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Jeong YS, Jusko WJ. A Complete Extension of Classical Hepatic Clearance Models Using Fractional Distribution Parameter f d in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:95-117. [PMID: 37279835 PMCID: PMC10902797 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The classical organ clearance models have been proposed to relate the plasma clearance CLp to probable mechanism(s) of hepatic clearance. However, the classical models assume the intrinsic capability of drug elimination (CLu,int) that is physically segregated from the vascular blood but directly acts upon the unbound drug concentration in the blood (fubCavg), and do not handle the transit-time delay between the inlet/outlet concentrations in their closed-form clearance equations. Therefore, we propose unified model structures that can address the internal blood concentration patterns of clearance organs in a more mechanistic/physiological manner, based on the fractional distribution parameter fd operative in PBPK. The basic partial/ordinary differential equations for four classical models are revisited/modified to yield a more complete set of extended clearance models, i.e., the Rattle, Sieve, Tube, and Jar models, which are the counterparts of the dispersion, series-compartment, parallel-tube, and well-stirred models. We demonstrate the feasibility of applying the resulting extended models to isolated perfused rat liver data for 11 compounds and an example dataset for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of the intrinsic to the systemic clearances. Based on their feasibilities to handle such real data, these models may serve as an improved basis for applying clearance models in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seong Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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2
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Kim MC, Lee YJ. Analysis of Time-Dependent Pharmacokinetics Using In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122562. [PMID: 36559055 PMCID: PMC9780873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SCR430, a sorafenib derivative, is an investigational drug exhibiting anti-tumor action. This study aimed to have a mechanistic understanding of SCR430's time-dependent pharmacokinetics (TDPK) through an ex vivo study combined with an in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed after intravenous SCR430 administration in female Sprague-Dawley rats for a control group (no treatment), a vehicle group (vehicle only, 14 days, PO), and a repeated-dosing group (SCR430, 30 mg/kg/day, 14 days, PO). In addition, hepatic uptake and metabolism modulation were investigated using isolated hepatocytes from each group of rats. The minimal PBPK model based on IVIVE was constructed to explain SCR430's TDPK. Repeated SCR430 administration decreased the systemic exposure by 4.4-fold, which was explained by increased hepatic clearance (4.7-fold). The ex vivo study using isolated hepatocytes from each group suggested that the increased hepatic uptake (9.4-fold), not the metabolic activity, contributes to the increased hepatic clearance. The minimal PBPK modeling based on an ex vivo study could explain the decreased plasma levels after the repeated doses. The current study demonstrates the TDPK after repeated dosing by hepatic uptake induction, not hepatic metabolism, as well as the effectiveness of an ex vivo approach combined with IVIVE and PBPK modeling to investigate the TDPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chang Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Lee
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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3
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Human Estrogen Receptor Alpha Antagonists, Part 3: 3-D Pharmacophore and 3-D QSAR Guided Brefeldin A Hit-to-Lead Optimization toward New Breast Cancer Suppressants. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092823. [PMID: 35566172 PMCID: PMC9101642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor α (ERα) is an important biological target mediating 17β-estradiol driven breast cancer (BC) development. Aiming to develop innovative drugs against BC, either wild-type or mutated ligand-ERα complexes were used as source data to build structure-based 3-D pharmacophore and 3-D QSAR models, afterward used as tools for the virtual screening of National Cancer Institute datasets and hit-to-lead optimization. The procedure identified Brefeldin A (BFA) as hit, then structurally optimized toward twelve new derivatives whose anticancer activity was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Compounds as SERMs showed picomolar to low nanomolar potencies against ERα and were then investigated as antiproliferative agents against BC cell lines, as stimulators of p53 expression, as well as BC cell cycle arrest agents. Most active leads were finally profiled upon administration to female Wistar rats with pre-induced BC, after which 3DPQ-12, 3DPQ-3, 3DPQ-9, 3DPQ-4, 3DPQ-2, and 3DPQ-1 represent potential candidates for BC therapy.
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Kurtanović N, Tomašević N, Matić S, Mitrović MM, Kostić DA, Sabatino M, Antonini L, Ragno R, Mladenović M. Human estrogen receptor α antagonists, part 2: Synthesis driven by rational design, in vitro antiproliferative, and in vivo anticancer evaluation of innovative coumarin-related antiestrogens as breast cancer suppressants. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113869. [PMID: 34710747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New twelve in silico designed coumarin-based ERα antagonists, namely 3DQ-1a to 3DQ-1е, were synthesized and confirmed as selective ERα antagonists, showing potencies ranging from single-digit nanomolar to picomolar. The hits were confirmed as selective estrogen receptor modulators and validated as antiproliferative agents using MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines exerting from picomolar to low nanomolar potency, at the same time showing no agonistic activity within endometrial cell lines. Their mechanism of action was inspected and revealed to be through the inhibition of the Raf-1/MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway, preventing hormone-mediated gene expression on either genomic direct or genomic indirect level, and stopping the MCF-7 cells proliferation at G0/G1 phase. In vivo experiments, by means of the per os administration to female Wistar rats with pre-induced breast cancer, distinguished six derivatives, 3DQ-4a, 3DQ-2a, 3DQ-1a, 3DQ-1b, 3DQ-2b, and 3DQ-3b, showing remarkable potency as tumor suppressors endowed with optimal pharmacokinetic profiles and no significant histopathological profiles. The presented data indicate the new compounds as potential candidates to be submitted in clinical trials for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezrina Kurtanović
- Kragujevac Center for Computational Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, Serbia
| | - Nevena Tomašević
- Kragujevac Center for Computational Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, Serbia
| | - Sanja Matić
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Informational Technologies, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina M Mitrović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela A Kostić
- University of Niš, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Manuela Sabatino
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Antonini
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Milan Mladenović
- Kragujevac Center for Computational Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, Serbia.
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5
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Fu S, Yu F, Sun T, Hu Z. Transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions – Study design, data analysis, and implications for in vitro evaluations. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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6
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Yadav J, El Hassani M, Sodhi J, Lauschke VM, Hartman JH, Russell LE. Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:207-233. [PMID: 33989099 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition rates. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the development of new in vitro and in vivo strategies to better characterize pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of drug leads. Herein, we review advances in experimental and mathematical models for clearance predictions, advancements in developing novel tools to capture slowly metabolized drugs, in vivo model developments to capture human etiology for supporting drug development, limitations and gaps in these efforts, and a perspective on the future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasleen Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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7
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Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Successful and Unsuccessful Prediction of Human Hepatic Clearance for Lead Optimization. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3546-3559. [PMID: 33765384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of new chemical entities is costly, time-consuming, and has a low success rate. Accurate prediction of pharmacokinetic properties is critical to progress compounds with favorable drug-like characteristics in lead optimization. Of particular importance is the prediction of hepatic clearance, which determines drug exposure and contributes to projection of dose, half-life, and bioavailability. The most commonly employed methodology to predict hepatic clearance is termed in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) that involves measuring drug metabolism in vitro, scaling-up this in vitro intrinsic clearance to a prediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance by reconciling the enzymatic content between the incubation and an average human liver, and applying a model of hepatic disposition to account for limitations of protein binding and blood flow to predict in vivo clearance. This manuscript reviews common in vitro techniques used to predict hepatic clearance as well as current challenges and recent theoretical advancements in IVIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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8
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Izat N, Sahin S. Hepatic transporter-mediated pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions: Recent studies and regulatory recommendations. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:45-77. [PMID: 33507532 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are one of the major mechanisms in pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions and correspondingly affecting drugs' safety and efficacy. Regulatory bodies underlined the importance of the evaluation of transporter-mediated interactions as a part of the drug development process. The liver is responsible for the elimination of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds via metabolism and biliary excretion. Therefore, hepatic uptake transporters, expressed on the sinusoidal membranes of hepatocytes, and efflux transporters mediating the transport from hepatocytes to the bile are determinant factors for pharmacokinetics of drugs, and hence, drug-drug interactions. In parallel with the growing research interest in this area, regulatory guidances have been updated with detailed assay models and criteria. According to well-established preclinical results, observed or expected hepatic transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions can be taken into account for clinical studies. In this paper, various methods including in vitro, in situ, in vivo, in silico approaches, and combinational concepts and several clinical studies on the assessment of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions were reviewed. Informative and effective evaluation by preclinical tools together with the integration of pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation can reduce unexpected clinical outcomes and enhance the success rate in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Izat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selma Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Chothe PP, Pemberton R, Hariparsad N. Function and Expression of Bile Salt Export Pump in Suspension Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:314-321. [PMID: 33472814 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of bile salt disposition is not well established in suspension human hepatocytes (SHH) because of the limited information on the expression and function of bile salt export protein (BSEP) in this system. We investigated the transport function of BSEP in SHH using a method involving in situ biosynthesis of bile salts from their precursor bile acids, cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Our data indicated that glycine- and taurine-conjugated CA and CDCA were generated efficiently and transported out of hepatocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. We also observed that the membrane protein abundance of BSEP was similar between SHH and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Furthermore, known cholestatic agents significantly inhibited G-CA and G-CDCA efflux in SHH. Interestingly, cyclosporine A, troglitazone, itraconazole, loratadine, and lovastatin inhibited G-CA efflux more potently than G-CDCA efflux (3- to 5-fold). Because of these significant differential effects on G-CA and G-CDCA efflux inhibition, we determined the IC50 values of troglitazone for G-CA (9.9 µM) and for G-CDCA (43.1 µM) efflux. The observed discrepancy in the IC50 was attributed to the fact that troglitazone also inhibits organic anion transporting polypeptides and Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide in addition to BSEP. The hepatocyte uptake study suggested that both active uptake and passive diffusion contribute to the liver uptake of CA, whereas CDCA primarily undergoes passive diffusion into the liver. In summary, these data demonstrated the expression and function of BSEP and its major role in transport of bile salts in cryopreserved SHH. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: BSEP transport function and protein abundance was evident in SHH in the present study. The membrane abundance of BSEP protein was similar between SHH and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. The study also illustrated the major role of BSEP relative to basolateral MRP3 and MRP4 in transport of bile salts in SHH. Understanding of BSEP function in SHH may bolster the utility of this platform in mechanistic understanding of bile salt disposition and potentially in the assessment of drugs for BSEP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh P Chothe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Pemberton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Degorce SL, Aagaard A, Anjum R, Cumming IA, Diène CR, Fallan C, Johnson T, Leuchowius KJ, Orton AL, Pearson S, Robb GR, Rosen A, Scarfe GB, Scott JS, Smith JM, Steward OR, Terstiege I, Tucker MJ, Turner P, Wilkinson SD, Wrigley GL, Xue Y. Improving metabolic stability and removing aldehyde oxidase liability in a 5-azaquinazoline series of IRAK4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115815. [PMID: 33091850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report our efforts towards improving in vitro human clearance in a series of 5-azaquinazolines through a series of C4 truncations and C2 expansions. Extensive DMPK studies enabled us to tackle high Aldehyde Oxidase (AO) metabolism and unexpected discrepancies in human hepatocyte and liver microsomal intrinsic clearance. Our efforts culminated with the discovery of 5-azaquinazoline 35, which also displayed exquisite selectivity for IRAK4, and showed synergistic in vitro activity against MyD88/CD79 double mutant ABC-DLBCL in combination with the covalent BTK inhibitor acalabrutinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien L Degorce
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States.
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rana Anjum
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Iain A Cumming
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Coura R Diène
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Fallan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Johnson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandra L Orton
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Pearson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme R Robb
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Rosen
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Graeme B Scarfe
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - James S Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - James M Smith
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver R Steward
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Ina Terstiege
- Medicinal Chemistry, R&I, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Michael J Tucker
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Turner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Wilkinson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Gail L Wrigley
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Yafeng Xue
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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11
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Burton L, Scaife P, Paine SW, Mellor HR, Abernethy L, Littlewood P, Rauch C. Hydrostatic pressure regulates CYP1A2 expression in human hepatocytes via a mechanosensitive aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C889-C902. [PMID: 32159360 PMCID: PMC7294326 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00472.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 75% of xenobiotics are primarily eliminated through metabolism; thus the accurate scaling of metabolic clearance is vital to successful drug development. Yet, when data is scaled from in vitro to in vivo, hepatic metabolic clearance, the primary source of metabolism, is still commonly underpredicted. Over the past decades, with biophysics used as a key component to restore aspects of the in vivo environment, several new cell culture settings have been investigated to improve hepatocyte functionalities. Most of these studies have focused on shear stress, i.e., flow mediated by a pressure gradient. One potential conclusion of these studies is that hepatocytes are naturally "mechanosensitive," i.e., they respond to a change in their biophysical environment. We demonstrate that hepatocytes also respond to an increase in hydrostatic pressure that, we suggest, is directly linked to the lobule geometry and vessel density. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hydrostatic pressure improves albumin production and increases cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A2 expression levels in an aryl hydrocarbon-dependent manner in human hepatocytes. Increased albumin production and CYP function are commonly attributed to the impacts of shear stress in microfluidic experiments. Therefore, our results highlight evidence of a novel link between hydrostatic pressure and CYP metabolism and demonstrate that the spectrum of hepatocyte mechanosensitivity might be larger than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Burton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Scaife
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart W Paine
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Howard R Mellor
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd., Abingdon Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Abernethy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd., Abingdon Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Littlewood
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd., Abingdon Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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12
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Louisse J, Alewijn M, Peijnenburg AA, Cnubben NH, Heringa MB, Coecke S, Punt A. Towards harmonization of test methods for in vitro hepatic clearance studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 63:104722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Nozaki Y, Izumi S. Recent advances in preclinical in vitro approaches towards quantitative prediction of hepatic clearance and drug-drug interactions involving organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B transporters. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:56-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Degorce SL, Anjum R, Bloecher A, Carbajo RJ, Dillman KS, Drew L, Halsall CT, Lenz EM, Lindsay NA, Mayo MF, Pink JH, Robb GR, Rosen A, Scott JS, Xue Y. Discovery of a Series of 5-Azaquinazolines as Orally Efficacious IRAK4 Inhibitors Targeting MyD88L265P Mutant Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9918-9930. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien L. Degorce
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Rana Anjum
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Andrew Bloecher
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rodrigo J. Carbajo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Keith S. Dillman
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lisa Drew
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Christopher T. Halsall
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Eva M. Lenz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Nicola A. Lindsay
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Michele F. Mayo
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer H. Pink
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Graeme R. Robb
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Alan Rosen
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - James S. Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Yafeng Xue
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
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15
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Carter SJ, Ferecskó AS, King L, Ménochet K, Parton T, Chappell MJ. A mechanistic modelling approach for the determination of the mechanisms of inhibition by cyclosporine on the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin in rat hepatocytes using a high throughput uptake method. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:415-426. [PMID: 31389297 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1652781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Determine the inhibition mechanism through which cyclosporine inhibits the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin in fresh rat hepatocytes using mechanistic models applied to data generated using a high throughput oil spin method.Atorvastatin was incubated in fresh rat hepatocytes (0.05-150 nmol/ml) with or without 20 min pre-incubation with 10 nmol/ml cyclosporine and sampled over 0.25-60 min using a high throughput oil spin method. Micro-rate constant and macro-rate constant mechanistic models were ranked based on goodness of fit values.The best fitting model to the data was a micro-rate constant mechanistic model including non-competitive inhibition of uptake and competitive inhibition of metabolism by cyclosporine (Model 2). The association rate constant for atorvastatin was 150-fold greater than the dissociation rate constant and 10-fold greater than the translocation into the cell. The association and dissociation rate constants for cyclosporine were 7-fold smaller and 10-fold greater, respectively, than atorvastatin. The simulated atorvastatin-transporter-cyclosporine complex derived using the micro-rate constant parameter estimates increased in line with the incubation concentration of atorvastatin.The increased amount of data generated with the high throughput oil spin method, combined with a micro-rate constant mechanistic model helps to explain the inhibition of uptake by cyclosporine following pre-incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Carter
- Biomedical and Biological Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Chappell
- Biomedical and Biological Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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16
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Gardiner P, Cox RJ, Grime K. Plasma Protein Binding as an Optimizable Parameter for Acidic Drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:865-873. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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17
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Davidsen AB, Mardal M, Linnet K. In Vitro Metabolism and Hepatic Intrinsic Clearance of the Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist JWH-122 and Its Four ω-Halogenated Analogues. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:63. [PMID: 31093790 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) emerging on the illicit drug market has increased over the last decade. Halogenation of existing illicit drugs is a particular trend, with the purpose of both circumventing the law and altering the toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic profiles of the compounds. This study investigates the in vitro impact of JWH-122 ω-halogenation (fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo) on the metabolism, apparent intrinsic hepatic clearance and analytical targets for detecting drug consumption. Metabolite profiling was conducted with pooled human liver microsomes, suspended rat hepatocytes and pooled human hepatocytes. The in vitro half-life was also determined in pooled human hepatocytes. All samples were analysed by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. All compounds, except for JWH-122, showed high formation rates of phase I metabolites, predominantly ω-COOH and methylnaphthyl hydroxylation metabolites. Phase II metabolites were ω-O-glucuronides, methylnaphthyl O-glucuronides and ω-glutathione conjugates. The relative ion intensity of the glutathione conjugates increased with the ω-halogen size, with I-JWH-122 having the highest intensity. Stability studies gave a low half-life and a high intrinsic hepatic clearance for JWH-122 (1305 mL/min/kg) and MAM-2201 (1408 mL/min/kg). Cl-, Br- and I-JWH-122 showed increasing half-life with increasing ω-halogen size, with intrinsic clearance values of 235-502 mL/min/kg. The recommended analytical targets for consumption of JWH-122 or ω-halogenated JWH-122 analogues are the ω-COOH metabolites for unspecific profiling and the methylnaphthyl hydroxylated metabolites to distinguish the compounds. Furthermore, ω-halogenation with larger halogens appears to increase the intrinsic hepatic stability, thereby prolonging exposure and possibly the duration of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bork Davidsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Mardal
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Clerbaux LA, Paini A, Lumen A, Osman-Ponchet H, Worth AP, Fardel O. Membrane transporter data to support kinetically-informed chemical risk assessment using non-animal methods: Scientific and regulatory perspectives. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:659-671. [PMID: 30856453 PMCID: PMC6441651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Humans are continuously exposed to low levels of thousands of industrial chemicals, most of which are poorly characterised in terms of their potential toxicity. The new paradigm in chemical risk assessment (CRA) aims to rely on animal-free testing, with kinetics being a key determinant of toxicity when moving from traditional animal studies to integrated in vitro-in silico approaches. In a kinetically informed CRA, membrane transporters, which have been intensively studied during drug development, are an essential piece of information. However, how existing knowledge on transporters gained in the drug field can be applied to CRA is not yet fully understood. This review outlines the opportunities, challenges and existing tools for investigating chemical-transporter interactions in kinetically informed CRA without animal studies. Various environmental chemicals acting as substrates, inhibitors or modulators of transporter activity or expression have been shown to impact TK, just as drugs do. However, because pollutant concentrations are often lower in humans than drugs and because exposure levels and internal chemical doses are not usually known in contrast to drugs, new approaches are required to translate transporter data and reasoning from the drug sector to CRA. Here, the generation of in vitro chemical-transporter interaction data and the development of transporter databases and classification systems trained on chemical datasets (and not only drugs) are proposed. Furtheremore, improving the use of human biomonitoring data to evaluate the in vitro-in silico transporter-related predicted values and developing means to assess uncertainties could also lead to increase confidence of scientists and regulators in animal-free CRA. Finally, a systematic characterisation of the transportome (quantitative monitoring of transporter abundance, activity and maintenance over time) would reinforce confidence in the use of experimental transporter/barrier systems as well as in established cell-based toxicological assays currently used for CRA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
| | - Annie Lumen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, USA
| | | | - Andrew P Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environment et travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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19
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Characterization of non-radiolabeled Thyroxine (T 4) uptake in cryopreserved rat hepatocyte suspensions: Pharmacokinetic implications for PFOA and PFOS chemical exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:230-238. [PMID: 30930230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The alteration of thyroxine (T4) cellular uptake by an environmental chemical can serve as a contributing factor in thyroid hormone (TH) disruption. Herein, we describe a non-radiolabeled (LC-MS/MS) oil-filtration technique designed to characterize the mechanism(s) responsible for T4 cellular uptake in cryopreserved rat hepatocyte suspensions. The environmental chemicals perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were evaluated for their effect on T4 hepatic uptake. At 37 °C, hepatic assays demonstrated saturable kinetics with increasing T4 concentrations, while a linear uptake rate consistent with passive diffusion was detected at 4 °C. Carrier-mediated (37-4 °C) transport of T4 was the predominant hepatic uptake process versus passive diffusion. Cyclosporin A (CsA) chemically inhibited T4 hepatic uptake, whereas PFOA/PFOS displayed no inhibition of T4 translocation. Increasing PFOA/PFOS concentration levels with the T4 serum carrier-protein transthyretin (TTR) present resulted in a dose-response increase in T4 hepatic uptake rates, correlating with increased T4 free fraction values. Hepatic assays conducted in the presence of PFOA/PFOS and TTR displayed an enhanced first-order T4 hepatic uptake rate consistent with carrier-mediated transport. These in vitro findings characterizing increased T4 hepatic uptake provides mechanistic insight regarding decreased T4 serum levels (hypothyroxinemia) previously observed within in vivo rodent studies following perfluorinated chemical exposure.
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20
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Gouliarmou V, Lostia AM, Coecke S, Bernasconi C, Bessems J, Dorne JL, Ferguson S, Testai E, Remy UG, Brian Houston J, Monshouwer M, Nong A, Pelkonen O, Morath S, Wetmore BA, Worth A, Zanelli U, Zorzoli MC, Whelan M. Establishing a systematic framework to characterise in vitro methods for human hepatic metabolic clearance. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:233-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Fujino R, Hashizume K, Aoyama S, Maeda K, Ito K, Toshimoto K, Lee W, Ninomiya SI, Sugiyama Y. Strategies to improve the prediction accuracy of hepatic intrinsic clearance of three antidiabetic drugs: Application of the extended clearance concept and consideration of the effect of albumin on CYP2C metabolism and OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 125:181-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Degorce SL, Bodnarchuk MS, Cumming IA, Scott JS. Lowering Lipophilicity by Adding Carbon: One-Carbon Bridges of Morpholines and Piperazines. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8934-8943. [PMID: 30189136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report our investigation of a phenomenon by which bridging morpholines across the ring with one-carbon tethers leads to a counterintuitive reduction in lipophilicity. This effect was also found to occur in piperazines and piperidines and lowered the measured log D7.4 of the bridged molecules by as much as -0.8 relative to their unbridged counterparts. As lowering lipophilicity without introducing additional heteroatoms can be desirable, we believe this potentially provides a useful tactic to improve the drug-like properties of molecules containing morpholine-, piperazine-, and piperidine-like motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien L Degorce
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building , Cambridge CB4 0WG , United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Bodnarchuk
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building , Cambridge CB4 0WG , United Kingdom
| | - Iain A Cumming
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building , Cambridge CB4 0WG , United Kingdom
| | - James S Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building , Cambridge CB4 0WG , United Kingdom
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23
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Chen L, Yang H, Yu C, Yuan M, Li H. High hepatic exposure of furanocoumarins in Radix Angelica dahuricae is associated with transporter mediated active uptake. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 212:74-85. [PMID: 29055720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Angelica dahuricae (RAD), the roots of Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been used for centuries to treat headaches, toothaches, nose congestion, abscesses, furunculoses, and acne. This herb is also one of frequently reported TCMs showing the herb-drug interaction potential. Furanocoumarins are main bioactive components of RAD. AIM OF THE STUDY This study is designed to characterize the tissue distribution profiles of furanocoumarins after oral administration of RAD extract in rats and to explore the mechanism underlying the high hepatic exposure of the major furanocoumarins. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tissue distribution of nine furanocoumarins was determined in rats after an oral dose of 0.46g/kg RAD extract using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Unbound fractions (ƒu) of major furanocoumarins, including imperatorin (IM), isoimperatorin (IIM), bergapten (BER) and oxypeucedanin hydrate (OXYH), were measured in rat plasma and selected tissue homogenates (liver, kidney, lung and brain) with Rapid Equilibrium Dialysis (RED) method. The temperature dependent hepatic uptake of IM, IIM, BER and OXYH were evaluated in suspended rat primary hepatocytes at 4°C or 37°C by the oil-spin method. The uptake kinetics was conducted in the cells over a wide concentration range. The furanocoumarins were co-incubated with a panel of transporter inhibitors to investigate the involvement of uptake transporters in the hepatic uptake. The transcellular transport characteristics of IM, IIM, BER and OXYH were further assessed using Caco-2 cell monolayer model. RESULTS IM, IIM, BER and OXYH were found to be the major bioactive furanocoumarins in rat plasma and tissues, representing more than 90% exposure for all the detected furanocoumarins. The most concentrative organ of major furanocoumarins was the liver, with liver-to-plasma exposure ratio (Kp,AUC) of 5.1, 6.5 and 4.7 for IM, IIM and BER, and 2.3 for OXYH, respectively. IM, IIM and BER also showed higher concentrations in the kidney with Kp above 2.2. The higher protein binding of the furanocoumarins partially contributed to their higher tissue exposure. In suspended rat primary hepatocyte, the hepatic uptake of IM, IIM, BER and OXYH was temperature-dependent, with considerably higher uptake at 37°C than at 4°C. Uptake kinetics indicated that the hepatic uptake of IM, IIM, BER and OXYH involved both active transport and passive diffusion processes. For IM, IIM and BER, the contribution of the active transport was greater than the passive process, with the CLactive/CLuptake > 72%. Ritonavir (RTN) and cyclosporine A (CsA), the known inhibitors of organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) significantly inhibited the hepatic uptake of IM and BER, while the inhibitor of the organic anion transporters (Oat) probenecid (PBC) remarkably reduced IIM uptake. In the Caco-2 cell model, the furanocoumarins were highly permeable in the apical to basolateral direction without notable active efflux. CONCLUSION The furanocoumarins rapidly and widely distributed into various tissues after oral dose of the RAD extract. IM, IIM, BER and OXYH were the major components detected in both plasma and tissues. Liver was the most distributed tissue of the total and free furanocoumarins. Non-specific protein binding contributed partially to the higher tissue exposures of these bioactive components. The Oatp and Oat mediated active uptake played the primal role in the high hepatic exposure of the furanocoumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
| | - Haiying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
| | - Chenchen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
| | - Mei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, 100850 Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850 Beijing, China.
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24
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Harrison J, De Bruyn T, Darwich AS, Houston JB. Simultaneous Assessment In Vitro of Transporter and Metabolic Processes in Hepatic Drug Clearance: Use of a Media Loss Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:405-414. [PMID: 29439129 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte drug depletion-time assays are well established for determination of metabolic clearance in vitro. The present study focuses on the refinement and evaluation of a "media loss" assay, an adaptation of the conventional depletion assay involving centrifugation of hepatocytes prior to sampling, allowing estimation of uptake in addition to metabolism. Using experimental procedures consistent with a high throughput, a selection of 12 compounds with a range of uptake and metabolism characteristics (atorvastatin, cerivastatin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, indinavir, pitavastatin, repaglinide, rosuvastatin, saquinavir, and valsartan, with two control compounds-midazolam and tolbutamide) were investigated in the presence and absence of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole and organic anion transporter protein inhibitor rifamycin SV in rat hepatocytes. Data were generated simultaneously for a given drug, and provided, through the use of a mechanistic cell model, clearance terms characterizing metabolism, active and passive uptake, together with intracellular binding and partitioning parameters. Results were largely consistent with the particular drug characteristics, with active uptake, passive diffusion, and metabolic clearances ranging between 0.4 and 777, 3 and 383, and 2 and 236 μl/min per milligram protein, respectively. The same experiments provided total and unbound drug cellular partition coefficients ranging between 3.8 and 254 and 2.3 and 8.3, respectively, and intracellular unbound fractions between 0.014 and 0.263. Following in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, the lowest prediction bias was noted using uptake clearance, compared with metabolic clearance or apparent clearance from the media loss assay alone. This approach allows rapid and comprehensive characterization of hepatocyte drug disposition valuable for prediction of hepatic processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harrison
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.H., T.D.B., A.S.D., J.B.H.) and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - Tom De Bruyn
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.H., T.D.B., A.S.D., J.B.H.) and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - Adam S Darwich
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.H., T.D.B., A.S.D., J.B.H.) and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.H., T.D.B., A.S.D., J.B.H.) and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (T.D.B.)
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25
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Degorce SL, Anjum R, Dillman KS, Drew L, Groombridge SD, Halsall CT, Lenz EM, Lindsay NA, Mayo MF, Pink JH, Robb GR, Scott JS, Stokes S, Xue Y. Optimization of permeability in a series of pyrrolotriazine inhibitors of IRAK4. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:913-924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Matsunaga N, Fukuchi Y, Imawaka H, Tamai I. Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes for Mechanistic Understanding of Hepatic Disposition of Parent Drugs and Metabolites by Transporter-Enzyme Interplay. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:680-691. [PMID: 29352067 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional interplay between transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes is currently one of the hottest topics in the field of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Uptake transporter-enzyme interplay is important to determine intrinsic hepatic clearance based on the extended clearance concept. Enzyme and efflux transporter interplay, which includes both sinusoidal (basolateral) and canalicular efflux transporters, determines the fate of metabolites formed in the liver. As sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCHs) maintain metabolic activities and form a canalicular network, the whole interplay between uptake and efflux transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes can be investigated simultaneously. In this article, we review the utility and applicability of SCHs for mechanistic understanding of hepatic disposition of both parent drugs and metabolites. In addition, the utility of SCHs for mimicking species-specific disposition of parent drugs and metabolites in vivo is described. We also review application of SCHs for clinically relevant prediction of drug-drug interactions caused by drugs and metabolites. The usefulness of mathematical modeling of hepatic disposition of parent drugs and metabolites in SCHs is described to allow a quantitative understanding of an event in vitro and to develop a more advanced model to predict in vivo disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Matsunaga
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
| | - Yukina Fukuchi
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
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27
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Morse BL, MacGuire JG, Marino AM, Zhao Y, Fox M, Zhang Y, Shen H, Griffith Humphreys W, Marathe P, Lai Y. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Clearance and Liver Partitioning of OATP and OCT Substrates in Cynomolgus Monkeys. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1878-1889. [PMID: 29019117 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigations, we evaluate in vitro hepatocyte uptake and partitioning for the prediction of in vivo clearance and liver partitioning. Monkeys were intravenously co-dosed with rosuvastatin and bosentan, substrates of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), and metformin, a substrate of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). Serial plasma and liver samples were collected over time. Liver and plasma unbound fraction was determined using equilibrium dialysis. In vivo unbound partitioning (Kpu,u) for rosuvastatin, bosentan, and metformin, calculated from total concentrations in the liver and plasma, were 243, 553, and 15, respectively. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic monkey model that incorporates active and passive hepatic uptake was developed to fit plasma and liver concentrations. In addition, a two-compartment model was used to fit in vitro hepatic uptake curves in suspended monkey hepatocyte to determine active uptake, passive diffusion, and intracellular unbound fraction parameters. At steady-state in the model, in vitro Kpu,u was determined. The results demonstrated that in vitro values under-predicted in vivo active uptake for rosuvastatin, bosentan, and metformin by 6.7-, 28-, and 1.5-fold, respectively, while passive diffusion was over-predicted. In vivo Kpu,u values were under-predicted from in vitro data by 30-, 79-, and 3-fold. In conclusion, active uptake and liver partitioning in monkeys for OATP substrates were greatly under-predicted from in vitro hepatocyte uptake, while OCT-mediated uptake and partitioning scaled reasonably well from in vitro, demonstrating substrate- and transporter-dependent scaling factors. The combination of in vitro experimental and modeling approaches proved useful for assessing prediction of in vivo intracellular partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jamus G MacGuire
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony M Marino
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Maxine Fox
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Punit Marathe
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA. .,Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, 94404, USA.
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Wood FL, Houston JB, Hallifax D. Clearance Prediction Methodology Needs Fundamental Improvement: Trends Common to Rat and Human Hepatocytes/Microsomes and Implications for Experimental Methodology. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1178-1188. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Okudaira N. Evaluation of New Chemical Entities as Substrates of Liver Transporters in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Response to Regulatory Requirements and Future Steps. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2251-2256. [PMID: 28533120 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses the evaluation of drug candidates as hepatic transporter substrates. Recently, research on the applications of hepatic transporters in the pharmaceutical industry has improved to meet the requirements of the regulatory guidelines for the evaluation of drug interactions. To identify the risk of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions at an early stage of drug development, we used a strategy of reviewing the in vivo animal pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution data obtained in the discovery stage together with the in vitro data obtained for regulatory submission. In the context of nonclinical evaluation of new chemical entities as medicines, we believe that transporter studies are emerging as a key strategy to predict their pharmacological and toxicological effects. In combination with the recent progress in systems approaches, the estimation of effective concentrations in the target tissues, by using mathematical models to describe the transporter-mediated distribution and elimination, has enabled us to identify promising compounds for clinical development at the discovery stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Okudaira
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetic Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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Tetsuka K, Ohbuchi M, Tabata K. Recent Progress in Hepatocyte Culture Models and Their Application to the Assessment of Drug Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity in Drug Discovery: The Value of Tissue Engineering for the Successful Development of a Microphysiological System. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2302-2311. [PMID: 28533121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology has provided many useful culture models. This article reviews the merits of this technology in a hepatocyte culture system and describes the applications of the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model in drug discovery. In addition, we also review recent investigations of the utility of the 3-dimensional bioprinted human liver tissue model and spheroid model. Finally, we present the future direction and developmental challenges of a hepatocyte culture model for the successful establishment of a microphysiological system, represented as an organ-on-a-chip and even as a human-on-a-chip. A merit of advanced culture models is their potential use for detecting hepatotoxicity through repeated exposure to chemicals as they allow long-term culture while maintaining hepatocyte functionality. As a future direction, such advanced hepatocyte culture systems can be connected to other tissue models for evaluating tissue-to-tissue interaction beyond cell-to-cell interaction. This combination of culture models could represent parts of the human body in a microphysiological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tetsuka
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohbuchi
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Tabata
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Sasaki K, Akagi T, Asaoka T, Eguchi H, Fukuda Y, Iwagami Y, Yamada D, Noda T, Wada H, Gotoh K, Kawamoto K, Doki Y, Mori M, Akashi M. Construction of three-dimensional vascularized functional human liver tissue using a layer-by-layer cell coating technique. Biomaterials 2017; 133:263-274. [PMID: 28448819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The creation of artificial liver tissue is an active area of research due to the shortage of donors for liver transplantation. Here we investigated whether a simple and efficient cell coating technique developed in our laboratory could be used to generate functional vascularized liver tissue. This technique creates three-dimensional tissue by loading cells sterically onto other cells that have been coated with layer-by-layer (LbL) nanofilms of fibronectin and gelatin, two extracellular matrix proteins. We used this technique to construct homogenous, dense, well-vascularized liver tissue from cryopreserved human primary hepatocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and normal human dermal fibroblasts. Using LbL cell coating technique resulted in higher cellular function in terms of human albumin production (P < 0.01) and cytochrome P450 activity (P < 0.01) in vitro. Furthermore, after being transplanted subcutaneously into NOD/SCID mice, the vascularized liver tissue showed greater albumin production in the early stage than non-vascularized tissue or a hepatocyte suspension (P < 0.01). Histological examination demonstrated that compare to non-vascularized tissue, there were many less-morphologically changed and intact hepatocytes in the vascularized tissue. This cell coating technique would be applicable to the generation of vascularized functional liver tissue for regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Takami Akagi
- Building Block Science Joint Research Chair, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Yasunari Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Kunihito Gotoh
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Building Block Science Joint Research Chair, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Japan.
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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of Pitavastatin and Atorvastatin to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs). Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 42:689-705. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fusidic Acid Inhibits Hepatic Transporters and Metabolic Enzymes: Potential Cause of Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction Observed with Statin Coadministration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5986-94. [PMID: 27458210 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01335-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusidic acid (FA), which was approved in the 1960s in many European and Asian countries, has gained renewed interest due to its continued effectiveness against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus As rhabdomyolysis has been reported upon coadministration of FA with statins, we aimed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to FA-statin drug-drug interactions. Because of the association between rhabdomyolysis and increased exposure to statins, we investigated if cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and transporters involved in the disposition of various statins are inhibited by FA. FA was found to inhibit BCRP and OATP1B1 but not P-gp. In overexpressing cell systems, FA inhibited BCRP-mediated efflux (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], ∼50 to 110 μM) and OATP1B1-mediated uptake (IC50, ∼4 to 35 μM) of statins at clinically relevant concentrations achievable in the intestine and liver (based on a 550-mg oral dose of FA, the expected maximum theoretical gastrointestinal concentration is ∼4 mM, and the maximum total or unbound concentration in the inlet to the liver was reported to be up to 223 μM or 11 μM, respectively, upon multiple dosing). Similarly, FA inhibited metabolism of statins in human liver microsomes (IC50, ∼17 to 195 μM). These data suggest that FA inhibits at least 3 major dispositional pathways (BCRP, OATP1B1, and CYP3A) and thus affects the clearance of several statins. We confirmed that FA is eliminated via phase 1 metabolism (primarily via CYP3A); however, there is also some phase 2 metabolism (mediated primarily by UGT1A1). Taken together, these data provide evidence for molecular mechanisms that may explain the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis when FA is administered with statins.
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Yamagata T, Zanelli U, Gallemann D, Perrin D, Dolgos H, Petersson C. Comparison of methods for the prediction of human clearance from hepatocyte intrinsic clearance for a set of reference compounds and an external evaluation set. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:741-751. [PMID: 27560606 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1222639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. We compared direct scaling, regression model equation and the so-called "Poulin et al." methods to scale clearance (CL) from in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) measured in human hepatocytes using two sets of compounds. One reference set comprised of 20 compounds with known elimination pathways and one external evaluation set based on 17 compounds development in Merck (MS). 2. A 90% prospective confidence interval was calculated using the reference set. This interval was found relevant for the regression equation method. The three outliers identified were justified on the basis of their elimination mechanism. 3. The direct scaling method showed a systematic underestimation of clearance in both the reference and evaluation sets. The "Poulin et al." and the regression equation methods showed no obvious bias in either the reference or evaluation sets. 4. The regression model equation was slightly superior to the "Poulin et al." method in the reference set and showed a better absolute average fold error (AAFE) of value 1.3 compared to 1.6. A larger difference was observed in the evaluation set were the regression method and "Poulin et al." resulted in an AAFE of 1.7 and 2.6, respectively (removing the three compounds with known issues mentioned above). A similar pattern was observed for the correlation coefficient. Based on these data we suggest the regression equation method combined with a prospective confidence interval as the first choice for the extrapolation of human in vivo hepatic metabolic clearance from in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamagata
- a Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Grafing , Germany and
| | - Ugo Zanelli
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Dieter Gallemann
- a Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Grafing , Germany and
| | - Dominique Perrin
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Hugues Dolgos
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Carl Petersson
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
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Degorce SL, Barlaam B, Cadogan E, Dishington A, Ducray R, Glossop SC, Hassall LA, Lach F, Lau A, McGuire TM, Nowak T, Ouvry G, Pike KG, Thomason AG. Discovery of Novel 3-Quinoline Carboxamides as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Kinase. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6281-92. [PMID: 27259031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 3-quinoline carboxamides has been discovered and optimized as selective inhibitors of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase. From a modestly potent HTS hit (4), we identified molecules such as 6-[6-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinyl]-4-{[(1R)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl]amino}-3-quinolinecarboxamide (72) and 7-fluoro-6-[6-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-4-{[(1S)-1-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}quinoline-3-carboxamide (74) as potent and highly selective ATM inhibitors with overall ADME properties suitable for oral administration. 72 and 74 constitute excellent oral tools to probe ATM inhibition in vivo. Efficacy in combination with the DSB-inducing agent irinotecan was observed in a disease relevant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien L Degorce
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.,Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Z.I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Bernard Barlaam
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Cadogan
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Dishington
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ducray
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Z.I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Steven C Glossop
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine A Hassall
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Franck Lach
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Z.I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Alan Lau
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M McGuire
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Nowak
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Gilles Ouvry
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Z.I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Kurt G Pike
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Thomason
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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Degorce SL, Boyd S, Curwen JO, Ducray R, Halsall CT, Jones CD, Lach F, Lenz EM, Pass M, Pass S, Trigwell C. Discovery of a Potent, Selective, Orally Bioavailable, and Efficacious Novel 2-(Pyrazol-4-ylamino)-pyrimidine Inhibitor of the Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF-1R). J Med Chem 2016; 59:4859-66. [PMID: 27078757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of cellular lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE) in a series of 2-anilino-pyrimidine IGF-1R kinase inhibitors led to the identification of novel 2-(pyrazol-4-ylamino)-pyrimidines with improved physicochemical properties. Replacement of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine group of the previously reported inhibitor 3 with the related pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine improved IGF-1R cellular potency. Substitution of the amino-pyrazole group was key to obtaining excellent kinase selectivity and pharmacokinetic parameters suitable for oral dosing, which led to the discovery of (2R)-1-[4-(4-{[5-chloro-4-(pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino}-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-2-hydroxy-1-propanone (AZD9362, 28), a novel, efficacious inhibitor of IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien L Degorce
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.,Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Scott Boyd
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Jon O Curwen
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ducray
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Christopher T Halsall
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Clifford D Jones
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.,Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Franck Lach
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Eva M Lenz
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pass
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Pass
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Trigwell
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca , Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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Fan PW, Chen JZ, Allan Jaochico M, La H, Liu N, Mulder T, Cass RT, Durk M, Messick K, Valle N, Liu S, Lee W, Crawford JJ, Rudolf J, Murray LJ, Cyrus Khojasteh S, Wright M. Rate-Determining and Rate-Limiting Steps in the Clearance and Excretion of a Potent and Selective p21-Activated Kinase Inhibitor: A Case Study of Rapid Hepatic Uptake and Slow Elimination in Rat. Drug Metab Lett 2016; 10:91-100. [PMID: 27063863 PMCID: PMC5405622 DOI: 10.2174/1872312810666160411144358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant under-prediction of in vivo clearance in rat was observed for a potent p21-activated kinase (PAK1) inhibitor, GNE1. OBJECTIVE Rate-determining (rapid uptake) and rate-limiting (slow excretion) steps in systemic clearance and elimination of GNE1, respectively, were evaluated to better understand the cause of the in vitro-in vivo (IVIV) disconnect. METHODS A series of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro experiments were carried out: 1) the role of organic cation transporters (Oct or Slc22a) was investigated in transporter knock-out and wild-type animals with or without 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) pretreatment; 2) the concentration-dependent hepatic extraction ratio was determined in isolated perfused rat liver; and 3) excreta were collected from both bile duct cannulated and non-cannulated rats after intravenous injection. RESULTS After intravenous dosing, the rate-determining step in clearance was found to be mediated by the active uptake transporter, Oct1. In cannulated rats, biliary and renal clearance of GNE1 accounted for only approximately 14 and 16% of the total clearance, respectively. N-acetylation, an important metabolic pathway, accounted for only about 10% of the total dose. In non-cannulated rats, the majority of the dose was recovered in feces as unchanged parent (up to 91%) overnight following intravenous administration. CONCLUSION Because the clearance of GNE1 is mediated through uptake transporters rather than metabolism, the extrahepatic expression of Oct1 in kidney and intestine in rat likely plays an important role in the IVIV disconnect in hepatic clearance prediction. The slow process of intestinal secretion is the rate-limiting step for in vivo clearance of GNE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Fan
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, MS 412a, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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De Bruyn T, Augustijns PF, Annaert PP. Hepatic Clearance Prediction of Nine Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors in Rat. J Pharm Sci 2016. [PMID: 26202434 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the rate-limiting step in the overall hepatic clearance of the marketed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PI) in rats by predicting the experimentally determined hepatic in vivo clearance of these drugs based on in vitro clearance values for uptake and/or metabolism. In vitro uptake and metabolic clearance values were determined in suspended rat hepatocytes and rat liver microsomes, respectively. In vivo hepatic clearance was determined after intravenous bolus administration in rats. Excellent in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC; R(2) = 0.80) was observed when metabolic intrinsic Cl values were used, which were determined in vitro at a single concentration corresponding to the blood concentration observed in rats in vivo at the mean residence time. On the contrary, poor IVIVC was observed when in vitro metabolic Cl values based on full Michaelis-Menten profiles were used. In addition, the use of uptake Cl values or a combination of both uptake and metabolic clearance data led to poor predictions of in vivo clearance. Although our findings indicate a key role for metabolism in the hepatic clearance of several HIV PI in rats, subsequent simulations revealed that inhibition of hepatic uptake can lead to altered hepatic clearance for several of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrick F Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pieter P Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Riley RJ, Foley SA, Barton P, Soars MG, Williamson B. Hepatic drug transporters: the journey so far. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:201-16. [PMID: 26670591 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1132308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The key role of transporter biology in both the manifestation and treatment of disease is now firmly established. Experiences of sub-optimal drug exposure due to drug-transporter interplay have supported incorporation of studies aimed at understanding the interactions between compounds and drug transporters much earlier in drug discovery. While drug transporters can impact the most pivotal pharmacokinetic parameter with respect to human dose and exposure projections, clearance, at a renal or hepatobiliary level, the latter will form the focus of this perspective. AREAS COVERED A synopsis of guidelines on which transporters to study together with an overview of the currently available toolkit is presented. A perspective on when to conduct studies with various hepatic transporters is also provided together with structural "alerts" which should prompt early investigation. EXPERT OPINION Great progress has been made in individual laboratories and via consortia to understand the role of drug transporters in disease, drug disposition, drug-drug interactions and toxicity. A systematic analysis of the value posed by the available approaches and an inter-lab comparison now seems warranted. The emerging ability to use physico-chemical properties to guide future screening cascades promises to revolutionise the efficiency of early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P Barton
- b School of Life Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - M G Soars
- c Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Wallingford , CT , USA
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40
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Yang X, Atkinson K, Di L. Novel Cytochrome P450 Reaction Phenotyping for Low-Clearance Compounds Using the Hepatocyte Relay Method. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:460-5. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Montelukast Disposition: No Indication of Transporter-Mediated Uptake in OATP2B1 and OATP1B1 Expressing HEK293 Cells. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:554-64. [PMID: 26694455 PMCID: PMC4695834 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies with montelukast show variability in effect and polymorphic OATP2B1-dependent absorption has previously been implicated as a possible cause. This claim has been challenged with conflicting data and here we used OATP2B1-transfected HEK293 cells to clarify the mechanisms involved. For montelukast, no significant difference in cell uptake between HEK-OATP2B1 and empty vector cell lines was observed at pH 6.5 or pH 7.4, and no concentration-dependent uptake was detected. Montelukast is a carboxylic acid, a relatively potent inhibitor of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1, and has previously been postulated to be actively transported into human hepatocytes. Using OATP1B1-transfected HEK293 cells and primary human hepatocytes in the presence of OATP inhibitors we demonstrate for the first time that active OATP-dependent transport is unlikely to play a significant role in the human disposition of montelukast.
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Mosure KW, Knipe JO, Browning M, Arora V, Shu YZ, Phillip T, Mcphee F, Scola P, Balakrishnan A, Soars MG, Santone K, Sinz M. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro Metabolism of Asunaprevir (BMS-650032), a Potent Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease Inhibitor. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2813-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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43
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Predicting Clearance Mechanism in Drug Discovery: Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS). Pharm Res 2015; 32:3785-802. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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44
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Takahashi N, Izuchi T. Characterisation of liver-specific distribution of a novel 1-benzyl-4-aminoindole-based thyroid hormone receptor β agonist, SKL-13784: comparison with GC-1. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:108-16. [PMID: 26075834 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1052862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. SKL-13784, a novel series of 1-benzyl-4-aminoindole-based thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ)-selective agonists, showed higher liver selectivity than GC-1 and was poorly distributed in the heart and brain. We aimed to clarify the mechanism of liver selectivity of SKL-13784 through a comparative study with GC-1. 2. Media-loss assays using fresh rat hepatocytes showed that the Oatp family may have been involved in liver uptake for both compounds and that SKL-13784 was more efficiently taken up than GC-1. 3. In addition, the media-loss assay results showed that hepatic uptake was important in eliminating both compounds in rats. 4. The low passive permeability of SKL-13784 on the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) contributed to the limited distribution of SKL-13784 into extrahepatocytes. 5. Biliary extraction was a major route of SKL-13784 and GC-1 disposition. SKL-13784 was excreted into bile unchanged and in its glucuronide form, whereas almost all GC-1 in bile was in its glucuronide form. In bile duct-cannulated rats, a 4.3-fold decrease in t1/2 of SKL-13784 was observed, implicating enterohepatic biliary recirculation. 6. The selective distribution of SKL-13784 in the liver was largely due to efficient uptake via hepatic transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takahashi
- a Drug Discovery Laboratories , Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd. , Mie , Japan
| | - Tohru Izuchi
- a Drug Discovery Laboratories , Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd. , Mie , Japan
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45
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Degorce SL, Bailey A, Callis R, De Savi C, Ducray R, Lamont G, MacFaul P, Maudet M, Martin S, Morgentin R, Norman RA, Peru A, Pink JH, Plé PA, Roberts B, Scott JS. Investigation of (E)-3-[4-(2-Oxo-3-aryl-chromen-4-yl)oxyphenyl]acrylic Acids as Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Down-Regulators. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3522-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien L. Degorce
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Andrew Bailey
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena Callis
- Discovery
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Chris De Savi
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ducray
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Gillian Lamont
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Philip MacFaul
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Mickael Maudet
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Scott Martin
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Rémy Morgentin
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Richard A. Norman
- Discovery
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélien Peru
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Jennifer H. Pink
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A. Plé
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Bryan Roberts
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - James S. Scott
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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46
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Austin RP, Bennion C, Bonnert RV, Cheema L, Cook AR, Cox RJ, Ebden MR, Gaw A, Grime K, Meghani P, Nicholls D, Phillips C, Smith N, Steele J, Stonehouse JP. Discovery and evaluation of a novel monocyclic series of CXCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1616-20. [PMID: 25708618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antagonism of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 has been proposed as a strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Earlier series of bicyclic CXCR2 antagonists discovered at AstraZeneca were shown to have low solubility and poor oral bioavailability. In this Letter we describe the design, synthesis and characterisation of a new series of monocyclic CXCR2 antagonists with improved solubility and good pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert P Austin
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Colin Bennion
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Roger V Bonnert
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Lal Cheema
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Anthony R Cook
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Rhona J Cox
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Mark R Ebden
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Alasdair Gaw
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Ken Grime
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Premji Meghani
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - David Nicholls
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Caroline Phillips
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Neal Smith
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - John Steele
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey P Stonehouse
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
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47
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Kosaka K, Watanabe T, Susukida T, Aoki S, Sekine S, Kume T, Ito K. Key determinants of the circulatory exposure of organic anions: differences in hepatic uptake between multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2)-deficient rats and wild-type rats. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:556-62. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.997820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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48
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Practical permeability-based hepatic clearance classification system (HepCCS) in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1995-2012. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of liver microsomes and hepatocytes to predict total in vivo clearance is standard practice in the pharmaceutical industry; however, metabolic stability data alone cannot always predict in vivo clearance accurately. Results: Apparent permeability generated from Mardin–Darby canine kidney cells and rat hepatocyte uptake for 33 discovery compounds were obtained. Conclusion: When there is underprediction of in vivo clearance, compounds with low apparent permeability (less than 3 × 10-6 cm/s) all exhibited hepatic uptake. A systematic approach in the form of a classification system (hepatic clearance classification system) and decision tree that will help drug discovery scientists understand in vitro–in vivo clearance prediction disconnect early is proposed.
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49
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Galetin A. Rationalizing underprediction of drug clearance from enzyme and transporter kinetic data: from in vitro tools to mechanistic modeling. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1113:255-88. [PMID: 24523117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-758-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, there has been an increase in the number and quality of available in vitro tools for the assessment of clearance. Complexity of data analysis and modelling of corresponding in vitro data has increased in an analogous manner, in particular for the simultaneous characterization of transporter and metabolism kinetics, together with intracellular binding and passive diffusion. In the current chapter, the impact of different factors on the in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of clearance will be addressed in a stepwise manner, from the selection of the most adequate in vitro system and experimental design/condition to the corresponding modelling of data generated. The application of static or physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in the prediction of clearance will be discussed, highlighting limitations and current challenges of some of the approaches. Particular focus will be on the ability of in vitro and in silico predictive tools to overcome the trend of clearance underprediction. Improvements made as a result of inclusion of extrahepatic metabolism and consideration of transporter-metabolism interplay across different organs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Galetin
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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50
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Choi K, Pfund WP, Andersen ME, Thomas RS, Clewell HJ, LeCluyse EL. Development of 3D Dynamic Flow Model of Human Liver and Its Application to Prediction of Metabolic Clearance of 7-Ethoxycoumarin. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:641-51. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungju Choi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Harvey J. Clewell
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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