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Prediction of Oral Drug Absorption in Rats from In Vitro Data. Pharm Res 2023; 40:359-373. [PMID: 35169960 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In drug discovery, rats are widely used for pharmacological and toxicological studies. We previously reported that a mechanism-based oral absorption model, the gastrointestinal unified theoretical framework (GUT framework), can appropriately predict the fraction of a dose absorbed (Fa) in humans and dogs. However, there are large species differences between humans and rats. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the predictability of the GUT framework for rat Fa. METHOD The Fa values of 20 model drugs (a total of 39 Fa data) were predicted in a bottom-up manner. Based on the literature survey, the bile acid concentration (Cbile) and the intestinal fluid volume were set to 15 mM and 4 mL/kg, respectively, five and two times higher than in humans. LogP, pKa, molecular weight, intrinsic solubility, bile micelle partition coefficients, and Caco-2 permeability were used as input data. RESULTS The Fa values were appropriately predicted for highly soluble drugs (absolute average fold error (AAFE) = 1.65, 18 Fa data) and poorly soluble drugs (AAFE = 1.57, 21 Fa data). When the species difference in Cbile was ignored, Fa was over- and under-predicted for permeability and solubility limited cases, respectively. High Cbile in rats reduces the free fraction of drug molecules available for epithelial membrane permeation while increasing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. CONCLUSION The Fa values in rats were appropriately predicted by the GUT framework. This result would be of great help for a better understanding of species differences and model-informed preclinical formulation development.
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Xie X, Zheng YG, Chen H, Li J, Luo RH, Chen L, Zheng CB, Zhang S, Peng P, Ma D, Yang LM, Zheng YT, Liu H, Wang J. Structure-Based Design of Tropane Derivatives as a Novel Series of CCR5 Antagonists with Broad-Spectrum Anti-HIV-1 Activities and Improved Oral Bioavailability. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16526-16540. [PMID: 36472561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the entry of an HIV-1 targeting CCR5 coreceptor has emerged as an attractive strategy to develop HIV therapeutics. Maraviroc is the only CCR5 antagonist approved by FDA; however, serious side effects limited its clinical use. Herein, 21 novel tropane derivatives (6-26) were designed and synthesized based on the CCR5-maraviroc complex structure. Among them, compounds 25 and 26 had comparable activity to maraviroc and presented more potent inhibitory activity against a series of HIV-1 strains. In addition, compound 26 exhibited synergistic or additive antiviral effects in combination with other antiretroviral agents. Compared to maraviroc, both 25 and 26 displayed higher Cmax and AUC0-∞ and improved oral bioavailability in SD rats. In addition, compounds 25 and 26 showed no significant CYP450 inhibition and showed a novel binding mode with CCR5 different from that of maraviroc-CCR5. In summary, compounds 25 and 26 are promising drug candidates for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Gui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chang-Bo Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shurui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Panfeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dakota Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
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Tomaru A, Toshimoto K, Lee W, Ishigame K, Sugiyama Y. A Simple Decision Tree Suited for Identification of Early Oral Drug Candidates With Likely Pharmacokinetic Nonlinearity by Intestinal CYP3A Saturation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:510-516. [PMID: 33137373 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify oral drugs that likely display nonlinear pharmacokinetics due to saturable metabolism by intestinal CYP3A, our previous report using CYP3A substrate drugs proposed an approach using thresholds for the linear index number (LIN3A = dose/Km; Km, Michaelis-Menten constant for CYP3A) and the intestinal availability (FaFg). Here, we aimed to extend the validity of the previous approach using both CYP3A substrate and non-substrate drugs and to devise a decision tree suited for early drug candidates using in vitro metabolic intrinsic clearance (CLint, vitro) instead of FaFg. Out of 152 oral drugs (including 136 drugs approved in Japan, US or both), type I nonlinearity (in which systemic drug exposure increases in a more than dose-proportional manner) was noted with 82 drugs (54%), among which 58 drugs were identified as CYP3A substrates based on public information. Based on practical feasibility, 41 drugs were selected from CYP3A substrates and subjected to in-house metabolic assessment. The results were used to determine the thresholds for CLint, vitro (0.45 μL/min/pmol CYP3A4) and LIN3A (1.0 L). For four drugs incorrectly predicted, potential mechanisms were looked up. Overall, our proposed decision tree may aid in the identification of early drug candidates with intestinal CYP3A-derived type I nonlinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Tomaru
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiko Ishigame
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Wang SJ, Li R, Ng TSC, Luthria G, Oudin MJ, Prytyskach M, Kohler RH, Weissleder R, Lauffenburger DA, Miller MA. Efficient blockade of locally reciprocated tumor-macrophage signaling using a TAM-avid nanotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz8521. [PMID: 32494745 PMCID: PMC7244320 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting how multicellular interactions in the tumor affect resistance pathways to BRAF and MEK1/2 MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) remains a challenge. To investigate this, we profiled global ligand-receptor interactions among tumor and stromal/immune cells from biopsies of MAPK-driven disease. MAPKi increased tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in some patients, which correlated with poor clinical response, and MAPKi coamplified bidirectional tumor-TAM signaling via receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including AXL, MERTK, and their ligand GAS6. In xenograft tumors, intravital microscopy simultaneously monitored in situ single-cell activities of multiple kinases downstream of RTKs, revealing MAPKi increased TAMs and enhanced bypass signaling in TAM-proximal tumor cells. As a proof-of-principle strategy to block this signaling, we developed a multi-RTK kinase inhibitor nanoformulation that accumulated in TAMs and delayed disease progression. Thus, bypass signaling can reciprocally amplify across nearby cell types, offering new opportunities for therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S. C. Ng
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav Luthria
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madeleine J. Oudin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Mark Prytyskach
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rainer H. Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kimoto E, Obach RS, Varma MV. Identification and quantitation of enzyme and transporter contributions to hepatic clearance for the assessment of potential drug-drug interactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Miao M, De Clercq E, Li G. Clinical significance of chemokine receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:11-30. [PMID: 31903790 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1711884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chemokine receptors are important therapeutic targets for the treatment of many human diseases. This study will provide an overview of approved chemokine receptor antagonists and promising candidates in advanced clinical trials.Areas covered: We will describe clinical aspects of chemokine receptor antagonists regarding their clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action, and re-purposed applications.Expert opinion: Three chemokine antagonists have been approved: (i) plerixafor is a small-molecule CXCR4 antagonist that mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells; (ii) maraviroc is a small-molecule CCR5 antagonist for anti-HIV treatment; and (iii) mogamulizumab is a monoclonal-antibody CCR4 antagonist for the treatment of mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome. Moreover, phase 3 trials are ongoing to evaluate many potent candidates, including CCR5 antagonists (e.g. leronlimab), dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonists (e.g. cenicriviroc), and CXCR4 antagonists (e.g. balixafortide, mavorixafor, motixafortide). The success of chemokine receptor antagonists depends on the selective blockage of disease-relevant chemokine receptors which are indispensable for disease progression. Although clinical translation has been slow, antagonists targeting chemokine receptors with multifaced functions offer the potential to treat a broad spectrum of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
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Nayak SU, Cicalese S, Tallarida C, Oliver CF, Rawls SM. Chemokine CCR5 and cocaine interactions in the brain: Cocaine enhances mesolimbic CCR5 mRNA levels and produces place preference and locomotor activation that are reduced by a CCR5 antagonist. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:288-292. [PMID: 31557508 PMCID: PMC6906231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is best known as a viral co-receptor that facilitates entry of HIV into cells. Evidence that CCR5 knockout mice display fewer dopamine neurons, lower striatal dopamine levels, and reduced locomotor activation compared to wild types also suggest a link between CCR5 receptors and cocaine dependence. Here, we tested the hypothesis using male Sprague-Dawley rats that cocaine-induced locomotor activation and conditioned place preference (CPP) are inhibited by a FDA-approved CCR5 antagonist (maraviroc), and that CCR5 gene expression in mesolimbic substrates is enhanced by repeated cocaine exposure. Pretreatment with maraviroc (1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg, IP) reduced hyperlocomotion induced by acute cocaine (10 mg/kg) without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity. For CPP experiments, rats conditioned with cocaine (10 mg/kg × 4 days, IP) were injected with maraviroc (1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg, IP) before each injection of cocaine. Maraviroc dose-dependently inhibited development of cocaine CPP, with a dose of 5 mg/kg producing a significant reduction. In rats treated repeatedly with cocaine (10 mg/kg × 4 days, IP), CCR5 gene expression was upregulated in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area but mRNA levels of CCR5 ligands (i.e., CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5) were not affected. Our results suggest that mesolimbic CCR5 receptors are dysregulated by cocaine exposure and, similar to CXCR4 and CCR2 receptors, influence behavioral effects related to the abuse liability of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil U Nayak
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Cicalese
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chris Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chicora F. Oliver
- Department of Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Maeda K, Das D, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H, Takeuchi H. Discovery and Development of Anti-HIV Therapeutic Agents: Progress Towards Improved HIV Medication. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1621-1649. [PMID: 31424371 PMCID: PMC7132033 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712204603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The history of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS therapy, which spans over 30 years, is one of the most dramatic stories of science and medicine leading to the treatment of a disease. Since the advent of the first AIDS drug, AZT or zidovudine, a number of agents acting on different drug targets, such as HIV enzymes (e.g. reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase) and host cell factors critical for HIV infection (e.g. CD4 and CCR5), have been added to our armamentarium to combat HIV/AIDS. In this review article, we first discuss the history of the development of anti-HIV drugs, during which several problems such as drug-induced side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses became apparent and had to be overcome. Nowadays, the success of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), combined with recently-developed powerful but nonetheless less toxic drugs has transformed HIV/AIDS from an inevitably fatal disease into a manageable chronic infection. However, even with such potent cART, it is impossible to eradicate HIV because none of the currently available HIV drugs are effective in eliminating occult “dormant” HIV cell reservoirs. A number of novel unique treatment approaches that should drastically improve the quality of life (QOL) of patients or might actually be able to eliminate HIV altogether have also been discussed later in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NCI/NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Tupova L, Ceckova M, Ambrus C, Sorf A, Ptackova Z, Gaborik Z, Staud F. Interactions between Maraviroc and the ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2 Transporters: An Important Role in Transplacental Pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:954-960. [PMID: 31266750 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maraviroc is a chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) inhibitor used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that also shows therapeutic potential for several autoimmune, cancer, and inflammatory diseases that can afflict pregnant women. However, only limited information exists on the mechanisms underlying the transplacental transfer of the drug. We aimed to expand the current knowledge base on how maraviroc interacts with several placental ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters that have a recognized role in the protection of a developing fetus: P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), and multidrug resistance protein 2 (ABCC2). We found that maraviroc does not inhibit any of the three studied ABC transporters and that its permeability is not affected by ABCG2 or ABCC2. However, our in vitro results revealed that maraviroc shows affinity for human ABCB1 and the endogenous canine P-glycoprotein (Abcb1) expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells. Perfusion of rat term placenta showed accelerated transport of maraviroc in the fetal-to-maternal direction, which suggests that ABCB1/Abcb1 facilitates in situ maraviroc transport. This transplacental transport was saturable and significantly diminished after the addition of the ABCB1/Abcb1 inhibitors elacridar, zosuquidar, and ritonavir. Our results indicate that neither ABCG2 nor ABCC2 influence maraviroc pharmacokinetic but that ABCB1/Abcb1 may be partly responsible for the decreased transplacental permeability of maraviroc to the fetus. The strong affinity of maraviroc to Abcb1 found in our animal models necessitates studies in human tissue so that maraviroc pharmacokinetics in pregnant women can be fully understood. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Antiretroviral drug maraviroc shows low toxicity and is thus a good candidate for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus when failure of recommended therapy occurs. Using in vitro cell-based experiments and in situ dually perfused rat term placenta, we examined maraviroc interaction with the placental ABC drug transporters ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2. We demonstrate for the first time that placental ABCB1 significantly reduces mother-to-fetus transport of maraviroc, which suggests that ABCB1 may be responsible for the low cord-blood/maternal-blood ratio observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tupova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.T., M.C., A.S., Z.P., F.S.); Solvo Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (C.A., Z.G.)
| | - Martina Ceckova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.T., M.C., A.S., Z.P., F.S.); Solvo Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (C.A., Z.G.)
| | - Csilla Ambrus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.T., M.C., A.S., Z.P., F.S.); Solvo Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (C.A., Z.G.)
| | - Ales Sorf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.T., M.C., A.S., Z.P., F.S.); Solvo Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (C.A., Z.G.)
| | - Zuzana Ptackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.T., M.C., A.S., Z.P., F.S.); Solvo Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (C.A., Z.G.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Gaborik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.T., M.C., A.S., Z.P., F.S.); Solvo Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (C.A., Z.G.)
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.T., M.C., A.S., Z.P., F.S.); Solvo Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (C.A., Z.G.)
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Savage AC, Tatham LM, Siccardi M, Scott T, Vourvahis M, Clark A, Rannard SP, Owen A. Improving maraviroc oral bioavailability by formation of solid drug nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 138:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Sakyiamah MM, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H. Development of a NanoBRET-Based Sensitive Screening Method for CXCR4 Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1442-1450. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M. Sakyiamah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Kimoto E, Vourvahis M, Scialis RJ, Eng H, Rodrigues AD, Varma MVS. Mechanistic Evaluation of the Complex Drug-Drug Interactions of Maraviroc: Contribution of Cytochrome P450 3A, P-Glycoprotein and Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:493-503. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Charbe NB, Zacconi FC, Amnerkar N, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Clementi E. Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181217125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nikhil Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri University, Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
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CCR5 blockage by maraviroc: a potential therapeutic option for metastatic breast cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 42:93-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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15
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16
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Peng P, Chen H, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Li J, Luo RH, Wang J, Chen L, Yang LM, Jiang H, Xie X, Wu B, Zheng YT, Liu H. Structure-Based Design of 1-Heteroaryl-1,3-propanediamine Derivatives as a Novel Series of CC-Chemokine Receptor 5 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9621-9636. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Peng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Xie
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Beili Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Vourvahis M, McFadyen L, Nepal S, Valluri SR, Fang A, Fate GD, Wood LS, Marshall JC, Chan PLS, Nedderman A, Haynes J, Savage ME, Clark A, Smith KY, Heera J. No Clinical Impact of CYP3A5 Gene Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetics and/or Efficacy of Maraviroc in Healthy Volunteers and HIV-1-Infected Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 59:139-152. [PMID: 30192390 PMCID: PMC6586010 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maraviroc is a C-C chemokine receptor type-5 antagonist approved for the treatment of HIV-1. Previous studies show that cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) plays a role in maraviroc metabolism. CYP3A5 is subject to a genetic polymorphism. The presence of 2 functional alleles (CYP3A5*1/*1) confers the extensive metabolism phenotype, which is rare in whites but common in blacks. The effect of CYP3A5 genotype on maraviroc and/or metabolite pharmacokinetics was evaluated in 2 clinical studies: a post hoc analysis from a phase 2b/3 study (NCT00098293) conducted in 494 HIV-1-infected subjects (study 1) in which the impact on maraviroc efficacy in 303 subjects was also assessed, and a study conducted in 47 healthy volunteers (study 2). In study 2 (NCT02625207), extensive metabolizers had 26% to 37% lower mean area under the concentration-time curve compared with poor metabolizers (no CYP3A5*1 alleles). This effect diminished to 17% in the presence of potent CYP3A inhibition. The effect of CYP3A5 genotype was greatest in the formation of the metabolite (1S,2S)-2-hydroxymaraviroc. In study 1, the CYP3A5*1/*1 genotype unexpectedly had higher maraviroc area under the curve predictions (20%) compared with those with no CYP3A5*1 alleles. The reason for this disparity remains unclear. The proportions of subjects with viral loads <50 and <400 copies/mL for maraviroc were comparable among all 3 CYP3A5 genotypes. In both studies maraviroc exposures were in the range of near-maximal viral inhibition in the majority of subjects. These results demonstrate that although CYP3A5 contributes to the metabolism of maraviroc, CYP3A5 genotype does not affect the clinical response to maraviroc in combination treatment of HIV-1 infection at approved doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunil Nepal
- Pfizer, Biostatistics, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Annie Fang
- Pfizer, Clinical Development, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Linda S Wood
- Pfizer, Clinical Pharmacogenomics, Groton, CT, USA
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Marginal Effects of Systemic CCR5 Blockade with Maraviroc on Oral Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission to Infant Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00576-18. [PMID: 29925666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00576-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approaches do not eliminate all human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) maternal-to-infant transmissions (MTIT); new prevention paradigms might help avert new infections. We administered maraviroc (MVC) to rhesus macaques (RMs) to block CCR5-mediated entry, followed by repeated oral exposure of a CCR5-dependent clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac251 (SIVmac766). MVC significantly blocked the CCR5 coreceptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tissue cells. All control animals and 60% of MVC-treated infant RMs became infected by the 6th challenge, with no significant difference between the number of exposures (P = 0.15). At the time of viral exposures, MVC plasma and tissue (including tonsil) concentrations were within the range seen in humans receiving MVC as a therapeutic. Both treated and control RMs were infected with only a single transmitted/founder variant, consistent with the dose of virus typical of HIV-1 infection. The uninfected RMs expressed the lowest levels of CCR5 on the CD4+ T cells. Ramp-up viremia was significantly delayed (P = 0.05) in the MVC-treated RMs, yet peak and postpeak viral loads were similar in treated and control RMs. In conclusion, in spite of apparent effective CCR5 blockade in infant RMs, MVC had a marginal impact on acquisition and only a minimal impact on the postinfection delay of viremia following oral SIV infection. Newly developed, more effective CCR5 blockers may have a more dramatic impact on oral SIV transmission than MVC.IMPORTANCE We have previously suggested that the very low levels of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) maternal-to-infant transmissions (MTIT) in African nonhuman primates that are natural hosts of SIVs are due to a low availability of target cells (CCR5+ CD4+ T cells) in the oral mucosa of the infants, rather than maternal and milk factors. To confirm this new MTIT paradigm, we performed a proof-of-concept study in which we therapeutically blocked CCR5 with maraviroc (MVC) and orally exposed MVC-treated and naive infant rhesus macaques to SIV. MVC had only a marginal effect on oral SIV transmission. However, the observation that the infant RMs that remained uninfected at the completion of the study, after 6 repeated viral challenges, had the lowest CCR5 expression on the CD4+ T cells prior to the MVC treatment appears to confirm our hypothesis, also suggesting that the partial effect of MVC is due to a limited efficacy of the drug. New, more effective CCR5 inhibitors may have a better effect in preventing SIV and HIV transmission.
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Dalpiaz A, Pavan B. Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Antiviral Drugs: A Way to Overcome Their Active Efflux? Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10020039. [PMID: 29587409 PMCID: PMC6027266 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several viruses can easily infect the central nervous system (CNS), antiviral drugs often show dramatic difficulties in penetrating the brain from the bloodstream since they are substrates of active efflux transporters (AETs). These transporters, located in the physiological barriers between blood and the CNS and in macrophage membranes, are able to recognize their substrates and actively efflux them into the bloodstream. The active transporters currently known to efflux antiviral drugs are P-glycoprotein (ABCB1 or P-gp or MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (ABCC1 or MRP1, ABCC4 or MRP4, ABCC5 or MRP5), and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2 or BCRP). Inhibitors of AETs may be considered, but their co-administration causes serious unwanted effects. Nasal administration of antiviral drugs is therefore proposed in order to overcome the aforementioned problems, but innovative devices, formulations (thermoreversible gels, polymeric micro- and nano-particles, solid lipid microparticles, nanoemulsions), absorption enhancers (chitosan, papaverine), and mucoadhesive agents (chitosan, polyvinilpyrrolidone) are required in order to selectively target the antiviral drugs and, possibly, the AET inhibitors in the CNS. Moreover, several prodrugs of antiretroviral agents can inhibit or elude the AET systems, appearing as interesting substrates for innovative nasal formulations able to target anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) agents into macrophages of the CNS, which are one of the most important HIV Sanctuaries of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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20
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Jiao X, Velasco-Velázquez MA, Wang M, Li Z, Rui H, Peck AR, Korkola JE, Chen X, Xu S, DuHadaway JB, Guerrero-Rodriguez S, Addya S, Sicoli D, Mu Z, Zhang G, Stucky A, Zhang X, Cristofanilli M, Fatatis A, Gray JW, Zhong JF, Prendergast GC, Pestell RG. CCR5 Governs DNA Damage Repair and Breast Cancer Stem Cell Expansion. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1657-1671. [PMID: 29358169 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The functional significance of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in human breast cancer epithelial cells is poorly understood. Here, we report that CCR5 expression in human breast cancer correlates with poor outcome. CCR5+ breast cancer epithelial cells formed mammospheres and initiated tumors with >60-fold greater efficiency in mice. Reintroduction of CCR5 expression into CCR5-negative breast cancer cells promoted tumor metastases and induced DNA repair gene expression and activity. CCR5 antagonists Maraviroc and Vicriviroc dramatically enhanced cell killing mediated by DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents. Single-cell analysis revealed CCR5 governs PI3K/Akt, ribosomal biogenesis, and cell survival signaling. As CCR5 augments DNA repair and is reexpressed selectively on cancerous, but not normal breast epithelial cells, CCR5 inhibitors may enhance the tumor-specific activities of DNA damage response-based treatments, allowing a dose reduction of standard chemotherapy and radiation.Significance: This study offers a preclinical rationale to reposition CCR5 inhibitors to improve the treatment of breast cancer, based on their ability to enhance the tumor-specific activities of DNA-damaging chemotherapies administered in that disease. Cancer Res; 78(7); 1657-71. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanmao Jiao
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Min Wang
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Amy R Peck
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James E Korkola
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xuelian Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, and Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Sandra Guerrero-Rodriguez
- Graduate Program in Biochemical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sankar Addya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniela Sicoli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhaomei Mu
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gang Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, and Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andres Stucky
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, and Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xi Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, and Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alessandro Fatatis
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joe W Gray
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jiang F Zhong
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, and Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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21
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Smith JM, Flexner C. The challenge of polypharmacy in an aging population and implications for future antiretroviral therapy development. AIDS 2017; 31 Suppl 2:S173-S184. [PMID: 28471948 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
: It is estimated that by 2030 nearly three-quarters of persons living with HIV will be 50 years and older. The aging HIV population presents a new clinical concern for HIV providers: adverse effects from polypharmacy. An aging population means more comorbidities and potentially more drug-drug interactions for providers to manage. This review discusses major comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, anticoagulation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and malignancy and considerations for drug-interactions with antiretrovirals.
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López-Huertas MR, Jiménez-Tormo L, Madrid-Elena N, Gutiérrez C, Rodríguez-Mora S, Coiras M, Alcamí J, Moreno S. The CCR5-antagonist Maraviroc reverses HIV-1 latency in vitro alone or in combination with the PKC-agonist Bryostatin-1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2385. [PMID: 28539614 PMCID: PMC5443841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential strategy to cure HIV-1 infection is to use latency reversing agents (LRAs) to eliminate latent reservoirs established in resting CD4+ T (rCD4+) cells. As no drug has been shown to be completely effective, finding new drugs and combinations are of increasing importance. We studied the effect of Maraviroc (MVC), a CCR5 antagonist that activates NF-κB, on HIV-1 replication from latency. HIV-1-latency models based on CCL19 or IL7 treatment, before HIV-1 infection were used. Latently infected primary rCD4+ or central memory T cells were stimulated with MVC alone or in combination with Bryostatin-1, a PKC agonist known to reverse HIV-1 latency. MVC 5 μM and 0.31 μM were chosen for further studies although other concentrations of MVC also increased HIV-1 replication. MVC was as efficient as Bryostatin-1 in reactivating X4 and R5-tropic HIV-1. However, the combination of MVC and Bryostatin-1 was antagonistic, probably because Bryostatin-1 reduced CCR5 expression levels. Although HIV-1 reactivation had the same tendency in both latency models, statistical significance was only achieved in IL7-treated cells. These data suggest that MVC should be regarded as a new LRA with potency similar as Bryostatin-1. Further studies are required to describe the synergistic effect of MVC with other LRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Jiménez-Tormo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Madrid-Elena
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Tan Y, Tong P, Wang J, Zhao L, Li J, Yu Y, Chen YH, Wang J. The Membrane-Proximal Region of C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 5 Participates in the Infection of HIV-1. Front Immunol 2017; 8:478. [PMID: 28484468 PMCID: PMC5402540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial infection and transmission of HIV-1 requires C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). Here, we report that the membrane-proximal region (MPR, aa 22-38) of CCR5 participates in the infection of HIV-1. First, MPR-specific antibodies elicited in mice dose-dependently inhibited the infection of CCR5-tropic HIV-1. Second, substituting MPR with the same region from other co-receptors significantly impaired HIV-1 infection, while the key residues identified by alanine scanning mutagenesis formed an exposed leucine zipper-like structure. Moreover, a peptide derived from MPR could block the infection of a number of HIV-1 strains only before the formation of gp41 six-helix bundle, coincide with the early interaction between CCR5 and the gp120 protein during HIV-1 infection. These promising results ensured the potential of this previously uncharacterized domain as a starting point for the development of antiviral drugs, blocking antibodies, and HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tan
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Tong
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hua Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Liu JF, Harbeson SL, Brummel CL, Tung R, Silverman R, Doller D. A Decade of Deuteration in Medicinal Chemistry. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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25
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Alam C, Whyte-Allman SK, Omeragic A, Bendayan R. Role and modulation of drug transporters in HIV-1 therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:121-143. [PMID: 27181050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection involves a combination of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) that target different stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. This strategy is commonly referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Membrane-associated drug transporters expressed ubiquitously in mammalian systems play a crucial role in modulating ARV disposition during HIV-1 infection. Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporter superfamilies have been shown to interact with ARVs, including those that are used as part of first-line treatment regimens. As a result, the functional expression of drug transporters can influence the distribution of ARVs at specific sites of infection. In addition, pathological factors related to HIV-1 infection and/or ARV therapy itself can alter transporter expression and activity, thus further contributing to changes in ARV disposition and the effectiveness of HAART. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of drug transporters in regulating ARV transport in the context of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Sana-Kay Whyte-Allman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
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Ploemen JPHTM, Kramer H, Krajnc EI, Martin I. The Use of Toxicokinetic Data in Preclinical Safety Assessment: A Toxicologic Pathologist Perspective. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:836-9. [DOI: 10.1080/01926230701584247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Collection of toxicokinetic data has become a routine practice during the last 15 years in most general toxicity studies on pharma. It enables the correlation of pathological changes with the plasma concentration of drugs and/or their metabolites. This overview summarizes the use of the toxicokinetic data from the perspective of the toxicologic pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hester Kramer
- Clinical Pharmacology & Kinetics, Organon, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Ernö I. Krajnc
- Department of Toxicology & Drug Disposition, Organon, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Iain Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Organon Research, Scotland
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Hu M, Patel SK, Zhou T, Rohan LC. Drug transporters in tissues and cells relevant to sexual transmission of HIV: Implications for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 219:681-696. [PMID: 26278511 PMCID: PMC4656065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Efflux and uptake transporters of drugs are key regulators of the pharmacokinetics of many antiretroviral drugs. A growing body of literature has revealed the expression and functionality of multiple transporters in female genital tract (FGT), colorectal tissue, and immune cells. Drug transporters could play a significant role in the efficacy of preventative strategies for HIV-1 acquisition. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising strategy, which utilizes topically (vaginally or rectally), orally or other systemically administered antiretroviral drugs to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV to receptive partners. The drug concentration in the receptive mucosal tissues and target immune cells for HIV is critical for PrEP effectiveness. Hence, there is an emerging interest in utilizing transporter information to explain tissue disposition patterns of PrEP drugs, to interpret inter-individual variability in PrEP drug pharmacokinetics and effectiveness, and to improve tissue drug exposure through modulation of the cervicovaginal, colorectal, or immune cell transporters. In this review, the existing literature on transporter expression, functionality and regulation in the transmission-related tissues and cells is summarized. In addition, the relevance of transporter function for drug delivery and strategies that could exploit transporters for increased drug concentration at target locales is discussed. The overall goal is to facilitate an understanding of drug transporters for PrEP optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sravan Kumar Patel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Woollard SM, Kanmogne GD. Maraviroc: a review of its use in HIV infection and beyond. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5447-68. [PMID: 26491256 PMCID: PMC4598208 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s90580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enters target cells by binding its envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the CD4 receptor and/or coreceptors such as C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5; R5) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4; X4), and R5-tropic viruses predominate during the early stages of infection. CCR5 antagonists bind to CCR5 to prevent viral entry. Maraviroc (MVC) is the only CCR5 antagonist currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, the European Commission, Health Canada, and several other countries for the treatment of patients infected with R5-tropic HIV-1. MVC has been shown to be effective at inhibiting HIV-1 entry into cells and is well tolerated. With expanding MVC use by HIV-1-infected humans, different clinical outcomes post-approval have been observed with MVC monotherapy or combination therapy with other antiretroviral drugs, with MVC use in humans infected with dual-R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1, infected with different HIV-1 genotype or infected with HIV-2. This review discuss the role of CCR5 in HIV-1 infection, the development of the CCR5 antagonist MVC, its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug–drug interactions, and the implications of these interactions on treatment outcomes, including viral mutations and drug resistance, and the mechanisms associated with the development of resistance to MVC. This review also discusses available studies investigating the use of MVC in the treatment of other diseases such as cancer, graft-versus-host disease, and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna M Woollard
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Georgette D Kanmogne
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Pharmacological interactions between rifampicin and antiretroviral drugs: challenges and research priorities for resource-limited settings. Ther Drug Monit 2015; 37:22-32. [PMID: 24943062 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coadministration of antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy is often inevitable in high-burden countries where tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection associated with HIV/AIDS. Concurrent use of rifampicin and many antiretroviral drugs is complicated by pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Rifampicin is a very potent enzyme inducer, which can result in subtherapeutic antiretroviral drug concentrations. In addition, TB drugs and antiretroviral drugs have additive (pharmacodynamic) interactions as reflected in overlapping adverse effect profiles. This review provides an overview of the pharmacological interactions between rifampicin-based TB treatment and antiretroviral drugs in adults living in resource-limited settings. Major progress has been made to evaluate the interactions between TB drugs and antiretroviral therapy; however, burning questions remain concerning nevirapine and efavirenz effectiveness during rifampicin-based TB treatment, treatment options for TB-HIV-coinfected patients with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance or intolerance, and exact treatment or dosing schedules for vulnerable patients including children and pregnant women. The current research priorities can be addressed by maximizing the use of already existing data, creating new data by conducting clinical trials and prospective observational studies and to engage a lobby to make currently unavailable drugs available to those most in need.
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Regazzi M, Carvalho AC, Villani P, Matteelli A. Treatment optimization in patients co-infected with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections: focus on drug-drug interactions with rifamycins. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 53:489-507. [PMID: 24777631 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV continue to be two of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and together are responsible for the death of millions of people every year. There is overwhelming evidence to recommend that patients with TB and HIV co-infection should receive concomitant therapy of both conditions regardless of the CD4 cell count level. The principles for treatment of active TB disease in HIV-infected patients are the same as in HIV-uninfected patients. However, concomitant treatment of both conditions is complex, mainly due to significant drug-drug interactions between TB and HIV drugs. Rifamycins are potent inducers of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway, leading to reduced (frequently sub-therapeutic) plasma concentrations of some classes of antiretrovirals. Rifampicin is also an inducer of the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 enzymes and interferes with drugs, such as integrase inhibitors, that are metabolized by this metabolic pathway. Rifampicin is also an inducer of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein, which may also lead to decreased bioavailability of concomitantly administered antiretrovirals. On the other side, rifabutin concentrations are affected by the antiretrovirals that induce or inhibit CYP enzymes. In this review, the pharmacokinetic interactions, and the relevant clinical consequences, of the rifamycins-rifampicin, rifabutin, and rifapentine-with antiretroviral drugs are reviewed and discussed. A rifampicin-based antitubercular regimen and an efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimen is the first choice for treatment of TB/HIV co-infected patients. Rifabutin is the preferred rifamycin to use in HIV-infected patients on a protease inhibitor-based regimen; however, the dose of rifabutin needs to be reduced to 150 mg daily. More information is required to select optimal treatment regimens for TB/HIV co-infected patients whenever efavirenz cannot be used and rifabutin is not available. Despite significant pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretrovirals and antitubercular drugs, adequate clinical response of both infections can be achieved with an acceptable safety profile when the pharmacological characteristics of drugs are known, and appropriate combination regimens, dosing, and timing of initiation are used. However, more clinical research is needed for newer drugs, such as rifapentine and the recently introduced integrase inhibitor antiretrovirals, and for specific population groups, such as children, pregnant women, and patients affected by multidrug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Regazzi
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacokinetics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, P.le Golgi 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy,
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Vourvahis M, Fang J, Checchio T, Milton A, Weatherley B, McFadyen L, Heera J. Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Maraviroc in HIV-Negative Subjects with Impaired Renal Function. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2014; 14:99-109. [DOI: 10.1310/hct1403-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Grammen C, Baes M, Haenen S, Verguts J, Augustyns K, Zydowsky T, La Colla P, Augustijns P, Brouwers J. Vaginal Expression of Efflux Transporters and the Potential Impact on the Disposition of Microbicides in Vitro and in Rabbits. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4405-14. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Grammen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell
Metabolism, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Haenen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper Verguts
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Zydowsky
- The Population Council, New York, New York 10017, United States
| | - Paolo La Colla
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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HIV-1 entry in SupT1-R5, CEM-ss, and primary CD4+ T cells occurs at the plasma membrane and does not require endocytosis. J Virol 2014; 88:13956-70. [PMID: 25253335 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01543-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cytoplasmic entry of HIV-1 requires binding of the viral glycoproteins to the cellular receptor and coreceptor, leading to fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Early studies suggested that productive HIV-1 infection occurs by direct fusion at the plasma membrane. Endocytotic uptake of HIV-1 was frequently observed but was considered to constitute an unspecific dead-end pathway. More recent evidence suggested that endocytosis contributes to productive HIV-1 entry and may even represent the predominant or exclusive route of infection. We have analyzed HIV-1 binding, endocytosis, cytoplasmic entry, and infection in T-cell lines and in primary CD4(+) T cells. Efficient cell binding and endocytosis required viral glycoproteins and CD4, but not the coreceptor. The contribution of endocytosis to cytoplasmic entry and infection was assessed by two strategies: (i) expression of dominant negative dynamin-2 was measured and was found to efficiently block HIV-1 endocytosis but to not affect fusion or productive infection. (ii) Making use of the fact that HIV-1 fusion is blocked at temperatures below 23 °C, cells were incubated with HIV-1 at 22 °C for various times, and endocytosis was quantified by parallel analysis of transferrin and fluorescent HIV-1 uptake. Subsequently, entry at the plasma membrane was blocked by high concentrations of the peptidic fusion inhibitor T-20, which does not reach previously endocytosed particles. HIV-1 infection was scored after cells were shifted to 37 °C in the presence of T-20. These experiments revealed that productive HIV-1 entry occurs predominantly at the plasma membrane in SupT1-R5, CEM-ss, and primary CD4(+) T cells, with little, if any, contribution coming from endocytosed virions. IMPORTANCE HIV-1, like all enveloped viruses, reaches the cytoplasm by fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. Many viruses enter the cytoplasm by endosomal uptake and fusion from the endosome, while cell entry can also occur by direct fusion at the plasma membrane in some cases. Conflicting evidence regarding the site of HIV-1 fusion has been reported, with some studies claiming that fusion occurs predominantly at the plasma membrane, while others have suggested predominant or even exclusive fusion from the endosome. We have revisited HIV-1 entry using a T-cell line that exhibits HIV-1 endocytosis dependent on the viral glycoproteins and the cellular CD4 receptor; results with this cell line were confirmed for another T-cell line and primary CD4(+) T cells. Our studies show that fusion and productive entry occur predominantly at the plasma membrane, and we conclude that endocytosis is dispensable for HIV-1 infectivity in these T-cell lines and in primary CD4(+) T cells.
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Lu Y, Fuchs EJ, Hendrix CW, Bumpus NN. CYP3A5 genotype impacts maraviroc concentrations in healthy volunteers. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1796-802. [PMID: 25117426 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP3A5 plays a prominent role in the metabolism of maraviroc, an approved drug for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 treatment and a candidate for HIV-1 prevention. We studied the effect of the CYP3A5 genotype on pharmacokinetics of maraviroc and a primary CYP3A5-dependent metabolite of maraviroc denoted as metabolite 1 (M1). Volunteers were screened for health status and CYP3A5 genotype (wild-type allele *1 and dysfunctional alleles *2, *3, *6, and *7) to obtain 24 evaluable subjects in three groups (n = 8 each): homozygous dysfunctional (two dysfunctional alleles), heterozygous (one *1 allele and one dysfunctional allele), and homozygous wild-type (two *1 alleles). Subjects received 300 mg maraviroc orally followed by blood collection for 32 hours. The homozygous wild-type group exhibited lower mean plasma maraviroc concentrations at almost all sampling times. The median (interquartile range) maraviroc area under the plasma concentration-time curves from time 0 to infinity (AUC0-inf) were 2099 (1422-2568) ng⋅h/ml, 1761 (931-2640) ng⋅h/ml, and 1238 (1065-1407) ng⋅h/ml for the homozygous dysfunctional, heterozygous, and homozygous wild-type groups, respectively. The homozygous wild-type group had 41% lower maraviroc AUC0-inf and 66% higher apparent clearance compared with the homozygous dysfunctional group (P = 0.02). The AUC0-inf ratios of maraviroc to M1 in heterozygous and homozygous wild-type subjects were lower by 51 and 64% relative to the homozygous dysfunctional group, respectively (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the lower maraviroc concentrations in the homozygous wild-type group indicate that maraviroc may be underdosed in people homozygous for the CYP3A5*1 allele, including almost one-half of African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (Y.L., C.W.H., N.N.B.), and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (E.J.F., C.W.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward J Fuchs
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (Y.L., C.W.H., N.N.B.), and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (E.J.F., C.W.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Craig W Hendrix
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (Y.L., C.W.H., N.N.B.), and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (E.J.F., C.W.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (Y.L., C.W.H., N.N.B.), and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (E.J.F., C.W.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 is an important pathological regulator in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Anesthesiology 2014; 120:1491-503. [PMID: 24589480 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine family has been revealed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. In this study, the authors investigated the role of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 and its receptors chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR) 5 in neuropathic pain. METHODS A spinal nerve injury model was established in adult male Wistar rats. The von Frey test and hot plate test were performed to evaluate neuropathic pain behavior, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry were performed to understand the molecular mechanisms. RESULTS The expression levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 and CCR5 messenger RNA in the spinal cord were up-regulated after nerve injury, which was possibly due to CD11b-positive microglia. Single intrathecal administration of recombinant chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 produced biphasic tactile allodynia; each phase of pain behavior was induced by different receptors. Intrathecal injection of CCR5 antagonist suppressed the development of tactile allodynia (12.81 ± 1.33 g vs. 3.52 ± 0.41 g [mean ± SEM, drug vs. control in paw-withdrawal threshold]; P < 0.05, n = 6 each) and could reverse established tactile allodynia (10.87 ± 0.91 g vs. 3.43 ± 0.28 g; P < 0.05, n = 8 and 7). Furthermore, Oral administration of CCR5 antagonist could reverse established tactile allodynia (8.20 ± 1.27 g vs. 3.18 ± 0.46 g; P < 0.05, n = 4 each). CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological blockade of CCR5 was effective in the treatment of the development and maintenance phases of neuropathic pain. Thus, CCR5 antagonists may be potential new drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Doblecki-Lewis S, Kolber MA. Preventing HIV infection: pre-exposure and postexposure prophylaxis. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:453-61. [PMID: 24975125 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Data supporting the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (nPEP) in the prevention of HIV infection after a sexual encounter continue to grow. In this review, we describe some of the research driving the various recommendations for use of antiretrovirals in prevention. In addition, current research is described regarding the establishment of viral reservoirs that argues for rethinking the timing for nPEP treatment. We discuss the variables that impact on the choice of prevention antiretrovirals, including drug distribution, drug transporters, and potential impact of race and ethnicity on these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Doblecki-Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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37
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Nicol MR, Fedoriw Y, Mathews M, Prince HMA, Patterson KB, Geller E, Mollan K, Mathews S, Kroetz DL, Kashuba ADM. Expression of six drug transporters in vaginal, cervical, and colorectal tissues: Implications for drug disposition in HIV prevention. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:574-83. [PMID: 24343710 PMCID: PMC4061289 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral (ARV)-based HIV prevention strategies require optimizing drug exposure in mucosal tissues; yet factors influencing mucosal tissue disposition remain unknown. We hypothesized drug transporter expression in vaginal, cervical, and colorectal tissues is a contributing factor and selected 3 efflux (ABCB1/MDR1, ABCC2/MRP2, ABCC4/MRP4) and 3 uptake (SLC22A6/OAT1, SLC22A8/OAT3, SLCO1B1/OATP1B1) transporters to further investigate based on their affinity for 2 ARVs central to prevention (tenofovir, maraviroc). Tissue was collected from 98 donors. mRNA and protein expression were quantified using qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Hundred percent of tissues expressed efflux transporter mRNA. IHC localized them to the epithelium and/or submucosa. Multivariable analysis adjusted for age, smoking, and co-medications revealed significant (P < 0.05) differences in efflux transporter mRNA between tissue types (vaginal ABCB1 3.9-fold > colorectal; vaginal ABCC2 2.9-fold > colorectal; colorectal ABCC4 2.0-fold > cervical). In contrast, uptake transporter mRNA was expressed in <25% of tissues. OAT1 protein was detected in 0% of female genital tissues and in 100% of colorectal tissues, but only in rare epithelial cells. These data support clinical findings of higher maraviroc and tenofovir concentrations in rectal tissue compared to vaginal or cervical tissue after oral dosing. Quantifying mucosal transporter expression and localization can facilitate ARV selection to target these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Nicol
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Michelle Mathews
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Heather MA Prince
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Elizabeth Geller
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Katie Mollan
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Deanna L Kroetz
- UCSF School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Angela DM Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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38
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Entry Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu F, Zhuang X, Yang C, Li Z, Xiong S, Zhang Z, Li J, Lu C, Zhang Z. Characterization of preclinicalin vitroandin vivoADME properties and prediction of human PK using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for YQA-14, a new dopamine D3receptor antagonist candidate for treatment of drug addiction. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:296-307. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA; 51 Fucheng Road Beijing 10048 PR China
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Cuiping Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Shan Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Jin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Chuang Lu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
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Vadlapatla RK, Patel M, Paturi DK, Pal D, Mitra AK. Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:561-80. [PMID: 24521092 PMCID: PMC4516223 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.883379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complete delineation of the HIV-1 life cycle has resulted in the development of several antiretroviral drugs. Twenty-five therapeutic agents belonging to five different classes are currently available for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Advent of triple combination antiretroviral therapy has significantly lowered the mortality rate in HIV patients. However, fungal infections still represent major opportunistic diseases in immunocompromised patients worldwide. AREAS COVERED Antiretroviral drugs that target enzymes and/or proteins indispensable for viral replication are discussed in this article. Fungal infections, causative organisms, epidemiology and preferred treatment modalities are also outlined. Finally, observed/predicted drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals are summarized along with clinical recommendations. EXPERT OPINION Concomitant use of amphotericin B and tenofovir must be closely monitored for renal functioning. Due to relatively weak interactive potential with the CYP450 system, fluconazole is the preferred antifungal drug. High itraconazole doses (> 200 mg/day) are not advised in patients receiving booster protease inhibitor (PI) regimen. Posaconazole is contraindicated in combination with either efavirenz or fosamprenavir. Moreover, voriconazole is contraindicated with high-dose ritonavir-boosted PI. Echinocandins may aid in overcoming the limitations of existing antifungal therapy. An increasing number of documented or predicted drug-drug interactions and therapeutic drug monitoring may aid in the management of HIV-associated opportunistic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Krishna Vadlapatla
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Mitesh Patel
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Durga K Paturi
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Professor of Pharmacy, Chairman-Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vice-Provost for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Missouri Curators’, 2464 Charlotte Street HSB 5258, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA, Tel: +1 816 235 1615; Fax: +1 816 235 5779;
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Emory JF, Seserko LA, Marzinke MA. Development and bioanalytical validation of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc in human plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:198-205. [PMID: 24561264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maraviroc is a CCR5 antagonist that has been utilized as a viral entry inhibitor in the management of HIV-1. Current clinical trials are pursuing maraviroc drug efficacy in both oral and topical formulations. Therefore, in order to fully understand drug pharmacokinetics, a sensitive method is required to quantify plasma drug concentrations. METHODS Maraviroc-spiked plasma was combined with acetonitrile containing an isotopically-labeled internal standard, and following protein precipitation, samples were evaporated to dryness and reconstituted for liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters BEH C8, 50×2.1 mm UPLC column, with a 1.7 μm particle size and the eluent was analyzed using an API 4000 mass analyzer in selected reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated as per FDA Bioanalytical Method Validation guidelines. RESULTS The analytical measuring range of the LC-MS/MS method is 0.5-1000 ng/ml. Calibration curves were generated using weighted 1/x(2) quadratic regression. Inter-and intra-assay precision was ≤5.38% and ≤5.98%, respectively; inter-and intra-assay accuracy (%DEV) was ≤10.2% and ≤8.44%, respectively. Additional studies illustrated similar matrix effects between maraviroc and its internal standard, and that maraviroc is stable under a variety of conditions. Method comparison studies with a reference LC-MS/MS method show a slope of 0.948 with a Spearman coefficient of 0.98. CONCLUSIONS Based on the validation metrics, we have generated a sensitive and automated LC-MS/MS method for maraviroc quantification in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Emory
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600N. Wolfe St., Osler 500, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Lauren A Seserko
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600N. Wolfe St., Osler 500, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Mark A Marzinke
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600N. Wolfe St., Osler 500, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 600N. Wolfe St., Osler 500, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
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Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Narumi T, Fujino M, Nakahara T, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. CXCR4-derived synthetic peptides inducing anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6878-85. [PMID: 24119449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite almost 30 years since the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), development of effective AIDS vaccines has been hindered by the high mutability of HIV-1. The HIV-1 co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are genetically stable, but viral proteins may mutate rapidly during the course of infection. CXCR4 is a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, possessing an N-terminal region (NT) and three extracellular loops (ECL1-3). Previous studies have shown that the CXCR4-ED-derived peptides inhibit the entry of HIV-1 by interacting with gp120, an HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. In the present study, antigenicity of CXCR4-derived peptides has been investigated and the anti-HIV-1 effects of induced antisera have been assessed. It was found that CXCR4-ED-derived antigen molecules immunize mice, showing that the linear peptides have higher antigenicity than the cyclic peptides. The L1- and L2-induced antisera inhibited the HIV-1 entry significantly, while anti-N1 antibodies have no inhibitory activity. This study produced promising examples for the design of AIDS vaccines which target the human protein and can overcome mutability of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Bruce RD, Moody DE, Altice FL, Gourevitch MN, Friedland GH. A review of pharmacological interactions between HIV or hepatitis C virus medications and opioid agonist therapy: implications and management for clinical practice. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 6:249-69. [PMID: 23656339 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.13.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Global access to opioid agonist therapy and HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment is expanding but when used concurrently, problematic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions may occur. Articles published from 1966 to 2012 in Medline were reviewed using the following keywords: HIV, AIDS, HIV therapy, HCV, HCV therapy, antiretroviral therapy, highly active antiretroviral therapy, drug interactions, methadone and buprenorphine. In addition, a review of abstracts from national and international meetings and conference proceedings was conducted; selected reports were reviewed as well. The metabolism of both opioid and antiretroviral therapies, description of their known interactions and clinical implications and management of these interactions were reviewed. Important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions affecting either methadone or HIV medications have been demonstrated within each class of antiretroviral agents. Drug interactions between methadone, buprenorphine and HIV medications are known and may have important clinical consequences. Clinicians must be alert to these interactions and have a basic knowledge regarding their management.
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Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Narumi T, Fujino M, Tsutsumi H, Haseyama M, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. Anti-HIV-1 peptide derivatives based on the HIV-1 Co-receptor CXCR4. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1668-72. [PMID: 24039179 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses CD4 and the co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4 in the process of cell entry. The negatively charged extracellular domains of CXCR4 (CXCR4-ED) interact with positive charges on the V3 loop of gp120, facilitating binding via electrostatic interactions. The presence of highly conserved positively charged residues in the V3 loop suggests that CXCR4-ED-derived inhibitors might be broadly effective inhibitors. Synthetic peptide derivatives were evaluated for anti-HIV-1 activity. The 39-mer extracellular N-terminal region (NT) was divided into three fragments with 10-mer overlapping sites (N1-N3), and these linear peptides were synthesized. Peptide N1 contains Met 1-Asp 20 and shows significant anti-HIV-1 activity. Extracellular loops 1 and 2 (ECL1 and 2) were mimicked by cyclic peptides C1 and C2, which were synthesized by chemoselective cyclization. Cyclic peptides C1 and C2 show higher anti-HIV-1 activity than their linear peptide counterparts, L1 and L2. The cytotoxicities of C1 and C2 are lower than those of L1 and L2. These results indicate that Met 1-Asp 20 segments of the NT and cyclic peptides of ECL1 and ECL2 are potent anti-HIV-1 drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062 (Japan)
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De Rosa MF, Robillard KR, Kim CJ, Hoque MT, Kandel G, Kovacs C, Kaul R, Bendayan R. Expression of membrane drug efflux transporters in the sigmoid colon of HIV-infected and uninfected men. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 53:934-45. [PMID: 23856938 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has gained global attention as a promising HIV prevention strategy in men who have sex with men. Permeability of these agents in the rectal mucosa may be partially regulated by interactions with drug efflux transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) and/or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). The objective of this work was to investigate the expression of drug efflux transporters in recto-sigmoid colon tissues of HIV-infected and uninfected men, and evaluate the association of ART and/or HIV infection with drug transporter expression. MDR1/P-gp, MRPs (1-4) and BCRP mRNA and protein expression were detected in sigmoid colon biopsies of HIV-uninfected individuals. Biopsies from HIV-infected, ART-naïve participants revealed a significant downregulation of P-gp and MRP2 protein levels compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. Biopsies from HIV-infected ART-treated patients showed 1.9-fold higher P-gp protein expression and 1.5-fold higher MRP2 protein expression compared to the ones obtained from the HIV-infected ART-naïve patients. This is a first report demonstrating that HIV infection or ART could alter expression of drug efflux transporters in gut mucosa which in turn could affect the permeability of PrEP antiretroviral agents across this barrier, a highly vulnerable site of HIV transmission.
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Marzolini C, Mueller R, Li-Blatter X, Battegay M, Seelig A. The Brain Entry of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Is Facilitated When Used in Combination. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2340-9. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Marzolini
- Division of Infectious Diseases
and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rita Mueller
- Biophysical Chemistry, Biozentrum,
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases
and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Seelig
- Biophysical Chemistry, Biozentrum,
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the causative pathogen of AIDS, the world's biggest infectious disease killer. About 33 million people are infected worldwide, with 2.1 million deaths a year as a direct consequence. The devastating nature of AIDS has prompted widespread research, which has led to an extensive array of therapies to suppress viral replication and enable recovery of the immune system to prolong and improve patient life substantially. However, the genetic plasticity and replication rate of HIV-1 are considerable, which has lead to rapid drug resistance. This, together with the need for reducing drug side effects and increasing regimen compliance, has led researchers to identify antiretroviral drugs with new modes of action. OBJECTIVE This review describes the discovery and clinical development of CCR5 antagonists and the recent approval of maraviroc as a breakthrough in anti-HIV-1 therapy. CONCLUSION CCR5 inhibitors target a human cofactor to disable HIV-1 entry into the cells, and thereby provide a new hurdle for the virus to overcome. The status and expert opinion of CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV-1 infection are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dorr
- Senior Principal Scientist Pfizer Global R&D, Primary Pharmacology, Sandwich Laboratories, CT13 9NJ, Kent, UK +44 0 1304648034 ; +44 0 1304651817 ;
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Conformation-dependent recognition of HIV gp120 by designed ankyrin repeat proteins provides access to novel HIV entry inhibitors. J Virol 2013; 87:5868-81. [PMID: 23487463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00152-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we applied the designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) technology to develop novel gp120-directed binding molecules with HIV entry-inhibiting capacity. DARPins are interesting molecules for HIV envelope inhibitor design, as their high-affinity binding differs from that of antibodies. DARPins in general prefer epitopes with a defined folded structure. We probed whether this capacity favors the selection of novel gp120-reactive molecules with specificities in epitope recognition and inhibitory activity that differ from those found among neutralizing antibodies. The preference of DARPins for defined structures was notable in our selections, since of the four gp120 modifications probed as selection targets, gp120 arrested by CD4 ligation proved the most successful. Of note, all the gp120-specific DARPin clones with HIV-neutralizing activity isolated recognized their target domains in a conformation-dependent manner. This was particularly pronounced for the V3 loop-specific DARPin 5m3_D12. In stark contrast to V3-specific antibodies, 5m3_D12 preferentially recognized the V3 loop in a specific conformation, as probed by structurally arrested V3 mimetic peptides, but bound linear V3 peptides only very weakly. Most notably, this conformation-dependent V3 recognition allowed 5m3_D12 to bypass the V1V2 shielding of several tier 2 HIV isolates and to neutralize these viruses. These data provide a proof of concept that the DARPin technology holds promise for the development of HIV entry inhibitors with a unique mechanism of action.
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Placental transfer of maraviroc in an ex vivo human cotyledon perfusion model and influence of ABC transporter expression. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1415-20. [PMID: 23295922 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01821-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, antiretroviral therapy is recommended during pregnancy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. However, for many antiretroviral drugs, including maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, very little data exist regarding placental transfer. Besides, various factors may modulate this transfer, including efflux transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. We investigated maraviroc placental transfer and the influence of ABC transporter expression on this transfer using the human cotyledon perfusion model. Term placentas were perfused ex vivo for 90 min with maraviroc (600 ng/ml) either in the maternal-to-fetal (n = 10 placentas) or fetal-to-maternal (n = 6 placentas) direction. Plasma concentrations were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Fetal transfer rates (FTR) and clearance indexes (CLI) were calculated as ratios of fetal to maternal concentrations at steady state (mean values between 30 and 90 min) and ratios of FTR of maraviroc to that of antipyrine, respectively. ABC transporter gene expression levels were determined by quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and ABCB1 protein expression by Western blotting. For the maternal-to-fetal direction, the mean FTR and CLI were 8.0% ± 3.0 and 0.26 ± 0.07, respectively, whereas the mean CLI was 0.52 ± 0.23 for the fetal-to-maternal direction. We showed a significant inverse correlation between maraviroc CLI and ABCC2, ABCC10, and ABCC11 placental gene expression levels (P < 0.05). To conclude, we report a low maraviroc placental transfer probably involving ABC efflux transporters and thus in all likelihood associated with a limited fetal exposition. Nevertheless, these results would need to be supported by in vivo data obtained from paired maternal and cord blood samples.
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Pharmacokinetic drivers of toxicity for basic molecules: strategy to lower pKa results in decreased tissue exposure and toxicity for a small molecule Met inhibitor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 266:86-94. [PMID: 23142475 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several toxicities are clearly driven by free drug concentrations in plasma, such as toxicities related to on-target exaggerated pharmacology or off-target pharmacological activity associated with receptors, enzymes or ion channels. However, there are examples in which organ toxicities appear to correlate better with total drug concentrations in the target tissues, rather than with free drug concentrations in plasma. Here we present a case study in which a small molecule Met inhibitor, GEN-203, with significant liver and bone marrow toxicity in preclinical species was modified with the intention of increasing the safety margin. GEN-203 is a lipophilic weak base as demonstrated by its physicochemical and structural properties: high LogD (distribution coefficient) (4.3) and high measured pKa (7.45) due to the basic amine (N-ethyl-3-fluoro-4-aminopiperidine). The physicochemical properties of GEN-203 were hypothesized to drive the high distribution of this compound to tissues as evidenced by a moderately-high volume of distribution (Vd>3l/kg) in mouse and subsequent toxicities of the compound. Specifically, the basicity of GEN-203 was decreased through addition of a second fluorine in the 3-position of the aminopiperidine to yield GEN-890 (N-ethyl-3,3-difluoro-4-aminopiperidine), which decreased the volume of distribution of the compound in mouse (Vd=1.0l/kg), decreased its tissue drug concentrations and led to decreased toxicity in mice. This strategy suggests that when toxicity is driven by tissue drug concentrations, optimization of the physicochemical parameters that drive tissue distribution can result in decreased drug concentrations in tissues, resulting in lower toxicity and improved safety margins.
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