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Cho H, Huh KM, Cho HJ, Kim B, Shim MS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kwon YJ, Kang HC. Beyond nanoparticle-based oral drug delivery: transporter-mediated absorption and disease targeting. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3045-3067. [PMID: 38712883 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Various strategies at the microscale/nanoscale have been developed to improve oral absorption of therapeutics. Among them, gastrointestinal (GI)-transporter/receptor-mediated nanosized drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have drawn attention due to their many benefits, such as improved water solubility, improved chemical/physical stability, improved oral absorption, and improved targetability of their payloads. Their therapeutic potential in disease animal models (e.g., solid tumors, virus-infected lungs, metastasis, diabetes, and so on) has been investigated, and could be expanded to disease targeting after systemic/lymphatic circulation, although the detailed paths and mechanisms of endocytosis, endosomal escape, intracellular trafficking, and exocytosis through the epithelial cell lining in the GI tract are still unclear. Thus, this review summarizes and discusses potential GI transporters/receptors, their absorption and distribution, in vivo studies, and potential sequential targeting (e.g., oral absorption and disease targeting in organs/tissues).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bogeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
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Wan D, Li Y, Li G, Wu X, Zhang D, Shu X. Dietary supplementation with N-carbamylglycinate (CGly) improved feed source proline absorption and reproductive performance in sows. Food Funct 2021; 11:3126-3133. [PMID: 32202265 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01940e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient requirements are increased in the late-gestation period due to the faster growth of the foetal-placental unit and maternal erythrocyte mass. Glycine, proline and arginine are important amino acids that could improve foetal growth and development. The present study aims to investigate the effects of a derivative of glycine (N-carbamylglycinate, CGly) on the amino acid profiles and reproductive performances of late gestation sows. Thirty-two multiparous gestating sows (∼d 80) were selected, and randomly assigned into two groups: (1) control and (2) treatment (CGly, 800 mg kg-1) from day 85 of gestation to parturition. The serum amino acid profiles at day 110 of gestation and reproductive performance were investigated. The results showed that dietary supplementation of CGly in the late gestation period significantly improved the levels of glycine (p < 0.05) and proline (p < 0.01) in the serum of the perinatal sows, and thereafter improved the litter birth weights (p < 0.05) and number born alive (p < 0.1). Based on the in vitro studies, the improvement of proline levels is probably due to the induced expression of SLC6A20 and SLC38A2. Further studies should focus on the details of amino acid absorption, especially the competitive and cooperative absorption processes for different amino acids and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China. and Academician workstation of Shaoguan Jinpingguo Feeds Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 512027, China
| | - YiKun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.
| | - GuanYa Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China. and Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China and Academician workstation of Shaoguan Jinpingguo Feeds Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 512027, China
| | - DongMing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China. and Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - XuGang Shu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
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Hao J, Chen Q. Insights into the Structural Aspects of the mGlu Receptor Orthosteric Binding Site. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2421-2446. [PMID: 31660833 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191011094935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The amino terminal domain (ATD) of the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors contains the orthosteric glutamate recognition site, which is highly conserved across the eight mGlu receptor subtypes. In total, 29 X-ray crystal structures of the mGlu ATD proteins have been reported to date. These structures span across 3 subgroups and 6 subtypes, and include apo, agonist- and antagonist-bound structures. We will discuss the insights gained from the analysis of these structures with the focus on the interactions contributing to the observed group and subtype selectivity for select agonists. Furthermore, we will define the full expanded orthosteric ligand binding pocket (LBP) of the mGlu receptors, and discuss the macroscopic features of the mGlu ATD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Hao
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Qi Chen
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
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Jiang Q, Zhang J, Tong P, Gao Y, Lv Y, Wang C, Luo M, Sun M, Wang J, Feng Y, Cao L, Wang G, Wang Y, Kan Q, Zhang T, Wang Y, Liu K, Sun J, He Z. Bioactivatable Pseudotripeptidization of Cyclic Dipeptides To Increase the Affinity toward Oligopeptide Transporter 1 for Enhanced Oral Absorption: An Application to Cyclo(l-Hyp-l-Ser) (JBP485). J Med Chem 2019; 62:7708-7721. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiangnan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | | | | | | | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | | | | | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linlin Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi 530001, China
| | | | | | | | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Sun Y, Gan W, Lei M, Jiang W, Cheng M, He J, Sun Q, Liu W, Hu L, Jin Y. PEPT1-mediated prodrug strategy for oral delivery of peramivir. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:555-565. [PMID: 32104429 PMCID: PMC7032255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peramivir was a novel and highly potent neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor for the treatment of influenza A and B. However, it exhibited a very low oral bioavailability (only 3%) due to the high polarity (log P of -1.4) and the low membrane permeability across the intestine. To utilize the PEPT1-mediated prodrug strategy to improve the oral absorption and develop the oral alternative, seven amino acid ester prodrugs and seven amino acid amide prodrugs have been synthesized. The permeability of these prodrugs across Caco-2 cells were screened. Peramivr-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile were of the highest permeability in ester prodrugs and amide prodrugs, respectively, and then they were selected for further studies. Glycylsarcosine (gly-sar) uptake by Caco-2 could be inbihited by Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile in a concentration-dependent manner, and the IC50 was 1.34 ± 0.31 mM and 1.78 ± 0.48 mM, respectively. The direct uptake of Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile in MDCK-PEPT1 cells were significantly higher than in MDCK mock cells, and could be markedly inhibited by gly-sar. The uptake of Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile (0.01 to 50 mM) in MDCK-hPEPT1 cells conformed to Michaelis-Menten Equation. The oral bioavailability of peramivir was 65.3% and 37.3% after the oral administration of Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile to rats, respectively. The oral absorption and bioactivation of Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val was rapid and extensive, and no Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val was found in plasma. Because the amide bond was relatively stable, Peramivir-l-Ile could not be totally converted to the parent drug in vivo. Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val with good oral profiles and rapid bioactivation might be a promising prodrug for the further clinic development. The present study also corroborated the idea that the PEPT1-mediated prodrug approach has enormous promise for improving the oral absorption of poorly absorbed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wei Gan
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Mingdao Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, NO 318 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330001, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Junwei He
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wan Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lvjiang Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO 445 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
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Rautio J, Meanwell NA, Di L, Hageman MJ. The expanding role of prodrugs in contemporary drug design and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:559-587. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Monn JA, Henry SS, Massey SM, Clawson DK, Chen Q, Diseroad BA, Bhardwaj RM, Atwell S, Lu F, Wang J, Russell M, Heinz BA, Wang XS, Carter JH, Getman BG, Adragni K, Broad LM, Sanger HE, Ursu D, Catlow JT, Swanson S, Johnson BG, Shaw DB, McKinzie DL, Hao J. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C4 β-Amide-Substituted 2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylates. Identification of (1 S,2 S,4 S,5 R,6 S)-2-Amino-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid (LY2794193), a Highly Potent and Selective mGlu 3 Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2303-2328. [PMID: 29350927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple therapeutic opportunities have been suggested for compounds capable of selective activation of metabotropic glutamate 3 (mGlu3) receptors, but small molecule tools are lacking. As part of our ongoing efforts to identify potent, selective, and systemically bioavailable agonists for mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor subtypes, a series of C4β-N-linked variants of (1 S,2 S,5 R,6 S)-2-amino-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 1 (LY354740) were prepared and evaluated for both mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor binding affinity and functional cellular responses. From this investigation we identified (1 S,2 S,4 S,5 R,6 S)-2-amino-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 8p (LY2794193), a molecule that demonstrates remarkable mGlu3 receptor selectivity. Crystallization of 8p with the amino terminal domain of hmGlu3 revealed critical binding interactions for this ligand with residues adjacent to the glutamate binding site, while pharmacokinetic assessment of 8p combined with its effect in an mGlu2 receptor-dependent behavioral model provides estimates for doses of this compound that would be expected to selectively engage and activate central mGlu3 receptors in vivo.
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Gaudette F, Hamadjida A, Bédard D, Nuara SG, Beaudry F, Huot P. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify LY‐354,740 in rat and marmoset plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:392-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Khan SG, Klettas D, Kapetanakis S, Monaghan MJ. Clinical utility of speckle-tracking echocardiography in cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Echo Res Pract 2016; 3:R1-R11. [PMID: 27249816 PMCID: PMC5402657 DOI: 10.1530/erp-15-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) can profoundly improve outcome in selected patients with heart failure; however, response is difficult to predict and can be absent in up to one in three patients. There has been a substantial amount of interest in the echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony, with the ultimate aim of reliably identifying patients who will respond to CRT. The measurement of myocardial deformation (strain) has conventionally been assessed using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), which is limited by its angle dependence and ability to measure in a single plane. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is a technique that provides measurements of strain in three planes, by tracking patterns of ultrasound interference ('speckles') in the myocardial wall throughout the cardiac cycle. Since its initial use over 15 years ago, it has emerged as a tool that provides more robust, reproducible and sensitive markers of dyssynchrony than TDI. This article reviews the use of two-dimensional and three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in the assessment of dyssynchrony, including the identification of echocardiographic parameters that may hold predictive potential for the response to CRT. It also reviews the application of these techniques in guiding optimal LV lead placement pre-implant, with promising results in clinical improvement post-CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara G Khan
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, UK Department of Cardiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mark J Monaghan
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, UK Department of Cardiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Feng D, Liu J, Liang S, Wang Y, Xu Y. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Synthesis and biological evaluation of entecavir 4′-ester derivatives. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-4183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Witkin JM, Ornstein PL, Mitch CH, Li R, Smith SC, Heinz BA, Wang XS, Xiang C, Carter JH, Anderson WH, Li X, Broad LM, Pasqui F, Fitzjohn SM, Sanger HE, Smith JL, Catlow J, Swanson S, Monn JA. In vitro pharmacological and rat pharmacokinetic characterization of LY3020371, a potent and selective mGlu 2/3 receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology 2015; 115:100-114. [PMID: 26748052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptors are of considerable interest owing to their role in modulating glutamate transmission via presynaptic, postsynaptic and glial mechanisms. As part of our ongoing efforts to identify novel ligands for these receptors, we have discovered (1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfanylmethyl]-4-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; (LY3020371), a potent and selective orthosteric mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist. In this account, we characterize the effects of LY3020371 in membranes and cells expressing human recombinant mGlu receptor subtypes as well as in native rodent and human brain tissue preparations, providing important translational information for this molecule. In membranes from cells expressing recombinant human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor subtypes, LY3020371.HCl competitively displaced binding of the mGlu2/3 agonist ligand [3H]-459477 with high affinity (hmGlu2 Ki = 5.26 nM; hmGlu3 Ki = 2.50 nM). In cells expressing hmGlu2 receptors, LY3020371.HCl potently blocked mGlu2/3 agonist (DCG-IV)-inhibited, forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation (IC50 = 16.2 nM), an effect that was similarly observed in hmGlu3-expressing cells (IC50 = 6.21 nM). Evaluation of LY3020371 in cells expressing the other human mGlu receptor subtypes revealed high mGlu2/3 receptor selectivity. In rat native tissue assays, LY3020371 demonstrated effective displacement of [3H]-459477 from frontal cortical membranes (Ki = 33 nM), and functional antagonist activity in cortical synaptosomes measuring both the reversal of agonist-suppressed second messenger production (IC50 = 29 nM) and agonist-inhibited, K+-evoked glutamate release (IC50 = 86 nM). Antagonism was fully recapitulated in both primary cultured cortical neurons where LY3020371 blocked agonist-suppressed spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations (IC50 = 34 nM) and in an intact hippocampal slice preparation (IC50 = 46 nM). Functional antagonist activity was similarly demonstrated in synaptosomes prepared from epileptic human cortical or hippocampal tissues, suggesting a translation of the mGlu2/3 antagonist pharmacology from rat to human. Intravenous dosing of LY3020371 in rats led to cerebrospinal fluid drug levels that are expected to effectively block mGlu2/3 receptors in vivo. Taken together, these results establish LY3020371 as an important new pharmacological tool for studying mGlu2/3 receptors in vitro and in vivo. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Paul L Ornstein
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Charles H Mitch
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Renhua Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Stephon C Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Beverly A Heinz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xu-Shan Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Chuanxi Xiang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Joan H Carter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Wesley H Anderson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Catlow
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Steven Swanson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - James A Monn
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Annes WF, Long A, Witcher JW, Ayan-Oshodi MA, Knadler MP, Zhang W, Mitchell MI, Cornelissen K, Hall SD. Relative contributions of presystemic and systemic peptidases to oral exposure of a novel metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist (LY404039) after oral administration of prodrug pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023). J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:207-14. [PMID: 25382826 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023) is the prodrug of a novel metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist (LY404039) being investigated for the treatment of schizophrenia. Using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and an intravenous (i.v.) radiolabeled tracer approach, the absolute bioavailability of the prodrug and the extent of its conversion to active moiety (LY404039) were estimated at presystemic (intestinal/first pass) and systemic sites after simultaneous oral and i.v. dosing in healthy subjects. The mean absolute bioavailability of prodrug (80 mg oral) was 0.68. On the basis of these data and a previous radiolabeled mass balance study in which no prodrug was recovered in feces, we concluded that 0.32 of the dose is converted to active drug in the intestinal tract. The fraction of prodrug converted to active moiety was approximately 1, indicating complete conversion of the prodrug that reaches the systemic circulation to the active moiety. Prodrug (80 mg oral and 100 μg i.v.) and active moiety (100 μg i.v.) were well tolerated in healthy subjects. Thus, the absolute bioavailability of prodrug LY2140023 and the fraction converted presystemically and systemically to active moiety LY404039 were estimated simultaneously using radiolabeled tracer microdosing and AMS.
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Wierońska JM, Pilc A. Glutamate-based anxiolytic ligands in clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1007-22. [PMID: 23718208 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.803066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With regard to anxiety, the role of the balance between glutamatergic and GABAergic systems was pursued for many years. The majority of drugs used presently as effective anxiolytics enhance the GABAergic system activity, thus increasing inhibition within the central nervous system (CNS). On the other hand, decreasing the activity of glutamatergic neurotransmission may attenuate excitation in the CNS, thus resulting in anxiolysis. AREAS COVERED The present review focuses on clinical data of well-known and recently discovered glutamatergic and, to a lesser extent, GABAergic agents, which reached at least the Phase II criteria. EXPERT OPINION A variety of glutamatergic agents active at both N-acetylo-D-asparaginian and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have been tested in humans to examine their potential anxiolytic activity. Many compounds acting on the glutamatergic system and approved for the treatment of other disorders than anxiety were shown to exert anxiolytic effects in clinical trials. Those are mainly voltage-dependent ion channel ligands as well as d-cycloserin and memantine. Also, ligands active at mGlu receptors, such as fenobam and LY354740, exhibited activity in controlled clinical trials. However, relatively few trials are found on the agents that are focused on GABAergic neurotransmission. Therefore, it seems that glutamatergic system may become a novel target for modern and effective anxiolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Saaby L, Nielsen C, Steffansen B, Larsen S, Brodin B. Current status of rational design of prodrugs targeting the intestinal di/tri-peptide transporter hPEPT1 (SLC15A1). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cao F, Jia J, Yin Z, Gao Y, Sha L, Lai Y, Ping Q, Zhang Y. Ethylene Glycol-Linked Amino Acid Diester Prodrugs of Oleanolic Acid for PepT1-Mediated Transport: Synthesis, Intestinal Permeability and Pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2127-35. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200447r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinghao Jia
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Yin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yahan Gao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sha
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qineng Ping
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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16
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Warren MS, Rautio J. Prodrugs Designed to Target Transporters for Oral Drug Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633166.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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17
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Yan Z, Sun J, Chang Y, Liu Y, Fu Q, Xu Y, Sun Y, Pu X, Zhang Y, Jing Y, Yin S, Zhu M, Wang Y, He Z. Bifunctional Peptidomimetic Prodrugs of Didanosine for Improved Intestinal Permeability and Enhanced Acidic Stability: Synthesis, Transepithelial Transport, Chemical Stability and Pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:319-29. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100376q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtian Yan
- Beijing Winsunny Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Beijing, 101113, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongkui Jing
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, United States
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18
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Targeting drug transporters - combining in silico and in vitro approaches to predict in vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 637:65-103. [PMID: 20419430 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-700-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporter proteins are expressed throughout the human body in different vital organs. They play an important role to various extents in determining absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/Tox) properties of therapeutic molecules. Over the past decade, numerous drug transporters have been cloned and considerable progress has been made toward understanding the molecular characteristics of individual transporters. In this chapter several in vitro and in silico techniques are described with applications to understand transporter behavior. These include employing new techniques to rapidly identify novel ligands for transporters. Ultimately these methods should lead to a greater overall appreciation of the role of transporters in vivo.
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19
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Eriksson AH, Varma MVS, Perkins EJ, Zimmerman CL. The intestinal absorption of a prodrug of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 is mediated by PEPT1: in situ rat intestinal perfusion studies. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1574-81. [PMID: 19780137 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
LY354740 is a potent mGlu2/3 agonist with a limited oral bioavailability. Its alanyl prodrug, LY544344, showed high affinity to the intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1, and improved the oral bioavailability of LY354740 in various animal models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of in vivo absorption of the dipeptidic prodrug LY544344. The permeabilities of LY544344 and LY354740 were examined in the rat in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model. The intestinal absorptive flux of LY354740 was shown to be very low in comparison with LY544344. The absorptive flux of LY544344 could best be described by a Michaelis-Menten process in parallel with a linear process. The estimated parameters were: J(max) = 26.7 x 10(-5) micromol/(cm(2)-s), K(m) = 2.6 mM. The absorptive permeability of LY544344 was reduced to approximately 5% of control in the presence of excess Gly-Sar, a known PEPT1 substrate. Intracellular accumulation of LY354740 and LY544344, estimated postperfusion, showed high levels of LY354740 over LY544344 at all perfusate concentrations studied. However, there was a decline in the intracellular ratio of LY354740 to LY544344 at higher concentrations, suggesting that the metabolic activation to release LY354740 is saturable.
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Affiliation(s)
- André H Eriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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20
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Rautio J, Leppänen J, Lehtonen M, Laine K, Koskinen M, Pystynen J, Savolainen J, Sairanen M. Design, synthesis and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of orally bioavailable prodrugs of a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2614-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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22
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Foley D, Pieri M, Pettecrew R, Price R, Miles S, Lam HK, Bailey P, Meredith D. The in vitro transport of model thiodipeptide prodrugs designed to target the intestinal oligopeptide transporter, PepT1. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3652-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b909221h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Sun Y, Sun J, Shi S, Jing Y, Yin S, Chen Y, Li G, Xu Y, He Z. Synthesis, Transport and Pharmacokinetics of 5′-Amino Acid Ester Prodrugs of 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosylcytosine. Mol Pharm 2008; 6:315-25. [DOI: 10.1021/mp800200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Sun
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shiliang Shi
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongkui Jing
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shiliang Yin
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Gang Li
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Youjun Xu
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
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Varma MVS, Eriksson AH, Sawada G, Pak YA, Perkins EJ, Zimmerman CL. Transepithelial Transport of the Group II Metabotropic Glutamate 2/3 Receptor Agonist (1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate (LY354740) and Its Prodrug (1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-[(2′S)-(2′-Amino)propionyl]aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate (LY544344). Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:211-20. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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