1
|
Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roy T, Petersen NN, Gopalan G, Gising J, Hallberg M, Larhed M. 2-Alkyl substituted benzimidazoles as a new class of selective AT2 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 66:116804. [PMID: 35576659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ligands comprising a benzimidazole rather than the imidazole ring that is common in AT2R ligands e.g. in the AT2R agonist C21, can provide both high affinity and receptor selectivity. In particular, compounds encompassing benzimidazoles, substituted in the 2-position with small bulky groups such as an isopropyl (Ki = 4.0 nM) or a tert-butyl (Ki = 5.3 nM) or alternatively a thiazole heterocycle (Ki = 5.1 nM) demonstrate high affinity and AT2R selectivity. An n-butyl chain, as found in the AT1R selective sartans, makes the ligand less receptor selective. The isobutyl group on the biaryl scaffold present in most AT2R selective ligands reported so far was originally derived from the nonselective potent AT1R/AT2R ligand L-162,313. Notably, in all ligands discussed herein, the isobutyl group was substituted by an n-propyl group and ligands with high affinity to AT2R were provided and in addition the majority of them demonstrate a favorable AT2R/AT1R selectivity. The introduction of fluoro atoms in various positions had no pronounced effect on the affinity data. Ligands with a thiazole or a tert-butyl group attached to the 2-position and with a terminal trifluoromethyl butoxycarbonyl sidechain exhibited a similar stability as C21 in human liver microsomes, while other ligands examined were less stable in the microsome assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamal Roy
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadia N Petersen
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Greeshma Gopalan
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gopalan G, Palo-Nieto C, Petersen NN, Hallberg M, Larhed M. Angiotensin II AT2 receptor ligands with phenylthiazole scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 65:116790. [PMID: 35550979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and the AT1R and AT2R binding data of a series of new small molecule ligands are reported. These ligands comprise a phenylthiazole scaffold rather than the biphenyl or phenylthiophene scaffolds found in essentially all of the previously described ligands originating from the nonselective AT1R/AT2R ligand L-162,313 and the AT2R selective agonist C21, the latter now in Phase II/III clinical trials. A phenylthiazole rather than the phenylthiophene scaffold that is present in the AT2R selective agonist C21 and in the AT2R selective antagonist C38 had a deleterious effect on the affinity to AT2R. Nevertheless, a significant improvement could be accomplished by introduction of a small bulky alkyl group in the 2-position of the imidazole ring attached through a methylene group bridge to the phenylthiazole scaffold. Hence, a combination of a 2-tert-butyl or a 2-isopropyl group and a butoxycarbonyl furnished potent AT2R selective ligands. Furthermore, a high affinity ligand derived from L-162,313 and exhibiting a > 35 fold selectivity for AT1R was identified (10). The ligand 21 with the 2-tert-butyl group and ∼ 35 fold selectivity for AT2R, demonstrated high stability in human, rat and mouse liver microsomes and a very attractive profile with regard to the inhibition of common drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes. Thus, very low levels of inhibition of CYP 3A (5%), 2D6 (12%), 2C8 (26%), 2C9 (23%) and 2B6 (24%) were observed with the 2-tert-butyl derivative comprising the methoxycarbonyl sulfonamide function, levels that are significantly lower than those obtained with C21 under the same experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greeshma Gopalan
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos Palo-Nieto
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadia N Petersen
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wallinder C, Sköld C, Sundholm S, Guimond MO, Yahiaoui S, Lindeberg G, Gallo-Payet N, Hallberg M, Alterman M. High affinity rigidified AT 2 receptor ligands with indane scaffolds. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:2146-2160. [PMID: 32904210 PMCID: PMC7451071 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00402e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rigidification of the isobutyl side chain of drug-like AT2 receptor agonists and antagonists that are structurally related to the first reported selective AT2 receptor agonist 1 (C21) delivered bioactive indane derivatives. Four enantiomer pairs were synthesized and the enantiomers were isolated in an optical purity >99%. The enantiomers 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b bind to the AT2 receptor with moderate (K i = 54-223 nM) to high affinity (K i = 2.2-7.0 nM). The enantiomer with positive optical rotation (+) exhibited the highest affinity at the receptor. The indane derivatives 7b and 10a are among the most potent AT2 receptor antagonists reported so far. As illustrated by the enantiomer pairs 7a/b and 10a/b, an alteration at the stereogenic center has a pronounced impact on the activation process of the AT2 receptor, and can convert agonists to antagonists and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Wallinder
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Sara Sundholm
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Marie-Odile Guimond
- Service of Endocrinology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , J1H 5N4 Quebec , Canada
| | - Samir Yahiaoui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Gunnar Lindeberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Service of Endocrinology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , J1H 5N4 Quebec , Canada
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory , Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 591 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden .
| | - Mathias Alterman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hallberg M, Sumners C, Steckelings UM, Hallberg A. Small-molecule AT2 receptor agonists. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:602-624. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC; Uppsala University; P.O. Box 591 SE751 24 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida; College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - U. Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; University of Southern Denmark; P.O. Box 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC; Uppsala University; P.O. Box 574 SE-751 23 Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stevens MY, Chow SY, Estrada S, Eriksson J, Asplund V, Orlova A, Mitran B, Antoni G, Larhed M, Åberg O, Odell LR. Synthesis of 11C-labeled Sulfonyl Carbamates through a Multicomponent Reaction Employing Sulfonyl Azides, Alcohols, and [ 11C]CO. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:566-573. [PMID: 28032026 PMCID: PMC5167284 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the development of a new methodology focusing on 11C-labeling of sulfonyl carbamates in a multicomponent reaction comprised of a sulfonyl azide, an alkyl alcohol, and [11C]CO. A number of 11C-labeled sulfonyl carbamates were synthesized and isolated, and the developed methodology was then applied in the preparation of a biologically active molecule. The target compound was obtained in 24±10 % isolated radiochemical yield and was evaluated for binding properties in a tumor cell assay; in vivo biodistribution and imaging studies were also performed. This represents the first successful radiolabeling of a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor subtype 2 agonist, C21, currently in clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y. Stevens
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryDivision of Organic Pharmaceutical ChemistryUppsala University75123UppsalaSweden
| | - Shiao Y. Chow
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryDivision of Organic Pharmaceutical ChemistryUppsala University75123UppsalaSweden
| | - Sergio Estrada
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryPreclinical PET PlatformUppsala University75183UppsalaSweden
| | - Jonas Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryDivision of Molecular ImagingUppsala University75183UppsalaSweden
| | - Veronika Asplund
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryPreclinical PET PlatformUppsala University75183UppsalaSweden
| | - Anna Orlova
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryDivision of Molecular ImagingUppsala University75183UppsalaSweden
| | - Bogdan Mitran
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryDivision of Molecular ImagingUppsala University75183UppsalaSweden
| | - Gunnar Antoni
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryDivision of Molecular ImagingUppsala University75183UppsalaSweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala University75123UppsalaSweden
| | - Ola Åberg
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryPreclinical PET PlatformUppsala University75183UppsalaSweden
| | - Luke R. Odell
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryDivision of Organic Pharmaceutical ChemistryUppsala University75123UppsalaSweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hunyady L, Gáborik Z, Vauquelin G, Catt KJ. Review: Structural requirements for signalling and regulation of AT1-receptors. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 2:S16-S23. [DOI: 10.1177/14703203010020010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical
School, Budapest, Hungary,
| | - Zsuzsanna Gáborik
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical
School, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Free University of Brussels
(VUB), Sint-Genesius Rode, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Catt
- Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sallander J, Wallinder C, Hallberg A, Åqvist J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H. Structural determinants of subtype selectivity and functional activity of angiotensin II receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:1355-9. [PMID: 26810314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Agonists of the angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2), a G-protein coupled receptor, promote tissue protective effects in cardiovascular and renal diseases, while antagonists reduce neuropathic pain. We here report detailed molecular models that explain the AT2 receptor selectivity of our recent series of non-peptide ligands. In addition, minor structural changes of these ligands that provoke different functional activity are rationalized at a molecular level, and related to the selectivity for the different receptor conformations. These findings should pave the way to structure based drug discovery of AT2 receptor ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sallander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Wallinder
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
There are many reported examples of small structural modifications to GPCR-targeted ligands leading to major changes in their functional activity, converting agonists into antagonists or vice versa. These shifts in functional activity are often accompanied by negligible changes in binding affinity. The current perspective focuses on outlining and analyzing various approaches that have been used to interconvert GPCR agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists in order to achieve the intended functional activity at a GPCR of therapeutic interest. An improved understanding of specific structural modifications that are likely to alter the functional activity of a GPCR ligand may be of use to researchers designing GPCR-targeted drugs and/or probe compounds, specifically in cases where a particular ligand exhibits good potency but not the preferred functional activity at the GPCR of choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Dosa
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ambrose Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, Yang J, Jang R, Zhang Y. GPCR-I-TASSER: A Hybrid Approach to G Protein-Coupled Receptor Structure Modeling and the Application to the Human Genome. Structure 2015; 23:1538-1549. [PMID: 26190572 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental structure determination remains difficult for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We propose a new hybrid protocol to construct GPCR structure models that integrates experimental mutagenesis data with ab initio transmembrane (TM) helix assembly simulations. The method was tested on 24 known GPCRs where the ab initio TM-helix assembly procedure constructed the correct fold for 20 cases. When combined with weak homology and sparse mutagenesis restraints, the method generated correct folds for all the tested cases with an average Cα root-mean-square deviation 2.4 Å in the TM regions. The new hybrid protocol was applied to model all 1,026 GPCRs in the human genome, where 923 have a high confidence score and are expected to have correct folds; these contain many pharmaceutically important families with no previously solved structures, including Trace amine, Prostanoids, Releasing hormones, Melanocortins, Vasopressin, and Neuropeptide Y receptors. The results demonstrate new progress on genome-wide structure modeling of TM proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianyi Yang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of Mathematical Sciences and LPMC, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Richard Jang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hallberg M. Neuropeptides: metabolism to bioactive fragments and the pharmacology of their receptors. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:464-519. [PMID: 24894913 DOI: 10.1002/med.21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of neuropeptides has an important regulatory function and the peptide fragments resulting from the enzymatic degradation often exert essential physiological roles. The proteolytic processing generates, not only biologically inactive fragments, but also bioactive fragments that modulate or even counteract the response of their parent peptides. Frequently, these peptide fragments interact with receptors that are not recognized by the parent peptides. This review discusses tachykinins, opioid peptides, angiotensins, bradykinins, and neuropeptide Y that are present in the central nervous system and their processing to bioactive degradation products. These well-known neuropeptide systems have been selected since they provide illustrative examples that proteolytic degradation of parent peptides can lead to bioactive metabolites with different biological activities as compared to their parent peptides. For example, substance P, dynorphin A, angiotensin I and II, bradykinin, and neuropeptide Y are all degraded to bioactive fragments with pharmacological profiles that differ considerably from those of the parent peptides. The review discusses a selection of the large number of drug-like molecules that act as agonists or antagonists at receptors of neuropeptides. It focuses in particular on the efforts to identify selective drug-like agonists and antagonists mimicking the effects of the endogenous peptide fragments formed. As exemplified in this review, many common neuropeptides are degraded to a variety of smaller fragments but many of the fragments generated have not yet been examined in detail with regard to their potential biological activities. Since these bioactive fragments contain a small number of amino acid residues, they provide an ideal starting point for the development of drug-like substances with ability to mimic the effects of the degradation products. Thus, these substances could provide a rich source of new pharmaceuticals. However, as discussed herein relatively few examples have so far been disclosed of successful attempts to create bioavailable, drug-like agonists or antagonists, starting from the structure of endogenous peptide fragments and applying procedures relying on stepwise manipulations and simplifications of the peptide structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wallinder C, Sköld C, Botros M, Guimond MO, Hallberg M, Gallo-Payet N, Karlén A, Alterman M. Interconversion of Functional Activity by Minor Structural Alterations in Nonpeptide AT2 Receptor Ligands. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:178-82. [PMID: 25699147 DOI: 10.1021/ml500427r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of the methylene imidazole side chain in the first reported selective drug-like AT2 receptor agonist C21/M024 (1) delivered the AT2 receptor antagonist C38/M132 (2). We now report that the AT2 receptor antagonist compound 4, a biphenyl derivative that is structurally related to 2, is transformed to the agonist 6 by migration of the isobutyl group. The importance of the relative position of the methylene imidazole and the isobutyl substituent is highlighted herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Wallinder
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milad Botros
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Odile Guimond
- Service of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine
and Heath Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Service of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine
and Heath Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anders Karlén
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Alterman
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Georgsson J, Bergström F, Nordqvist A, Watson MJ, Blundell CD, Johansson MJ, Petersson AU, Yuan ZQ, Zhou Y, Kristensson L, Kakol-Palm D, Tyrchan C, Wellner E, Bauer U, Brodin P, Svensson Henriksson A. GPR103 Antagonists Demonstrating Anorexigenic Activity in Vivo: Design and Development of Pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridines That Mimic the C-Terminal Arg-Phe Motif of QRFP26. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5935-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401951t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin J. Watson
- C4X Discovery Ltd., Unit 310 Ducie House, Ducie Street, Manchester M1 2JW, U.K
| | - Charles D. Blundell
- C4X Discovery Ltd., Unit 310 Ducie House, Ducie Street, Manchester M1 2JW, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Yiqun Zhou
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co.
Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 100176, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu J, Liu Q, Yang X, Xu S, Zhang H, Bai R, Yao H, Jiang J, Shen M, Wu X, Xu J. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazole bearing 5-substituted biphenyl-2-sulfonamide derivatives as potential antihypertensive candidates. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7742-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
15
|
Moreno P, Mantey SA, Nuche-Berenguer B, Reitman ML, González N, Coy DH, Jensen RT. Comparative pharmacology of bombesin receptor subtype-3, nonpeptide agonist MK-5046, a universal peptide agonist, and peptide antagonist Bantag-1 for human bombesin receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:100-16. [PMID: 23892571 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.206896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombesin-receptor-subtype-3 (BRS-3) is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor of the bombesin (Bn) family whose natural ligand is unknown and which does not bind any natural Bn-peptide with high affinity. It is present in the central nervous system, peripheral tissues, and tumors; however, its role in normal physiology/pathophysiology is largely unknown because of the lack of selective ligands. Recently, MK-5046 [(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-3-(4-{[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)propan-2-ol] and Bantag-1 [Boc-Phe-His-4-amino-5-cyclohexyl-2,4,5-trideoxypentonyl-Leu-(3-dimethylamino) benzylamide N-methylammonium trifluoroacetate], a nonpeptide agonist and a peptide antagonist, respectively, for BRS-3 have been described, but there have been limited studies on their pharmacology. We studied MK-5046 and Bantag-1 interactions with human Bn-receptors-human bombesin receptor subtype-3 (hBRS-3), gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R), and neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R)-and compared them with the nonselective, peptide-agonist [d-Tyr6,βAla11,Phe13,Nle14]Bn-(6-14) (peptide #1). Receptor activation was detected by activation of phospholipase C (PLC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, and Akt. In hBRS-3 cells, the relative affinities were Bantag-1 (1.3 nM) > peptide #1 (2 nM) > MK-5046 (37-160 nM) > GRP, NMB (>10 μM), and the binding-dose-inhibition curves were broad (>4 logs), with Hill coefficients differing significantly from unity. Curve-fitting demonstrated high-affinity (MK-5046, Ki = 0.08 nM) and low-affinity (MK-5046, Ki = 11-29 nM) binding sites. For PLC activation in hBRS-3 cells, the relative potencies were MK-5046 (0.02 nM) > peptide #1 (6 nM) > GRP, NMB, Bantag-1 (>10 μM), and MK-5046 had a biphasic dose response, whereas peptide #1 was monophasic. Bantag-1 was a specific hBRS-3-antagonist. In hBRS-3 cells, MK-5046 was a full agonist for activation of MAPK, FAK, Akt, and paxillin; however, it was a partial agonist for phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation. The kinetics of activation/duration of action for PLC/MAPK activation of MK-5046 and peptide #1 differed, with peptide #1 causing more rapid stimulation; however, MK-5046 had more prolonged activity. Our study finds that MK-5046 and Bantag-1 have high affinity/selectivity for hBRS-3. The nonpeptide MK-5046 and peptide #1 agonists differ markedly in their receptor coupling, ability to activate different signaling cascades, and kinetics/duration of action. These results show that their hBRS-3 receptor activation is not always concordant and could lead to markedly different cellular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Moreno
- Digestive Diseases Branch (P.M., S.M., B.N.-B., R.T.J.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (M.L.R.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Metabolism, Nutrition and Hormones (N.G.), IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; and Peptide Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (D.H.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cordomí A, Gómez-Tamayo JC, Gigoux V, Fourmy D. Sulfur-containing amino acids in 7TMRs: molecular gears for pharmacology and function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:320-31. [PMID: 23611707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs) mediate the majority of physiological responses to hormones and neurotransmitters in higher organisms. Tertiary structure stability and activation of these versatile membrane proteins require formation or disruption of complex networks of well-recognized interactions (such as H-bonds, ionic, or aromatic-aromatic) but also of other type of interactions which have been less studied. In this review, we compile evidence from crystal structure, biophysical, and site-directed mutagenesis data that indicate or support the importance of interactions involving Met and Cys in 7TMRs in terms of pharmacology and function. We show examples of Met/Cys-aromatic and Met-Met interactions participating in ligand binding, in tuning the orientation of functionally important aromatic residues during activation or even in modulating the type of signaling response. Collectively, data presented enlarge the repertoire of interactions governing 7TMR functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Cordomí
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fillion D, Cabana J, Guillemette G, Leduc R, Lavigne P, Escher E. Structure of the human angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor bound to angiotensin II from multiple chemoselective photoprobe contacts reveals a unique peptide binding mode. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8187-8197. [PMID: 23386604 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakthroughs in G protein-coupled receptor structure determination based on crystallography have been mainly obtained from receptors occupied in their transmembrane domain core by low molecular weight ligands, and we have only recently begun to elucidate how the extracellular surface of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) allows for the binding of larger peptide molecules. In the present study, we used a unique chemoselective photoaffinity labeling strategy, the methionine proximity assay, to directly identify at physiological conditions a total of 38 discrete ligand/receptor contact residues that form the extracellular peptide-binding site of an activated GPCR, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. This experimental data set was used in homology modeling to guide the positioning of the angiotensin II (AngII) peptide within several GPCR crystal structure templates. We found that the CXC chemokine receptor type 4 accommodated the results better than the other templates evaluated; ligand/receptor contact residues were spatially grouped into defined interaction clusters with AngII. In the resulting receptor structure, a β-hairpin fold in extracellular loop 2 in conjunction with two extracellular disulfide bridges appeared to open and shape the entrance of the ligand-binding site. The bound AngII adopted a somewhat vertical binding mode, allowing concomitant contacts across the extracellular surface and deep within the transmembrane domain core of the receptor. We propose that such a dualistic nature of GPCR interaction could be well suited for diffusible linear peptide ligands and a common feature of other peptidergic class A GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dany Fillion
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jérôme Cabana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Gaétan Guillemette
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Emanuel Escher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Subtleties in GPCR drug discovery: a medicinal chemistry perspective. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:1133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
19
|
Murugaiah AMS, Wu X, Wallinder C, Mahalingam AK, Wan Y, Sköld C, Botros M, Guimond MO, Joshi A, Nyberg F, Gallo-Payet N, Hallberg A, Alterman M. From the first selective non-peptide AT(2) receptor agonist to structurally related antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2265-78. [PMID: 22248302 DOI: 10.1021/jm2015099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A para substitution pattern of the phenyl ring is a characteristic feature of the first reported selective AT(2) receptor agonist M024/C21 (1) and all the nonpeptidic AT(2) receptor agonists described so far. Two series of compounds structurally related to 1 but with a meta substitution pattern have now been synthesized and biologically evaluated for their affinity to the AT(1) and AT(2) receptors. A high AT(2)/AT(1) receptor selectivity was obtained with all 41 compounds synthesized, and the majority exhibited K(i) ranging from 2 to 100 nM. Five compounds were evaluated for their functional activity at the AT(2) receptor, applying a neurite outgrowth assay in NG108-15 cells. Notably, four of the five compounds, with representatives from both series, acted as potent AT(2) receptor antagonists. These compounds were found to be considerably more effective than PD 123,319, the standard AT(2) receptor antagonist used in most laboratories. No AT(2) receptor antagonists were previously reported among the derivatives with a para substitution pattern. Hence, by a minor modification of the agonist 1 it could be transformed into the antagonist, compound 38. These compounds should serve as valuable tools in the assessment of the role of the AT(2) receptor in more complex physiological models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M S Murugaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Drug discovery efforts targeting G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) have been immensely successful in creating new cardiovascular medicines. Currently marketed GPCR drugs are broadly classified as either agonists that activate receptors or antagonists that prevent receptor activation by endogenous stimuli. However, GPCR couple to a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways beyond classical G-protein signals, and these signals can be independently activated by biased ligands to vastly expand the potential for new drugs at these classic targets. By selectively engaging only a subset of a receptor's potential intracellular partners, biased ligands may deliver more precise therapeutic benefit with fewer side effects than current GPCR-targeted drugs. In this review, we discuss the history of biased ligand research, the current understanding of how biased ligands exert their unique pharmacology, and how research into GPCR signaling has uncovered previously unappreciated capabilities of receptor pharmacology. We focus on several receptors to illustrate the approaches taken and discoveries made, and how these are steadily illuminating the intricacies of GPCR pharmacology. Discoveries of biased ligands targeting the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and of separable pharmacology suggesting the potential value of biased ligands targeting the β-adrenergic receptors and nicotinic acid receptor GPR109a highlight the powerful clinical promise of this new category of potential therapeutics.
Collapse
|
21
|
Steckelings UM, Larhed M, Hallberg A, Widdop RE, Jones ES, Wallinder C, Namsolleck P, Dahlöf B, Unger T. Non-peptide AT2-receptor agonists. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Frantz MC, Rodrigo J, Boudier L, Durroux T, Mouillac B, Hibert M. Subtlety of the Structure−Affinity and Structure−Efficacy Relationships around a Nonpeptide Oxytocin Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1546-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Céline Frantz
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jordi Rodrigo
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Laure Boudier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U661/Université Montpellier I & II, Dept Pharmacologie Moléculaire, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U661/Université Montpellier I & II, Dept Pharmacologie Moléculaire, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Mouillac
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U661/Université Montpellier I & II, Dept Pharmacologie Moléculaire, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alterman M. Development of selective non-peptide angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonists. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 11:57-66. [PMID: 19880657 DOI: 10.1177/1470320309347790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the first drug-like selective angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor agonist (22) derived from the non-selective angiotensin II type 1 (AT( 1)) receptor/AT(2) receptor agonist L-162,313 is presented. Compound 22 with a K(i) value of 0.4 nM for the AT( 2) receptor and a K(i) > 10 microM for the AT(1) receptor induces outgrowth of neurite cells, stimulates p42/p44( mapk), enhances in vivo duodenal alkaline secretion in Sprague-Dawley rats and lowers the mean arterial blood pressure in anaesthetised spontaneously hypertensive rats. Thus, the peptidomimetic 22 exerts a similar biological response as the endogenous peptide angiotensin II after selective activation of the AT(2) receptor. In addition, Compound 22 has a bioavailability of 20-30% after oral administration and a half-life estimated to four hours in the rat. Compound 22 will therefore serve as a valuable research tool enabling studies of the function of the AT(2) receptor in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Alterman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Key amino acid residues in the melanocortin-4 receptor for nonpeptide THIQ specific binding and signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 155:46-54. [PMID: 19303903 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and glucose homeostasis. Synthetic nonpeptide compound N- (3R)-1 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium-3-ylcarbonyl-(1R)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-4-cyclohexyl-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)piperidin-1-yl-2-oxoethylamine (THIQ) is a potent agonist at MC4R but not at hMC2R. In this study, we utilized two approaches (chimeric receptor and site-directed mutagenesis) to narrow down the key amino acid residues of MC4R responsible for THIQ binding and signaling. Cassette substitutions of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth transmembrane regions (TMs) of the human MC4R (hMC4R) with the homologous regions of hMC2R were constructed. Our results indicate that the cassette substitutions of these TMs of the hMC4R with homologous regions of the hMC2R did not significantly alter THIQ binding affinity and potency except the substitution of the hMC4R TM3, suggesting that the conserved amino acid residues in these TMs of the hMC4R are main potential candidates for THIQ binding and signaling while non conserved residues in TM3 of MC4R may also be involved. Nineteen MC4R mutants were then created, including 13 conserved amino acid residues and 6 non-conserved amino acid residues. Our results indicate that seven conserved residue [E100 (TM2), D122 (TM3), D126 (TM3), F254 (TM6), W258 (TM6), F261 (TM6), H264 (TM6)] are important for THIQ binding and three non-conserved residues [N123 (TM3), I129 (TM3) and S131 (TM3)] are involved in THIQ selectivity. In conclusion, our results suggest that THIQ utilize both conserved and non-conserved amino acid residues for binding and signaling at hMC4R and non conserved residues may be responsible for MC4R selectivity.
Collapse
|
25
|
Aplin M, Bonde MM, Hansen JL. Molecular determinants of angiotensin II type 1 receptor functional selectivity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 46:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
26
|
Selective angiotensin II AT2 receptor agonists: Benzamide structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6841-9. [PMID: 18599297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the investigation of the structure-activity relationship of nonpeptide AT(2) receptor agonists, a series of substituted benzamide analogues of the selective nonpeptide AT(2) receptor agonist M024 have been synthesised. In a second series, the biphenyl scaffold was compared to the thienylphenyl scaffold and the impact of the isobutyl substituent and its position on AT(1)/AT(2) receptor selectivity was also investigated. Both series included several compounds with high affinity and selectivity for the AT(2) receptor. Three of the compounds were also proven to function as agonists at the AT(2) receptor, as deduced from a neurite outgrowth assay, conducted in NG108-15 cells.
Collapse
|
27
|
Augusto Oliveira F, Silveira PE, Lopes MJ, Kushmerick C, Naves LA. Angiotensin II increases evoked release at the frog neuromuscular junction through a receptor sensitive to A779. Brain Res 2007; 1175:48-53. [PMID: 17888412 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Receptor mediated presynaptic modulation is a ubiquitous mechanism involved in synaptic plasticity. Here we show that angiotensin II increased quantal content at the frog neuromuscular junction. This presynaptic effect of angiotensin II was insensitive to losartan and PD123319, but was antagonized by a more potent partial agonist of the amphibian angiotensin receptor, L162313. In addition, A779, a blocker of the angiotensin-[1-7] receptor, also abolished the effect of angiotensin II. These results indicate that the effect of angiotensin II on evoked release is mediated through an angiotensin receptor. L162313 alone increased quantal content, and A779 also antagonized this effect of L162313. We conclude that the neuromuscular junction possesses angiotensin receptors involved in presynaptic modulation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu X, Wan Y, Mahalingam AK, Murugaiah AMS, Plouffe B, Botros M, Karlén A, Hallberg M, Gallo-Payet N, Alterman M. Selective Angiotensin II AT2 Receptor Agonists: Arylbenzylimidazole Structure−Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2006; 49:7160-8. [PMID: 17125268 DOI: 10.1021/jm0606185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structural alterations in the 2- and 5-positions of the first drug-like selective angiotensin II AT2 receptor agonist (1) have been performed. The imidazole ring system was proven to be a strong determinant for the AT2 selectivity, and with few exceptions all variations gave good AT2 receptor affinities and with retained high AT2/AT1 selectivities. On the contrary to the findings with AT1 receptor agonists, the impact of structural modifications in the 5-position of the AT2 selective compounds were less pronounced regarding activation of the AT2 receptor. The butyloxyphenyl (56) and the propylthienyl (50) derivatives were found to exert a high agonistic effect as deduced from their capacity to induce neurite elongation in neuronal cells, as does angiotensin II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongyu Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yee DK, Suzuki A, Luo L, Fluharty SJ. Identification of Structural Determinants for G Protein-Independent Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in the Seventh Transmembrane Domain of the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:1924-34. [PMID: 16556732 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the intrareceptor mechanisms whereby the angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor activates phospholipase C (PLC) have been extensively investigated, analogous studies of signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) have been lacking. We investigated MAPK activation and traditional G(q)/PLC signaling in transfected cells using AngII and the signaling selective agonist [Sar(1),Ile(4),Ile(8)] AngII (SII). SII stimulated MAPK without inositol trisphosphate (IP(3)) production and thereby stabilizes an activated receptor state linked to G protein-independent MAPK signaling. Using receptor mutagenesis, we focused on the seventh transmembrane domain and identified three key residues-Tyr(292), Phe(293), and Thr(287). At least three distinct activated states were revealed: 1) an AngII-stabilized state linked to G(q)/PLC signaling, 2) an AngII-stabilized state connected to G protein-independent MAPK activation, and 3) a SII-stabilized state associated with G protein-independent MAPK signaling. The mutant Y292F failed to exhibit AngII-induced IP(3) turnover yet remained capable of AngII-induced MAPK activation. SII failed to stimulate MAPK in Y292F-transfected cells. Thus, Tyr(292) is a key epitope for activated states 1 and 3 but not required for activated state 2. Although the F293L mutant retained normal AngII responses, it also showed an IP(3) response to SII, indicating that Phe(293) may be involved in constraining the receptor to its inactive state. Mutations of Thr(287) abolished all SII-induced signaling without affecting any AngII responses. Thr(287) therefore represents a key residue for a SII-stabilized activated state. Taken together, the data identified a novel structural requirement (Thr(287)) for the SII-stabilized activated state and redefined the mechanistic roles for Tyr(292) and Phe(293).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Conserved Sequence
- Enzyme Activation/physiology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/physiology
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Point Mutation
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Yee
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6046, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Holst B, Lang M, Brandt E, Bach A, Howard A, Frimurer TM, Beck-Sickinger A, Schwartz TW. Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonists: Identification of an Active Peptide Core and Its Interaction Epitopes on the Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:936-46. [PMID: 16798937 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.024422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[D-Arg1,D-Phe5,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]Substance P functions as a low-potency antagonist but a high-potency full inverse agonist on the ghrelin receptor. Through a systematic deletion and substitution analysis of this peptide, the C-terminal carboxyamidated pentapeptide wFwLX was identified as the core structure, which itself displayed relatively low inverse agonist potency. Mutational analysis at 17 selected positions in the main ligand-binding crevice of the ghrelin receptor demonstrated that ghrelin apparently interacts only with residues in the middle part of the pocket [i.e., between transmembrane (TM)-III, TM-VI and TM-VII]. In contrast, the inverse agonist peptides bind in a pocket that extends all the way from the extracellular end of TM-II (AspII:20) across between TM-III and TM-VI/VII to TM-V and TM-IV. The potency of the main inverse agonist could be improved up to 20-fold by a number of space-generating mutants located relatively deep in the binding pocket at key positions in TM-III, TM-IV and TM-V. It is proposed that the inverse agonists prevent the spontaneous receptor activation by inserting relatively deeply across the main ligand-binding pocket and sterically blocking the movement of TM-VI and TM-VII into their inward-bend, active conformation. The combined structure-functional analysis of both the ligand and the receptor allowed for the design of a novel, N-terminally Lys-extended analog of wFwLL, which rescued the high-potency, selective inverse agonism that was dependent upon both AspII:20 and GluIII:09. The identified pharmacophore can possibly serve as the basis for targeted discovery of also nonpeptide inverse agonists for the ghrelin receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cappelli A, Giuliani G, Pericot Mohr Gl GL, Gallelli A, Anzini M, Vomero S, Cupello A, Scarrone S, Matarrese M, Moresco RM, Fazio F, Finetti F, Morbidelli L, Ziche M. A non-peptide NK1 receptor agonist showing subpicomolar affinity. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1315-8. [PMID: 14998319 DOI: 10.1021/jm034219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Quinolinecarboxamides have been synthesized and evaluated for their binding to the human NK(1) receptor. Several secondary amide derivatives show NK(1) receptor affinity in the picomolar range. The most active compound, hydroxymethylcarboxamide 3h showing an IC(50) value in the subpicomolar range, behaved as an agonist of NK(1) receptor in endothelial cell proliferation, inositol phosphate turnover, and NO-mediated cyclic GMP accumulation, thus proving it to be the first non-peptide NK(1) receptor agonist showing very high potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wan Y, Wallinder C, Johansson B, Holm M, Mahalingam AK, Wu X, Botros M, Karlén A, Pettersson A, Nyberg F, Fändriks L, Hallberg A, Alterman M. First Reported Nonpeptide AT1Receptor Agonist (L-162,313) Acts as an AT2Receptor Agonist in Vivo. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1536-46. [PMID: 14998339 DOI: 10.1021/jm031031i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, it is demonstrated that the first nonpeptide AT(1) receptor agonist L-162,313 (1), disclosed in 1994, also acts as an agonist at the AT(2) receptor. In anesthetized rats, administration of compound 1 intravenously or locally in the duodenum increased duodenal mucosal alkaline secretion, effects that were sensitive to the selective AT(2) receptor antagonist PD-123,319. The data strongly suggest that 1 is an AT(2) receptor agonist in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this substance is the first nonpeptidic low-molecular weight compound with an agonistic effect mediated through the AT(2) receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Wan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bondensgaard K, Ankersen M, Thøgersen H, Hansen BS, Wulff BS, Bywater RP. Recognition of Privileged Structures by G-Protein Coupled Receptors. J Med Chem 2004; 47:888-99. [PMID: 14761190 DOI: 10.1021/jm0309452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures are ligand substructures that are widely used to generate high-affinity ligands for more than one type of receptor. To explain this, we surmised that there must be some common feature in the target proteins. For a set of class A GPCRs, we found a good correlation between conservation patterns of residues in the ligand binding pocket and the privileged structure fragments in class A GPCR ligands. A major part of interior surface of the common ligand binding pocket of class A receptors, identified in many GPCRs, is lined with variable residues that are responsible for selectivity in ligand recognition, while other regions, typically located deeper into the binding pocket, are more conserved and retain a predominantly hydrophobic and aromatic character. The latter is reflected in the chemical nature of most GPCR privileged structures and is proposed to be the common feature that is recognized by the privileged structures. Further, we find that this subpocket is conserved even in distant orthologs within the class A family. Three pairs of ligands recognizing widely different receptor types were docked into receptor models of their target receptors utilizing available structure- activity relationships and mutagenesis data. For each pair of ligands, the ligand-receptor complexes reveal that the nature of the privileged structure binding pocket is conserved between the two complexes, in support of our hypothesis. Only part of the privileged structures can be accommodated within the conserved subpocket. Some contacts are established between the privileged structure and the nonconserved parts of the binding pocket. This implies that any one particular privileged structure can target only a subset of receptors, those complementary to the full privileged structure. Our hypothesis leads to a valuable novelty in that ligand libraries can be designed without any foreknowledge of the structure of the endogenous ligand, which in turn means that even orphan receptors can in principle now be addressed as potential drug targets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Biphenyl Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry
- Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Conserved Sequence
- Cricetinae
- Indans/chemical synthesis
- Indans/chemistry
- Indans/metabolism
- Indoles/chemical synthesis
- Indoles/chemistry
- Indoles/metabolism
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Piperidines/chemical synthesis
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Piperidines/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Ghrelin
- Receptors, Serotonin/chemistry
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Spiro Compounds/chemistry
- Spiro Compounds/metabolism
- Tetrazoles/chemical synthesis
- Tetrazoles/chemistry
- Tetrazoles/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent Bondensgaard
- Protein Engineering, Medicinal Chemistry, and Discovery Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bellucci F, Meini S, Cucchi P, Catalani C, Reichert W, Zappitelli S, Rotondaro L, Quartara L, Giolitti A, Maggi CA. A different molecular interaction of bradykinin and the synthetic agonist FR190997 with the human B2 receptor: evidence from mutational analysis. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:500-6. [PMID: 12970081 PMCID: PMC1574048 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding affinity at the [3H]-BK binding site and activity as inositol phosphate (IP) production by the peptide bradykinin (BK) and the nonpeptide FR190997 were studied at wild-type or point-mutated human B2 receptors (hB2R) expressed in CHO cells. The effect of the following mutations were analyzed: E47A (TM1), W86A and T89A (TM2), I110A, L114A and S117A (TM3), T158A, M165T and L166F (TM4), T197A and S211A (TM5), F252A, W256A and F259A (TM6), S291A, F292A, Y295A and Y295F (TM7), and the double mutation W256A/Y295F. As the wild-type receptor-binding affinity of FR190997 was 40-fold lower than BK, whereas their agonist potency was comparable, both agonists produced similar maximal effects (Emax). Mutations were evaluated as affecting the affinity and/or efficacy of FR190997 compared with BK. Two mutations were found to impair the agonist affinity of both agonists drastically: W86A and F259A. BK agonist affinity (pEC50) was reduced by 1400- and 150-fold, and that of FR190997 was reduced by 400- and 25-fold, at the W86A and F259A mutant B2 receptors, respectively. Contrary to BK, the affinity of FR190997 was selectively decreased at I110A, Y295A, and Y295F mutants (>103-fold), and a different efficacy was measured at the Y295 mutants, FR190997 being devoid of the capability to trigger IP production at Y295A mutant. L114A, F252A, and W256A selectively impaired the efficacy of FR190997, whereas its binding affinity was not affected. As a consequence, FR190997 behaved as a high-affinity antagonist in blocking the IP production induced by BK. The lack of capability of FR190997 to activate or to bind the double mutant W256A/Y295F suggests that these residues are part of the same binding site, which is also important for receptor activation by the nonpeptide ligand. Overall, by means of mutational analysis, we indicate an hB2R recognition site for the nonpeptide agonist FR190997 (between TM3, 6, and 7), different from that of BK, and show that in the same binding crevice some mutations (L114, W256, and F252) are selectively responsible for the agonist properties of only FR190997.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bellucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., via Rismondo 12A, Florence 50131, Italy
| | - Stefania Meini
- Department of Pharmacology, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., via Rismondo 12A, Florence 50131, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Paola Cucchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., via Rismondo 12A, Florence 50131, Italy
| | - Claudio Catalani
- Department of Pharmacology, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., via Rismondo 12A, Florence 50131, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Zappitelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Menarini Biotech, via Tito Speri 10, Rome 00040, Italy
| | - Luigi Rotondaro
- Department of Biotechnology, Menarini Biotech, via Tito Speri 10, Rome 00040, Italy
| | - Laura Quartara
- Department of Chemistry, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., via Rismondo 12A, Florence 50131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giolitti
- Department of Drug Design, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., via Rismondo 12A, Florence 50131, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Maggi
- Department of Pharmacology, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., via Rismondo 12A, Florence 50131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hines J, Fluharty SJ, Yee DK. Structural determinants for the activation mechanism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor differ for phosphoinositide hydrolysis and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:251-62. [PMID: 12826267 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While the mechanism whereby the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1) receptor) activates its classical effector phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) has largely been elucidated, there is little consensus on how this receptor activates a more recently identified effector, the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p42/44(MAPK)). Using transfected COS-1 cells, we investigated the activation of this signaling pathway at the receptor level itself. Previous mutational studies that relied on phosphoinositide turnover as an index of receptor activation have indicated that key residues in the second and seventh transmembrane domains participate in AT(1) receptor activation mechanisms. Thus, we introduced a variety of mutations-AT(1)[D74N], AT(1)[Y292F], AT(1)[N295S], and AT(1)[AT(2) TM7], which is composed of a chimeric substitution of the AT(1) seventh transmembrane domain with its AT(2) counterpart. These mutations that strongly diminished the receptor's ability to activate PLC-beta had little to no effect on its ability to activate p42/44(MAPK), which not only suggests that p42/44(MAPK) does not exclusively lie downstream of the G-protein G(q)/PLC-beta pathway but also indicates that more than one activation state may exist for the AT(1) receptor. The failure of a protein kinase C inhibitor to block AT(1) receptor activation of p42/44(MAPK) further corroborated evidence that the receptor's activation of p42/44(MAPK) is largely independent of the G(q)/PLC-beta/PKC pathway. Taken together, the experimental evidence strongly suggests that the mechanism whereby the AT(1) receptor activates p42/44(MAPK) is fundamentally different from that for PLC-beta, even at the level of the receptor itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Hines
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6046, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kopin AS, McBride EW, Chen C, Freidinger RM, Chen D, Zhao CM, Beinborn M. Identification of a series of CCK-2 receptor nonpeptide agonists: sensitivity to stereochemistry and a receptor point mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:5525-30. [PMID: 12697901 PMCID: PMC154378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0831223100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for small-molecule drugs that act at peptide hormone receptors has resulted in the identification of a wide variety of antagonists. In contrast, the discovery of nonpeptide agonists has been far more elusive. We have used a constitutively active mutant of the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK-2R) as a sensitive screen to detect ligand activity. Functional assessment of structural analogs of the prototype CCK-2R antagonist, L-365,260 [3R-N- (2,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl)-N'-(3-methylphenyl)urea], resulted in the identification of a series of agonists. Each of the active molecules is an S enantiomer, whereas the corresponding R stereoisomers have little or no activity. Further in vitro and in vivo assessment at the wild-type receptor indicated that efficacy of the two most active ligands approached that of the endogenous hormone. The function of selected R and S enantiomers was differentially sensitive to a point mutation, N353L, within the putative CCK-2R ligand pocket. The results of this study highlight the potential of constitutively active receptors as drug screening tools and the interdependence of ligand stereochemistry and receptor conformation in defining drug efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Kopin
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Box 7703, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Costa-Neto CM, Miyakawa AA, Pesquero JB, Oliveira L, Hjorth SA, Schwartz TW, Paiva ACM. Interaction of a non-peptide agonist with angiotensin II AT1 receptor mutants. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80:413-7. [PMID: 12056547 DOI: 10.1139/y02-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To identify residues of the rat AT1A angiotensin II receptor involved with signal transduction and binding of the non-peptide agonist L-162,313 (5,7-dimethyl-2-ethyl-3-[[4-[2(n-butyloxycarbonylsulfonamido)-5-isobutyl-3-thienyl]phenyl]methyl]imidazol[4,5,6]-pyridine) we have performed ligand binding and inositol phosphate turnover assays in COS-7 cells transiently transfected with the wild-type and mutant forms of the receptor. Mutant receptors bore modifications in the extracellular region: T88H, Y92H, G1961, G196W, and D278E. Compound L-162,313 displaced [125I]-Sar1,Leu8-AngII from the mutants G196I and G196W with IC50 values similar to that of the wild-type. The affinity was, however, slightly affected by the D278E mutation and more significantly by the T88H and Y92H mutations. In inositol phosphate turnover assays, the ability of L-162,313 to trigger the activation cascade was compared with that of angiotensin II. These assays showed that the G196W mutant reached a relative maximum activation exceeding that of the wild-type receptor; the efficacy was slightly reduced in the G1961 mutant and further reduced in the T88H, Y92H, and D278E mutants. Our data suggest that residues of the extracellular domain of the AT1 receptor are involved in the binding of the non-peptide ligand, or in a general receptor activation phenomenon that involves conformational modifications for a preferential binding of agonists or antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Costa-Neto
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Peptide recognition by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is reviewed with an emphasis on the indirect approach used to determine the receptor-bound conformation of peptide ligands. This approach was developed in response to the lack of detailed structural information available for these receptors. Recent advances in the structural determination of rhodopsin (the GPCR of the visual system) by crystallography have provided a scaffold for homology modeling of the inactive state of a wide variety of GPCRs that interact with peptide messages. Additionally, the ability to mutate GPCRs and assay compounds of similar chemical structure to test a common binding site on the receptor provides a firm experimental basis for structure-activity studies. Recognition motifs, common in other well-studied systems such as proteolytic enzymes and major histocompatibility class receptors (MHC) are reviewed briefly to provide a basis of comparison. Finally, the development of true peptidomimetics is contrasted with nonpeptide ligands, discovered through combinatorial chemistry. In many systems, the evidence suggests that the peptide ligands bind at the interface between the transmembrane segments and the extracellular loops, while nonpeptide antagonists bind within the transmembrane segments. Plausible models of GPCRs and the mechanism by which they activate G-proteins on binding peptides are beginning to emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Marshall
- Center for Computational Biology, 700 S. Euclid Avenue, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Neve KA, Cumbay MG, Thompson KR, Yang R, Buck DC, Watts VJ, DuRand CJ, Teeter MM. Modeling and mutational analysis of a putative sodium-binding pocket on the dopamine D2 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 60:373-81. [PMID: 11455025 DOI: 10.1124/mol.60.2.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A homology model of the dopamine D2 receptor was constructed based on the crystal structure of rhodopsin. A putative sodium-binding pocket identified in an earlier model (PDB ) was revised. It is now defined by Asn-419 backbone oxygen at the apex of a pyramid and Asp-80, Ser-121, Asn-419, and Ser-420 at each vertex of the planar base. Asn-423 stabilizes this pocket through hydrogen bonds to two of these residues. Highly conserved Asn-52 is positioned near the sodium pocket, where it hydrogen-bonds with Asp-80 and the backbone carbonyl of Ser-420. Mutation of three of these residues, Asn-52 in helix 1, Ser-121 in helix 3, and Ser-420 in helix 7, profoundly altered the properties of the receptor. Mutants in which Asn-52 was replaced with Ala or Leu or Ser-121 was replaced with Leu exhibited no detectable binding of radioligands, although receptor immunoreactivity in the membrane was similar to that in cells expressing the wild-type D2L receptor. A mutant in which Asn-52 was replaced with Gln, preserving hydrogen-bonding capability, was similar to D2L in affinity for ligands and ability to inhibit cAMP accumulation. Mutants in which either Ser-121 or Ser-420 was replaced with Ala or Asn had decreased affinity for agonists (Ser-121), but increased affinity for the antagonists haloperidol and clozapine. Interestingly, the affinity of these Ser-121 and Ser-420 mutants for substituted benzamide antagonists showed little or no dependence on sodium, consistent with our hypothesis that Ser-121 and Ser-420 contribute to the formation of a sodium-binding pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Neve
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ballesteros JA, Shi L, Javitch JA. Structural Mimicry in G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Implications of the High-Resolution Structure of Rhodopsin for Structure-Function Analysis of Rhodopsin-Like Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.60.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
41
|
Sandberg K, Ji H. Comparative analysis of amphibian and mammalian angiotensin receptors. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 128:53-75. [PMID: 11137439 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian angiotensin receptors (xAT receptors) share many similarities with mammalian type 1 angiotensin receptors (AT(1) receptors). Both xAT and AT(1) receptors belong to the super family of seven transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors and share approximately 60% amino acid homology. Highly stable secondary structure in the 5' leader sequences and the presence of the mRNA destabilizing sequence (AUUUA) in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the xAT and AT(1) receptor mRNAs suggest similar mechanisms exist for regulating gene expression. Amphibian and mammalian AT receptors bind angiotensin with equivalent affinities but show marked differences in their affinities towards mammalian AT(1) receptor subtype selective non-peptide ligands. Both xAT and AT(1) receptors couple to G proteins and to the phospholipase C (PLC) signal transduction pathway. Mammalian AT(1) receptors play a key role in maintaining blood pressure and fluid homeostasis and there is considerable evidence that xAT receptors play a similarly important role in amphibians. This review focuses on the comparison of amphibian xAT receptors with mammalian AT(1) receptors in terms of their structure, pharmacology, signaling, and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Kondo K, Ogawa H, Shinohara T, Kurimura M, Tanada Y, Kan K, Yamashita H, Nakamura S, Hirano T, Yamamura Y, Mori T, Tominaga M, Itai A. Novel design of nonpeptide AVP V(2) receptor agonists: structural requirements for an agonist having 1-(4-aminobenzoyl)-2,3,4, 5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepine as a template. J Med Chem 2000; 43:4388-97. [PMID: 11087564 DOI: 10.1021/jm000108p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a series of nonpeptide arginine vasopressin V(2) receptor agonists is described. After identifying the aniline derivative 8 as our lead compound from the metabolites of compound 7 that showed antidiuretic activity by po administration to Brattleboro rats, improvements in the in vitro potency involving evaluations of the structural requirements for agonist action and optimizing the structure of the benzoyl moiety have been intensively undertaken. These studies led to compounds 16g, 19a, and 23b,h,i that show potent agonist activity for the V(2) receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kondo
- Second Tokushima Institute of New Drug Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The lack of specific receptors (and antagonists) has hampered the research on the neural mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-like peptides. Yet the original observations in the 1970s already pointed to cAMP as a possible mediator of ACTH/MSH effects in neurons. The cloning of melanocortin receptors since 1992, the identification of at least two subtypes (melanocortin MC(3) and MC(4) receptors) that are present in neural tissue and the development of selective and potent agonists as well as antagonists have markedly furthered the position of melanocortins as important neuropeptides. In this paper we discuss the role of especially the receptor subtype melanocortin MC(4) in various behaviors including grooming behavior and feeding behavior and consider new insights in the interaction between the opioid and the melanocortin system at the level of the spinal cord (i.e. pain perception). Finally, based on new data obtained in molecular pharmacological studies on brain melanocortin receptors, we suggest a general concept for selective receptor-ligand interaction: ligand residues outside the peptide core-sequence may direct the conformation of the residues in the ligand core-sequence that interact directly with the receptor-binding pocket and thereby determine selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Adan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
De Witt BJ, Garrison EA, Champion HC, Kadowitz PJ. L-163,491 is a partial angiotensin AT(1) receptor agonist in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 404:213-9. [PMID: 10980281 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Responses to the nonpeptide angiotensin II agonist 5, 7-Dimethyl-2-ethyl-3-[[2'-([butyloxycarbonyl) aminosulfonyl]-5'-(3-methyoxybenzyl)-[1, 1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl]-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (L-163,491) were investigated and compared with responses to angiotensin II, angiotensin IV and norepinephrine in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat under constant-flow conditions. Injections of L-163,491 into the hindquarter perfusion circuit caused dose-related increases in hindquarters perfusion pressure. In relative terms, angiotensin II was more potent than norepinephrine, which was more potent than angiotensin IV and L-163,491 in increasing hindlimb vascular resistance. The slope of the dose-response curve for L-163,491 was flat, while the apparent affinity of the compound for angiotensin AT(1) receptors was slightly greater than angiotensin IV. Responses to L-163,491 were inhibited by the angiotensin AT(1) receptor antagonist DuP 532 (2-propyl-4-pentafluoroethyl-1-[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)bipheny l-4-yl)me thyl]imidazole-5-carboxylic acid) and were not altered by the angiotensin AT(2) receptor antagonist PD123,319 (S(+)-1-[[4-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylphenyl]methyl]-5-(diphenylacetyl+ ++) -4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid ditribluoroacetate). However, the increase in hindlimb perfusion pressure in response to angiotensin II and angiotensin IV was significantly decreased following injection of L-163,491. These data suggest that the nonpeptide angiotensin analog L-163,491 has partial agonist activity, which is dependent on the stimulation of angiotensin AT(1) receptors in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J De Witt
- Department of Pharmacology SL83, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Holst B, Elling CE, Schwartz TW. Partial agonism through a zinc-Ion switch constructed between transmembrane domains III and VII in the tachykinin NK(1) receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:263-70. [PMID: 10908293 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.2.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Partly due to lack of detailed knowledge of the molecular recognition of ligands the structural basis for partial versus full agonism is not known. In the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor the agonist binding site has previously been structurally and functionally exchanged with an activating metal-ion site located between AspIII:08-or a His residue introduced at this position in transmembrane domain (TM)-III-and a Cys residue substituted for AsnVII:06 in TM-VII. Here, this interhelical, bidentate metal-ion site is without loss of Zn(2+) affinity transferred to the tachykinin NK(1) receptor. In contrast to the similarly mutated beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, signal transduction-i.e., inositol phosphate turnover-could be stimulated by both Zn(2+) and by the natural agonist, Substance P in the mutated NK(1) receptor. The metal-ion acted as a 25% partial agonist through binding to the bidentate zinc switch located exactly one helical turn below the two previously identified interaction points for Substance P in, respectively, TM-III and -VII. The metal-ion chelator, phenantroline, which in the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor increased both the potency and the agonistic efficacy of Zn(2+) or Cu(2+) in complex with the chelator, also bound to the metal-ion site-engineered NK(1) receptor, but here the metal-ion chelator complex instead acted as a pure antagonist. It is concluded that signaling of even distantly related rhodopsin-like 7TM receptors can be activated through Zn(2+) coordination between metal-ion binding residues located at positions III:08 and VII:06. It is suggested that only partial agonism is obtained through this simple well defined metal-ion coordination due to lack of proper interactions with residues also in TM-VI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bläker M, Ren Y, Seshadri L, McBride EW, Beinborn M, Kopin AS. CCK-B/Gastrin receptor transmembrane domain mutations selectively alter synthetic agonist efficacy without affecting the activity of endogenous peptides. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:399-406. [PMID: 10908308 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.2.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts have focused on identifying small nonpeptide molecules that can mimic the activity of endogenous peptide hormones. Understanding the molecular basis of ligand-induced receptor activation by these divergent classes of ligands should expedite the process of drug development. Using the cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor (CCK-BR) as a model system, we have recently shown that both affinity and efficacy of nonpeptide ligands are markedly affected by amino acid alterations within a putative transmembrane domain (TMD) ligand pocket. In this report, we examine whether residues projecting into the TMD pocket determine the pharmacologic properties of structurally diverse CCK-BR ligands, including peptides and synthetic peptide-derived partial agonists (peptoids). Nineteen mutant human CCK-BRs, each including a single TMD amino acid substitution, were transiently expressed in COS-7 cells and characterized. Binding affinities as well as ligand-induced inositol phosphate production at the mutant CCK-BRs were assessed for peptides (CCK-8 and CCK-4) and for peptoids (PD-135,158 and PD-136, 450). Distinct as well as overlapping determinants of peptide and peptoid binding affinity were identified, supporting that both classes of ligands, at least in part, interact with the CCK-BR TMD ligand pocket. Eight point mutations resulted in marked increases or decreases in the functional activity of the synthetic peptoid ligands. In contrast, the functional activity of both peptides, CCK-8 and CCK-4, was not affected by any of the CCK-BR mutations. These findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying activation of G-protein-coupled receptors by endogenous peptide hormones versus synthetic ligands may markedly differ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bläker
- Department of Medicine and the GRASP Digestive Disease Center, Tupper Research Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gouldson P, Legoux P, Carillon C, Delpech B, Le Fur G, Ferrara P, Shire D. The agonist SR 146131 and the antagonist SR 27897 occupy different sites on the human CCK(1) receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 400:185-94. [PMID: 10988332 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1-[2-(4-(2-Chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl) aminocarbonyl indoyl] acetic acid (SR 27897) is an effective CCK(1) receptor antagonist, while the structurally related molecule 2-[4-(4-chloro-2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-(2-cyclohexyl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl ]-5, 7-dimethyl-indol-1-yl-1-acetic acid (SR 146131) is a highly potent and specific agonist for the same receptor. To discover how the two molecules interact with the human cholecystokinin (CCK) CCK(1) receptor, we have carried out binding and activity studies with 33-point mutated receptors. Only six mutants showed altered [3H]SR 27897 binding properties, Lys(115), Lys(187), Phe(198), Trp(209), Leu(214) and Asn(333). In contrast, numerous mutations throughout the receptor either reduced SR 146131 agonist potency, Phe(97), Gly(122), Phe(198), Trp(209), Ile(229), Asn(333), Arg(336) and Leu(356) or increased it, Tyr(48), Cys(94), Asn(98), Leu(217) and Ser(359). Only mutations of Phe(198), Trp(209) and Asn(333) affected both SR 27897 and SR 146131 binding or activity. The collated information was used to construct molecular models of SR 27897 and SR 146131 bound to the human CCK(1) receptor. The clear difference in the binding sites of SR 27897 and SR 146131 offers a molecular explanation for their contrasting pharmacological characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Gouldson
- Sanofi-Synthelabo Recherche, Centre de Labège, Labège-Innopole, Voie No. 1, BP 137, 31676 Cedex, Labège, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Costa-Neto CM, Miyakawa AA, Oliveira L, Hjorth SA, Schwartz TW, Paiva ACM. Mutational analysis of the interaction of the N- and C-terminal ends of angiotensin II with the rat AT(1A) receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:1263-8. [PMID: 10903964 PMCID: PMC1572190 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The role of different residues of the rat AT(1A) receptor in the interaction with the N- and C-terminal ends of angiotensin II (AngII) was studied by determining ligand binding and production of inositol phosphates (IP) in COS-7 cells transiently expressing the following AT(1A) mutants: T88H, Y92H, G196I, G196W and D278E. 2. G196W and G196I retained significant binding and IP-production properties, indicating that bulky substituents in position 196 did not affect the interaction of AngII's C-terminal carboxyl with Lys(199) located three residues below. 3. Although the T88A mutation did not affect binding, the T88H mutant had greatly decreased affinity for AngII, suggesting that substitution of Thr(88) by His might hinder binding through an indirect effect. 4. The Y92H mutation caused loss of affinity for AngII that was much less pronounced than that reported for Y92A, indicating that His in that position can fulfil part of the requirements for binding. 5. Replacing Asp(278) by Glu caused a much smaller reduction in affinity than replacing it by Ala, indicating the importance of Asp's beta-carboxyl group for AngII binding. 6. Mutations in residues Thr(88), Tyr(92) and Asp(278) greatly reduced affinity for AngII but not for Sar(1) Leu(8)-AngII, suggesting unfavourable interactions between these residues and AngII's aspartic acid side-chain or N-terminal amino group, which might account for the proposed role of the N-terminal amino group of AngII in the agonist-induced desensitization (tachyphylaxis) of smooth muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Costa-Neto
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Panun Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ayumi A Miyakawa
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laerte Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Siv A Hjorth
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Panun Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Panun Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antonio C M Paiva
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Aramori I, Zenkoh J, Morikawa N, Asano M, Hatori C, Sawai H, Kayakiri H, Satoh S, Inoue T, Abe Y, Sawada Y, Mizutani T, Inamura N, Iwami M, Nakahara K, Kojo H, Oku T, Notsu Y. Nonpeptide mimic of bradykinin with long-acting properties. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 45:185-90. [PMID: 10615010 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(99)00144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Kinins, members of a family of peptides released from kininogens by the action of kallikreins, have been implicated in a variety of biological activities including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle cells and activation of sensory neurons. However, investigation of the physiological actions of kinins have been greatly hampered because its effects are curtailed by rapid proteolytic degradation. We examined the pharmacological characteristics of the first nonpeptide bradykinin receptor agonist 8-[2,6-dichloro-3-[N-[(E)-4-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cinnamidoacetyl+ ++]-N-methylamino]benzyloxy]-2-methyl-4-(2-pyridylmethoxy)quinolin e (FR190997). FR190997, whose structure is quite different from the natural peptide ligand, but is similar to the nonpeptide antagonists FR165649, FR167344 and FR173657, potently and selectively interacts with the human B2 receptor and markedly stimulates inositol phosphate formation in transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. FR190997 induces concentration-dependent contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum. In vivo, FR190997 mimics the biological action of bradykinin and induces hypotensive responses in rats with prolonged duration, presumably as a consequence of its resistance to proteolytic degradation. Therefore, FR190997 is a highly potent and subtype-selective nonpeptide agonist which displays high intrinsic activity at the bradykinin B2 receptor. This compound represents a powerful tool for further investigation of the physiology and pathophysiology of bradykinin receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Aramori
- Molecular Biological Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|