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Yang J, Chen X, Liu T, Shi Y. Potential role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Life Sci 2024; 336:122279. [PMID: 37995935 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common acute gastrointestinal diseases in preterm infants. Recent studies have found that NEC is not only caused by changes in the intestinal environment but also by the failure of multiple systems and organs, including the liver. The accumulation of bile acids (BAs) in the ileum and the disorder of ileal BA transporters are related to the ileum injury of NEC. Inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18 secreted by NEC also play an important role in regulating intrahepatic BA transporters. As an important link connecting the liver and intestinal circulation, the bile acid metabolic pathway plays an important role in the regulation of intestinal microbiota, cell proliferation, and barrier protection. In this review, we focus on how bile acids explore the dynamic changes of bile acid metabolism in necrotizing enterocolitis and the potential therapeutic value of targeting the bile acid signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Tianjing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Yongyan Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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2
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Bakrim S, El Omari N, Khan EJ, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Chook JB, Goh KW, Ming LC, Aboulaghras S, Bouyahya A. Phytosterols activating nuclear receptors are involving in steroid hormone-dependent cancers: Myth or fact? Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115783. [PMID: 37944439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent intracellular proteins that function as a signaling network of transcriptional factors to control genes in response to a variety of environmental, dietary, and hormonal stimulations or serve as orphan receptors lacking a recognized ligand. They also play an essential role in normal development, metabolism, cell growth, cell division, physiology, reproduction, and homeostasis and function as biological markers for tumor subclassification and as targets for hormone therapy. NRs, including steroid hormone receptors (SHRs), have been studied as tools to examine the fundamentals of transcriptional regulation within the development of mammals and human physiology, in addition to their links to disturbances. In this regard, it is widely recognized that aberrant NR signaling is responsible for the pathological growth of hormone-dependent tumors in response to SHRs dysregulation and consequently represents a potential therapeutic candidate in a range of diseases, as in the case of prostate cancer and breast cancer. On the other hand, phytosterols are a group of plant-derived compounds that act directly as ligands for NRs and have proven their efficacy in the management of diabetes, heart diseases, and cancers. However, these plants are not suggested in cases of hormone-dependent cancer since a certain group of plants contains molecules with a chemical structure similar to that of estrogens, which are known as phytoestrogens or estrogen-like compounds, such as lignans, coumestans, and isoflavones. Therefore, it remains an open and controversial debate regarding whether consuming a phytosterol-rich diet and adopting a vegetarian lifestyle like the Mediterranean diet may increase the risk of developing steroid hormone-dependent cancers by constitutively activating SHRs and thereby leading to tumor transformation. Overall, the purpose of this review is to better understand the relevant mechanistic pathways and explore epidemiological investigations in order to establish that phytosterols may contribute to the activation of NRs as cancer drivers in hormone-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | | | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P. O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jack Bee Chook
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia.
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia.
| | - Sara Aboulaghras
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
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3
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Pérez-Valero Á, Ye S, Magadán-Corpas P, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Metabolic engineering in Streptomyces albidoflavus for the biosynthesis of the methylated flavonoids sakuranetin, acacetin, and genkwanin. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:234. [PMID: 37964284 PMCID: PMC10648386 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites showing antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities, among others. Methylated flavonoids are particularly interesting compared to non-methylated ones due to their greater stability and intestinal absorption, which improves their oral bioavailability. In this work we have stablished a metabolic engineered strain of Streptomyces albidoflavus with enhanced capabilities for flavonoid production, achieving a 1.6-fold increase in the biosynthesis of naringenin with respect to the parental strain. This improved strain, S. albidoflavus UO-FLAV-004, has been used for the heterologous biosynthesis of the methylated flavonoids sakuranetin, acacetin and genkwanin. The achieved titers of sakuranetin and acacetin were 8.2 mg/L and 5.8 mg/L, respectively. The genkwanin titers were 0.8 mg/L, with a bottleneck identified in this producing strain. After applying a co-culture strategy, genkwanin production titers reached 3.5 mg/L, which represents a 4.4-fold increase. To our knowledge, this study presents the first biosynthesis of methylated flavonoids in not only any Streptomyces species, but also in any Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Pérez-Valero
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Suhui Ye
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia Magadán-Corpas
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Claudio J Villar
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain.
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain.
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain.
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4
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Lan H, Zhang Y, Fan M, Wu B, Wang C. Pregnane X receptor as a therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:371-387. [PMID: 37593784 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2248680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury (CLI) is caused by toxic bile acids (BAs) accumulation in the liver and can lead to inflammation and liver fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying CLI development remain unclear, and this disease has no effective cure. However, regulating BA synthesis and homeostasis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CLI treatment. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an essential role in the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics via the transcription of metabolic enzymes and transporters, which can ultimately modulate BA homeostasis and exert anticholestatic effects. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that PXR exhibits antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, providing novel insights into treating CLI. Meanwhile, several drugs have been identified as PXR agonists that improve CLI. Nevertheless, the precise role of PXR in CLI still needs to be fully understood. This review summarizes how PXR improves CLI by ameliorating cholestasis, inhibiting inflammation, and reducing fibrosis and discusses the progress of promising PXR agonists for treating CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Minqi Fan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Wu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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5
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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6
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Kuang L, Liang Z, Wang C, Lin T, Zhang Y, Zhu B. Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Children with Acute Respiratory Infections Caused by Respiratory Virus or Atypical Pathogen Infection. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061486. [PMID: 36986216 PMCID: PMC10056357 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to clarify the involvement of vitamin D status in virus or atypical pathogens infection in children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). In this retrospective study, 295 patients with ARIs were attacked by a respiratory virus or a single atypical pathogen; 17 patients with ARIs induced by two pathogens, and 636 healthy children were included. Serum 25(OH)D levels of all children were measured. Oropharyngeal samples of the patients for viruses or atypical pathogens were studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In our studies, 58.98% of the 295 single-infected subjects and 76.47% of the 17 co-infected subjects had 25(OH)D levels below the recommended 50.0 nmol/L; the mean 25(OH)D levels were 48.48 ± 19.91 nmol/L and 44.12 ± 12.78 nmol/L. Low serum 25(OH)D levels were remarkable in patients with one of seven viruses or atypical pathogens infected. These results were significantly different from those in the healthy group. There were no significant differences in 25(OH)D levels between single infection and co-infection groups. There were no differences in severity among means of 25(OH)D levels. Female or >6-year-old children patients with low serum 25(OH)D levels were more vulnerable to pathogenic respiratory pathogens. However, serum 25(OH)D levels may be related to the recovery of ARIs. These findings provide additional evidence for the development of strategies to prevent ARIs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Kuang
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhuofu Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Changbing Wang
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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7
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Xiao L, Feng J, Zhang W, Pan J, Wang M, Zhang C, Li L, Su X, Yao P. Autism-like behavior of murine offspring induced by prenatal exposure to progestin is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction due to claudin-1 suppression. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 36855792 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with the contribution of many prenatal risk factors; in particular, the sex hormone progestin and vitamin D receptor (VDR) are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in ASD development, although the related mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the possible role and mechanism of progestin 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) exposure-induced GI dysfunction and autism-like behaviours (ALB) in mouse offspring. An intestine-specific VDR-deficient mouse model was established for prenatal treatment, while transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCT) with related gene manipulation was used for postnatal treatment for 17-OHPC exposure-induced GI dysfunction and ALB in mouse offspring. The in vivo mouse experiments found that VDR deficiency mimics prenatal 17-OHPC exposure-mediated GI dysfunction, but has no effect on 17-OHPC-mediated autism-like behaviours (ALB) in mouse offspring. Furthermore, prenatal 17-OHPC exposure induces CLDN1 suppression in intestine epithelial cells, and transplantation of HSCT with CLDN1 expression ameliorates prenatal 17-OHPC exposure-mediated GI dysfunction, but has no effect on 17-OHPC-mediated ALB in offspring. In conclusion, prenatal 17-OHPC exposure triggers GI dysfunction in autism-like mouse offspring via CLDN1 suppression, providing a possible explanation for the involvement of CLDN1 and VDR in prenatal 17-OHPC exposure-mediated GI dysfunction with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jianqing Feng
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Wanhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Long Island University (Post), Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Xi Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Paul Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China.,Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
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8
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Heering J, Jores N, Kilu W, Schallmayer E, Peelen E, Muehler A, Kohlhof H, Vitt D, Linhard V, Gande SL, Chaikuad A, Sreeramulu S, Schwalbe H, Merk D. Mechanistic Impact of Different Ligand Scaffolds on FXR Modulation Suggests Avenues to Selective Modulators. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3159-3168. [PMID: 36318238 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The bile-acid sensing nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an attractive target for the treatment of hepatic and metabolic diseases, but application of this chemotherapeutic concept remains limited due to adverse effects of FXR activation observed in clinical trials. To elucidate the mechanistic basis of FXR activation at the molecular level, we have systematically studied FXR co-regulator interactions and dimerization in response to seven chemically diverse FXR ligands. Different molecular effects on FXR activation mediated by different scaffolds were evident and aligned with characteristic structural changes within the ligand binding domain of FXR. A partial FXR agonist acted mainly through co-repressor displacement from FXR and caused an FXR-regulated gene expression pattern markedly differing from FXR agonist effects. These results suggest selective modulation of FXR dimerization and co-regulator interactions for different ligands, offering a potential avenue for the design of gene- or tissue-selective FXR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heering
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, 60596Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathalie Jores
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Whitney Kilu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Espen Schallmayer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Verena Linhard
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Santosh L Gande
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377Munich, Germany
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9
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Allosteric Antagonism of the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR): Current-State-of-the-Art and Prediction of Novel Allosteric Sites. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192974. [PMID: 36230936 PMCID: PMC9563780 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a xenobiotic-activated transcription factor with high levels of expression in the liver. It not only plays a key role in drug metabolism and elimination, but also promotes tumor growth, drug resistance, and metabolic diseases. It has been proposed as a therapeutic target for type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease, and PXR antagonists have recently been considered as a therapy for colon cancer. There are currently no PXR antagonists that can be used in a clinical setting. Nevertheless, due to the large and complex ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of the PXR, it is challenging to discover PXR antagonists at the orthosteric site. Alternative ligand binding sites of the PXR have also been proposed and are currently being studied. Recently, the AF-2 allosteric binding site of the PXR has been identified, with several compounds modulating the site discovered. Herein, we aimed to summarize our current knowledge of allosteric modulation of the PXR as well as our attempt to unlock novel allosteric sites. We describe the novel binding function 3 (BF-3) site of PXR, which is also common for other nuclear receptors. In addition, we also mention a novel allosteric site III based on in silico prediction. The identified allosteric sites of the PXR provide new insights into the development of safe and efficient allosteric modulators of the PXR receptor. We therefore propose that novel PXR allosteric sites might be promising targets for treating chronic metabolic diseases and some cancers.
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10
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Wimalawansa SJ. Rapidly Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Boosts the Immune System, against Infections-Sepsis and COVID-19. Nutrients 2022; 14:2997. [PMID: 35889955 PMCID: PMC9319502 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global public health problem, a pandemic that commonly affects the elderly and those with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, respiratory disorders, recurrent infections, immune deficiency, and malignancies, as well as ethnic minorities living in temperate countries. The same groups were worst affected by COVID-19. Since vitamin D deficiency weakens the immune system, it increases the risk of infections, complications, and deaths, such as from sepsis and COVID-19. Deficiency can be remedied cost-effectively through targeted food fortification, supplementation, and/or daily safe sun exposure. Its endocrine functions are limited to mineral metabolism, musculoskeletal systems, specific cell membrane interactions, and parathyroid gland functions. Except for the rapid, endocrine, and cell membrane-based non-genomic functions, all other biological and physiological activities of vitamin D depend on the adequate intracellular synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) in peripheral target cells via the genome. Calcitriol mediates autocrine (intracrine) and paracrine signalling in immune cells, which provides broader, protective immune functions crucial to overcoming infections. The synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) in peripheral target cells is dependent on diffusion and endocytosis of D3 and 25(OH)D from the circulation into them, which requires maintenance of serum 25(OH)D concentration above 50 ng/mL. Therefore, in acute infections such as sepsis and respiratory infections like COVID-19, it is necessary to rapidly provide its precursors, D3 and 25(OH)D, through the circulation to generate adequate intracellular calcitriol. Immune defence is one of the crucial non-hormonal functions of vitamin D. A single oral (bolus) dose or divided upfront loading doses between 100,000 and 500,000 IU, using 50,000 IU vitamin D3 increase the serum 25(OH)D concentrations to a therapeutic level of above 50 ng/mL that lasts between two to three months. This takes three to five days to raise serum 25(OH)D. In contrast, a single oral dose of calcifediol (0.014 mg/kg body weight) can generate the needed 25(OH)D concentration within four hours. Considering both D3 and 25(OH)D enter immune cells for generating calcitriol, using the combination of D3 (medium-term) and calcifediol (immediate) is cost-effective and leads to the best clinical outcome. To maximise protection against infections, particularly to reduce COVID-19-associated complications and deaths, healthcare workers should advise patients on safe sun exposure, adequate vitamin D supplementation and balanced diets containing zinc, magnesium, and other micronutrients to support the immune system. Meanwhile, governments, the World Health Organisation, the Centers for Disease Control, and governments should consider similar recommendations to physicians and the public, change the outdated vitamin D and other micronutrient recommendations directed to their population, and organise targetted food fortification programs for the vulnerable groups. This article discusses a rational approach to maintaining a sustained serum 25(OH)D concentration above 50 ng/mL, necessary to attain a robust immune system for overcoming infections. Such would cost-effectively improve the population’s health and reduce healthcare costs. It also describes three cost-effective, straightforward protocols for achieving and sustaining therapeutic serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (>125 nmol/L) to keep the population healthy, reduce absenteeism, improve productivity, and lower healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J Wimalawansa
- Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Cardiometabolic & Endocrine Institute, North Brunswick, NJ 08873, USA
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11
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. The Hole-Board Test in Mutant Mice. Behav Genet 2022; 52:158-169. [PMID: 35482162 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-022-10102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
First described by Boissier and Simon in (Ther Recreat J 17:1225-1232, 1962), the hole-board has become a recognized test of anxiety and spatial memory. Benzodiazepines acting at the GABAA-BZD site increase hole-pokes in rats and mice, indicating a loss in behavioral inhibition concordant with the behavior of mutant mice deficient in the GABA transporter. Hole-poking also depends on arousal mechanisms dependent on dopaminergic transmission, as indicated by drug and null mutant studies. In addition, the behavior is modified in natural and null mutants affecting the cerebellum as well as null mutants affecting neuropeptides, growth factors, cell adhesion, and inflammation. Further research is required to determine convergences between genetic and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France. .,CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.
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12
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Tomaszewska A, Rustecka A, Lipińska-Opałka A, Piprek RP, Kloc M, Kalicki B, Kubiak JZ. The Role of Vitamin D in COVID-19 and the Impact of Pandemic Restrictions on Vitamin D Blood Content. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:836738. [PMID: 35264968 PMCID: PMC8899722 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.836738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a hormone regulating the immune system and playing a pivotal role in responses to microbial infections. It regulates inflammatory processes by influencing the transcription of immune-response genes in macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. The proven role of vitamin D in many infectious diseases of the respiratory tract indicated that vitamin D should also play a role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vitamin D inhibits cytokine storm by switching the pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 to the anti-inflammatory Th2 and Treg response. Vitamin D is therefore expected to play a role in preventing, relieving symptoms, or treating SARS-CoV-2 infection symptoms, including severe pneumonia. There are several possible mechanisms by which vitamin D may reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection, such as induction of the transcription of cathelicidin and defensin. Also a nongenomic antiviral action of vitamin D and lumisterol, the molecule closely related to vitamin D, was reported. Despite this enormous progress, currently, there is still insufficient scientific evidence to support the claim that vitamin D supplementation may help treat COVID-19 infection. The pandemic restrictions were also shown to impact vitamin D uptake by limiting exposure to sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Tomaszewska
- Pediatric, Nephrology, and Allergology Clinic, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rustecka
- Pediatric, Nephrology, and Allergology Clinic, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Rafal P Piprek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bolesław Kalicki
- Pediatric, Nephrology, and Allergology Clinic, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Z Kubiak
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS, UMR 6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University Rennes, Rennes, France.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Nakano M, Nakajima M. A-to-I RNA editing and m6A modification modulating expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:624-633. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Abstract
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease, worldwide. The molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex, involving numerous signalling molecules including microRNAs (miRNAs). Dysregulation of miRNA expression is associated with hepatic inflammation, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although miRNAs are also critical to the cellular response to vitamin D, mediating regulation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D’s anticancer effects, a role for vitamin D regulated miRNAs in NAFLD pathogenesis has been relatively unexplored. Therefore, this review aimed to critically assess the evidence for a potential subset of miRNAs that are both dysregulated in NAFLD and modulated by vitamin D. Comprehensive review of 89 human studies identified 25 miRNAs found dysregulated in more than one NAFLD study. In contrast, only 17 studies, including a protocol for a trial in NAFLD, had examined miRNAs in relation to vitamin D status, response to supplementation, or vitamin D in the context of the liver. This paper summarises these data and reviews the biological roles of six miRNAs (miR-21, miR-30, miR-34, miR-122, miR-146, miR-200) found dysregulated in multiple independent NAFLD studies. While modulation of miRNAs by vitamin D has been understudied, integrating the data suggests seven vitamin D modulated miRNAs (miR-27, miR-125, miR-155, miR-192, miR-223, miR-375, miR-378) potentially relevant to NAFLD pathogenesis. Our summary tables provide a significant resource to underpin future hypothesis-driven research, and we conclude that the measurement of serum and hepatic miRNAs in response to vitamin D supplementation in larger trials is warranted.
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15
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Schierle S, Brunst S, Helmstädter M, Ebert R, Kramer JS, Steinhilber D, Proschak E, Merk D. Development and in vitro Profiling of Dual FXR/LTA4H Modulators. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2366-2374. [PMID: 33856122 PMCID: PMC8453936 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Designed polypharmacology presents as an attractive strategy to increase therapeutic efficacy in multi-factorial diseases by a directed modulation of multiple involved targets with a single molecule. Such an approach appears particularly suitable in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which involves hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis as pathological hallmarks. Among various potential pharmacodynamic mechanisms, activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXRa) and inhibition of leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4Hi) hold promise to counteract NASH according to preclinical and clinical observations. We have developed dual FXR/LTA4H modulators as pharmacological tools, enabling evaluation of this polypharmacology concept to treat NASH and related pathologies. The optimized FXRa/LTA4Hi exhibits well-balanced dual activity on the intended targets with sub-micromolar potency and is highly selective over related nuclear receptors and enzymes rendering it suitable as tool to probe synergies of dual FXR/LTA4H targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schierle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Str. 960438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Steffen Brunst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Str. 960438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Moritz Helmstädter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Str. 960438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Roland Ebert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Str. 960438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Jan S. Kramer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Str. 960438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Str. 960438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Str. 960438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Str. 960438FrankfurtGermany
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16
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Balla A, Jeong YS, Kim HJ, Lee YJ, Chung SJ, Chae YJ, Maeng HJ. Effects of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on the Pharmacokinetics of Procainamide and Its Metabolite N-Acetylprocainamide, Organic Cation Transporter Substrates, in Rats with PBPK Modeling Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081133. [PMID: 34452094 PMCID: PMC8402143 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, possible changes in the expression of rat organic cationic transporters (rOCTs) and rat multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (rMATEs) following treatment with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) were investigated. Rats received intraperitoneal administrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 for four consecutive days, and the tissues of interest were collected. The mRNA expression of rOCT1 in the kidneys was significantly increased in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats compared with the control rats, while the mRNA expressions of rOCT2 and rMATE1 in the kidneys, rOCT1 and N-acetyltransferase-II (NAT-II) in the liver, and rOCT3 in the heart were significantly decreased. Changes in the protein expression of hepatic rOCT1 and renal rOCT2 and rMATE1 were confirmed by western blot analysis. We further evaluated the pharmacokinetics of procainamide (PA) hydrochloride and its major metabolite N-acetyl procainamide (NAPA) in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. When PA hydrochloride was administered intravenously at a dose 10 mg/kg to 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats, a significant decrease in renal and/or non-renal clearance of PA and NAPA was observed. A physiological model for the pharmacokinetics of PA and NAPA in rats was useful for linking changes in the transcriptional and translational expressions of rOCTs and rMATE1 transporters to the altered pharmacokinetics of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Balla
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Yoo-Seong Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.-S.J.); (S.-J.C.)
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Yun-Jong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.-S.J.); (S.-J.C.)
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun 55338, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.M.); Tel.: +82-63-290-1424 (Y.-J.C.); +82-32-820-4935 (H.-J.M.)
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.M.); Tel.: +82-63-290-1424 (Y.-J.C.); +82-32-820-4935 (H.-J.M.)
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Ali II, Shah I, Marzouk S, Karam SM, Al Menhali A. Vitamin D Is Necessary for Murine Gastric Epithelial Homeostasis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080705. [PMID: 34439938 PMCID: PMC8389223 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other organs, the importance of VD in a normal stomach is unknown. This study focuses on understanding the physiological role of vitamin D in gastric epithelial homeostasis. C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups that were either fed a standard diet and kept in normal light/dark cycles (SDL), fed a standard diet but kept in the dark (SDD) or fed a vitamin D-deficient diet and kept in the dark (VDD). After 3 months, sera were collected to measure vitamin D levels by LC-MS/MS, gastric tissues were collected for immunohistochemical and gene expression analyses and gastric contents were collected to measure acid levels. The VDD group showed a significant decrease in the acid-secreting parietal cell-specific genes Atp4a and Atp4b when compared with the controls. This reduction was associated with an increased expression of an antral gastrin hormone. VDD gastric tissues also showed a high proliferation rate compared with SDL and SDD using an anti-BrdU antibody. This study indicates the requirement for normal vitamin D levels for proper parietal cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Ismail Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (I.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sayed Marzouk
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (I.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sherif M. Karam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Asma Al Menhali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-3-713-6380
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18
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Willems S, Zaienne D, Merk D. Targeting Nuclear Receptors in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9592-9638. [PMID: 34251209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, also known as ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate gene expression upon ligand signals and present as attractive therapeutic targets especially in chronic diseases. Despite the therapeutic relevance of some nuclear receptors in various pathologies, their potential in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation is insufficiently established. This perspective gathers preclinical and clinical data for a potential role of individual nuclear receptors as future targets in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and concomitantly evaluates the level of medicinal chemistry targeting these proteins. Considerable evidence suggests the high promise of ligand-activated transcription factors to counteract neurodegenerative diseases with a particularly high potential of several orphan nuclear receptors. However, potent tools are lacking for orphan receptors, and limited central nervous system exposure or insufficient selectivity also compromises the suitability of well-studied nuclear receptor ligands for functional studies. Medicinal chemistry efforts are needed to develop dedicated high-quality tool compounds for the therapeutic validation of nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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19
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Saad B, Ghareeb B, Kmail A. Metabolic and Epigenetics Action Mechanisms of Antiobesity Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:9995903. [PMID: 34211580 PMCID: PMC8208872 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9995903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ever-growing research efforts are demonstrating the potential of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals to prevent and manage obesity, either individually or synergistically. Multiple combinations of phytochemicals can result in a synergistic activity that increases their beneficial effects at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and temporal levels, offering advantages over chemically synthesized drug-based treatments. Herbs and their derived compounds have the potential for controlling appetite, inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity, stimulating thermogenesis and lipid metabolism, increasing satiety, promoting lipolysis, regulating adipogenesis, and inducing apoptosis in adipocytes. Furthermore, targeting adipocyte life cycle using various dietary bioactives that affect different stages of adipocyte life cycle represents also an important target in the development of new antiobesity drugs. In this regard, different stages of adipocyte development that are targeted by antiobesity drugs can include preadipocytes, maturing preadipocytes, and mature adipocytes. Various herbal-derived active compounds, such as capsaicin, genistein, apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, docosahexaenoic acid, quercetin, resveratrol, and ajoene, affect adipocytes during specific stages of development, resulting in either inhibition of adipogenesis or induction of apoptosis. Although numerous molecular targets that can be used for both treatment and prevention of obesity have been identified, targeted single cellular receptor or pathway has resulted in limited success. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge about antiobesity medicinal plants and their active compounds and their effects on several cellular, molecular, and metabolic pathways simultaneously with multiple phytochemicals through synergistic functioning which might be an appropriate approach to better management of obesity. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms (acetylation, methylation, miRNAs, ubiquitylation, phosphorylation, and chromatin packaging) of phytochemicals and their preventive and therapeutic perspective are explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Saad
- Faculties of Medicine and Arts and Sciences, Arab American University, P.O. Box 240, Jenin, State of Palestine
- Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academy, P.O. Box 124, 30100 Baqa Al-Gharbia, Israel
| | - Bilal Ghareeb
- Faculties of Medicine and Arts and Sciences, Arab American University, P.O. Box 240, Jenin, State of Palestine
| | - Abdalsalam Kmail
- Faculties of Medicine and Arts and Sciences, Arab American University, P.O. Box 240, Jenin, State of Palestine
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20
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Khoshkhui M, Iravani F, Jabbari-Azad F, Zare Marzouni H, Tavakkol-Afshari J, Zamani H, Davarpanah M, Hamidian Jahromi A, Mohammadi M. Significant association between Taq1 gene polymorphism in vitamin D receptor and chronic spontaneous urticaria in the Northeast of Iran. Clin Mol Allergy 2021; 19:6. [PMID: 34044815 PMCID: PMC8161666 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-021-00145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as urticaria with an unknown etiology which persists for more than 6 weeks. CSU is an uncomfortable cutaneous condition that occurs due to an immune-mediated inflammatory reaction. Many studies have demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) impact the immune response. In the current study, the frequency of the Taq1 polymorphism in the VDR gene were compared between patients with CSU and individuals without CSU. METHODS In a case-control study, a group of CSU patients (n = 100) was compared with a group of healthy age- and gender-matched individuals as a control group (n =100) who visited our center between 2015 and 2017. After DNA extraction from EDTA-containing blood, polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) was used to determine the presence of the Taq1 polymorphism. Serum vitamin D levels were measured using ELISA method (Abcam, Cambridge, USA). RESULTS Genotyping for Taq1 polymorphism showed that TT, Tt and tt genes frequency in the CSU group were 36%, 54%, and 10% respectively. The TT, Tt and tt genotypes had a distribution of 50%, 47% and 3% respectively in the control group. The mean serum vitamin D level in the CSU group was 19.88 ± 8.14 ng/ml, which was not significantly correlated with the Taq1 polymorphism (P = 0.841). There was a significant relationship between Taq1 gene polymorphism (tt genotype) and CSU (P = 0.038). Tt genotype increased the risk of CSU (odds ratio = 1.596), and inheritance of tt genotype increased the risk even further (odds ratio = 4.630). CONCLUSION The frequency of Taq1 genotype polymorphism in the VDR gene was significantly higher in patients with CSU compared to the control group. The tt genotype polymorphism may be a risk factor for CSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khoshkhui
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Iravani
- Genetic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Zare Marzouni
- Qaen School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Hanieh Zamani
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Davarpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mojgan Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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21
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Helmstädter M, Vietor J, Sommer J, Schierle S, Willems S, Kaiser A, Schmidt J, Merk D. A New FXR Ligand Chemotype with Agonist/Antagonist Switch. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:267-274. [PMID: 33603974 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic modulation of the bile acid-sensing transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an appealing strategy to counteract hepatic and metabolic diseases. Despite the availability of several highly potent FXR agonists structural diversity of FXR modulators is limited, and new ligand scaffolds are needed. Here we report structure-activity relationship elucidation of a new FXR modulator chemotype whose activity can be tuned between agonism and antagonism by two minor structural modifications. Starting from a weak FXR/PPAR agonist, we have developed selective FXR activators and antagonists with nanomolar to low-micromolar potencies and binding affinities. The new FXR ligand chemotype modulates the FXR activity in the native cellular setting, is endowed with favorable metabolic stability, and lacks cytotoxicity. It valuably expands the collection of FXR modulators as a new scaffold for FXR-targeted drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Helmstädter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Vietor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jana Sommer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Schierle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Astrid Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jurema Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are photoluminescent nanomaterials with wide-ranging applications. Despite their photoactivity, it remains unknown whether CDs degrade under illumination and whether such photodegradation poses any cytotoxic effects. Here, we show laboratory-synthesized CDs irradiated with light degrade into molecules that are toxic to both normal (HEK-293) and cancerous (HeLa and HepG2) human cells. Eight days of irradiation photolyzes 28.6-59.8% of the CDs to <3 kilo Dalton molecules, 1431 of which are detected by high-throughput, non-target high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Molecular network and community analysis further reveal 499 cytotoxicity-related molecules, 212 of which contain polyethylene glycol, glucose, or benzene-related structures. Photo-induced production of hydroxyl and alkyl radicals play important roles in CD degradation as affected by temperature, pH, light intensity and wavelength. Commercial CDs show similar photodegraded products and cytotoxicity profiles, demonstrating that photodegradation-induced cytotoxicity is likely common to CDs regardless of their chemical composition. Our results highlight the importance of light in cytocompatibility studies of CDs. Carbon dots have attracted much attention for biomedical applications but potential degradation and associated toxicity are still poorly understood. Here, the authors report on a study into the photo-degradation of carbon dots, the products produced and associated cytotoxicity.
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23
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Kloc M, Ghobrial RM, Lipińska-Opałka A, Wawrzyniak A, Zdanowski R, Kalicki B, Kubiak JZ. Effects of vitamin D on macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) hyperinflammatory response in the lungs of COVID-19 patients. Cell Immunol 2021; 360:104259. [PMID: 33359760 PMCID: PMC7738277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D regulates homeostasis, anti-microbial response, and inflammation. The vitamin D receptors are expressed in the macrophages and other immune cells, regulating the transcription of many different genes, including those coding the anti-microbial peptides. One of the most severe complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection is the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by the hyperinflammatory response (commonly called cytokine storm) of the lung macrophages. Studies showed that Vitamin D deficiency increases the severity of the ARDS in COVID-19 infection. We discuss here how the vitamin D supplementation may influence macrophage and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) inflammatory response, subdue the hyperinflammatory response, and lessen the ARDS in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Rafik M Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Agnieszka Lipińska-Opałka
- Military Institute of Medicine, Clinic of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Child Allergology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Military Institute of Medicine, Clinic of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Child Allergology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine (WIM), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boleslaw Kalicki
- Military Institute of Medicine, Clinic of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Child Allergology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Z Kubiak
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), Warsaw, Poland; UnivRennes, UMR 6290, CNRS, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Cell Cycle Group, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France.
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24
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Li Y, Lin W, Wright WC, Chai SC, Wu J, Chen T. Building a Chemical Toolbox for Human Pregnane X Receptor Research: Discovery of Agonists, Inverse Agonists, and Antagonists Among Analogs Based on the Unique Chemical Scaffold of SPA70. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1733-1761. [PMID: 33497575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays roles in detoxification and other physiological processes. PXR activation may enhance drug metabolism (leading to adverse drug reactions) or inhibit inflammation. Therefore, PXR agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists may serve as research tools and drug candidates. However, a specific PXR modulator with an associated structure-activity relationship is lacking. Based on the scaffold of specific human PXR (hPXR) antagonist SPA70 (10), we developed 81 SPA70 analogs and evaluated their receptor-binding and cellular activities. Interestingly, analogs with subtle structural differences displayed divergent cellular activities, including agonistic, dual inverse agonistic and antagonistic, antagonistic, and partial agonistic/partial antagonistic activities (as in compounds 111, 10, 97, and 42, respectively). We generated a pharmacophore model that represents 81 SPA70 analogs, and docking models that correlate strong interactions between the compounds and residues in the AF-2 helix with agonistic activity. These compounds are novel chemical tools for studying hPXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - William C Wright
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
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Vitamin D and its analogs as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Callejo M, Mondejar-Parreño G, Morales-Cano D, Barreira B, Esquivel-Ruiz S, Olivencia MA, Manaud G, Perros F, Duarte J, Moreno L, Cogolludo A, Perez-Vizcaíno F. Vitamin D deficiency downregulates TASK-1 channels and induces pulmonary vascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L627-L640. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00475.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) receptor regulates the expression of several genes involved in signaling pathways affected in pulmonary hypertension (PH). VitD deficiency is highly prevalent in PH, and low levels are associated with poor prognosis. We investigated if VitD deficiency may predispose to or exacerbate PH. Male Wistar rats were fed with a standard or a VitD-free diet for 5 wk. Next, rats were further divided into controls or PH, which was induced by a single dose of Su-5416 (20 mg/kg) and exposure to hypoxia (10% O2) for 2 wk. VitD deficiency had no effect on pulmonary pressure in normoxic rats, indicating that, by itself, it does not trigger PH. However, it induced several moderate but significant changes characteristic of PH in the pulmonary arteries, such as increased muscularization, endothelial dysfunction, increased survivin, and reduced bone morphogenetic protein ( Bmp) 4, Bmp6, DNA damage-inducible transcript 4, and K+ two - pore domain channel subfamily K member 3 ( Kcnk3) expression. Myocytes isolated from pulmonary arteries from VitD-deficient rats had a reduced whole voltage-dependent potassium current density and acid-sensitive (TASK-like) potassium currents. In rats with PH induced by Su-5416 plus hypoxia, VitD-free diet induced a modest increase in pulmonary pressure, worsened endothelial function, increased the hyperreactivity to serotonin, arterial muscularization, decreased total and TASK-1 potassium currents, and further depolarized the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell membrane. In human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from controls and patients with PH, the active form of VitD calcitriol significantly increased KCNK3 mRNA expression. Altogether, these data strongly suggest that the deficit in VitD induces pulmonary vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Callejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Mondejar-Parreño
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Morales-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bianca Barreira
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Esquivel-Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Olivencia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Grégoire Manaud
- Université Paris–Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Université Paris–Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Ciber Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Cogolludo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Perez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Herbal Medicines and Drugs: Their Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10070106. [PMID: 32635538 PMCID: PMC7400069 DOI: 10.3390/life10070106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of a drug or its unexpected unwanted side effects may depend on the concurrent use of a medicinal plant. In particular, constituents in the medicinal plant extracts may influence drug bioavailability, metabolism and half-life, leading to drug toxicity or failure to obtain a therapeutic response. This narrative review focuses on clinical studies improving knowledge on the ability of selected herbal medicines to influence the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs. Moreover, in vitro studies are useful to anticipate potential herbal medicine-drug interactions. In particular, they help to elucidate the cellular target (metabolic or transporter protein) and the mechanism (induction or inhibition) by which a single constituent of the herbal medicine acts. The authors highlight the difficulties in predicting herbal–drug interactions from in vitro data where high concentrations of extracts or their constituents are used and pharmacokinetics are missed. Moreover, the difficulty to compare results from human studies where different kinds of herbal extracts are used is discussed. The herbal medicines discussed are among the best sellers and they are reported in the “Herbal Medicines for Human Use” section of the European Medicinal Agency (EMA).
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Influence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Rifampin Pharmacokinetics in Tuberculosis Patients. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060307. [PMID: 32521634 PMCID: PMC7344705 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampin (RF) is metabolized in the liver into an active metabolite 25-desacetylrifampin and excreted almost equally via biliary and renal routes. Various influx and efflux transporters influence RF disposition during hepatic uptake and biliary excretion. Evidence has also shown that Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms are associated with tuberculosis (TB). Hence, genetic polymorphisms of metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters and/or their transcriptional regulators and VDR and its pathway regulators may affect the pharmacokinetics of RF. In this narrative review, we aim to identify literature that has explored the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes encoding drug transporters and their transcriptional regulators (SLCO1B1, ABCB1, PXR and CAR), metabolizing enzymes (CES1, CES2 and AADAC) and VDR and its pathway regulators (VDR, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1) on plasma RF concentrations in TB patients on antitubercular therapy. Available reports to date have shown that there is a lack of any association of ABCB1, PXR, CAR, CES1 and AADAC genetic variants with plasma concentrations of RF. Further evidence is required from a more comprehensive exploration of the association of SLCO1B1, CES2 and Vitamin D pathway gene variants with RF pharmacokinetics in distinct ethnic groups and a larger population to reach conclusive information.
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Lee C. Controversial Effects of Vitamin D and Related Genes on Viral Infections, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Outcomes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040962. [PMID: 32235600 PMCID: PMC7230640 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) plays an essential role in mineral homeostasis and bone remodeling. A number of different VD-related genes (VDRG) are required for the metabolic activation of VD and the subsequent induction of its target genes. They include a set of genes that encode for VD-binding protein, metabolic enzymes, and the VD receptor. In addition to its well-characterized skeletal function, the immunoregulatory activities of VD and the related polymorphisms of VDRG have been reported and linked to its therapeutic and preventive actions for the control of several viral diseases. However, in regards to their roles in the progression of viral diseases, inconsistent and, in some cases, contradictory results also exist. To resolve this discrepancy, I conducted an extensive literature search by using relevant keywords on the PubMed website. Based on the volume of hit papers related to a certain viral infection, I summarized and compared the effects of VD and VDRG polymorphism on the infection, pathogenesis, and treatment outcomes of clinically important viral diseases. They include viral hepatitis, respiratory viral infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and other viral diseases, which are caused by herpesviruses, dengue virus, rotavirus, and human papillomavirus. This review will provide the most current information on the nutritional and clinical utilization of VD and VDRG in the management of the key viral diseases. This information should be valuable not only to nutritionists but also to clinicians who wish to provide evidence-based recommendations on the use of VD to virally infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea
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Lamers C, Merk D. Discovery, Structural Refinement and Therapeutic Potential of Farnesoid X Receptor Activators. ANTI-FIBROTIC DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788015783-00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor acts as bile acid sensing transcription factor and has been identified as valuable molecular drug target to treat severe liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Preclinical and clinical data indicate anti-fibrotic effects obtained with FXR activation that also appear promising for other fibrotic diseases beyond NASH. Strong efforts in FXR ligand discovery have yielded potent steroidal and non-steroidal FXR activators, some of which have been studied in clinical trials. While the structure–activity relationship of some FXR agonist frameworks have been studied extensively, the structural diversity of potent FXR activator chemotypes is still limited to a handful of well-studied compound classes. Together with safety concerns related to full therapeutic activation of FXR, this indicates the need for novel innovative FXR ligands with selective modulatory properties. This chapter evaluates FXR's value as drug target with emphasis on fibrotic diseases, analyses FXR ligand recognition and requirements and focuses on the discovery and structural refinement of leading FXR activator chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lamers
- University Basel, Molecular Pharmacy Klingelberstr. 50 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Daniel Merk
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 D-60438 Frankfurt Germany
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
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Toporova L, Balaguer P. Nuclear receptors are the major targets of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 502:110665. [PMID: 31760044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that are suspected to cause adverse effects in the endocrine system mainly by acting through their interaction with nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ), the androgen receptor (AR), the pregnan X receptor (PXR), the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors α and γ (PPARα, PPARγ) and the thyroid receptors α and β (TRα and TRβ). More recently, the retinoid X receptors (RXRα, RXRβ and RXRγ), the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the estrogen related receptor γ (ERRγ) have also been identified as targets of EDCs. Finally, nuclear receptors still poorly studied for their interaction with environmental ligands such as the progesterone receptor (PR), the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the retinoic acid receptors (RAR α, RARβ and RARγ), the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the liver X receptors α and β (LXRα and LXβ) as well are suspected targets of EDCs. Humans are generally exposed to low doses of pollutants, therefore the aim of current research is to identify the targets of EDCs at environmental concentrations. In this review, we analyze recent works referring that nuclear receptors are targets of EDCs and we highlight which EDCs are able to act at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Toporova
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, ICM, Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France.
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, ICM, Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France.
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Zhang H, Shen Z, Lin Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Liu P, Zeng H, Yu M, Chen X, Ning L, Mao X, Cen L, Yu C, Xu C. Vitamin D receptor targets hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α and mediates protective effects of vitamin D in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3891-3905. [PMID: 32051143 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested a link between vitamin D deficiency and increased risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. Here, using both clinical samples and experimental rodent models along with several biochemical approaches, we explored the specific effects and mechanisms of vitamin D deficiency in NAFLD pathology. Serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower in individuals with NAFLD and in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice than in healthy controls and chow-fed mice, respectively. Vitamin D supplementation ameliorated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Hepatic expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) was up-regulated in three models of NAFLD, including HFD-fed mice, methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD)-fed mice, and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. Liver-specific VDR deletion significantly exacerbated HFD- or MCD-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance and also diminished the protective effect of vitamin D supplementation on NAFLD. Mechanistic experiments revealed that VDR interacted with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) and that overexpression of HNF4α improved HFD-induced NAFLD and metabolic abnormalities in liver-specific VDR-knockout mice. These results suggest that vitamin D ameliorates NAFLD and metabolic abnormalities by activating hepatic VDR, leading to its interaction with HNF4α. Our findings highlight a potential value of using vitamin D for preventing and managing NAFLD by targeting VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yiming Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Peihao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hang Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Mengli Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xueyang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Longgui Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xinli Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Li Cen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Impact of Nutrition on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010169. [PMID: 31936113 PMCID: PMC7019983 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by sustained vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, inflammation, and in situ thrombosis. Although there have been important advances in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of PAH, it remains a debilitating, limiting, and rapidly progressive disease. Vitamin D and iron deficiency are worldwide health problems of pandemic proportions. Notably, these nutritional alterations are largely more prevalent in PAH patients than in the general population and there are several pieces of evidence suggesting that they may trigger or aggravate disease progression. There are also several case reports associating scurvy, due to severe vitamin C deficiency, with PAH. Flavonoids such as quercetin, isoflavonoids such as genistein, and other dietary polyphenols including resveratrol slow the progression of the disease in animal models of PAH. Finally, the role of the gut microbiota and its interplay with the diet, host immune system, and energy metabolism is emerging in multiple cardiovascular diseases. The alteration of the gut microbiota has also been reported in animal models of PAH. It is thus possible that in the near future interventions targeting the nutritional status and the gut dysbiosis will improve the outcome of these patients.
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Fujimori K, Iguchi Y, Yamashita Y, Gohda K, Teno N. Synthesis of Novel Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists and Validation of Their Efficacy in Activating Differentiation of Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Osteoblasts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224155. [PMID: 31744088 PMCID: PMC6891315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulators of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid receptor, regulate various biological processes including bile acid metabolism, and are associated with the control of fatty liver and osteoporosis. Thus, the control of FXR activity and development of FXR modulators are critical not only for research, but also for clinical application. In this study, we synthesized novel FXR agonists 1–4 possessing isoxazole and N-substituted benzimidazole moieties, and compared their effects on osteoblast differentiation with the known FXR agonists, chenodeoxycholic acid and a synthetic compound, GW4064. Two (3 and 4) of the four novel FXR agonists 1–4 showed high specificities for FXR. Computer-assisted modeling suggested that the binding of the FXR agonist 3 with ligand binding domain of FXR was similar to GW4064. FXR was expressed in mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like ST2 cells (ST-2 MSCs). The FXR agonists activated the BMP-2-induced differentiation of ST-2 MSCs into osteoblasts and enhanced the expression of RUNX2. Moreover, the potency of the FXR agonist 3 was comparable to GW4064 in promoting osteoblast differentiation of ST-2 MSCs. These results indicate that FXR activation enhanced the BMP-2-induced differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts through activating RUNX2 expression. FXR could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-690-1215
| | - Yusuke Iguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 3-32-302, Tsuto-Otsuka, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8241, Japan;
| | - Naoki Teno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan;
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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Bobek J, Oralova V, Lesot H, Kratochvilova A, Doubek J, Matalova E. Onset of calciotropic receptors during the initiation of mandibular/alveolar bone formation. Ann Anat 2019; 227:151427. [PMID: 31614180 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.151427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular/alveolar (m/a) bone, as a component of the periodontal apparatus, allows for the proper tooth anchorage and function of dentition. Bone formation around the tooth germs starts prenatally and, in the mouse model, the mesenchymal condensation turns into a complex vascularized bone (containing osteo-blasts, -cytes, -clasts) within only two days. This very short but critical period is characterized by synchronized cellular and molecular events. The m/a bone, as others, is subjected to endocrine regulations. This not only requires vasculature to allow the circulation of active molecules (ligands), but also the expression of corresponding cell receptors to define target tissues. This contribution aimed at following the dynamics of calciotropic receptors´ expression during morphological transformation of a mesenchymal condensation into the initial m/a bone structure. Receptors for all three calciotropic systemic regulators: parathormone, calcitonin and activated vitamin D (calcitriol), were localized on serial histological sections using immunochemistry and their relative expression was quantified by q-PCR. The onset of calciotropic receptors was followed along with bone cell differentiation (as checked using osteocalcin, sclerostin, RANK and TRAP) and vascularization (CD31) during mouse prenatal/embryonic (E) days 13-15 and 18. Additionally, the timing of calciotropic receptor appearance was compared with that of estrogen receptors (ESR1, ESR2). PTH receptor (PTH1r) appeared in the bone already at E13, when the first osteocalcin-positive cells were detected within the mesenchymal condensation forming the bone anlage. At this stage, blood vessels were only lining the condensation. At E14, the osteoblasts started to express the receptor for activated vitamin D (VDR). At this stage, the vasculature just penetrated the forming bone. On the same day, the first TRAP-positive (but not yet multinucleated) osteoclastic cells were identified. However, calcitonin receptor was detected only one day later. The first Sost-positive osteocytes, present at E15, were PTH1r and VDR positive. ESR1 almost copied the expression pattern of PTH1r, and ESR2 appearance was similar with VDR with a significant increase between E15 and E18. This report focuses on the in vivo situation and links morphological transformation of the mesenchymal cell condensation into a bone structure with dynamics of cell differentiation/maturation, vascularization and onset of receptors for calciotropic endocrine signalling in developing m/a bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bobek
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Oralova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Herve Lesot
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adela Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doubek
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Carazo A, Mladěnka P, Pávek P. Marine Ligands of the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR): An Overview. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100554. [PMID: 31569349 PMCID: PMC6836225 DOI: 10.3390/md17100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor which binds many structurally different molecules. The receptor is able to regulate the expression of a wide array of genes and is involved in cancer and different key physiological processes such as the metabolism of drugs/xenobiotics and endogenous compounds including lipids and carbohydrates, and inflammation. Algae, sponges, sea squirts, and other marine organisms are some of the species from which structurally new molecules have been isolated that have been subsequently identified in recent decades as ligands for PXR. The therapeutic potential of these natural compounds is promising in different areas and has recently resulted in the registration of trabectedin by the FDA as a novel antineoplastic drug. Apart from being potentially novel drugs, these compounds can also serve as models for the development of new molecules with improved activity. The aim of this review is to succinctly summarize the currently known natural molecules isolated from marine organisms with a proven ability to interact with PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
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Xu B, Ding MY, Weng Z, Li ZQ, Li F, Sun X, Chen QL, Wang YT, Wang Y, Zhou GC. Discovery of fused bicyclic derivatives of 1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-1-one as VDR signaling regulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3879-3888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nakano M, Fukami T, Nakajima M. Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA Downregulate the Expression of Constitutive Androstane Receptor in the Human Liver–Derived Cells by Attenuating Splicing. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:408-415. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Gembillo G, Cernaro V, Salvo A, Siligato R, Laudani A, Buemi M, Santoro D. Role of Vitamin D Status in Diabetic Patients with Renal Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060273. [PMID: 31200589 PMCID: PMC6630278 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses a major public health problem worldwide, with ever-increasing incidence and prevalence in recent years. The Institute for Alternative Futures (IAF) expects that the total number of people with type 1 and type 2 DM in the United States will increase by 54%, from 19,629,000 to 54,913,000 people, between 2015 and 2030. Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) affects about one-third of patients with DM and currently ranks as the first cause of end-stage kidney disease in the Western world. The complexity of interactions of Vitamin D is directly related with progressive long-term changes implicated in the worsening of renal function. These changes result in a dysregulation of the vitamin D-dependent pathways. Various studies demonstrated a pivotal role of Vitamin D supplementation in regression of albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis, contrasting the increase of glomerular basement membrane thickening and podocyte effacement, with better renal and cardiovascular outcomes. The homeostasis and regulation of the nephron’s function are absolutely dependent from the cross-talk between endothelium and podocytes. Even if growing evidence proves that vitamin D may have antiproteinuric, anti-inflammatory and renoprotective effects in patients with DN, it is still worth investigating these aspects with both more in vitro studies and randomized controlled trials in larger patient series and with adequate follow-up to confirm the effects of long-term vitamin D analogue supplementation in DN and to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy and the appropriate dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gembillo
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Valeria Cernaro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonino Salvo
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Rossella Siligato
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Laudani
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Michele Buemi
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
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Ge MX, Shao RG, He HW. Advances in understanding the regulatory mechanism of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 164:152-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li S, Chen M, Li Y, Tollefsbol TO. Prenatal epigenetics diets play protective roles against environmental pollution. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:82. [PMID: 31097039 PMCID: PMC6524340 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that germ cells and preimplantation embryos during development are most susceptible to endogenous and exogenous environmental factors because the epigenome in those cells is undergoing dramatic elimination and reconstruction. Exposure to environmental factors such as nutrition, climate, stress, pathogens, toxins, and even social behavior during gametogenesis and early embryogenesis has been shown to influence disease susceptibility in the offspring. Early-life epigenetic modifications, which determine the expression of genetic information stored in the genome, are viewed as one of the general mechanisms linking prenatal exposure and phenotypic changes later in life. From atmospheric pollution, endocrine-disrupting chemicals to heavy metals, research increasingly suggests that environmental pollutions have already produced significant consequences on human health. Moreover, mounting evidence now links such pollution to relevant modification in the epigenome. The epigenetics diet, referring to a class of bioactive dietary compounds such as isothiocyanates in broccoli, genistein in soybean, resveratrol in grape, epigallocatechin-3-gallate in green tea, and ascorbic acid in fruits, has been shown to modify the epigenome leading to beneficial health outcomes. This review will primarily focus on the causes and consequences of prenatal environment pollution exposure on the epigenome, and the potential protective role of the epigenetics diet, which could play a central role in neutralizing epigenomic aberrations against environmental pollutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhao Li
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Singh P, Kumar M, Al Khodor S. Vitamin D Deficiency in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Exploring the Triad of Genetic Predisposition, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1042. [PMID: 31134092 PMCID: PMC6524467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat soluble secosteroid that is primarily synthesized in the skin upon exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) sun rays. Vitamin D is essential for the growth and development of bones and helps in reducing inflammation by strengthening muscles and the immune system. Despite the endless supply of sunlight in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries which includes United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Oman, Vitamin D deficiency in the (GCC) general population at various age groups remains alarmingly high. In parallel runs the increasing prevalence of acute and chronic illnesses including, autoimmune diseases, cancer, type 1 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and Inflammatory bowel disease in the adult as well as the pediatric population of these countries. The exact association between Vitamin D deficiency and chronic disease conditions remains unclear; however, studies have focused on the mechanism of Vitamin D regulation by assessing the role of the Vitamin D associated genes/proteins such as VDR (Vitamin D receptor), VDBP (Vitamin D Binding protein), CYP27B1 as these are integral parts of the Vitamin D signaling pathway. VDR is known to regulate the expression of more than 200 genes across a wide array of tissues in the human body and may play a role in controlling the Vitamin D levels. Moreover, reduced Vitamin D level and downregulation of VDR have been linked to gut dysbiosis, highlighting an intriguing role for the gut microbiome in the Vitamin D metabolism. However, this role is not fully described yet. In this review, we aim to expand our understanding of the causes of Vitamin D deficiency in the GCC countries and explore the potential relationship between the genetic predisposition, Vitamin D levels, immune system and the gut microbiome composition. Trying to unravel this complex interaction may aid in understanding the mechanism by which Vitamin D contributes to various disease conditions and will pave the way toward new therapeutics treatments for Vitamin D deficiency and its associated outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Mahyar A, Ayazi P, Sarkhosh Afshar A, Naserpour Farivar T, Sahmani M, Oveisi S, Shabani R, Esmaeili S. Vitamin D receptor gene (FokI, TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI) polymorphisms in children with urinary tract infection. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:527-532. [PMID: 29976973 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the genetic background of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. METHODS In this study, vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms were compared between 60 children with UTI (case group) and 60 healthy children (control group). DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and the restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used to perform the genetic analysis. RESULTS There was a significant difference between the case and control groups for VDR gene, ApaI and Bsml, polymorphisms (P < 0.05). The frequency of VDR Bb, bb, Aa, and aa genotypes, and the b and a alleles in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). A significant difference was also found between lower UTI and acute pyelonephritis groups for the VDR Apal and Bsml genotypes (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between children with first UTI and those with more than one UTI for VDR gene polymorphisms (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that there is a significant relationship between VDR gene, Apal and Bsml, polymorphisms and UTI in children. The results indicate that these polymorphisms may play a role in pathogenesis of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mahyar
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Parviz Ayazi
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehdi Sahmani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sonia Oveisi
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Robabeh Shabani
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shiva Esmaeili
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Ahmad I, Jafar T, Mahdi F, Arshad M, Das SK, Waliullah S, Mahdi AA. Association of Vitamin D Receptor (FokI and BsmI) Gene Polymorphism with Bone Mineral Density and Their Effect on 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level in North Indian Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 33:429-437. [PMID: 30319189 PMCID: PMC6170232 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease with a strong genetic component. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been suggested as a candidate gene for osteoporosis. Therefore the present study was aimed to investigate the pattern of allelic variants of VDR gene polymorphism (FokI and BsmI), its influence on vitamin D levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in North Indian postmenopausal women with osteoporosis for possible genetic association. 254 postmenopausal osteoporotic women and 254 postmenopausal non osteoporotic women were included in the study. VDR FokI and BsmI gene polymorphism gene were assessed by the PCR-RFLP method. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured by the ELISA. BMD at the L1-L4 lumbar spine, hip, forearm and femoral neck was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The average BMD at spine and hip in postmenopausal women with bb and spine, hip, femoral neck and forearm with ff genotype had significantly low BMD. The frequency of ff genotype and f allele was significantly higher in postmenopausal osteoporotic women when compared with postmenopausal non osteoporotic women. However, no significant association was found between the genotypes and vitamin D levels. Our study reveals that VDR gene FokI and BsmI polymorphism is significantly associated with low bone mineral density. Therefore the ff genotype and f allele of VDR FokI gene may be used as an important risk factor for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Tabrez Jafar
- Department of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, 226007 India
| | - Farzana Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Md. Arshad
- Department of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, 226007 India
| | - Siddharth Kumar Das
- Department of Rheumatology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Shah Waliullah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
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Grobe M, Kretzschmar G, Vuica A, Filipovic N. Expression of vitamin D receptors in the superior cervical ganglia of rats. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:320-327. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1425910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Grobe
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Neurocardiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - G Kretzschmar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Neurocardiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - A Vuica
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Neurocardiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - N Filipovic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Neurocardiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Tebbens JD, Azar M, Friedmann E, Lanzendörfer M, Pávek P. Mathematical Models in the Description of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR)-Regulated Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061785. [PMID: 29914136 PMCID: PMC6032247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a drug/xenobiotic-activated transcription factor of crucial importance for major cytochrome P450 xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYP) expression and regulation in the liver and the intestine. One of the major target genes regulated by PXR is the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A4), which is the most important human drug-metabolizing enzyme. In addition, PXR is supposed to be involved both in basal and/or inducible expression of many other CYPs, such as CYP2B6, CYP2C8, 2C9 and 2C19, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP2A6. Interestingly, the dynamics of PXR-mediated target genes regulation has not been systematically studied and we have only a few mechanistic mathematical and biologically based models describing gene expression dynamics after PXR activation in cellular models. Furthermore, few indirect mathematical PKPD models for prediction of CYP3A metabolic activity in vivo have been built based on compartmental models with respect to drug–drug interactions or hormonal crosstalk. Importantly, several negative feedback loops have been described in PXR regulation. Although current mathematical models propose these adaptive mechanisms, a comprehensive mathematical model based on sufficient experimental data is still missing. In the current review, we summarize and compare these models and address some issues that should be considered for the improvement of PXR-mediated gene regulation modelling as well as for our better understanding of the quantitative and spatial dynamics of CYPs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen Duintjer Tebbens
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Malek Azar
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Elfriede Friedmann
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Mathematikon, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Lanzendörfer
- Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Zhou D, Xu H, Chen W, Wang Y, Zhang M, Yang T. Study on the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of the MyoD1 gene in Guanling bovine. RSC Adv 2018; 8:12409-12419. [PMID: 35548782 PMCID: PMC9087982 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11795g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The MyoD1 gene plays a key role in regulating the myoblast differentiation process in the early stage of skeletal muscle development. To understand the functional elements of the promoter region and transcriptional regulation of the bovine MyoD1 gene, we cloned eight fragments from the sequence region of the MyoD1 gene promoter and inserted them into eukaryotic expression vectors for cotransfection with the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12 and Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) line. A variety of transcription factor binding sites in the longest 5'-flanking fragment from Guanling cattle MyoD1-P1 were predicted by using the online software TFSEARCH and ALGGEN PROMO as well as validated by the promoter-binding TF profiling assay II and yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay, including MyoD, VDR, MEF1, MEF2, SF1, and Myf6. Myf6 strongly activated the MyoD1 promoter, while MyoD1 was also capable of efficiently activating the expression of its own promoter. The transcription factors MEF2A, SF1, and VDR were further confirmed to be capable of binding to MyoD1 by Y1H system experiments. The effects of the Guanling cattle MyoD1 gene on the mRNA expression of the MEF2A, SF1, and VDR genes were determined by using a lentivirus-mediated overexpression technique, confirming that overexpression of the MyoD1 gene upregulated the mRNA expression of MEF2A as well as downregulated the expression of SF1 and VDR in the process of muscle myogenesis. Our study revealed the effects of transcription factors including MEF2A, SF1 and VDR on regulatory aspects of MyoD1, providing abundant information for transcriptional regulation of MyoD1 in muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Cell and Molecular Biology (PhD), Animal Department, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
- College of Life Science, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Houqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Cell and Molecular Biology (PhD), Animal Department, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Cell and Molecular Biology (PhD), Animal Department, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Cell and Molecular Biology (PhD), Animal Department, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Cell and Molecular Biology (PhD), Animal Department, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Cell and Molecular Biology (PhD), Animal Department, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor family of transcription factor proteins mediates endocrine function and plays critical roles in the development, physiology and pharmacology. Malfunctioning nuclear receptors are associated with several disease states. The functional activity of nuclear receptors is regulated by small molecular hormonal and synthetic molecules. Multiple sources of evidence have identified and distinguished between the different allosteric pathways initiated by ligands, DNA and cofactors such as co-activators and co-repressors. Also, these biophysical studies are attempting to determine how these pathways that regulate co-activator and DNA recognition can control gene transcription. Thus, there is a growing interest in determining the genome-scale impact of allostery in nuclear receptors. Today, it is accepted that a detailed understanding of the allosteric regulatory pathways within the nuclear receptor molecular complex will enable the development of efficient drug therapies in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias J Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, USA.
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Poirot M, Silvente-Poirot S. The tumor-suppressor cholesterol metabolite, dendrogenin A, is a new class of LXR modulator activating lethal autophagy in cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:75-81. [PMID: 29409832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendrogenin A (DDA) is a mammalian cholesterol metabolite recently identified that displays tumor suppressor properties. The discovery of DDA has revealed the existence in mammals of a new metabolic branch in the cholesterol pathway centered on 5,6α-epoxycholesterol and bridging cholesterol metabolism with histamine metabolism. Metabolic studies showed a drop in DDA levels in cancer cells and tumors compared to normal cells, suggesting a link between DDA metabolism deregulation and oncogenesis. Importantly, complementation of cancer cells with DDA induced 1) cancer cell re-differentiation, 2) blockade of 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO) production, an endogenous tumor promoter and 3) lethal autophagy in tumors. Importantly, by binding the liver X receptor (LXR), DDA activates the expression of genes controlling autophagy. These genes include NR4A1, NR4A3, LC3 and TFEB. The canonical LXR ligands 22(R)hydroxycholesterol, TO901317 and GW3965 did not induce these effects indicating that DDA delineates a new class of selective LXR modulator (SLiM). The induction of lethal autophagy by DDA was associated with the accumulation in cancer cells of lysosomes and of the pro-lysosomal cholesterol precursor zymostenol due to the inhibition of the 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ8Δ7-isomerase enzyme (D8D7I). The anti-cancer efficacy of DDA was established on different mouse and human cancers such as breast cancers, melanoma and acute myeloid leukemia, including patient derived xenografts, and did not discriminate bulk cancer cells from cancer cell progenitors. Together these data highlight that the mammalian metabolite DDA is a promising anticancer compound with a broad range of anticancer applications. In addition, DDA and LXR are new actors in the transcriptional control of autophagy and DDA being a "first in line" driver of lethal autophagy in cancers via the LXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Poirot
- Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Sandrine Silvente-Poirot
- Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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50
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Haq A, Wimalawansa SJ, Pludowski P, Anouti FA. Clinical practice guidelines for vitamin D in the United Arab Emirates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 175:4-11. [PMID: 27693095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the UAE and the Gulf region in general, there are several intricate public health issues in the context of vitamin D deficiency that needs to be addressed. Changes in lifestyle such as diet, lack of exercise, cultural habits, avoiding sun exposure due to excessive heat, and other risk factors predispose those who live in GULF countries, such as Emiratis likely to becoming vitamin D deficient. Consequently, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high, and new guidelines are needed to overcome this major public health issue. Peer-reviewed papers related to guidelines and those vitamin D-related papers relevant to the Middle-Eastern region were extracted from multiple research databases using key words according to the general guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Analysis. This guideline was prepared focusing on the United Arab Emirate and the Gulf populations, to overcome the high incidence of vitamin D deficiency and to improve overall health. We recommend the following vitamin D supplementations for different groups of people: (A) Breastfed infants supplement with 400 IU/day up to age 6 months, and 400-600 IU/day between 6 and 12 months, depending on daily intake of total vitamin D and sun exposure; (B) for children and adolescents of age 1-18 years supplement with 600-1000 IU/day depending on the body weight; (C) adults greater than 18 years', supplementation with 1000-2000 IU/day is recommended, while, (D) the elderly (over 65 years) should be supplemented with 2000 IU/day, throughout the year; (E) pregnant and breast feed women, 2000 IU/day from the first trimester of pregnancy. (F) Premature infants, supplementation of 400-800 IU/daystart from the first days of life. (G) For obese, individuals and those with metabolic syndrome, supplementation of 2000 IU/day (H) For individuals with dark skin complexions and for night workers, supplementation of 1000-2000 IU/day (25-50μg/day), throughout the year, depending on body weight. The goal of supplementation is to achieve and longer term maintenance of serum 25(OH)D concentration of 30-50ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrozul Haq
- Research & Development, VPS Healthcare, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | - Pawel Pludowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology & Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fatme Al Anouti
- Natural Science & Public Health, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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