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Cazanga V, Riquelme J, Cornejo D, Jeldres JA, Palma C, Pérez-Fernández R. Influence of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia on plasma and tissue disposition of florfenicol after intramuscular administration in rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2024; 170:105187. [PMID: 38422840 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
To assess the effects of the acute inflammatory response (AIR) induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on plasma and tissue disposition of florfenicol (FFC) and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFC-a), after its intramuscular (IM) administration, twenty-two New Zealand rabbits were randomly distributed in two experimental groups: Group 1 (LPS) was treated with three intravenous doses of 2 μg LPS/kg bw, before an intramuscular dose of 20 mg/kg FFC twenty-four h after the first LPS or SS injection; Group 2 (Control) was treated with saline solution (SS) in equivalent volumes as LPS-treated group. Blood samples were collected before (T0) and at different times after FFC administration. Acute inflammatory response was assessed in a parallel study where significant increases in body temperature, C-reactive protein concentrations and leukopenia were observed in the group treated with LPS. In another two groups of rabbits, 4 h after FFC treatment, rabbits were euthanized and tissue samples were collected for analysis of FFC and FFC-a concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters of FFC that showed significantly higher values in LPS-treated rabbits compared with control rabbits were absorption half-life, area under the curve, mean residence time and clearance /F (Cl/F). Elimination half-life and mean residence time of FFC-a were significantly higher in LPS-treated rabbits, whereas the metabolite ratio of FFC-a decreased significantly. Significant differences in tissue distribution of FFC and FFC-a were observed in rabbits treated with LPS. Modifications in plasma and tissue disposition of FFC and FFC-a were attributed mainly to haemodynamic modifications induced by the AIR through LPS administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cazanga
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile.
| | - José Riquelme
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Diego Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Jessie-Ana Jeldres
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Cristina Palma
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Rubén Pérez-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile.
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Rakonjac N, van der Zee SEATM, Wipfler L, Roex E, Kros H. Emission estimation and prioritization of veterinary pharmaceuticals in manure slurries applied to soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152938. [PMID: 35016945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary pharmaceuticals (VPs) are emitted into the environment and transfer to groundwater and surface water is diffuse and complex, whereas actual information on the fate is frequently limited. For 17 VPs of potential concern in the Netherlands, we assessed sources and emission due to animal slurry applications to soil. Hence, we examined the use of VPs in four livestock sectors in the Netherlands for 2015-2018, and quantified animal excretion rates and dissipation during slurry storage. For almost all VPs, administrated quantities to the animals during the period 2015-2018 decreased. VP concentrations during a storage period of six months could decrease between 10 and 98% depending on the compound. Predicted concentrations of VPs in slurries after storage compared well with measured concentrations in the literature. Based on the storage model outcomes, we developed a residue indicator, that quantifies the potential for residues in applied slurry. This indicator agrees well with the most frequently detected VPs in the Dutch slurries, and is therefore useful to prioritize measures aiming at reducing VP emissions into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Rakonjac
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Louise Wipfler
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin Roex
- Ministry of Defence, Doorn, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Kros
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Time of dissociation between microcirculation, macrocirculation, and lactate levels in a rabbit model of early endotoxemic shock. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:2153-2160. [PMID: 32826608 PMCID: PMC7508437 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between macrocirculation and microcirculation remains controversial. The loss of coherence between microcirculation and macrocirculation has already been found in late-stage sepsis shock. The objective of this study was to determine the earliest possible time of detecting the loss of coherence between microcirculation and macrocirculation in early-stage endotoxemic shock. Methods We randomized 24 female New Zealand white rabbits into two groups: endotoxemic shock group (n = 14) and control group (n = 10). Rabbits in the endotoxemic shock group were equipped with arterial and venous catheters and received an intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg over 10 min). Rabbits in the control group received the same dose of saline infusion. Microcirculatory perfusion parameters were assessed in the sublingual mucosa using sidestream dark-field video microscopy. Systemic hemodynamics and blood lactate levels were measured at baseline and over a 120-min period. Results Ninety minutes after completing LPS infusion, all animals in the endotoxemic shock group developed a hypodynamic septic condition, characterized by low cardiac output and increased systemic vascular resistance; 120 min after completing LPS infusion, the mean arterial pressure decreased by 25% (P = 0.01), confirming ongoing endotoxemic shock. However, significant decreases in sublingual microcirculatory parameters of small vessels (microvascular flow index, perfused vessel density, and proportion of small perfused vessels) were observed 30 min after completing LPS infusion (P = 0.01, for all), and threshold decreases of 30% were found 60 min after completing LPS infusion (P = 0.001, for all) in the endotoxemic shock group. Lactate levels significantly increased to more than 2 mm/L at 90 min and more than 4 mm/L at 120 min in the endotoxemic shock group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively). Conclusions Changes in microcirculatory perfusion precede changes in macrocirculation and lactate levels in a rabbit model of endotoxemia shock. Microcirculation, macrocirculation, and oxygen metabolism are distinct in early-stage endotoxic shock.
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Bovine Respiratory Disease Treatment Failure: Impact and Potential Causes. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:487-496. [PMID: 32451037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is often attributed to complex interactions between the host, pathogen, and the environment. Likewise, many BRD treatment failures result from interactions between the host, pathogen, environment, drug, and drug administrator. Investigating and addressing the underlying causes of BRD treatment failures can improve clinical outcomes and animal welfare of future cases, improve morale of employees, reduce direct costs of dealing with BRD treatment failures, refine antimicrobial prescribing practices, and advance antimicrobial stewardship. This article discusses these interactions and provides guidance to veterinary practitioners on evaluating the success of treatment protocols.
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Martinez MN, Greene J, Kenna L, Kissell L, Kuhn M. The Impact of Infection and Inflammation on Drug Metabolism, Active Transport, and Systemic Drug Concentrations in Veterinary Species. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:631-644. [PMID: 32503881 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within human medicine, it is recognized that the pharmacokinetics (PK) of many compounds can be altered by the presence of inflammation or infection. Research into the reason for these changes has identified pathways that can influence drug absorption, clearance, and tissue distribution. In contrast, far less is known about these relationships within the framework of veterinary medicine. Rather, most of the PK data generated in veterinary species employs healthy subjects, raising the question of whether these studies are founded on an assumption that healthy animal PK reflect that of the diseased animal population. Accordingly, there is a need to explore the PK changes that might be overlooked in studies that recruit only healthy animals to assesses drug PK. To meet this objective, we surveyed the published literature for studies focusing on the impact of disease on the dose-exposure relationships in food-producing and companion animal species. We found that, consistent with humans and laboratory species, both up- and downregulation of the various cytochrome isoenzymes and/or transporters have occurred in response to an increase in inflammatory mediators. These findings suggest that, as observed in human medicine, the potential for differences in the drug PK in healthy versus animal patients points to a need for acquiring a greater understanding of these changes and how they may influence the dose-exposure-response relationships of veterinary pharmaceuticals. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review delivers a much-needed summary of published information that provides insights into how disease and inflammation can influence the appropriateness of extrapolating laboratory-based dose-exposure-response relationships to what will occur in the actual veterinary patient. As part of this review, we also examine some of the method-associated issues to be considered when assessing the reported nature and magnitude of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, Maryland (M.N.M., J.G., L.Ke., L.Ki.) and Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan (M.K.)
| | - Jonathan Greene
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, Maryland (M.N.M., J.G., L.Ke., L.Ki.) and Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan (M.K.)
| | - Leslie Kenna
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, Maryland (M.N.M., J.G., L.Ke., L.Ki.) and Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan (M.K.)
| | - Lindsey Kissell
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, Maryland (M.N.M., J.G., L.Ke., L.Ki.) and Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan (M.K.)
| | - Matt Kuhn
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, Maryland (M.N.M., J.G., L.Ke., L.Ki.) and Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan (M.K.)
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Coskun D, Corum O, Yazar E. Effect of supportive therapy on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous marbofloxacin in endotoxemic sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:288-296. [PMID: 32133667 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the influences of supportive therapy (ST) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of marbofloxacin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemic sheep. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of marbofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The study was performed using a three-period cross PK design following a 15-day washout period. In the first period, marbofloxacin (10 mg/kg) was administered by an intravenous (IV) injection. In the second and third periods, marbofloxacin was co-administered with ST (lactated ringer + 5% dextrose + 0.45% sodium chloride, IV, 20 ml/kg, dexamethasone 0.5 mg/kg, SC) and ST + LPS (E. coli O55:B5, 10 µg/kg), respectively. Plasma marbofloxacin concentration was measured using HPLC-UV. Following IV administration of marbofloxacin alone, the t 1 / 2 λ z , AUC0-∞ , ClT , and Vdss were 2.87 hr, 34.73 hr × µg/ml, 0.29 L hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.87 L/kg, respectively. While no change was found in the MBX + ST group in terms of the PK parameters of marbofloxacin, it was determined that the ClT of marbofloxacin decreased, AUC0-∞ increased, and t 1 / 2 λ z and MRT prolonged in the MBX + ST + LPS group. MIC values of marbofloxacin were 0.031 to >16 µg/ml for E. coli, 0.016 to >16 µg/ml for M. haemolytica, 0.016-1 µg/ml for P. multocida, 0.016-0.25 µg/ml for K. pneumoniae, 0.031-0.063 µg/ml for Salmonella spp., and 0.031-1 µg/ml for S. aureus. The study results show the necessity to make a dose adjustment of marbofloxacin following concomitant administration of ST in endotoxemic sheep. Also, the PK and pharmacodynamic effect of marbofloxacin needs to be determined in naturally infected septicemic sheep following concomitant administration of single and ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Enver Yazar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Luo W, Chen D, Wu M, Li Z, Tao Y, Liu Q, Pan Y, Qu W, Yuan Z, Xie S. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics models of veterinary antimicrobial agents. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e40. [PMID: 31565887 PMCID: PMC6769327 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Misuse and abuse of veterinary antimicrobial agents have led to an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, clinical treatment failure, and drug residues. To address these problems, consistent and appropriate dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are needed. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) models have been widely used to establish rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents that can achieve effective prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases and avoid the development of bacterial resistance. This review introduces building methods for PK/PD models and describes current PK/PD research progress toward rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents. Finally, the challenges and prospects of PK/PD models in the design of dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are reviewed. This review will help to increase awareness of PK/PD modeling among veterinarians and hopefully promote its development and future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhe Luo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mengru Wu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhenxia Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Riquelme J, Cazanga V, Jeldres J, Pérez R. Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in sheep following pretreatment with Escherichia coli endotoxin. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:755-759. [PMID: 29889311 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The comparative pharmacokinetics of ivermectin (IVM), between healthy and in Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) injected sheep, was investigated after an intravenous (IV) administration of a single dose of 0.2 mg/kg. Ten Suffolk Down sheep, 55 ± 3.3 kg, were distributed in two experimental groups: Group 1 (LPS): treated with three doses of 1 μg LPS/kg bw at -24, -16, and -0.75 hr before IVM; group 2 (Control): treated with saline solution (SS). An IV dose of 0.2 mg IVM/kg was administered 45 min after the last injection of LPS or SS. Plasma concentrations of IVM were determined by liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on non-compartmental modeling. In healthy sheep, the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: elimination half-life (2.85 days), mean residence time (MRT) (2.27 days), area under the plasma concentration curve over time (AUC, 117.4 ng day-1 ml-1 ), volume of distribution (875.6 ml/kg), and clearance (187.1 ml/day). No statistically significant differences were observed when compared with the results obtained from the group of sheep treated with LPS. It is concluded that the acute inflammatory response (AIR) induced by the intravenous administration of E. coli LPS in adult sheep produced no changes in plasma concentrations or in the pharmacokinetic behavior of IVM, when it is administered intravenously at therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Riquelme
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - V Cazanga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - J Jeldres
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - R Pérez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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Using In Vitro Dynamic Models To Evaluate Fluoroquinolone Activity against Emergence of Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01756-16. [PMID: 27895011 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01756-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices of fluoroquinolones that minimize the emergence of resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium) using in vitro dynamic models and to establish mechanisms of resistance. Three fluoroquinolones, difloxacin (DIF), enrofloxacin (ENR), and marbofloxacin (MAR), at five dose levels and 3 days of treatment were simulated. Bacterial killing-regrowth kinetics and emergence of resistant bacteria after antibacterial drug exposure were quantified. PK/PD indices associated with different levels of antibacterial activity were computed. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance were determined by analyzing target mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) and by analyzing overexpression of efflux pumps. Maximum losses in susceptibility of fluoroquinolone-exposed S Typhimurium occurred at a simulated AUC/MIC ratio (area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h in the steady state divided by the MIC) of 47 to 71. Target mutations in gyrA (S83F) and overexpression of acrAB-tolC contributed to decreased susceptibility in fluoroquinolone-exposed S Typhimurium. The current data suggest AUC/MIC (AUC/mutant prevention concentration [MPC])-dependent selection of resistant mutants of S Typhimurium, with AUC/MPC ratios of 69 (DIF), 62 (ENR), and 39 (MAR) being protective against selection of resistant mutants. These values could not be achieved in veterinary clinical areas under the current recommended therapeutic doses of the fluoroquinolones, suggesting the need to reassess the current dosing regimen to include both clinical efficacy and minimization of emergence of resistant bacteria.
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Sparks JW, Karriker LA, Day DN, Wulf LW, Zhang J, Stock ML, Bates JL, Gehring R, Coetzee JF. Vaccination mitigates the impact of PRRSv infection on the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:363-369. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Sparks
- Swine Medicine Education Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - L. A. Karriker
- Swine Medicine Education Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - D. N. Day
- Swine Medicine Education Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - L. W. Wulf
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST); College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - J. Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - M. L. Stock
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST); College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - J. L. Bates
- Swine Medicine Education Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - R. Gehring
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS USA
| | - J. F. Coetzee
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST); College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
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Pérez-Fernández R, Cazanga V, Jeldres JA, Silva PP, Riquelme J, Quiroz F, Palma C, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. Plasma and tissue disposition of florfenicol in Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxaemic sheep. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:408-415. [PMID: 27378216 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1195522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of the acute inflammatory response (AIR) induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on florfenicol (FFC) and FFC-amine (FFC-a) plasma and tissue concentrations. 2. Ten Suffolk Down sheep, 60.5 ± 4.7 kg, were distributed into two experimental groups: group 1 (LPS) treated with three intravenous doses of 1 μg/kg bw of LPS at 24, 16, and 0.75 h (45 min) before FFC treatment; group 2 (Control) was treated with saline solution (SS) in parallel to group 1. An IM dose of 20 mg FFC/kg was administered at 0.75 h after the last injection of LPS or SS. Blood and tissue samples were taken after FFC administration. 3. The plasma AUC0-4 h values of FFC were higher (p = 0.0313) in sheep treated with LPS (21.8 ± 2.0 μg·min/mL) compared with the control group (12.8 ± 2.3 μg·min/mL). Lipopolysaccharide injections increased FFC concentrations in kidneys, spleen, and brain. Low levels of plasma FFC-a were observed in control sheep (Cmax = 0.14 ± 0.01 μg/mL) with a metabolite ratio (MR) of 4.0 ± 0.87%. While in the LPS group, Cmax increased slightly (0.25 ± 0.01 μg/mL), and MR decreased to 2.8 ± 0.17%. 4. The changes observed in the plasma and tissue concentrations of FFC were attributed to the pathophysiological effects of LPS on renal hemodynamics that modified tissue distribution and reduced elimination of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Pérez-Fernández
- a Laboratorio de Farmacología , Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción , Chillán , Chile and
| | - Victoria Cazanga
- a Laboratorio de Farmacología , Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción , Chillán , Chile and
| | - Jessie Ana Jeldres
- a Laboratorio de Farmacología , Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción , Chillán , Chile and
| | - Pedro P Silva
- a Laboratorio de Farmacología , Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción , Chillán , Chile and
| | - José Riquelme
- a Laboratorio de Farmacología , Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción , Chillán , Chile and
| | - Fernando Quiroz
- a Laboratorio de Farmacología , Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción , Chillán , Chile and
| | - Cristina Palma
- a Laboratorio de Farmacología , Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción , Chillán , Chile and
| | - Maria D Carretta
- b Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- b Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
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Pérez R, Palma C, Burgos R, Jeldres JA, Espinoza A, Peñailillo AK. The acute phase response induced by Escherichia coli
lipopolysaccharide modifies the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of florfenicol in rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:183-90. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
| | - C. Palma
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
| | - R. Burgos
- Instituto de Farmacología. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - J. A. Jeldres
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
| | - A. Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
| | - A. K. Peñailillo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
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13
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Ramalingam B, Sidhu PK, Kaur G, Venkatachalam D, Rampal S. Mutant prevention concentration, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration, and modeling of enrofloxacin data established in diseased buffalo calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:529-36. [PMID: 25776301 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of enrofloxacin data using mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of enrofloxacin was conducted in febrile buffalo calves to optimize dosage regimen and to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The serum peak concentration (Cmax ), terminal half-life (t1/2 K10) , apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area) /F), and mean residence time (MRT) of enrofloxacin were 1.40 ± 0.27 μg/mL, 7.96 ± 0.86 h, 7.74 ± 1.26 L/kg, and 11.57 ± 1.01 h, respectively, following drug administration at dosage 12 mg/kg by intramuscular route. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration, and MPC of enrofloxacin against Pasteurella multocida were 0.055, 0.060, and 1.45 μg/mL, respectively. Modeling of ex vivo growth inhibition data to the sigmoid Emax equation provided AUC24 h /MIC values to produce effects of bacteriostatic (33 h), bactericidal (39 h), and bacterial eradication (41 h). The estimated daily dosage of enrofloxacin in febrile buffalo calves was 3.5 and 8.4 mg/kg against P. multocida/pathogens having MIC90 ≤0.125 and 0.30 μg/mL, respectively, based on the determined AUC24 h /MIC values by modeling PK/PD data. The lipopolysaccharide-induced fever had no direct effect on the antibacterial activity of the enrofloxacin and alterations in PK of the drug, and its metabolite will be beneficial for its use to treat infectious diseases caused by sensitive pathogens in buffalo species. In addition, in vitro MPC data in conjunction with in vivo PK data indicated that clinically it would be easier to eradicate less susceptible strains of P. multocida in diseased calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ramalingam
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - P K Sidhu
- Animal Disease Research Centre, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - G Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - D Venkatachalam
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - S Rampal
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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14
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Schneider M, Paulin A, Dron F, Woehrlé F. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in pigs after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a single dose of 8 mg/kg: dose proportionality, influence of the age of the animals and urinary elimination. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:523-30. [PMID: 24666477 PMCID: PMC4265270 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in pigs were evaluated as a function of dose and animal age following intravenous and intramuscular administration of a 16% solution (Forcyl®). The absolute bioavailability of marbofloxacin as well as the dose proportionality was evaluated in 27-week-old fattening pigs. Blood PK and urinary excretion of marbofloxacin were evaluated after a single intramuscular dose of 8 mg/kg in 16-week-old male pigs. An additional group of 12-week-old weaned piglets was used for the evaluation of age-related kinetics. The plasma and urine concentration of marbofloxacin was determined using a HPLC method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods. After intravenous administration in 27-week-old fattening pigs, the total body clearance was 0.065 L/h·kg. After intramuscular administration to the same animals, the mean observed Cmax was 6.30 μg/mL, and the AUCINF was 115 μg·h/mL. The absolute bioavailability was 91.5%, and dose proportionality was shown within the dose range of 4–16 mg/kg. The renal clearance was about half of the value of the total clearance. The total systemic clearance values significantly decreased as a function of age, being 0.092 L/h·kg and 0.079 L/h·kg in pigs aged 12 and 16 weeks, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schneider
- Vétoquinol Research and Development Center, Lure Cedex, France
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15
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Guo M, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Bughio S, Dai X, Ren W, Wang L. E. coli infection modulates the pharmacokinetics of oral enrofloxacin by targeting P-glycoprotein in small intestine and CYP450 3A in liver and kidney of broilers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87781. [PMID: 24498193 PMCID: PMC3909222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression determines the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of many drugs in the body. Also, up-regulation of P-gp acts as a defense mechanism against acute inflammation. This study examined expression levels of abcb1 mRNA and localization of P-gp protein in the liver, kidney, duodenum, jejunum and ileum in healthy and E. coli infected broilers by real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, pharmacokinetics of orally administered enrofloxacin was also investigated in healthy and infected broilers by HPLC. The results indicated that E. coli infection up-regulated expression of abcb1 mRNA levels significantly in the kidney, jejunum and ileum (P<0.05), but not significantly in the liver and duodenum (P>0.05). However, the expression level of CYP 3A37 mRNA were observed significantly decreased only in liver and kidney of E. coli infected broilers (P<0.05) compared with healthy birds. Furthermore, the infection reduced absorption of orally administered enrofloxacin, significantly decreased Cmax (0.34 vs 0.98 µg mL(-1), P = 0.000) and AUC0-12h (4.37 vs 8.88 µg mL(-1) h, P = 0.042) of enrofloxacin, but increased Tmax (8.32 vs 3.28 h, P = 0.040), T1/2a(2.66 vs 1.64 h(-1), P = 0.050) and V/F (26.7 vs 5.2 L, P = 0.040). Treatment with verapamil, an inhibitor of P-gp, significantly improved the absorption of enrofloxacin in both healthy and infected broilers. The results suggest that the E. coli infection induces intestine P-gp expression, altering the absorption of orally administered enrofloxacin in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yong Sun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shamsuddin Bughio
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Dai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Weilong Ren
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Liping Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Pharmacokinetic interaction of enrofloxacin/trimethoprim combination following single-dose intraperitoneal and oral administration in rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 39:11-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-013-0142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Dänicke S, Brosig B, Kahlert S, Panther P, Reinhardt N, Diesing AK, Kluess J, Kersten S, Valenta H, Rothkötter HJ. The plasma clearance of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is decreased in endotoxemic pigs. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4405-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Messenger KM, Papich MG, Blikslager AT. Distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, using an in vivo ultrafiltration sampling technique after the injection of enrofloxacin to pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:452-9. [PMID: 21913941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of enrofloxacin in pigs and compare to the tissue interstitial fluid (ISF). Six healthy, young pigs were administered 7.5 mg/kg enrofloxacin subcutaneously (SC). Blood and ISF samples were collected from preplaced intravenous catheters and ultrafiltration sampling probes placed in three different tissue sites (intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intrapleural). Enrofloxacin concentrations were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, PK parameters were analyzed using a one-compartment model, and protein binding was determined using a microcentrifugation system. Concentrations of the active metabolite ciprofloxacin were negligible. The mean ± SD enrofloxacin plasma half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, and peak concentration were 26.6 ± 6.2 h (harmonic mean), 6.4 ± 1.2 L/kg, 0.18 ± 0.08 L/kg/h, and 1.1 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. The half-life of enrofloxacin from the tissues was 23.6 h, and the maximum concentration was 1.26 μg/mL. Tissue penetration, as measured by a ratio of area-under-the-curve (AUC), was 139% (± 69%). Plasma protein binding was 31.1% and 37.13% for high and low concentrations, respectively. This study demonstrated that the concentration of biologically active enrofloxacin in tissues exceeds the concentration predicted by the unbound fraction of enrofloxacin in pig plasma. At a dose of 7.5 mg/kg SC, the high tissue concentrations and long half-life produce an AUC/MIC ratio sufficient for the pathogens that cause respiratory infections in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Messenger
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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19
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Baroni EE, Rubio S, Rodríguez C, De Lucas JJ, Fernández H, Andrés MS. Pharmacokinetic interactions of marbofloxacin with anti-inflammatory drugs in buffalo calves. Vet Rec 2011; 169:182. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. E. Baroni
- Cátedra de Farmacología y Toxicología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; 3080 Esperanza Santa Fe Argentina
| | - S. Rubio
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - C. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - J. J. De Lucas
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - H. Fernández
- Cátedra de Farmacología y Toxicología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; 3080 Esperanza Santa Fe Argentina
| | - M. S. Andrés
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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20
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Impact of p-glycoprotein inhibition and lipopolysaccharide administration on blood-brain barrier transport of colistin in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:502-7. [PMID: 21115788 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01273-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the factors limiting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of colistin in healthy mice and to assess the impact of systemic inflammation on the transport of this antibiotic across the BBB. Colistin sulfate (40 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously to Swiss outbred mice as single and multiple doses to determine any relationship between brain uptake and plasma concentrations of colistin. To assess the effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on BBB transport, colistin sulfate (5 mg/kg) was concomitantly administered intravenously with PSC833 or GF120918 (10 mg/kg). Systemic inflammation was induced by three intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 3 mg/kg), and BBB transport of colistin was subsequently measured following subcutaneous administration and by an in situ brain perfusion. The brain uptake of colistin was low following single and multiple subcutaneous doses, with brain-to-plasma concentration ratios ranging between 0.021 and 0.037, and this was not significantly enhanced by coadministration of GF120918 or PSC833 (P > 0.05). LPS significantly increased the brain uptake of subcutaneously administered colistin with area under the brain concentration time curve (AUC(brain)) values of 11.7 ± 2.7 μg·h/g and 4.0 ± 0.3 μg·h/g for LPS- and saline-treated mice, respectively (mean ± standard deviation). Similarly, in situ perfusion of colistin led to higher antibiotic brain concentrations in LPS-treated animals than in saline-treated animals, with colistin brain-to-perfusate concentration ratios of 0.019 ± 0.001 and 0.014 ± 0.001, respectively. This study demonstrates that the BBB transport of colistin is negligible in healthy mice; however, brain concentrations of colistin can be significantly enhanced during systemic inflammation, as might be observed in infected patients.
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21
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Ji K, Kho Y, Park C, Paek D, Ryu P, Paek D, Kim M, Kim P, Choi K. Influence of water and food consumption on inadvertent antibiotics intake among general population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:641-649. [PMID: 20624619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic entry into the water environment has been of growing concern. However, few investigations have been performed to examine the potential for indirect human exposure to environmental antibiotic residues. We evaluated the contribution of drinking water and major food consumption to inadvertent intake of antibiotic residues among general human population in Korea. We estimated daily human intake of six antibiotics, i.e., sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfathiazole (STZ), trimethoprim (TMP), enrofloxacin (EFX), and roxithromycin (RTM), by measuring the concentrations of the antibiotics and their major metabolites in urine from general population in Korea (n=541). In addition, we measured antibiotics from source water of drinking water as well as in tap water samples, and surveyed water consumption rates among the study population. To assess the contribution of dietary factor, we also surveyed consumption pattern for several major foods which are suspected of antibiotics residue. SMZ, Sulfamethazine-N4-acetyl (SMZ-N4), TMP, EFX, ciprofloxacin (CFX), and RTM were detected up to 448, 6210, 11,900, 6970, 32,400, and 151pg/ml in the urine samples, respectively. Estimates of daily intake of major antibiotics did not appear to be related with consumption of drinking water although antibiotics were frequently detected in source waters (10-67ng/l). Consumption of several foods correlated significantly with urinary excretion of several antibiotics. Daily intake estimates of EFX and CFX were associated with consumption of beef, pork, and dairy products; those of SMZ and TMP associated with pork and dairy products; and that of TMP related with raw fish. Daily antibiotics intake estimates however did not exceed the acceptable daily intake levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Ji
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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22
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Guo QJ, Huang LL, Fang K, Wang YL, Chen DM, Tao YF, Dai MH, Liu ZL, Peng DP, Yuan ZH. Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in chicken based on retrospective data, incorporating first-pass metabolism. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:84-94. [PMID: 20444030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in chicken based on retrospective data was developed. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were determined in blood samples from chicken administered either enrofloxacin via oral and intravenous routes or ciprofloxacin via intravenous injection. The disposition of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was described simultaneously by an integrated mathematic model. Two compartments were used to describe the enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin disposition profiles. The formation of ciprofloxacin was through the central compartment of enrofloxacin. The integrated model was estimated with nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM). The total clearance of enrofloxacin (CLEN) and ciprofloxacin (CLCP) was 0.613 L/h and 1.15 L/h, respectively. Correlation between CLEN, the central compartment volume of distribution for enrofloxacin (V2) and CLCP was estimated. After intravenous administration of enrofloxacin, the transformation rate of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was 0.429 L/h. The bioavailability factor after oral administration was 0.926, and 12.6% of enrofloxacin after oral administration was transformed to ciprofloxacin via first-pass effect. Pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluation was performed using area under concentration time curve of active moiety from 0 to 24 h and MIC collected from literature. This study is the first one to use PPK method to investigate parent drug and its metabolite disposition and PDs using an integrated model in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ji Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
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23
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MARTINEZ M, MODRIC S. Patient variation in veterinary medicine: part I. Influence of altered physiological states. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:213-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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ABO-EL-SOOUD K, GOUDAH A. Influence ofPasteurella multocidainfection on the pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administrations in rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:63-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Elmas M, Yazar E, Uney K, Er Karabacak A, Traş B. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and flunixin meglumine and interactions between both drugs after intravenous co-administration in healthy and endotoxaemic rabbits. Vet J 2008; 177:418-24. [PMID: 17644374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and possible interactions of enrofloxacin (ENR) and flunixin meglumine (FM) in healthy rabbits and in rabbits where endotoxaemia had been induced by administering Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Six male adult New Zealand White rabbits were used for the study. In Phase I, FM (2.2 mg/kg) and ENR (5 mg/kg) were given simultaneously as a bolus intravenous (IV) injection to each healthy rabbit. After a washout period, Phase II consisted of purified LPS administered as an IV bolus injection, then FM and ENR. LPS produced statistically significant increases in some serum biochemical concentrations. After the drugs were co-administered, the kinetic parameters of FM were not significantly different in healthy compared to endotoxaemic rabbits. It is concluded that ENR and FM could be co-administered to rabbits to treat endotoxaemia as no negative interaction was observed between the pharmacokinetics of both drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Elmas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey.
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26
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Liquid chromatographic determination of enrofloxacin in nasal secretions and plasma of healthy pigs using restricted access material for on-line sample clean-up. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:456-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Elmas M, Yazar E, Uney K, Er Karabacak A. Influence of Escherichia coli Endotoxin-Induced Endotoxaemia on the Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin after Intravenous Administration in Rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:410-4. [PMID: 16970630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of present study was to determine the effects of an Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced endotoxaemic status on disposition of enrofloxacin after a single intravenous dose (5 mg/kg) in rabbits. Septic shock was induced by the i.v. bolus administration at a single dose of E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Six adult New Zealand White rabbits were used. Concentrations of drug in plasma were determined by HPLC. The plasma pharmacokinetic values for enrofloxacin were best represented using a two-compartment open model. Total plasma clearance (Cl(T)) decreased from 2.11 (l/h/kg) in healthy animals to 1.50 (l/h/kg) in rabbits with septic shock, which is related to an increase in the AUC(0-->infinity). In endotoxaemic rabbits, volume of distribution at steady state (V(dss) = 3.61 l/kg) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in healthy animals (V(dss) = 4.97 l/kg). However, the elimination half-life of enrofloxacin was not affected by lipopolysaccharide administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elmas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey.
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28
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Elmas M, Yazar E, Uney K, Karabacak A. Pharmacokinetics of Flunixin after Intravenous Administration in Healthy and Endotoxaemic Rabbits. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:73-81. [PMID: 16362612 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-3227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of flunixin were determined after intravenous bolus injection at a single dose (2.2 mg/kg) in healthy rabbits and diseased rabbits with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. Six adult New Zealand White rabbits were used. Concentrations of drug in plasma were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetics were best described by a two-compartment open model. In healthy rabbits, there was a high plasma clearance (0.62 L/(h kg)), and a relatively short elimination half-life (1.19 h). In endotoxaemic rabbits, total plasma clearance (0.43 L/(h kg)) was significantly lower (p<0.05), and elimination half-life (1.90 h) and AUC(0-infinity) (5.29 (microg h)/ml) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in healthy animals. The changes of pharmacokinetics of flunixin in rabbits with septic shock could be of clinical significance, and may require monitoring of plasma flunixin levels in endotoxaemic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elmas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey.
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29
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Peyrou M, Doucet MY, Vrins A, Concordet D, Schneider M, Bousquet-Mélou A. Population pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in horses: preliminary analysis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 27:283-8. [PMID: 15500564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Population pharmacokinetic of marbofloxacin was investigated on 21 healthy and 16 diseased horses to assess interindividual variability of drug exposure. Demographic, physiologic and disease covariables were tested using mixed effects models. As a preliminary analysis, this study has demonstrated that none of the tested covariables were significant in regression models for compartmental volumes or clearance of distribution, but the clinical status of the horse (healthy/diseased) was a significant covariable (P < 0.01) for systemic clearance. Clearance had a lower mean and a higher variance for diseased horses than healthy horses, with respectively a mean of 0.209 and 0.284 L/h/kg and a coefficient of variation of 52 and 15%. Consequently, variability of AUC was greater in diseased horses. Considering an AUC/MIC ratio below 60 h as a prediction of poor efficacy, a dosage regimen of 2 mg/kg intravenous was deemed to be inadequate for 19% of diseased horses if the MIC of the bacteria was 0.1 microg/mL. However 93% of diseased horses could achieve a ratio above 125 h, predicting a very good efficacy, for the MIC(90) of Enterobacteriacae (0.027 microg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peyrou
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médicine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
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Cox SK, Cottrell MB, Smith L, Papich MG, Frazier DL, Bartges J. Allometric analysis of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics across species. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:139-46. [PMID: 15189299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the allometric analysis of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin using pharmacokinetic data from the literature. The pharmacokinetic parameters used were half-life, clearance and volume of distribution. Relationships between body weight and the pharmacokinetic parameter were based on the empirical formula Y = aW(b), where Y is half-life, clearance or volume of distribution, W the body weight and a is an allometric coefficient (intercept) that is constant for a given drug. The exponential term b is a proportionality constant that describes the relationship between the pharmacokinetic parameter of interest and body weight. A total of 21 different species of animals were studied. Results of the allometric analyses indicated similarity between clearance and volume of distribution as they related to body weight for both drugs. Results of the current analyses indicate it is possible to use allometry to predict pharmacokinetic variables of enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin based on body size of species. This could provide information on appropriate doses of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin for all species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Cox
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Myers MJ, Farrell DE, Palmer DC, Post LO. Inflammatory mediator production in swine following endotoxin challenge with or without co-administration of dexamethasone. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:571-9. [PMID: 12689661 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response in swine challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has only been partially characterized. As swine are increasingly used in biomedical research, it is important to determine if they respond to endotoxin challenge in a manner similar to other model systems. Accordingly, 24 Poland China x Landrace barrows were treated with saline, LPS, dexamethasone, or LPS and dexamethasone, with six animals in each treatment group. The kinetics of TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, nitric oxide (nitrate/nitrite), and neopterin production in swine plasma were examined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h after acute LPS challenge. Lipopolysaccharide increased plasma TNFalpha levels, which peaked 1 h post-challenge. Dexamethasone decreased LPS-induced TNFalpha by approximately 60%. Plasma IL-6 levels peaked 3 h post-LPS challenge, returning to basal levels by 9 h. Swine given both LPS and dexamethasone had minimal IL-6 levels. Control and dexamethasone-only treated animals never exhibited systemic TNFalpha or IL-6 levels. Lipopolysaccharide increased plasma IL-10 1 h after challenge. Dexamethasone did not alter plasma IL-10 levels in LPS-challenged swine. Interleukin-1beta was constitutively present in plasma and was not altered by any combination of treatments. Plasma IL-8 was not observed in any treatment group. Plasma nitrate/nitrite levels were maximal 24 h post-challenge. Dexamethasone treatment prevented increases in plasma nitrate/nitrite levels in LPS-treated animals. Lipopolysaccharide induced levels of neopterin; dexamethasone served to further increase plasma neopterin levels in LPS-challenged animals. The discordant regulation of inflammatory mediators suggests that the immunological responses by swine to LPS are distinct from the responses seen in rodent and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Myers
- Division of Animal Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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