvasculature (volumes reaching 4.36 ± 1.32 mm into tissue). CONCLUSIONS SFDI can be used to quantitatively characterize in vivo tissue optical properties that could be useful for better informing PDT treatment parameters. Specifically, this information provides spatially resolved insight into light delivery into tissue and local tissue oxygenation, thereby providing more quantitative and controlled dosimetry specific to the lesion. Ultimately, by optimizing the execution of PDT, this instrument has the potential to positively improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Saager
- Beckman Laser Institute, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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37
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Lin AJ, Ponticorvo A, Konecky SD, Cui H, Rice TB, Choi B, Durkin AJ, Tromberg BJ. Visible spatial frequency domain imaging with a digital light microprojector. J Biomed Opt 2013; 18:096007. [PMID: 24005154 PMCID: PMC3762936 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.9.096007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for cost effective, quantitative tissue spectroscopy and imaging systems in clinical diagnostics and pre-clinical biomedical research. A platform that utilizes a commercially available light-emitting diode (LED) based projector, cameras, and scaled Monte Carlo model for calculating tissue optical properties is presented. These components are put together to perform spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), a model-based reflectance technique that measures and maps absorption coefficients (μa) and reduced scattering coefficients (μs') in thick tissue such as skin or brain. We validate the performance of the flexible LED and modulation element (FLaME) system at 460, 530, and 632 nm across a range of physiologically relevant μa values (0.07 to 1.5 mm-1) in tissue-simulating intralipid phantoms, showing an overall accuracy within 11% of spectrophotometer values for μa and 3% for μs'. Comparison of oxy- and total hemoglobin fits between the FLaME system and a spectrophotometer (450 to 1000 nm) is differed by 3%. Finally, we acquire optical property maps of a mouse brain in vivo with and without an overlying saline well. These results demonstrate the potential of FLaME to perform tissue optical property mapping in visible spectral regions and highlight how the optical clearing effect of saline is correlated to a decrease in μs' of the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California
| | - Adrien Ponticorvo
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
| | - Soren D. Konecky
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
| | - Haotian Cui
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California
| | - Tyler B. Rice
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California
- University of California, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, Irvine, California
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce J. Tromberg, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612. Tel: +949-824-8705; Fax: +949-824-8413; E-mail:
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Valdes PA, Jacobs VL, Wilson BC, Leblond F, Roberts DW, Paulsen KD. System and methods for wide-field quantitative fluorescence imaging during neurosurgery. Opt Lett 2013; 38:2786-8. [PMID: 23903142 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.002786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report an accurate, precise and sensitive method and system for quantitative fluorescence image-guided neurosurgery. With a low-noise, high-dynamic-range CMOS array, we perform rapid (integration times as low as 50 ms per wavelength) hyperspectral fluorescence and diffuse reflectance detection and apply a correction algorithm to compensate for the distorting effects of tissue absorption and scattering. Using this approach, we generated quantitative wide-field images of fluorescence in tissue-simulating phantoms for the fluorophore PpIX, having concentrations and optical absorption and scattering variations over clinically relevant ranges. The imaging system was tested in a rodent model of glioma, detecting quantitative levels down to 20 ng/ml. The resulting performance is a significant advance on existing wide-field quantitative imaging techniques, and provides performance comparable to a point-spectroscopy probe that has previously demonstrated significant potential for improved detection of malignant brain tumors during surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Valdes
- Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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Saager RB, Cuccia DJ, Saggese S, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. A light emitting diode (LED) based spatial frequency domain imaging system for optimization of photodynamic therapy of nonmelanoma skin cancer: quantitative reflectance imaging. Lasers Surg Med 2013. [PMID: 23619900 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.v45.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers the potential for enhanced treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) with minimal scarring. Yet, PDT has not achieved consistent long term effectiveness to gain widespread clinical acceptance for treatment of skin cancer. Therapeutic response varies between practitioners, patients and lesions. One important contributing factor is the absence of quantitative tools to perform in vivo dosimetry. To this end, we have developed a new quantitative imaging device that can be used to investigate parameters related to optimizing dosimetry. METHODS We present a spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) based device designed to: (1) determine the optical properties at the therapeutic wavelength, which can inform variations in light penetration depth and (2) measure the spatially resolved oxygen saturation of the skin cancer lesions and surrounding tissue. We have applied this system to a preliminary clinical study of nine skin cancer lesions. RESULTS Optical properties vary greatly both spatially [101%, 48% for absorption and reduced scattering, respectively] and across patients [102%, 57%]. Blood volume maps determined using visible wavelengths (460, 525, and 630 nm) represent tissue volumes within ∼1 mm in tissue (1.17 ± 0.3 mm). Here the average total hemoglobin concentration is approximately three times greater in the lesion than that detected in normal tissue, reflecting increased vasculature typically associated with tumors. Data acquired at near infrared wavelengths (730 and 850 nm) reports tissue blood concentrations and oxygenations from the underlying dermal microvasculature (volumes reaching 4.36 ± 1.32 mm into tissue). CONCLUSIONS SFDI can be used to quantitatively characterize in vivo tissue optical properties that could be useful for better informing PDT treatment parameters. Specifically, this information provides spatially resolved insight into light delivery into tissue and local tissue oxygenation, thereby providing more quantitative and controlled dosimetry specific to the lesion. Ultimately, by optimizing the execution of PDT, this instrument has the potential to positively improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Saager
- Beckman Laser Institute, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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40
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Saager RB, Cuccia DJ, Saggese S, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. A light emitting diode (LED) based spatial frequency domain imaging system for optimization of photodynamic therapy of nonmelanoma skin cancer: quantitative reflectance imaging. Lasers Surg Med 2013. [PMID: 23619900 DOI: 10.1364/fio.2010.ftus2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers the potential for enhanced treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) with minimal scarring. Yet, PDT has not achieved consistent long term effectiveness to gain widespread clinical acceptance for treatment of skin cancer. Therapeutic response varies between practitioners, patients and lesions. One important contributing factor is the absence of quantitative tools to perform in vivo dosimetry. To this end, we have developed a new quantitative imaging device that can be used to investigate parameters related to optimizing dosimetry. METHODS We present a spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) based device designed to: (1) determine the optical properties at the therapeutic wavelength, which can inform variations in light penetration depth and (2) measure the spatially resolved oxygen saturation of the skin cancer lesions and surrounding tissue. We have applied this system to a preliminary clinical study of nine skin cancer lesions. RESULTS Optical properties vary greatly both spatially [101%, 48% for absorption and reduced scattering, respectively] and across patients [102%, 57%]. Blood volume maps determined using visible wavelengths (460, 525, and 630 nm) represent tissue volumes within ∼1 mm in tissue (1.17 ± 0.3 mm). Here the average total hemoglobin concentration is approximately three times greater in the lesion than that detected in normal tissue, reflecting increased vasculature typically associated with tumors. Data acquired at near infrared wavelengths (730 and 850 nm) reports tissue blood concentrations and oxygenations from the underlying dermal microvasculature (volumes reaching 4.36 ± 1.32 mm into tissue). CONCLUSIONS SFDI can be used to quantitatively characterize in vivo tissue optical properties that could be useful for better informing PDT treatment parameters. Specifically, this information provides spatially resolved insight into light delivery into tissue and local tissue oxygenation, thereby providing more quantitative and controlled dosimetry specific to the lesion. Ultimately, by optimizing the execution of PDT, this instrument has the potential to positively improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Saager
- Beckman Laser Institute, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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41
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Rice TB, Kwan E, Hayakawa CK, Durkin AJ, Choi B, Tromberg BJ. Quantitative, depth-resolved determination of particle motion using multi-exposure, spatial frequency domain laser speckle imaging. Biomed Opt Express 2013; 4:2880-92. [PMID: 24409388 PMCID: PMC3862160 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI) is a simple, noninvasive technique for rapid imaging of particle motion in scattering media such as biological tissue. LSI is generally used to derive a qualitative index of relative blood flow due to unknown impact from several variables that affect speckle contrast. These variables may include optical absorption and scattering coefficients, multi-layer dynamics including static, non-ergodic regions, and systematic effects such as laser coherence length. In order to account for these effects and move toward quantitative, depth-resolved LSI, we have developed a method that combines Monte Carlo modeling, multi-exposure speckle imaging (MESI), spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), and careful instrument calibration. Monte Carlo models were used to generate total and layer-specific fractional momentum transfer distributions. This information was used to predict speckle contrast as a function of exposure time, spatial frequency, layer thickness, and layer dynamics. To verify with experimental data, controlled phantom experiments with characteristic tissue optical properties were performed using a structured light speckle imaging system. Three main geometries were explored: 1) diffusive dynamic layer beneath a static layer, 2) static layer beneath a diffuse dynamic layer, and 3) directed flow (tube) submerged in a dynamic scattering layer. Data fits were performed using the Monte Carlo model, which accurately reconstructed the type of particle flow (diffusive or directed) in each layer, the layer thickness, and absolute flow speeds to within 15% or better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B. Rice
- Department of Physics, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Elliott Kwan
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Carole K. Hayakawa
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Bernard Choi
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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42
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O’Sullivan TD, Cerussi AE, Cuccia DJ, Tromberg BJ. Diffuse optical imaging using spatially and temporally modulated light. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17:071311. [PMID: 22894472 PMCID: PMC3607494 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe the development of diffuse optical imaging (DOI) technologies, specifically the use of spatial and temporal modulation to control near infrared light propagation in thick tissues. We present theory and methods of DOI focusing on model-based techniques for quantitative, in vivo measurements of endogenous tissue absorption and scattering properties. We specifically emphasize the common conceptual framework of the scalar photon density wave for both temporal and spatial frequency-domain approaches. After presenting the history, theoretical foundation, and instrumentation related to these methods, we provide a brief review of clinical and preclinical applications from our research as well as our outlook on the future of DOI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- University of California, Irvine, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California
| | - Albert E. Cerussi
- University of California, Irvine, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California
| | | | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Irvine, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce J. Tromberg, University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612. Tel: +949 824 8705; Fax: 949 824 8413; E-mail:
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