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Naughton M, Salmon PM, Kerhervé HA, McLean S. Applying a systems thinking lens to anti-doping: A systematic review identifying the contributory factors to doping in sport. J Sports Sci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38284139 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2306056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The use of performance enhancing substances and methods (known as "doping") in sport is an intractable issue, with current anti-doping strategies predominantly focused on the personal responsibility and strict liability of individual athletes. This is despite an emerging understanding that athletes exist as part of a broader complex sports system that includes governance, policymakers, media, sponsors, clubs, team members, and athlete support staff, to name a few. As such, there is a need to examine the broader systemic factors that influence doping in sport. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and synthesise the factors contributing to doping and doping behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs and the extent to which this knowledge extends beyond the athlete to consider broader sports systems. The review followed PRISMA guidelines with risk of bias and study quality assessed by the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and identified contributory factors synthesised and mapped onto a systems thinking-based framework. Overall, the included studies were determined to be of high quality. Support personnel, the coach, and the coach-athlete relationship represent key influences on the athletes' decisions to dope. From the evidence presented, doping is an emergent property of sport systems and represents a complex systemic problem that will require whole-of-system interventions. The implications for this and the focus of future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul M Salmon
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
| | - Hugo A Kerhervé
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Scott McLean
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
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2
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Su W, Zhao D. Development and validation of the Chinese coaches' interpersonal style scale. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1290549. [PMID: 38192393 PMCID: PMC10773830 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1290549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Coaches' behaviors and coaching styles play a critical role in influencing athletes' psychological experiences and performance. According to the self-determination theory (SDT), coaches' interpersonal behaviors are commonly categorized as autonomy-supportive and controlling. Due to less focus on the unique behaviors of Chinese coaches, this study incorporated coaches' parental care for athletes, referred to as paternalistic benevolence, in their interpersonal styles in the context of the Chinese culture. Methods Exploratory factor analyses were used in studies 1 and 2 to find items associated with benevolent coaching behaviors and items to create the Chinese Coaches' Interpersonal Style Scale. Study 3 used the constructed scale, as well as the Subjective Vitality Scale and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, with a sample of athletes to examine scale reliability. The 15-item Chinese Coaches' Interpersonal Style Scale contained three dimensions: benevolent, autonomy-supportive, and controlling coaching styles. Results The findings showed that: (1) benevolent coaching behaviors held significant explanatory weight in the Chinese cultural context; (2) controlling and autonomy-supportive coaching styles were culturally congruent among both Eastern and Western athletes; and (3) benevolent and autonomy-supportive coaching behaviors positively impacted athletes, whereas controlling coaching behaviors had a negative impact. Conclusion The measure showed strong validity and reliability, making it useful for future practice and research on the interpersonal style of Chinese coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Su
- Public Courses Teaching Department, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daliang Zhao
- Public Courses Teaching Department, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Leisure and Digital Sports, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Backhouse SH. A Behaviourally Informed Approach to Reducing the Risk of Inadvertent Anti-doping Rule Violations from Supplement Use. Sports Med 2023; 53:67-84. [PMID: 37801267 PMCID: PMC10721667 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
For many reasons, athletes' use of supplements is highly prevalent across sports and competitive levels, despite the risk of these products containing a substance on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. Contravening anti-doping rules through supplement use could have serious consequences for competitive athletes (e.g., ineligibility from major competitions, loss of medals and funding) due to the principle of strict liability. Indiscriminate supplement use also poses a risk to athlete health. To reduce the possibility of ingesting a supplement containing prohibited substances, independent quality assurance and certification programs have been established (e.g., Informed Sport). However, these programs do not completely eliminate risk, leading to some anti-doping organisations promoting a 'just say no' to supplements stance. Yet, this approach can be problematic as a small number of supplements may be necessary for athletes to consume, in certain situations. Recognising that athletes will continue to use these heavily marketed products, this narrative review describes a theoretically underpinned and systematic approach to preventing inadvertent doping by considering the barriers to and enablers of athlete adherence to risk minimisation supplement use guidelines (RMSUG). By outlining a conceptual shift towards a behaviourally informed approach, this review serves to stimulate the development of multifaceted interventions to prevent inadvertent doping through supplement use. Recognising that risk-minimised supplement use involves a myriad of behaviours, the problem of inadvertent doping through supplement use is framed, and research appraised, through the lens of the Behaviour Change Wheel.
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Galli F, Chirico A, Codella R, Zandonai T, Deplano V, De Maria A, Palombi T, Gotti D, Alivernini F, Mallia L, Zelli A, Lucidi F. "I Am on Top!": An Interactive Intervention Program to Promote Self-Regulation Processes in the Prevention of the Use of Doping in Sports High Schools. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:2630-2641. [PMID: 37998073 PMCID: PMC10670151 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13110183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of substances to improve sports performance is a widespread phenomenon among adolescents. Several anti-doping programs have been developed, mainly based on knowledge-based evidence. The main aim of the present study was to implement an anti-doping intervention in sports high school students, based on a psychological framework, such as Socio-Cognitive Theory, through the development of a Serious Game (SG), i.e., digital learning based on the game. The experimental design included an intervention group (n = 167; F = 37.7%; Meanage = 17.5 years; SD = 0.58) and a control group (n = 112; F = 42%; Meanage = 17.6; SD = 1). Both of the groups completed the same questionnaire on two different occasions (i.e., time 1 and time 2) for measuring doping intention, self-regulatory efficacy to resist social pressure for the use of substances, moral disengagement, and doping knowledge. Data were analyzed through repeated measures of Group X Time ANOVA, demonstrating some degree of efficacy of the intervention, in particular in terms of the decrease in doping intention and the strengthening of doping knowledge. Moreover, the study demonstrated that the score obtained during the implementation of the SG could partially represent a coherent measure of the participants' beliefs regarding doping. These results could be considered a starting point for future research to better develop technological anti-doping interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Galli
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andrea Chirico
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (T.Z.); (V.D.); (T.P.); (F.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Thomas Zandonai
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (T.Z.); (V.D.); (T.P.); (F.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Vindice Deplano
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (T.Z.); (V.D.); (T.P.); (F.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Alessandra De Maria
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Tommaso Palombi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (T.Z.); (V.D.); (T.P.); (F.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Daniel Gotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Fabio Alivernini
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (T.Z.); (V.D.); (T.P.); (F.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Luca Mallia
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Arnaldo Zelli
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (T.Z.); (V.D.); (T.P.); (F.A.); (F.L.)
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5
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Clancy S, Borotkanics R, Millar SK, Oldham ARH. A quantitative analysis of factors which influence supplement use and doping among adolescent athletes in New Zealand. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1069523. [PMID: 36860738 PMCID: PMC9968871 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1069523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Doping is a maladaptive behaviour which poses numerous risks and potentially enhances athletic performance while supplement use poses threats of positive, yet inadvertent, doping control results. Investigation is required to understand factors that influence adolescent supplement use and doping in New Zealand (NZ). Design A survey was completed by 660 athletes aged 13 to 18 years, of any gender, who competed at any level of any sport in NZ. Forty-three independent variables measured autonomy, confidence sources, motivational climate, social norms and age. Methods Multivariate, ordinal, and binary logistic regression models measured associations between independent variables and five dependant variables: supplement use, doping, doping considerations and intent (soon and in the next year). Results Confidence through mastery, internally perceived locus of control (IPLOC) and volition decreased the odds of doping while confidence through self-presentation, subjective and descriptive norms increased the odds of supplement use and doping. Conclusion To decrease the odds of doping, adolescent autonomy should be increased in sport through opportunities for volitional decision making and exposure to mastery as a confidence source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Clancy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand,Drug Free Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand,Correspondence: Sian Clancy
| | - Robert Borotkanics
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah-Kate Millar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R. H. Oldham
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Hu Q, Li P, Jiang B, Liu B. Impact of a controlling coaching style on athletes' fear of failure: Chain mediating effects of basic psychological needs and sport commitment. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1106916. [PMID: 36818062 PMCID: PMC9936072 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1106916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling coaching style is a key predictor of athletes' fear of failure, but the mediating mechanisms underlying this relationship require further exploration. Based on the self-determination theory (SDT) and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (HMIEM), this study investigated the effect of a controlling coaching style on athletes' fear of failure, as well as the chain mediating effects of basic psychological needs and sport commitment. A questionnaire survey of 252 active athletes was administrated using scales for fear of failure, controlling coaching style, sport commitment, and basic psychological needs. The results indicated that a controlling coaching style was negatively correlated with basic psychological needs and indirectly affected athletes' fear of failure via basic psychological needs and constrained commitment. The chain mediating effect of basic psychological needs on enthusiastic commitment was not significant, but it was for constrained commitment. In conclusion, the impact of a controlling coaching style on athletes' fear of failure via basic psychological needs is manifested through the strengthening of constrained commitment rather than the weakening of enthusiastic commitment. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of why and how a controlling coaching style influences athletes' fear of failure. Coaches should seek more scientific and effective ways to instruct their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- School of Educational Science, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Physical Education, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Peng Li,
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Educational Science, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Huaqiao Jishan Middle School, Suzhou, China
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7
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Yabunaka Y, Kametani R, Tsuchiya H. Generalization of Psychosocial Skills to Life Skills in Collegiate Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020020. [PMID: 36828305 PMCID: PMC9962385 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how needs-supportive and needs-thwarting coaching behaviors, basic need satisfaction (BNS), and basic need frustration (BNF) are positively or negatively related to collegiate athletes' generalization of psychosocial skills in competitive sports. Japanese collegiate athletes (N = 228, Mage = 19.7 years) completed the measures to assess the study variables. Structural equation modeling for the hypothesized models of associations among the variables showed that needs-supportive coaching behavior positively influenced BNS, which, in turn, positively affected the generalization of all 10 psychosocial skills in competitive sports. Moreover, needs-thwarting coaching behavior had a positive influence on BNF, which, in turn, negatively affected the following skills: generalization of stress management, appreciating others, communication, and maintaining etiquette and manners. These findings highlight that coaches and life skills educational supporters should display needs-supportive behaviors that help to improve participants' BNS and promote generalization of the psychosocial skills for life skills development through competitive sports. Furthermore, they should prevent needs-thwarting behaviors that frustrate their basic needs in competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yabunaka
- Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Science, 1-1 Asashirodai, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0406, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryo Kametani
- Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Science, 1-1 Asashirodai, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0406, Japan
- Faculty of Commerce, University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences, 3-1 Gakuennishi-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 651-2188, Japan
| | - Hironobu Tsuchiya
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, 1-1 Asashirodai, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0406, Japan
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8
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Zhao D, Zhou Y. Examining the psychometric properties of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale in Chinese Elite Athletes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277985. [PMID: 36441802 PMCID: PMC9704685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coaching style is key to athletes' performance and mental well-being. However, few attempts have examined the effects of coaching style on athletes in a Chinese cultural context. Based on previous literature and 23 expert interviews (11 with athletes and 12 with coaches), we rebuilt a 16-items on the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale. In study 1, 130 provincial team athletes completed a 16-items questionnaire on controlling coach behaviors. The questionnaire items were then screened using exploratory factor analysis and transformed into a formal scale. In study 2, another 560 provincial athletes completed several measures related to coaching style, motivation, subjective vitality, and burnout, and systematic tests were carried out to validate the scale. Study 3 examined the test-retest reliability of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale over a 2-week interval. Finally, the present study yielded a nine-item Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale with three dimensions (controlling use of reward, negative conditional regard, and excessive personal control). It suggests that cultural differences played an important role in the communication between athletes and coaches. The new Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale shows good validity and can be used in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliang Zhao
- School of Leisure Sport and Management, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Leisure Sport and Management, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Cronin L, Ellison P, Allen J, Huntley E, Johnson L, Kosteli MC, Hollis A, Marchant D. A self-determination theory based investigation of life skills development in youth sport. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:886-898. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2028507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Cronin
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Paul Ellison
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Justine Allen
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Emma Huntley
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Laura Johnson
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | | | - Anna Hollis
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - David Marchant
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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10
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Doping Prevalence in Competitive Sport: Evidence Synthesis with "Best Practice" Recommendations and Reporting Guidelines from the WADA Working Group on Doping Prevalence. Sports Med 2021; 51:1909-1934. [PMID: 33900578 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of doping in competitive sport, and the methods for assessing prevalence, remain poorly understood. This reduces the ability of researchers, governments, and sporting organizations to determine the extent of doping behavior and the impacts of anti-doping strategies. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this subject-wide systematic review was to collate and synthesize evidence on doping prevalence from published scientific papers. Secondary aims involved reviewing the reporting accuracy and data quality as evidence for doping behavior to (1) develop quality and bias assessment criteria to facilitate future systematic reviews; and (2) establish recommendations for reporting future research on doping behavior in competitive sports to facilitate better meta-analyses of doping behavior. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies. Articles were included if they contained information on doping prevalence of any kind in competitive sport, regardless of the methodology and without time limit. Through an iterative process, we simultaneously developed a set of assessment criteria; and used these to assess the studies for data quality on doping prevalence, potential bias and reporting. RESULTS One-hundred and five studies, published between 1975 and 2019,were included. Doping prevalence rates in competitive sport ranged from 0 to 73% for doping behavior with most falling under 5%. To determine prevalence, 89 studies used self-reported survey data (SRP) and 17 used sample analysis data (SAP) to produce evidence for doping prevalence (one study used both SRP and SAP). In total, studies reporting athletes totaled 102,515 participants, (72.8% men and 27.2% women). Studies surveyed athletes in 35 countries with 26 involving athletes in the United States, while 12 studies examined an international population. Studies also surveyed athletes from most international sport federations and major professional sports and examined international, national, and sub-elite level athletes, including youth, masters, amateur, club, and university level athletes. However, inconsistencies in data reporting prevented meta-analysis for sport, gender, region, or competition level. Qualitative syntheses were possible and provided for study type, gender, and geographical region. The quality assessment of prevalence evidence in the studies identified 20 as "High", 60 as "Moderate", and 25 as "Low." Of the 89 studies using SRP, 17 rated as "High", 52 rated as "Moderate", and 20 rated as "Low." Of the 17 studies using SAP, 3 rated as "High", 9 rated as "Moderate", and 5 rated as "Low." Examining ratings by year suggests that both the quality and quantity of the evidence for doping prevalence in published studies are increasing. CONCLUSIONS Current knowledge about doping prevalence in competitive sport relies upon weak and disparate evidence. To address this, we offer a comprehensive set of assessment criteria for studies examining doping behavior data as evidence for doping prevalence. To facilitate future evidence syntheses and meta-analyses, we also put forward "best practice" recommendations and reporting guidelines that will improve evidence quality.
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11
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Kavussanu M, Hurst P, Yukhymenko-Lescroart M, Galanis E, King A, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Ring C. A Moral Intervention Reduces Doping Likelihood in British and Greek Athletes: Evidence From a Cluster Randomized Control Trial. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 43:125-139. [PMID: 33271509 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The authors aimed to develop a moral intervention and to determine whether it was more effective in preventing doping than an educational (i.e., knowledge-based) intervention; their primary outcome was doping likelihood, and the secondary outcomes were moral identity, moral disengagement, moral atmosphere, and anticipated guilt. METHODS Eligible athletes (N = 303) in the United Kingdom and Greece took part in the study. The authors randomly assigned 33 clubs to either the moral or the educational intervention. They measured outcomes pre- and postintervention and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Athletes in both interventions in both countries reported lower doping likelihood and moral disengagement and higher guilt from pre- to postintervention. These effects were maintained at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups. There were no effects on moral identity or moral atmosphere. CONCLUSIONS In addition to disseminating information about doping, doping prevention programs should include content that focuses on moral variables.
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12
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Guo L, Liang W, Baker JS, Mao ZX. Perceived Motivational Climates and Doping Intention in Adolescent Athletes: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement and Sportspersonship. Front Psychol 2021; 12:611636. [PMID: 33841245 PMCID: PMC8024559 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.611636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Doping is an important issue in competitive sports and poses potentially irreversible consequences to athletes. Understanding the psychological process underlying antecedents and doping intention will inform policy and prevention. This study aimed to test the psychosocial mechanisms of doping in adolescent athletes using an integrated model. In this model, we examined the associations of perceived motivational climate (i.e., task-involving and ego-involving), moral variables (i.e., moral disengagement and sportspersonship), and attitudinal variables (i.e., perceived pros/cons of doping and perceived cons of not doping) with doping intention. We further investigated whether the moral variables mediated the relationship between perceived motivational climate and doping intention. A cross-sectional survey was employed in the present study. Six hundred and fifteen Chinese adolescent athletes (mean age = 15.68 ± 1.67 years) completed questionnaires measuring demographic information and the variables mentioned previously. Structural equation modeling showed that the hypothesized model had a good fit and explained 64.1% of the variance in doping intention. Task-involving motivational climate indicated both directly and indirectly negative associations with doping intention via sportspersonship. The ego-involving motivational climate was positively associated with doping intention via moral disengagement. Among perceived pros/cons of doping and perceived cons of not doping, both perceived cons of doping and cons of not doping were positively associated with doping intention with a small effect size. This study confirmed the roles of tasking- and ego-involving motivational climates, moral variables, and attitudinal variables on doping intention. These research findings may provide new insights for the future of intention-based doping prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Guo
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Mao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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13
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Barkoukis V, Bondarev D, Lazuras L, Shakverdieva S, Ourda D, Bochaver K, Robson A. Whistleblowing against doping in sport: A cross-national study on the effects of motivation and sportspersonship orientations on whistleblowing intentions. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:1164-1173. [PMID: 33337975 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1861740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Whistleblowing against anti-doping rule violations and related misconduct has been recognized as an important deterrent of doping behaviour in competitive sport. However, research on whistleblowing against doping is scarce and the available studies have focused on small samples using qualitative and inductive approaches. The present study used quantitative methods to assess, for the first time, the association between self-determined motivation, achievement goals, sportspersonship orientations and intentions to engage in whistleblowing against doping misconduct. A total of 992 competitive athletes from Greece (n = 480) and Russia (n = 512) completed structured measures of self-determination, achievement goals, sportspersonship orientation beliefs, and intentions to report doping misconduct. Latent profile analysis classified athletes into clusters consistent with the theoretical predictions. One-way analyses of variance further showed consistently across countries that autonomous motivated athletes reported higher intentions to whistleblow, and athletes with higher scores in achievement goals and sportspersonship orientations had significantly higher scores in whistleblowing intentions, compared to those with lower scores in these characteristics in both countries. This is the first study to demonstrate the association between motivational regulations, achievement goals, sportspersonship beliefs, and whistleblowing intentions. The theoretical and policy implications of our study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitriy Bondarev
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Thessaloniki, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Despoina Ourda
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantin Bochaver
- Laboratory of Sports Psychology, Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Robson
- Sheffield Hallam University, Thessaloniki, UK
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Reynders B, Van Puyenbroeck S, Ceulemans E, Vansteenkiste M, Vande Broek G. How Do Profiles of Need-Supportive and Controlling Coaching Relate to Team Athletes' Motivational Outcomes? A Person-Centered Approach. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:452-462. [PMID: 33176275 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Building on recent self-determination theory research differentiating controlling coaching into a demanding and domineering approach, this study examined the role of both approaches in athletes' motivational outcomes when accompanied by autonomy support or structure. Within team-sport athletes (N = 317; mean age = 17.67), four sets of k-means cluster analyses systematically pointed toward a four-cluster solution (e.g., high-high, high-low, low-high, and low-low), regardless of the pair of coaching dimensions used. One of the identified coaching profiles involved coaches who are perceived to combine need-supportive and controlling behaviors (i.e., high-high). Whereas combining need-supportive and domineering behaviors (i.e., high-high) yields lower autonomous motivation and engagement compared with a high need-support profile (i.e., high-low), this is less the case for the combination of need-supportive and demanding behaviors (i.e., high-high). This person-centered approach provides deeper insights into how coaches combine different styles and how some forms of controlling coaching yield a greater cost than others.
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15
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Petróczi A, Backhouse SH, Boardley ID, Saugy M, Pitsiladis Y, Viret M, Ioannidis G, Ohl F, Loland S, McNamee M. 'Clean athlete status' cannot be certified: Calling for caution, evidence and transparency in 'alternative' anti-doping systems. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 93:103030. [PMID: 33250439 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Athletes, sponsors and sport organisations all have a vested interest in upholding the values of clean sport. Despite the considerable and concerted efforts of the global anti-doping system over two decades, the present system is imperfect. Capitalising upon consequent frustrations of athletes, event organisers and sponsors, alternative anti-doping systems have emerged outside the global regulatory framework. The operating principles of these systems raise several concerns, notably including accountability, legitimacy and fairness to athletes. In this paper, we scrutinise the Clean Protocol™, which is the most comprehensive alternative system, for its shortcomings through detailed analysis of its alleged logical and scientific merits. Specifically, we draw the attention of the anti-doping community - including researchers and practitioners - to the potential pitfalls of using assessment tools beyond the scope for which they have been validated, and implementing new approaches without validation. Further, we argue that whilst protecting clean sport is critically important to all stakeholders, protocols that put athletes in disadvantageous positions and/or pose risks to their professional and personal lives lack legitimacy. We criticise the use of anti-doping data and scientific research out of context, and highlight unintended harms that are likely to arise from the widespread implementation of such protocols in parallel with - or in place of - the existing global anti-doping framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan H Backhouse
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Boardley
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martial Saugy
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Marjolaine Viret
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Ioannidis
- Department of Law & Criminology, Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Ohl
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sigmund Loland
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
| | - Mike McNamee
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, United Kingdom
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16
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Nicholls AR, Fairs LRW, Plata-Andrés M, Bailey R, Cope E, Madigan D, Koenen K, Glibo I, Theodorou NC, Laurent JF, Garcia G, Chanal B. Feasibility randomised controlled trial examining the effects of the Anti-Doping Values in Coach Education (ADVICE) mobile application on doping knowledge and attitudes towards doping among grassroots coaches. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000800. [PMID: 33088583 PMCID: PMC7547541 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Sports coaches are influential in whether athletes dope, but receive very little antidoping education, particularly within entry-level coaching qualifications. We tested the feasibility of an antidoping intervention, delivered via a mobile application, which was designed to increase coaches’ knowledge of doping and to reduce favourable doping attitudes. Methods A two-arm randomised controlled trial, with grassroots coaches who coach young amateur athletes aged between 14 and 18 years of age, was conducted. The Anti-Doping Values in Coach Education (ADVICE) mobile application included modules on fair play, substances, nutritional supplements, rules and leadership. The primary outcome was the change in doping knowledge, 6 weeks after receiving the mobile application. The secondary outcome was changes in doping attitudes. Results Grassroots coaches (n=200; aged between 18 and 71 years, with between 1 and 42 years of coaching experience) from 29 different countries completed baseline assessments, and 85 completed follow-up assessments, and were included in mixed analysis of variance analyses. The intervention increased coaches’ knowledge about doping and also reduced favourable doping attitudes in the experimental arm. Conclusion The ADVICE mobile application is a feasible method for delivering and increasing grassroots coaches’ knowledge of banned substances and the potential side effects of doping. Mobile application-based resources could facilitate a much wider dissemination of antidoping education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas R W Fairs
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Mar Plata-Andrés
- Agencia Española de Protección de la Salud en el Deporte, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Edward Cope
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Katrin Koenen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Senate of Berlin, Berlin, UK
| | - Iva Glibo
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | | | | | - Gaetan Garcia
- The Association for International Sport for All, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benoit Chanal
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Paris, France
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17
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Ntoumanis N, Quested E, Patterson L, Kaffe S, Backhouse SH, Pavlidis G, Whitaker L, Barkoukis V, Smith BJ, Staff HR, Gucciardi DF. An intervention to optimise coach-created motivational climates and reduce athlete willingness to dope (CoachMADE): a three-country cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:213-219. [PMID: 32917672 PMCID: PMC7873414 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Coach-centred antidoping education is scarce. We tested the efficacy of a motivationally informed antidoping intervention for coaches, with their athletes’ willingness to dope as the primary outcome. Methods We delivered a cluster randomised controlled trial in Australia, the UK and Greece. This study was a parallel group, two-condition, superiority trial. Participants were 130 coaches and 919 athletes. Coaches in the intervention group attended two workshops and received supplementary information to support them in adopting a motivationally supportive communication style when discussing doping-related issues with their athletes. Coaches in the control condition attended a standard antidoping workshop that provided up-to-date information on antidoping issues yet excluded any motivation-related content. Assessments of willingness to dope (primary outcome) and other secondary outcomes were taken at baseline, postintervention (3 months) and at a 2-month follow up. Results Compared with athletes in the control group, athletes in the intervention group reported greater reductions in willingness to take prohibited substances (effect size g=0.17) and psychological need frustration (g=0.23) at postintervention, and greater increases in antidoping knowledge (g=0.27) at follow-up. Coaches in the intervention group reported at postintervention greater increases in efficacy to create an antidoping culture (g=0.40) and in perceived effectiveness of need supporting behaviours (g=0.45) to deal with doping-related situations. They also reported greater decreases in doping attitudes (g=0.24) and perceived effectiveness of need thwarting behaviours (g=0.35). Conclusions Antidoping education programmes should consider incorporating principles of motivation, as these could be beneficial to coaches and their athletes. We offer suggestions to strengthen these programmes, as most of the effects we observed were not sustained at follow-up. Trial registration number This trial has been registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=371465&isReview=true).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Ntoumanis
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eleanor Quested
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Laurie Patterson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Stella Kaffe
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Susan H Backhouse
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - George Pavlidis
- Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Vassilis Barkoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Brendan J Smith
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen R Staff
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Daniel F Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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18
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Nicholls AR, Levy AR, Meir R, Sanctuary C, Jones L, Baghurst T, Thompson MA, Perry JL. The Susceptibles, Chancers, Pragmatists, and Fair Players: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes, Cluster Effects, and Norm Values Among Adolescent Athletes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1564. [PMID: 32754092 PMCID: PMC7366030 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are few high-profile cases of adolescent athletes being caught doping, up to a third of young athletes may dope. In order to generate a more accurate understanding of why adolescent athletes dope, it is important to validate models that help to explain this behavior. The aims of this study were 3-fold: firstly, to test the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes (SDCM-AA); secondly, to generate athlete profiles that would help quantify the proportion of athletes who are at risk of doping; and thirdly, to create norm values for the Adolescent Sport Doping Inventory (ASDI), which would allow national doping organizations, sporting organizations, and clubs to benchmark the scores of their athletes for key psycho-social variables linked to doping. A total of 2208 adolescent athletes from the United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong, and the United States completed the ASDI. The data presented an appropriate fit to the SDCM-AA model, in which 54% of the variance in susceptibility to doping was explained in the model, and 44.8% of attitudes toward doping was accounted for. Four distinct clusters of athletes emerged: the Susceptibles (i.e., identified with the benefits of doping, were willing to cheat, and viewed little threat), the Chancers (i.e., identified with the benefits of doping, scored high on willingness to cheat, and were highly influenced by their reference group, but had an average score for threat, self-esteem, and legitimacy), the Pragmatists (i.e., did not engage with any aspects of doping, but were more susceptible than the fair players), and Fair Players (i.e., high levels of sportspersonship, unwilling to cheat, and viewed doping as a threat). The revised SDCM-AA appears a valid model that helps explain the factors associated with doping attitudes and doping susceptibility. Adolescent athletes can be classified into one of four clusters, in relation to doping. Their cluster group could influence the content of the anti-doping education they receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Nicholls
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Levy
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi Meir
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Colin Sanctuary
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Leigh Jones
- Hong Kong Rugby Foot-Ball Union, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Baghurst
- College of Education, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Mark A. Thompson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - John L. Perry
- Department of Psychology, Mary Immaculate College, Limerick, Ireland
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19
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Barkoukis V, Lazuras L, Ourda D, Tsorbatzoudis H. Are nutritional supplements a gateway to doping use in competitive team sports? The roles of achievement goals and motivational regulations. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:625-632. [PMID: 31928883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study investigated the moderating role of achievement goals and motivation regulations on the association between self-reported nutritional supplement (NS) use, doping likelihood, and self-reported doping behaviour among competitive athletes. METHOD Four hundred and ninety seven competitive team sport athletes (64% males; M age=23.54 years, SD=5.75) completed anonymous questionnaires measuring self-reported use of prohibited substances and licit NS; beliefs about the "gateway" function of NS; achievement goals; and motivational regulations. RESULTS Hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that self-reported doping was associated (Adjusted R2=33%) with NS use, a stronger belief that NS use acts as a gateway to doping, amotivation, controlled motivation, mastery approach, and performance avoidance goals. Higher likelihood to use doping substances in the future was associated (Adjusted R2=41.7%) with current NS use, stronger belief that NS act as a gateway to doping, autonomous motivation, and performance avoidance goals. A series of moderated regression analyses showed that NS use significantly interacted with mastery approach, mastery avoidance, performance avoidance goals, autonomous motivation controlled motivation, and with amotivation in predicting self-reported doping. Finally, NS use significantly interacted with mastery approach goals, performance avoidance goals, and controlled motivation in predicting future doping likelihood. CONCLUSIONS Achievement goals and motivational regulations are differentially associated with both doping likelihood and self-reported doping, and may account for the observed association between self-reported NS use and doping substances; thus, providing an alternative explanation to the "gateway hypothesis" that emphasizes the role of motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Barkoukis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Lambros Lazuras
- Department of Psychology, Sociology & Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK.
| | - Despoina Ourda
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Haralambos Tsorbatzoudis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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20
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Madigan DJ, Mallinson-Howard SH, Grugan MC, Hill AP. Perfectionism and attitudes towards doping in athletes: A continuously cumulating meta-analysis and test of the 2 × 2 model. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1245-1254. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1698660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Barkoukis V, Brooke L, Ntoumanis N, Smith B, Gucciardi DF. The role of the athletes’ entourage on attitudes to doping. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2483-2491. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1643648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Barkoukis
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lauren Brooke
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Brett Smith
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel F. Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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22
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Boardley ID, Smith AL, Ntoumanis N, Gucciardi DF, Harris TS. Perceptions of coach doping confrontation efficacy and athlete susceptibility to intentional and inadvertent doping. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1647-1654. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Boardley
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Alan L. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- School of Psychology Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
- Physical Activity and Well‐Being Lab Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Daniel F. Gucciardi
- Physical Activity and Well‐Being Lab Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Tyler S. Harris
- Department of Kinesiology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
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23
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The doping critical attitude of elite sports coaches in combat sports. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Chan DKC, Keegan RJ, Lee ASY, Yang SX, Zhang L, Rhodes RE, Lonsdale C. Toward a better assessment of perceived social influence: The relative role of significant others on young athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:286-298. [PMID: 30320928 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this three-study paper was to develop and validate the Perceived Social Influence in Sport Scale-2 (PSISS-2) that aimed to resolve the limitations of PSISS-1 in assessing the relative social influence of significant others in youth sport. In Study 1, a pool of 60 items generated from revisiting a qualitative dataset about significant others of young athletes were examined by two expert panel reviews in terms of content validity, clarity, coverage, and age-appropriateness, leading to the development of 16 items of the PSISS-2. In Study 2, multi-group exploratory structural equation model for PSISS-2 was conducted among 904 young athletes, and the results supported a model comprising positive influence (ie, conditional and unconditional positive influence combined), punishment (ie, conditional negative influence), and dysfunction (ie, unconditional negative influence) as three factors. The goodness of fit of the three-factor model was acceptable and invariant across the coach-, father-, mother-, and teammates-versions of PSISS-2. In support of the criterion validity of PSISS-2, the three factors explained substantial variance of young athletes' perceived competence, effort, enjoyment, and trait anxiety in sport. Study 3 examined the relationship between PSISS-2 factors, psychological need support, and controlling behaviors in a subsample of 452 young athletes, and the findings supported the concurrent validity and discriminant validity of the scale. In conclusion, the data are supportive of PSISS-2. The three factors of the scale (ie, positive influence, punishment, and dysfunction) may form a new framework for understanding and comparing the relative role of significant others in youth sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derwin K C Chan
- University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard J Keegan
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Sophie X Yang
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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25
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Ntoumanis N, Gucciardi DF, Backhouse SH, Barkoukis V, Quested E, Patterson L, Smith BJ, Whitaker L, Pavlidis G, Kaffe S. An Intervention to Optimize Coach Motivational Climates and Reduce Athlete Willingness to Dope (CoachMADE): Protocol for a Cross-Cultural Cluster Randomized Control Trial. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2301. [PMID: 29375428 PMCID: PMC5767258 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Field-based anti-doping interventions in sport are scarce and focus on athletes. However, coaches are recognized as one of the most significant source of influence in terms of athletes’ cognitions, affect, and behavior. In this paper, we present the protocol for a cluster randomized control trial which aims to contrast the relative effects of a ‘motivation and anti-doping’ intervention program for coaches against an information-based anti-doping control program. In developing the motivation content of our intervention, we drew from Self-Determination Theory. The project is currently ongoing in Australia and has recently started in the United Kingdom and Greece. We aim to recruit 120 coaches and approximately 1200 of their athletes across the three countries. Various assessments will be taken from both coaches and athletes prior to the intervention, immediately after the 12-week intervention and at a 2-month follow up. The intervention comprises face-to-face workshops and weekly activities which are supported by printed and online material. The project aims to identify communication strategies that coaches can use to support athletes’ motivation in sport and also to promote self-determined reasons for athletes to comply with doping regulations. Trial Registration: The trial is registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12616001688471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Ntoumanis
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel F Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Susan H Backhouse
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Barkoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleanor Quested
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Laurie Patterson
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan J Smith
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Lisa Whitaker
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - George Pavlidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stela Kaffe
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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26
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Kavussanu M, Ring C. Moral Identity Predicts Doping Likelihood via Moral Disengagement and Anticipated Guilt. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 39:293-301. [PMID: 29111866 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2016-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we integrated elements of social cognitive theory of moral thought and action and the social cognitive model of moral identity to better understand doping likelihood in athletes. Participants (N = 398) recruited from a variety of team sports completed measures of moral identity, moral disengagement, anticipated guilt, and doping likelihood. Moral identity predicted doping likelihood indirectly via moral disengagement and anticipated guilt. Anticipated guilt about potential doping mediated the relationship between moral disengagement and doping likelihood. Our findings provide novel evidence to suggest that athletes, who feel that being a moral person is central to their self-concept, are less likely to use banned substances due to their lower tendency to morally disengage and the more intense feelings of guilt they expect to experience for using banned substances.
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