1
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Bassani CL, van Anders G, Banin U, Baranov D, Chen Q, Dijkstra M, Dimitriyev MS, Efrati E, Faraudo J, Gang O, Gaston N, Golestanian R, Guerrero-Garcia GI, Gruenwald M, Haji-Akbari A, Ibáñez M, Karg M, Kraus T, Lee B, Van Lehn RC, Macfarlane RJ, Mognetti BM, Nikoubashman A, Osat S, Prezhdo OV, Rotskoff GM, Saiz L, Shi AC, Skrabalak S, Smalyukh II, Tagliazucchi M, Talapin DV, Tkachenko AV, Tretiak S, Vaknin D, Widmer-Cooper A, Wong GCL, Ye X, Zhou S, Rabani E, Engel M, Travesset A. Nanocrystal Assemblies: Current Advances and Open Problems. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14791-14840. [PMID: 38814908 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We explore the potential of nanocrystals (a term used equivalently to nanoparticles) as building blocks for nanomaterials, and the current advances and open challenges for fundamental science developments and applications. Nanocrystal assemblies are inherently multiscale, and the generation of revolutionary material properties requires a precise understanding of the relationship between structure and function, the former being determined by classical effects and the latter often by quantum effects. With an emphasis on theory and computation, we discuss challenges that hamper current assembly strategies and to what extent nanocrystal assemblies represent thermodynamic equilibrium or kinetically trapped metastable states. We also examine dynamic effects and optimization of assembly protocols. Finally, we discuss promising material functions and examples of their realization with nanocrystal assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Bassani
- Institute for Multiscale Simulation, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Greg van Anders
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Uri Banin
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Dmitry Baranov
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Qian Chen
- University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Marjolein Dijkstra
- Soft Condensed Matter & Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S Dimitriyev
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Efi Efrati
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jordi Faraudo
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oleg Gang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Nicola Gaston
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - G Ivan Guerrero-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78295 San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Michael Gruenwald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Amir Haji-Akbari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Maria Ibáñez
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Karg
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM - Leibniz-Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Colloid and Interface Chemistry, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Reid C Van Lehn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53717, USA
| | - Robert J Macfarlane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Bortolo M Mognetti
- Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arash Nikoubashman
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Saeed Osat
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Grant M Rotskoff
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Leonor Saiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Sara Skrabalak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Ivan I Smalyukh
- Department of Physics and Chemical Physics Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-0046, Japan
| | - Mario Tagliazucchi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Alexei V Tkachenko
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - David Vaknin
- Iowa State University and Ames Lab, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Asaph Widmer-Cooper
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xingchen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Nanoscience and Biomedical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - Eran Rabani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center of Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Engel
- Institute for Multiscale Simulation, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alex Travesset
- Iowa State University and Ames Lab, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Liu B, Li H, Meng F, Xu Z, Hao L, Yao Y, Zhu H, Wang C, Wu J, Bian S, Lu WW, Liu W, Pan H, Zhao X. 4D printed hydrogel scaffold with swelling-stiffening properties and programmable deformation for minimally invasive implantation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1587. [PMID: 38383668 PMCID: PMC10881973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The power of three-dimensional printing in designing personalized scaffolds with precise dimensions and properties is well-known. However, minimally invasive implantation of complex scaffolds is still challenging. Here, we develop amphiphilic dynamic thermoset polyurethanes catering for multi-material four-dimensional printing to fabricate supportive scaffolds with body temperature-triggered shape memory and water-triggered programmable deformation. Shape memory effect enables the two-dimensional printed pattern to be fixed into temporary one-dimensional shape, facilitating transcatheter delivery. Upon implantation, the body temperature triggers shape recovery of the one-dimensional shape to its original two-dimensional pattern. After swelling, the hydrated pattern undergoes programmable morphing into the desired three-dimensional structure because of swelling mismatch. The structure exhibits unusual soft-to-stiff transition due to the water-driven microphase separation formed between hydrophilic and hydrophobic chain segments. The integration of shape memory, programmable deformability, and swelling-stiffening properties makes the developed dynamic thermoset polyurethanes promising supportive void-filling scaffold materials for minimally invasive implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Center for Health Science and Engineering, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300131, China
| | - Hui Li
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fengzhen Meng
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Liuzhi Hao
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chenmin Wang
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518048, China
| | - Shaoquan Bian
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Willima W Lu
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Haobo Pan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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3
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Zhong Y, Tang W, Xu H, Qin K, Yan D, Fan X, Qu Y, Li Z, Jiao Z, Yang H, Zou J. Phase-transforming mechanical metamaterials with dynamically controllable shape-locking performance. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad192. [PMID: 37565196 PMCID: PMC10411672 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Active mechanical metamaterials with customizable structures and deformations, active reversible deformation, dynamically controllable shape-locking performance and stretchability are highly suitable for applications in soft robotics and flexible electronics, yet it is challenging to integrate them due to their mutual conflicts. Here, we introduce a class of phase-transforming mechanical metamaterials (PMMs) that integrate the above properties. Periodically arranging basic actuating units according to the designed pattern configuration and positional relationship, PMMs can customize complex and diverse structures and deformations. Liquid-vapor phase transformation provides active reversible large deformation while a silicone matrix offers stretchability. The contained carbonyl iron powder endows PMMs with dynamically controllable shape-locking performance, thereby achieving magnetically assisted shape locking and energy storing in different working modes. We build a theoretical model and finite element simulation to guide the design process of PMMs, so as to develop a variety of PMMs with different functions suitable for different applications, such as a programmed PMM, reconfigurable antenna, soft lens, soft mechanical memory, biomimetic hand, biomimetic flytrap and self-contained soft gripper. PMMs are applicable to achieve various 2D deformations and 2D-to-3D deformations, and integrate multiple properties, including customizable structures and deformations, active reversible deformation, rapid reversible shape locking, adjustable energy storing and stretchability, which could open a new application avenue in soft robotics and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huxiu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kecheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xujun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhongdong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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4
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Fan Z, Xu W, Wang R, Wu H, Liu A. Fast-response thermo-sensitive actuator based on asymmetric structured PNIPAM hydrogel with inorganic particles embedding. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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5
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Peng M, Zhao Q, Wang M, Du X. Reconfigurable scaffolds for adaptive tissue regeneration. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6105-6120. [PMID: 36919563 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00281k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have offered promising alternatives for clinical treatment of body tissue traumas, losses, dysfunctions, or diseases, where scaffold-based strategies are particularly popular and effective. Over the decades, scaffolds for tissue regeneration have been remarkably evolving. Nevertheless, conventional scaffolds still confront grand challenges in bio-adaptions in terms of both tissue-scaffold and cell-scaffold interplays, for example complying with complicated three-dimensional (3D) shapes of biological tissues and recapitulating the ordered cell regulation effects of native cell microenvironments. Benefiting from the recent advances in "intelligent" biomaterials, reconfigurable scaffolds have been emerging, demonstrating great promise in addressing the bio-adaption challenges through altering their macro-shapes and/or micro-structures. This mini-review article presents a brief overview of the cutting-edge research on reconfigurable scaffolds, summarizing the materials for forming reconfigurable scaffolds and highlighting their applications for adaptive tissue regeneration. Finally, the challenges and prospects of reconfigurable scaffolds are also discussed, shedding light on the bright future of next-generation reconfigurable scaffolds with upgrading adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Peng
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qilong Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Xuemin Du
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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A Metal Ion and Thermal-Responsive Bilayer Hydrogel Actuator Achieved by the Asymmetric Osmotic Flow of Water between Two Layers under Stimuli. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194019. [PMID: 36235968 PMCID: PMC9570860 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape-morphing hydrogels have drawn great attention due to their wide applications as soft actuators, while asymmetric responsive shape-morphing behavior upon encountering external stimuli is fundamental for the development of hydrogel actuators. Therefore, in this work, bilayer hydrogels were prepared and the shrinkage ratios (LA/LN) of the AAm/AAc layer to the NIPAM layer immersed in different metal ion solutions, leading to bending in different directions, were investigated. The difference in the shrinkage ratio was attributed to the synergistic effect of the osmolarity difference between the inside and outside of the hydrogels and the interaction difference between the ion and hydrogel polymer chains. Additionally, under thermal stimuli, the hydrogel actuator would bend toward the NIPAM layer due to the shrinkage of the hydrogel networks caused by the hydrophilic–hydrophobic phase transition of NIPAM blocks above the LCST. This indicates that metal ion and thermal-responsive shape-morphing hydrogel actuators with good mechanical properties could be used as metal ion or temperature-controllable switches or other smart devices.
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7
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Wang S, Zhao Q, Li J, Du X. Morphing-to-Adhesion Polysaccharide Hydrogel for Adaptive Biointerfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42420-42429. [PMID: 36083279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reliable functions of medical implants highly depend on biocompatible, conformal, and stable biointerfaces for seamless biointegration with biological tissues. Though flexible biointerfaces based on synthetic hydrogels have shown promise in optimizing implant biointegration via surgical suturing, physical attachment, or manual preshaping, they still suffer from poor adaptability, such as tissue damage by surgical suturing, low bioactivity, and difficulties in conformal contact and stable fixation, especially for specific tissues of large surface curvatures. Here, we report a bilayer hydrogel-based adaptive biointerface (HAB) made of two polysaccharide derivates, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester-activated alginate and chitosan, harnessing dual advantages of their different swelling and active groups. Leveraging on the differential swelling between the two hydrogel layers and covalent linkages with active groups at hydrogel interfaces, HABs can be programmed into sealed tubes with tunable diameters via water-induced compliable shape morphing and instant interfacial adhesion. We further demonstrate that the polysaccharide-based morphing-to-adhesion HAB possesses outstanding bioactivity in directing cellular focal adhesion and intercellular junction, versatile geometrical adaptability to diverse tubular tissues with a wide range of surface curvatures (2.8 × 102-1.3 × 103 m-1), and excellent mechanical stability in high load-/shear-bearing physiological environments (blood flow volume: 85 mm·s-1). HABs overcome the limitations of existing biointerfaces in terms of poor bioactivity and difficult biointegration with biological tissues of large surface curvatures, holding promise to open new avenues for adaptive biointerfaces and reliable medical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518035, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qilong Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuemin Du
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518035, China
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8
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Majood M, Shakeel A, Agarwal A, Jeevanandham S, Bhattacharya R, Kochhar D, Singh A, Kalyanasundaram D, Mohanty S, Mukherjee M. Hydrogel Nanosheets Confined 2D Rhombic Ice: A New Platform Enhancing Chondrogenesis. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36044885 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement within flexible interfaces is a key step towards exploiting confinement effects in several biological and technological systems wherein flexible 2D materials are frequently utilized but are arduous to prepare. Hitherto unreported, the synthesis of 2D Hydrogel nanosheets (HNS) using a template- and catalyst-free process is developed representing a fertile ground for fundamental structure-property investigations. In due course of time, nucleating folds propagating along the edges trigger co-operative deformations of HNS generating regions of nanoconfinement within trapped water islands. These severely constricting surfaces force water molecules to pack within the nanoscale regime of HNS almost parallel to the surface bringing about phase transition into puckered rhombic ice with AA and AB Bernal stacking pattern, which was mostly restricted to Molecular dynamics (MD) studies so far. Interestingly, under high lateral pressure and spatial inhomogeneity within nanoscale confinement, bilayer rhombic ice structures were formed with an in-plane lattice spacing of 0.31 nm. In this work, a systematic exploration of rhombic ice formation within HNS has been delineated using High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and its ultrathin morphology was examined using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images revealed high porosity while mechanical testing presented young's modulus of 155 kPa with ~84% deformation, whereas contact angle suggested high hydrophilicity. The combinations of nanosheets, porosity, nanoconfinement, hydrophilicity, and mechanical strength, motivated us to explore their application as a scaffold for cartilage regeneration, by inducing chondrogenesis of human Wharton Jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ MSCs). HNS promoted the formation of cell aggregates giving higher number of spheroid formation and a marked expression of chondrogenic markers (ColI, ColII, ColX, ACAN and S-100), thereby providing some cues for guiding chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misba Majood
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Adeeba Shakeel
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aakanksha Agarwal
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | | | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aarti Singh
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Cardio-Thoracic Sciences Centre, Orbo Building, first floor,, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, INDIA
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9
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Jiao D, Zhu QL, Li CY, Zheng Q, Wu ZL. Programmable Morphing Hydrogels for Soft Actuators and Robots: From Structure Designs to Active Functions. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1533-1545. [PMID: 35413187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusNature provides abundant inspiration and elegant paradigms for the development of smart materials that can actuate, morph, and move on demand. One remarkable capacity of living organisms is to adapt their shapes or positions in response to stimuli. Programmed deformations or movements in plant organs are mainly driven by water absorption/dehydration of cells, while versatile motions of mollusks are based on contraction/extension of muscles. Understanding the general principles of these morphing and motion behaviors can give rise to disruptive technologies for soft robotics, flexible electronics, biomedical devices, etc. As one kind of intelligent material, hydrogels with high similarity to soft biotissues and diverse responses to external stimuli are an ideal candidate to construct soft actuators and robots.The objective of this Account is to give an overview of the fundamental principles for controllable deformations and motions of hydrogels, with a focus on the structure designs and responsive functions of the corresponding soft actuators and robots. This field has been rapidly developed in recent years with a growing understanding of working principles in natural organisms and a substantial revolution of manufacturing technologies to devise bioinspired hydrogel systems with desired structures. Diverse morphing hydrogels and soft actuators/robots have been developed on the basis of several pioneering works, ranging from bending and folding deformations of bilayer hydrogels to self-shaping of non-Euclidean hydrogel surfaces, and from thermoactuated bilayer gel "hands" to electrodriven polyelectrolyte gel "worms". These morphing hydrogels have demonstrated active functions and versatile applications in biomedical and engineering fields.In this Account, we discuss recent progress in morphing hydrogels and highlight the design principles and relevant applications. First, we introduce the fundamentals of basic deformation modes, together with generic structure features, actuation strategies, and morphing mechanisms. The advantages of in-plane gradient structures are highlighted for programmable deformations by harnessing the out-of-plane buckling with bistability nature to obtain sophisticated three-dimensional configurations. Next, we give an overview of soft actuators and robots based on morphing hydrogels and focus on the working principles of the active systems with different structure designs. We discuss the advancements of hydrogel-based soft robots capable of swift locomotion with different gaits and emphasize the significances of structure control and dynamic actuation. Then we summarize versatile applications of hydrogel-based actuators and robots in biomedicines, cargo delivery, soft electronics, information encryption, and so forth. Some hydrogel robots with a built-in feedback loop and self-sensing system exhibit collaborative functions and advanced intelligence that are informative for the design of next-generation hydrogel machines. Finally, concluding remarks are given to discuss future opportunities and remaining challenges in this field. For example, miniature hydrogel-based actuators/robots with therapeutic or diagnostic functions are highly desired for biomedical applications. The morphing mechanisms summarized in this Account should be applicable to other responsive materials. We hope that this Account will inspire more scientists to be involved in this emerging area and make contributions to reveal novel working principles, design multifunctional soft machines, and explore applications in diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejin Jiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qing Li Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chen Yu Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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10
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Patterning meets gels: Advances in engineering functional gels at micro/nanoscales for soft devices. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Ho TC, Chang CC, Chan HP, Chung TW, Shu CW, Chuang KP, Duh TH, Yang MH, Tyan YC. Hydrogels: Properties and Applications in Biomedicine. Molecules 2022; 27:2902. [PMID: 35566251 PMCID: PMC9104731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer chains with three-dimensional (3D) network structures, which can absorb relatively large amounts of fluid. Because of the high water content, soft structure, and porosity of hydrogels, they closely resemble living tissues. Research in recent years shows that hydrogels have been applied in various fields, such as agriculture, biomaterials, the food industry, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Along with the underlying technology improvements of hydrogel development, hydrogels can be expected to be applied in more fields. Although not all hydrogels have good biodegradability and biocompatibility, such as synthetic hydrogels (polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol hydrogels, etc.), their biodegradability and biocompatibility can be adjusted by modification of their functional group or incorporation of natural polymers. Hence, scientists are still interested in the biomedical applications of hydrogels due to their creative adjustability for different uses. In this review, we first introduce the basic information of hydrogels, such as structure, classification, and synthesis. Then, we further describe the recent applications of hydrogels in 3D cell cultures, drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chuan Ho
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (T.-C.H.); (C.-W.S.)
| | - Chin-Chuan Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Chan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan;
| | - Tze-Wen Chung
- Biomedical Engineering Research and Development Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (T.-C.H.); (C.-W.S.)
| | - Kuo-Pin Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Tsai-Hui Duh
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (T.-C.H.); (C.-W.S.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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12
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Lee YAL, Mousavikhamene Z, Amrithanath AK, Neidhart SM, Krishnaswamy S, Schatz GC, Odom TW. Programmable Self-Regulation with Wrinkled Hydrogels and Plasmonic Nanoparticle Lattices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103865. [PMID: 34755454 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a self-regulating system that combines wrinkle-patterned hydrogels with plasmonic nanoparticle (NP) lattices. In the feedback loop, the wrinkle patterns flatten in response to moisture, which then allows light to reach the NP lattice on the bottom layer. Upon light absorption, the NP lattice produces a photothermal effect that dries the hydrogel, and the system then returns to the initial wrinkled configuration. The timescale of this regulatory cycle can be programmed by tuning the degree of photothermal heating by NP size and substrate material. Time-dependent finite element analysis reveals the thermal and mechanical mechanisms of wrinkle formation. This self-regulating system couples morphological, optical, and thermo-mechanical properties of different materials components and offers promising design principles for future smart systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ah Lucy Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zeynab Mousavikhamene
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Suzanne M Neidhart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sridhar Krishnaswamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Teri W Odom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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13
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Qi J, Chen Z, Jiang P, Hu W, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Cao X, Zhang S, Tao R, Li Y, Fang D. Recent Progress in Active Mechanical Metamaterials and Construction Principles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102662. [PMID: 34716676 PMCID: PMC8728820 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Active mechanical metamaterials (AMMs) (or smart mechanical metamaterials) that combine the configurations of mechanical metamaterials and the active control of stimuli-responsive materials have been widely investigated in recent decades. The elaborate artificial microstructures of mechanical metamaterials and the stimulus response characteristics of smart materials both contribute to AMMs, making them achieve excellent properties beyond the conventional metamaterials. The micro and macro structures of the AMMs are designed based on structural construction principles such as, phase transition, strain mismatch, and mechanical instability. Considering the controllability and efficiency of the stimuli-responsive materials, physical fields such as, the temperature, chemicals, light, electric current, magnetic field, and pressure have been adopted as the external stimuli in practice. In this paper, the frontier works and the latest progress in AMMs from the aspects of the mechanics and materials are reviewed. The functions and engineering applications of the AMMs are also discussed. Finally, existing issues and future perspectives in this field are briefly described. This review is expected to provide the basis and inspiration for the follow-up research on AMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Zihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Peng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Wenxia Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Yonghuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Zeang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Xiaofei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Shushan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Ran Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Daining Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
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14
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Zhu QL, Dai CF, Wagner D, Khoruzhenko O, Hong W, Breu J, Zheng Q, Wu ZL. Patterned Electrode Assisted One-Step Fabrication of Biomimetic Morphing Hydrogels with Sophisticated Anisotropic Structures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102353. [PMID: 34705341 PMCID: PMC8693068 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic structures are ubiquitous in nature, affording fascinating morphing behaviors. Biomimetic morphing materials can be developed by spatially controlling the orientations of molecules or nanofillers that produce anisotropic responses and internal stresses under external stimuli. However, it remains a serious challenge to fabricate materials with sophisticated anisotropic architectures. Here, a facile strategy to fabricate morphing hydrogels with elaborately ordered structures of nanosheets, which are oriented under distributed electric field and immobilized by polymerization to form a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) matrix, is proposed. Diverse sophisticated anisotropic structures are obtained by engineering the electric field through the patterns and relative locations of the electrodes. Upon heating, the monolithic hydrogels with through-thickness and/or in-plane gradients in orientation of the nanosheets deform into various three-dimensional configurations. After incorporating gold nanoparticles, the hydrogels become photoresponsive and capable of programmable motions, for example, dynamic twisting and flipping under spatiotemporal stimuli. Such a strategy of using patterned electrodes to generate distributed electric field should be applicable to systems of liquid crystals or charged particles/molecules to direct orientation or electrophoresis and form functional structures. The biomimetically architectured hydrogels would be ideal materials to develop artificial muscles, soft actuators/robots, and biomedical devices with versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Chen Fei Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Daniel Wagner
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 30Bayreuth95440Germany
| | - Olena Khoruzhenko
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 30Bayreuth95440Germany
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 30Bayreuth95440Germany
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
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15
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Abstract
We demonstrate how programmable shape evolution and deformation can be induced in plant-based natural materials through standard digital printing technologies. With nonallergenic pollen paper as the substrate material, we show how specific geometrical features and architectures can be custom designed through digital printing of patterns to modulate hygrophobicity, geometry, and complex shapes. These autonomously hygromorphing configurations can be "frozen" by postprocessing coatings to meet the needs of a wide spectrum of uses and applications. Through computational simulations involving the finite element method and accompanying experiments, we develop quantitative insights and a general framework for creating complex shapes in eco-friendly natural materials with potential sustainable applications for scalable manufacturing.
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16
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Zhang B, Jia L, Jiang J, Wu S, Xiang T, Zhou S. Biomimetic Microstructured Hydrogels with Thermal-Triggered Switchable Underwater Adhesion and Stable Antiswelling Property. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36574-36586. [PMID: 34304555 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of hydrogels with switchable adhesion and stable antiswelling property in a wet environment has remained a challenge. Here, we report a biomimetic hydrogel that can adhere and detach on-demand on various material surfaces, which is realized by thermal-triggered switchable shape transformation on hexagonal micropillar patterned hydrogels. The hydrogels are cross-linked by two cross-linkers of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and 2-ureidoethyl methacrylate, which guarantee the strong mechanical property and stable antiswelling property in a wet environment. The hydrogels can maintain stable water content in solutions with variable pH, temperature, and salt concentration, and the change in volume does not exceed 2%. In addition, due to the dynamical hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole interaction in the hydrogels, the hydrogels exhibit a thermal-triggered shape-memory effect. The hydrogel can recover shape more than 80% in 15 s. Furthermore, inspired by the surface structure of tree-frog footpads, the hexagonal micropillar patterned hydrogels exhibit improved underwater adhesion strength. The underwater adhesion strength of hexagonal micropillar patterned hydrogels is seven times more than that of flat hydrogels. Based on the shape-memory effect of hydrogels, the adhesion strength can be altered by a thermal stimulus. The adhesion strength of the microstructures recovered from the hydrogel surface decreased to 15.4% of the initial adhesion strength. The switchable underwater adhesion of hydrogels can be applied in the fields of transfer printing, medical adhesives, mobile robots, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lianghao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jinrui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Tao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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17
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Wei S, Qiu H, Shi H, Lu W, Liu H, Yan H, Zhang D, Zhang J, Theato P, Wei Y, Chen T. Promotion of Color-Changing Luminescent Hydrogels from Thermo to Electrical Responsiveness toward Biomimetic Skin Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10415-10427. [PMID: 34061509 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The active color-changing ability of many living species has inspired scientists to replicate the optical property into soft wet and tissue-like hydrogel materials. However, the color-changing processes of most reported examples are controlled by the traditional stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, and ions), which may suffer from the residual chemical product accumulation, and have difficulty in achieving local control and integration into the commercial robots, especially when applied as biomimetic skins. Herein, inspired by the nervous (bioelectricity) control of skin color change in cephalopods, we present an electrically powered multicolor fluorescent hydrogel system with asymmetric configuration that couples thermoresponsive fluorescent hydrogel with stacked graphene assembly (SGA)-based conductive paper through luminous paint as the middle layer. Owing to the highly controllable electrical stimulus in terms of amplitude and duration, the Joule heat supplied by SGA film can be regulated locally and in real time, leading to precise and local emission color control at low voltage. It also avoids the addition of any chemicals. Furthermore, the electrically powered color-changing hydrogel system can be conveniently integrated into the commercial robots as biomimetic skins that help them achieve desirable camouflage, display, or alarming functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiyu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Huihui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Patrick Theato
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces III, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesser Str. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Yang Y, Wang T, Tian F, Wang X, Hu Y, Xia X, Xu S. PEG-Induced Controllable Thin-Thickness Gradient and Water Retention: A Simple Way to Programme Deformation of Hydrogel Actuators. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000749. [PMID: 34128581 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Building the differential growth through the thickness is a promising and challenging approach to design the morphing structures of hydrogel actuators. Besides retaining the size of the hydrogel actuators under environmental stimuli still remains a big challenge. Herein, a facile and universal approach is developed to address both issues by introducing PEG during the polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) via one step method using asymmetric mold. Both composition gradient and pore gradient are obtained in micro level along the thickness direction of the final hydrogel, while thin-thickness gradient in macro level. The thickness gradient and water retention can be controllably adjusted by changing PEG concentration. The introduction of PEG effectively improves both responsive and non-shrunken performance by the interaction with PNIPAm. The resultant anisotropic PNIPAm/PEG hydrogel respond quickly and reach maximum deformation (360°) within 10 s at low temperature (40 °C). The various 3D shape and biomimetic movement can be programmed by simply controlling the PEG concentration and mold shape. This strategy can provide new insights into the design intelligent soft materials with 3D morphing for bioinspired and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials(MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials(MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Fei Tian
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials(MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xionglei Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials(MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yan Hu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials(MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xuehuan Xia
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials(MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shimei Xu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials(MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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19
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Ding A, Jeon O, Tang R, Lee YB, Lee SJ, Alsberg E. Cell-Laden Multiple-Step and Reversible 4D Hydrogel Actuators to Mimic Dynamic Tissue Morphogenesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004616. [PMID: 33977070 PMCID: PMC8097354 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Shape-morphing hydrogels bear promising prospects as soft actuators and for robotics. However, they are mostly restricted to applications in the abiotic domain due to the harsh physicochemical conditions typically necessary to induce shape morphing. Here, multilayer hydrogel actuator systems are developed using biocompatible and photocrosslinkable oxidized, methacrylated alginate and methacrylated gelatin that permit encapsulation and maintenance of living cells within the hydrogel actuators and implement programmed and controlled actuations with multiple shape changes. The hydrogel actuators encapsulating cells enable defined self-folding and/or user-regulated, on-demand-folding into specific 3D architectures under physiological conditions, with the capability to partially bioemulate complex developmental processes such as branching morphogenesis. The hydrogel actuator systems can be utilized as novel platforms for investigating the effect of programmed multiple-step and reversible shape morphing on cellular behaviors in 3D extracellular matrix and the role of recapitulating developmental and healing morphogenic processes on promoting new complex tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Ding
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Oju Jeon
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Yu Bin Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
- Present address:
Departments of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Orthopaedics, and PharmacologyUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
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20
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Wan X, Xu X, Liu X, Jia L, He X, Wang S. A Wetting-Enabled-Transfer (WET) Strategy for Precise Surface Patterning of Organohydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008557. [PMID: 33709446 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate water and oil phases in a designable manner is of great significance in widespread fields from art paintings to materials science. However, achieving precise and stable surface patterns for two immiscible phases of water and oil remains a challenge. Herein, a general wetting-enabled-transfer (WET) strategy is reported to construct discretionary shape-defined surface patterns of organohydrogels along with their monolithic formation either from flat to curved surfaces or from the microscale to the macroscale. Locally differentiated wettability induces hydrophilic monomers and hydrophobic monomers from an emulsion system onto the wettability-matching regions of the prepatterned substrates, subsequently forming corresponding hydrogel and organogel patterns on the organohydrogel surface after in situ photopolymerization. The precision of the surface patterns can be controlled by optimizing the gel monomers, emulsion droplet size, and surface chemical composition of the prepatterned substrates. This finding may provide a feasible strategy for precisely patterning functional materials from two-immiscible-phase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuetao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lanxin Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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21
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Wu B, Lu H, Le X, Lu W, Zhang J, Théato P, Chen T. Recent progress in the shape deformation of polymeric hydrogels from memory to actuation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6472-6487. [PMID: 34040724 PMCID: PMC8132948 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape deformation hydrogels, which are one of the most promising and essential classes of stimuli-responsive polymers, could provide large-scale and reversible deformation under external stimuli. Due to their wet and soft properties, shape deformation hydrogels are anticipated to be a candidate for the exploration of biomimetic materials, and have shown various potential applications in many fields. Here, an overview of the mechanisms of shape deformation hydrogels and methods for their preparation is presented. Some innovative and efficient strategies to fabricate programmable deformation hydrogels are then introduced. Moreover, successful explorations of their potential applications, including information encryption, soft robots and bionomic systems, are discussed. Finally, remaining great challenges including the achievement of multiple stable deformation states and the combination of shape deformation and sensing are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaoxia Le
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Patrick Théato
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces IIII, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Enge Sser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
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22
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Wang Q, Liu Z, Tang C, Sun H, Zhu L, Liu Z, Li K, Yang J, Qin G, Sun G, Chen Q. Tough Interfacial Adhesion of Bilayer Hydrogels with Integrated Shape Memory and Elastic Properties for Controlled Shape Deformation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10457-10466. [PMID: 33616384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The weak adhesion between two hydrogel layers may lead to the delamination of bilayer hydrogels or low force transfer efficiency during deformation. Here, tough interfacial adhesive bilayer hydrogels with rapid shape deformation and recovery were prepared by simple attachment-heating of two gel layers. The bilayer hydrogels, composed of a shape memory gel (S-gel) and an elastic gel (E-gel), exhibited extremely tough interfacial adhesion between two layers (Γ ∼ 2200 J/m2). The shape deformation and shape recovery of the bilayer hydrogels, tuned by "heating-stretching" mode and "stretching-heating-stretching" mode, were rapid (<5 s) and no delamination between two gel layers was detected during shape deformation. Based on the fast shape deformation and recovery, the bilayer hydrogels could mimic the flower and hand, and a gel gripper could be fabricated to catch the object in the hot water. This work provides a simple method to prepare tough adhesive bilayer hydrogels with controlled shape deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Chen Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Huan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Jia Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Gang Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 352001, China
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23
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Abstract
This review outlines progress in hydrogels with well-defined heterogeneity in structures and responsiveness by using sequential synthesis, photolithography, 3D/4D printing, and macroscopic assembling for programmable shape morphing or actuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-mei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing
- P. R. China
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24
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Thamizhanban A, Balaji S, Lalitha K, Prasad YS, Prasad RV, Kumar RA, Maheswari CU, Sridharan V, Nagarajan S. Glycolipid-Based Oleogels and Organogels: Promising Nanostructured Structuring Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14896-14906. [PMID: 33284625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the scientific community is actively involved in the development of edible structuring agents suitable for food, cosmetics, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology applications. In particular, edible oil structuring using simple amphiphiles would be the best alternative for the currently used trans and saturated fatty acids, which cause deleterious health effects and cardiovascular problems. In this report, we have made an attempt to address the aforementioned consequences, by synthesizing a new class of structuring agents by a judicious combination of δ-gluconolactone and ricinoleic acid, compounds classified as GRAS, using simple steps in good yield. To our delight, the synthesized glycolipids self-assemble in a wide variety of vegetable oils and commercially viable glycerol, ethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol via various intermolecular interactions to form a gel. The morphology of molecular gels was investigated by optical microscopy and FESEM analysis, which reveal the existence of a tubular architecture with a diameter ranging from 75 to 150 nm. Rheological studies disclosed the viscoelastic nature, thermal processability, and thixotropic behavior of both oleogels and organogels. Altogether, self-assembled oleogel and organogel reported in this paper would potentially be used in food, agricultural, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyapillai Thamizhanban
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srikanth Balaji
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnamoorthy Lalitha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yadavali Siva Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Vara Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - R Arun Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - C Uma Maheswari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), District-Samba, Jammu 181143, India
| | - Subbiah Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
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25
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Zhao Q, Li C, Shum HC, Du X. Shape-adaptable biodevices for wearable and implantable applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4321-4341. [PMID: 33232418 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00569j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging wearable and implantable biodevices have been significantly revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, the geometrical mismatch between tissues and biodevices remains a great challenge for achieving optimal performances and functionalities for biodevices. Shape-adaptable biodevices enabling active compliance with human body tissues offer promising opportunities for addressing the challenge through programming their geometries on demand. This article reviews the design principles and control strategies for shape-adaptable biodevices with programmable shapes and actively compliant capabilities, which have offered innovative diagnostic/therapeutic tools and facilitated a variety of wearable and implantable applications. The state-of-the-art progress in applications of shape-adaptable biodevices in the fields of smart textiles, wound care, healthcare monitoring, drug and cell delivery, tissue repair and regeneration, nerve stimulation and recording, and biopsy and surgery, is highlighted. Despite the remarkable advances already made, shape-adaptable biodevices still confront many challenges on the road toward the clinic, such as enhanced intelligence for actively sensing and operating in response to physiological environments. Next-generation paradigms will shed light on future directions for extending the breadth and performance of shape-adaptable biodevices for wearable and implantable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518035 China.
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26
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Cong Y, Liu S, Wu F, Zhang H, Fu J. Shape memory effect and rapid reversible actuation of nanocomposite hydrogels with electrochemically controlled local metal ion coordination and crosslinking. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9679-9685. [PMID: 32985643 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02029j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and reversible actuation and shape memory effects are critical for biomimetic soft actuators based on polymer hydrogels. However, most conventional hydrogel actuators show very slow actuation or deformation rates in water. It remains a challenge to realize rapid actuations, particularly for hydrogels to actuate in air. Here, a novel strategy to create diverse hydrogel devices with shape memory effects and rapid reversible actuations even in air was demonstrated. This strategy relies on a precise definition of local crosslinking by using multivalent metal ion coordination. This is demonstrated by infiltrating Fe3+ ions into stretchable nanocomposite polyacrylamide hydrogels with the amide groups converted into primary amine groups for multivalent coordination and crosslinking. The Fe3+ coordination with amine groups enhanced the crosslink density and modulus, leading to deswelling. By using an iron rod electrode, the Fe3+ coordination and crosslinking were precisely controlled to generate hydrogels with heterogeneous local crosslinking, including Janus hydrogels, S-shaped hydrogels, and cross-shaped hydrogel grippers. These soft devices were reversibly actuated in tens of seconds when cyclically dehydrated in ethanol and rehydrated in water. Most interestingly, very rapid reversible actuations of a hydrogel device in air were demonstrated by using electro-redox reaction of Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the hydrogel, where the reversible local coordination crosslinking and decomposition served as a hinge to actuate the hydrogel. This strategy based on reversible local coordination and crosslinking may open an avenue for rapid fabrication of hydrogel devices with well-defined structures and actuation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cong
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shuhui Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Fengxiang Wu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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27
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Zhu QL, Dai CF, Wagner D, Daab M, Hong W, Breu J, Zheng Q, Wu ZL. Distributed Electric Field Induces Orientations of Nanosheets to Prepare Hydrogels with Elaborate Ordered Structures and Programmed Deformations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2005567. [PMID: 33079426 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms use musculatures with spatially distributed anisotropic structures to actuate deformations and locomotion with fascinating functions. Replicating such structural features in artificial materials is of great significance yet remains a big challenge. Here, a facile strategy is reported to fabricate hydrogels with elaborate ordered structures of nanosheets (NSs) oriented under a distributed electric field. Multiple electrodes are distributed with various arrangements in the precursor solution containing NSs and gold nanoparticles. A complex electric field induces sophisticated orientations of the NSs that are permanently inscribed by subsequent photo-polymerization. The resultant anisotropic nanocomposite poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels exhibit rapid deformation upon heating or photoirradiation, owing to the fast switching of permittivity of the media and electric repulsion between the NSs. The complex alignments of NSs and anisotropic shape change of discrete regions result in programmed deformation of the hydrogels into various configurations. Furthermore, locomotion is realized by a spatiotemporal light stimulation that locally triggers time-variant shape change of the composite hydrogel with complex anisotropic structures. Such a strategy on the basis of the distributed electric-field-generated ordered structures should be applicable to gels, elastomers, and thermosets loaded with other anisotropic particles or liquid crystals, for the design of biomimetic/bioinspired materials with specific functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular, Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chen Fei Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular, Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Daniel Wagner
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Matthias Daab
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular, Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular, Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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28
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Plummer A, Nelson DR. Buckling and metastability in membranes with dilation arrays. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033002. [PMID: 33075876 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study periodic arrays of impurities that create localized regions of expansion, embedded in two-dimensional crystalline membranes. These arrays provide a simple elastic model of shape memory. As the size of each dilational impurity increases (or the relative cost of bending to stretching decreases), it becomes energetically favorable for each of the M impurities to buckle up or down into the third dimension, thus allowing for of order 2^{M} metastable surface configurations corresponding to different impurity "spin" configurations. With both discrete simulations and the nonlinear continuum theory of elastic plates, we explore the buckling of both isolated dilations and dilation arrays at zero temperature, guided by analogies with Ising antiferromagnets. We conjecture ground states for systems with triangular and square impurity superlattices, and comment briefly on the possible behaviors at finite temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Plummer
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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29
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Oshri O, Biswas S, Balazs AC. Buckling-induced interaction between circular inclusions in an infinite thin plate. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033004. [PMID: 33075943 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Design of slender artificial materials and morphogenesis of thin biological tissues typically involve stimulation of isolated regions (inclusions) in the growing body. These inclusions apply internal stresses on their surrounding areas that are ultimately relaxed by out-of-plane deformation (buckling). We utilize the Föppl-von Kármán model to analyze the interaction between two circular inclusions in an infinite plate that their centers are separated a distance of 2ℓ. In particular, we investigate a region in phase space where buckling occurs at a narrow transition layer of length ℓ_{D} around the radius of the inclusion, R (ℓ_{D}≪R). We show that the latter length scale defines two regions within the system, the close separation region, ℓ-R∼ℓ_{D}, where the transition layers of the two inclusions approximately coalesce, and the far separation region, ℓ-R≫ℓ_{D}. While the interaction energy decays exponentially in the latter region, E_{int}∝e^{-(ℓ-R)/ℓ_{D}}, it presents nonmonotonic behavior in the former region. While this exponential decay is predicted by our analytical analysis and agrees with the numerical observations, the close separation region is treated only numerically. In particular, we utilize the numerical investigation to explore two different scenarios within the final configuration: The first where the two inclusions buckle in the same direction (up-up solution) and the second where the two inclusions buckle in opposite directions (up-down solution). We show that the up-down solution is always energetically favorable over the up-up solution. In addition, we point to a curious symmetry breaking within the up-down scenario; we show that this solution becomes asymmetric in the close separation region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oz Oshri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Santidan Biswas
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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30
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Zhu QL, Du C, Dai Y, Daab M, Matejdes M, Breu J, Hong W, Zheng Q, Wu ZL. Light-steered locomotion of muscle-like hydrogel by self-coordinated shape change and friction modulation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5166. [PMID: 33056999 PMCID: PMC7560679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many creatures have the ability to traverse challenging environments by using their active muscles with anisotropic structures as the motors in a highly coordinated fashion. However, most artificial robots require multiple independently activated actuators to achieve similar purposes. Here we report a hydrogel-based, biomimetic soft robot capable of multimodal locomotion fueled and steered by light irradiation. A muscle-like poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanocomposite hydrogel is prepared by electrical orientation of nanosheets and subsequent gelation. Patterned anisotropic hydrogels are fabricated by multi-step electrical orientation and photolithographic polymerization, affording programmed deformations. Under light irradiation, the gold-nanoparticle-incorporated hydrogels undergo concurrent fast isochoric deformation and rapid increase in friction against a hydrophobic substrate. Versatile motion gaits including crawling, walking, and turning with controllable directions are realized in the soft robots by dynamic synergy of localized shape-changing and friction manipulation under spatiotemporal light stimuli. The principle and strategy should merit designing of continuum soft robots with biomimetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Cong Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yahao Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Matthias Daab
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Marian Matejdes
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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31
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Bi Y, Du X, He P, Wang C, Liu C, Guo W. Smart Bilayer Polyacrylamide/DNA Hybrid Hydrogel Film Actuators Exhibiting Programmable Responsive and Reversible Macroscopic Shape Deformations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906998. [PMID: 32985098 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a crucial instinct for the survival of organisms, adaptive smart deformation has been well shown via profusely astounding examples within biological morphogenesis in nature, which inspired the construction of biomimetic shape-morphing materials with controlled actuating behaviors. Herein, the construction of nature-inspired bilayer hydrogel film actuators, composed of a polyacrylamide hydrogel passive layer and a polyacrylamide-DNA hybrid hydrogel active layer, which exhibited programmable stimuli-responsive and reversible macroscopic shape deformations directed by the sequence of DNA crosslinking units in the active layer, is reported. As a proof-of-concept, the introduction of DNA i-motif based crosslinking structures into the active layer, which can undergo pH-stimulated formation and dissociation of crosslinking between polymers and therefore change the crosslinking density of the active layer, lead to the redistribution of the internal stresses within the bilayer structure, and result in the pH-stimulated shape deformations. By programming the sequence of DNA units in the active layer, a Ag+ /Cysteamine-stimulated bilayer DNA hybrid hydrogel film actuator is further constructed and exhibits excellent actuation behaviors. Thanks to the micrometer-scale thickness of the films, these actuators exhibit a high degree of macroscopic and reversible shape deformations at high speed, which may find use in future smart biosensing and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Bi
- College of Chemistry, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Du
- College of Chemistry, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Pingping He
- College of Chemistry, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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32
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Chen J, Huang J, Zhang H, Hu Y. A Photoresponsive Hydrogel with Enhanced Photoefficiency and the Decoupled Process of Light Activation and Shape Changing for Precise Geometric Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38647-38654. [PMID: 32700523 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional shape-morphing hydrogels rely on structural implementation of inhomogeneity inside the material during fabrication to realize predetermined complex shape change upon activation. In recent years, several systems with reprogrammable shape-morphing capabilities have been developed. Among those, the photoresponsive hydrogels offer the best spatial and temporal control. However, for most photoresponsive hydrogels, upon light irradiation, they simultaneously deform, which requires the projection of the light pattern to be continuously adaptive to the deforming gel. It is impractical for complex 3D morphing. In this paper, by incorporating two photodissociable molecules that can form a reactive ion couple upon light activation into one hydrogel, the light irradiation process is decoupled with the morphing process, and the consumption of the reactive ion couple drives the reversible photochemical reaction forward. Consequently, the photochemical reaction efficiency is improved, and the photoresponsive molecules are locked in the activated state until a recovery stimulus is applied. Based on the proposed general scheme, a specific example is given by incorporating the triphenylmethane leucohydroxide and 2-nitrobenzaldehyde molecules into a polyacrylamide hydrogel. The swelling behavior is characterized, and the reprogrammable morphing with precisely controlled geometry is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehao Chen
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jiahe Huang
- The School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Haohui Zhang
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Hu
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- The School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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33
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Liu K, Zhang Y, Cao H, Liu H, Geng Y, Yuan W, Zhou J, Wu ZL, Shan G, Bao Y, Zhao Q, Xie T, Pan P. Programmable Reversible Shape Transformation of Hydrogels Based on Transient Structural Anisotropy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001693. [PMID: 32463558 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive shape-transforming hydrogels have shown great potential toward various engineering applications including soft robotics and microfluidics. Despite significant progress in designing hydrogels with ever more sophisticated shape-morphing behaviors, an ultimate goal yet to be fulfilled is programmable reversible shape transformation. It is reported here that transient structural anisotropy can be programmed into copolymer hydrogels of N-isopropylacrylamide and stearyl acrylate. Structural anisotropy arises from the deformed hydrophobic domains of the stearyl groups after thermomechanical programming, which serves as a template for the reversible globule-to-coil transition of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) chains. The structural anisotropy is transient and can be erased upon cooling. This allows repeated programming for reversible shape transformation, an unknown feature for the current hydrogels. The programmable reversible transformation is expected to greatly extend the technical scope for hydrogel-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Heqing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Guorong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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34
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Xu Z, Fu J. Programmable and Reversible 3D-/4D-Shape-Morphing Hydrogels with Precisely Defined Ion Coordination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26476-26484. [PMID: 32421300 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Precise and programmable control of reversible deformations of hydrogels has important implications for bionics. This work reports on programmable three-dimensional (3D) deformations and thermoresponsive actuation of polymer hydrogels in a well-defined manner. Precise infiltration of Fe3+ with periodic patterns is additionally used to cross-link the local polymer network through ionoprinting with a patterned electrode array. The patterned Fe3+ cross-linking generates periodic undulations in cross-link density, stiffness, and thermoresponsiveness. The internal stress induces 3D helical structures with tunable chirality and dimensions. The differential thermoresponsiveness imbues a fourth dimension to the shape deformations. Moreover, sequential ionoprinting generates well-defined in-plane periodic distributions of differential modulus and responsiveness, leading to 3D/4D umbrella-like origami upon temperature triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxiang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne University, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jun Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
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35
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Hao XP, Xu Z, Li CY, Hong W, Zheng Q, Wu ZL. Kirigami-Design-Enabled Hydrogel Multimorphs with Application as a Multistate Switch. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000781. [PMID: 32319155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Morphing materials have promising applications in soft robots, intelligent devices, and so forth. Among the various design strategies, kirigami structures are recognized as a powerful tool to obtain sophisticated 3D configurations and unprecedented properties from planar designs on common materials. Here, some kirigami designs are demonstrated for programmable, multistable 3D configurations from composite hydrogel sheets. Via photolithographic polymerization, perforated composite hydrogel sheets are fabricated, in which soft and active hydrogel strips are patterned in stiff and passive hydrogel frames. When immersed in water, the gel strips buckle out of plane due to swelling mismatch. In the kirigami structures, the geometric continuity is disrupted by the introduction of cutouts, and thus the degrees of deformation freedom increases remarkably. Multiple configurations are obtained in a single composite hydrogel by controlling the buckling direction of each strip. Multitier configurations are also obtained by using a hierarchically designed kirigami structure. A multicontact switch of an electric circuit is designed by harnessing the multitier gel configurations. Furthermore, a rotation mode is realized by introducing chirality in the kirigami design. The versatile design of the kirigami structure for programmable deformations should be applicable for other intelligent materials toward promising applications in biomedical devices and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Peng Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chen Yu Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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36
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Xiao S, He X, Qian J, Wu X, Huang G, Jiang H, He Z, Yang J. Natural Lipid Inspired Hydrogel–Organogel Bilayer Actuator with a Tough Interface and Multiresponsive, Rapid, and Reversible Behaviors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Xiaomin He
- College of Materials Science& Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jie Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Guobo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Huajiang Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Zhicai He
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Jintao Yang
- College of Materials Science& Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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37
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Deng H, Xu X, Zhang C, Su JW, Huang G, Lin J. Deterministic Self-Morphing of Soft-Stiff Hybridized Polymeric Films for Acoustic Metamaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13378-13385. [PMID: 32100524 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We reported a soft-stiff hybridized polymeric film that can self-morph to dedicated three-dimensional (3D) structures for application in acoustic metamaterials. The hybridized film was fabricated by laterally adhering a soft and responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel to stiff and passive SU-8 patterns. Upon thermal stimulation, deformation of the tough PNIPAM hydrogel was locally constrained by the stiff SU-8 patterns, thereby causing laterally nonuniform strain to their interfaces for mechanically buckling the hybridized films to 3D structures. Combined with finite element analysis, we demonstrated that the stiff SU-8 patterns effectively alleviated the uncontrollability and uncertainty during the self-morphing process, which was caused by unexpected mutual deformation between the active and passive domains in the self-morphing materials. Therefore, deterministic self-buckling to dedicated 3D structures was physically realized such as a wave-shaped peak-valley structure, 3D checkerboard patterns, and Gaussian curved surfaces from the hybridized polymeric films. Finally, we demonstrated that the self-morphed 3D structures with predesigned patterns can be used as acoustic materials for subwavelength noise control. This transformative way of constructing 3D structures by self-morphing of the hybridized polymeric films will be a substantial progress in fabricating smart and multifunctional materials for widespread applications in metamaterials, soft robotics, and 3D electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xianchen Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jheng-Wun Su
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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38
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Zhou S, Wu B, Zhou Q, Jian Y, Le X, Lu H, Zhang D, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Chen T. Ionic Strength and Thermal Dual‐Responsive Bilayer Hollow Spherical Hydrogel Actuator. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900543. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) and College of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringJilin University Changchun 130022 China
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130061 China
| | - Baoyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) and College of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringJilin University Changchun 130022 China
- Cadre's WardThe First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Yukun Jian
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Xiaoxia Le
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) and College of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringJilin University Changchun 130022 China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
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39
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Fan W, Yin J, Yi C, Xia Y, Nie Z, Sui K. Nature-Inspired Sequential Shape Transformation of Energy-Patterned Hydrogel Sheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:4878-4886. [PMID: 31904933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The design of materials that can mimic encoded shape evolution in nature is important but challenging. Here we present a simple yet versatile strategy for programming the sequential deformation of hydrogel sheets to acquire desired actuation motions and geometric shapes. The method relies on the dual-gradient structure-enabled snapping deformation of hydrogels through the accumulation and burst release of elastic energy, as well as the patterning of the prestored energy in gels. Pretreating distinct regions of the hydrogel sheets with different durations of the same stimulus (or with different stimuli) allows for locally prestoring chemical energy that can be converted to temporospatially patterned elastic energy and abruptly released to drive the successive snapping of different regions of hydrogels in predefined onset sequences. The sequence of energy release (i.e., the sequence of snapping deformation) of the local regions for hydrogels can be reprogrammed by different local prestimulation methods, which allows one gel to deform into various defined geometric configurations. The general mathematic criteria are developed to predict the energy release and snapping of the hydrogels. This work can provide guidance for the design of new-generation actuators and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles of Shandong Province, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Jincai Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles of Shandong Province, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Chenglin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles of Shandong Province, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Zhihong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Kunyan Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles of Shandong Province, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , China
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40
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Qian C, Asoh TA, Uyama H. Osmotic squat actuation in stiffness adjustable bacterial cellulose composite hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:2400-2409. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02880c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive stiffness change and squat actuation were realized in bacterial cellulose hydrogels by utilizing internal osmotic pressure changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- 2-1 Yamadaoka
- Suita
| | - Taka-Aki Asoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- 2-1 Yamadaoka
- Suita
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- 2-1 Yamadaoka
- Suita
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41
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Liu K, Cao H, Yuan W, Bao Y, Shan G, Wu ZL, Pan P. Stereocomplexed and homocrystalline thermo-responsive physical hydrogels with a tunable network structure and thermo-responsiveness. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7947-7955. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01484b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Robust thermo-responsive physical hydrogels with a tunable network structure and thermo-responsiveness were developed by controlling the crystallization of hydrophobic blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Heqing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Wenhua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Yongzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Guorong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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42
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Hua L, Xie M, Jian Y, Wu B, Chen C, Zhao C. Multiple-Responsive and Amphibious Hydrogel Actuator Based on Asymmetric UCST-Type Volume Phase Transition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43641-43648. [PMID: 31663325 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive hydrogel actuators have attracted tremendous interest due to their promising applications in artificial muscles, soft robotics, and flexible electronics. However, most of these materials are based on polymers with lower critical solution temperature (LCST), while those from upper critical solution temperature (UCST) are rare. Herein, we report a multiple-responsive UCST hydrogel actuator based on the complex of poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) and poly(acrylamide) (PAAm). By applying a heterogeneous photopolymerization, a bilayer hydrogel was obtained, including a layer of the interpenetrating network (IPN) of PAAm/PAAc and a layer of a single network of PAAm. When cooled down below the UCST, the PAAm/PAAc layer contracted due to the hydrogen bonding of the two polymers while the PAAm layer stays in swelling state, driving the hydrogel to curl. By adjusting the composition of the two layers, the amplitude of actuation behavior could be regulated. By creating patterned IPN domains with photomasks, the hydrogel could deform into complex two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) shapes. An active motion was realized in both water and oil bath, thanks to the internal water exchange between the two layers. Interestingly, the hydrogel actuator is also responsive to urea and salts (Na2SO4, NaCl, NaSCN), due to that the strength of the hydrogen bonds in the IPN changes with the additives. Overall, the current study realized an anisotropic UCST transition by introducing asymmetrically distributed polymer-polymer hydrogen bonds, which would inspire new inventions of intelligent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqin Hua
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Manqing Xie
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yukun Jian
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Baoyi Wu
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Chongyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Chuanzhuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , Zhejiang , China
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43
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Dai CF, Du C, Xue Y, Zhang XN, Zheng SY, Liu K, Wu ZL, Zheng Q. Photodirected Morphing Structures of Nanocomposite Shape Memory Hydrogel with High Stiffness and Toughness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43631-43640. [PMID: 31664813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory hydrogels have drawn increasing attention in recent years. Practical applications require these hydrogels to have good mechanical properties as well as contactless stimulations to trigger the shape deformations. Here we report a stiff and tough shape memory hydrogel that can transform to various configurations sequentially by phototriggered site-specific deformations. Response of the shape memory hydrogel to near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation was achieved by incorporating gold nanorods (AuNRs) into the glassy gel matrix of poly(methacrylic acid-co-methacrylamide) without compromising the excellent mechanical properties. Owing to the photothermal effect of the AuNRs, the localized temperature rise led to a dramatic decrease in Young's modulus (from 200 to 2 MPa) of the prestretched hydrogel and bending deformation with a programmable direction and amplitude. More complex three-dimensional configurations can be obtained by multidirectional prestretching and shape memorizing the individual parts of the nanocomposite hydrogel. Furthermore, the AuNRs embedded in the gel were aligned along the prestretching direction, leading to anisotropic plasmon resonance. These photomediated programmable deformations of tough shape memory hydrogels should find applications in the biomedical and engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fei Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Cong Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Xin Ning Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Si Yu Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
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44
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Lu Y, Wei W, Zhu M, Wu S, Shen X, Li S. Polymer Reactor with Alterable Substrate Channeling for the Formation of Cascade/Non-cascade-Switchable Catalytic Ability. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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45
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Xiang Y, Li B, Zhang Y, Ma S, Li B, Gao H, Yu B, Li J, Zhou F. Reversely Orthogonal Actuation of a Janus-Faced Film Based on Asymmetric Polymer Brush Modification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36073-36080. [PMID: 31486632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The actuation phenomena of materials upon external stimulus have attracted much attention for the development of excellent sensors and devices. Herein, we present a smart Janus-faced film that exhibits novel behavior of reverse orthogonal actuation under high humidity and a positive actuation under low humidity, which is achieved by asymmetric polymer brushes on polydimethysiloxane as a substrate through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The classical theory of plates and shells and finite element simulations are also applied to understand the orthogonal actuation mechanism of the actuator. This Janus-faced film can reversely grab objects rapidly under high humidity, which provides significant potential to design a more intelligent actuator. In addition, this film is highly sensitive to humidity that even the approaching finger can make it to bend, which is just like the actuation behavior of Mimosa pudica. Based on the above phenomena, we also design the sensing devices to realize the detection of humidity. Interestingly, the film intelligently identifies different solvents (e.g., water and ethanol). This work may demonstrate significant potential in smart surface modifications, flexible robots, bionic sensors, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xiang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou 730070 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Bianhong Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , China
| | - Shuanhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Hanjun Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Jian Li
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou 730070 , China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
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46
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Oshri O, Biswas S, Balazs AC. Modeling the behavior of inclusions in circular plates undergoing shape changes from two to three dimensions. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:043001. [PMID: 31771006 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Growth of biological tissues and shape changes of thin synthetic sheets are commonly induced by stimulation of isolated regions (inclusions) in the system. These inclusions apply internal forces on their surroundings that, in turn, promote 2D layers to acquire complex 3D configurations. We focus on a fundamental building block of these systems, and consider a circular plate that contains an inclusion with dilative strains. Based on the Föppl-von Kármán (FvK) theory, we derive an analytical model that predicts the 2D-to-3D shape transitions in the system. Our findings are summarized in a phase diagram that reveals two distinct configurations in the post-buckling region. One is an extensive profile that holds close to the threshold of the instability, and the second is a localized profile, which preempts the extensive solution beyond the buckling threshold. While the former solution is derived as a perturbation around the flat configuration, assuming infinitesimal amplitudes, the latter solution is derived around a buckled state that is highly localized. We show that up to vanishingly small corrections that scale with the thickness, this localized configuration is equivalent to that expected for ultra-thin sheets, which completely relax compressive stresses. Our findings agree quantitatively with direct numerical minimization of the FvK energy. Furthermore, we extend the theory to describe shape transitions in polymeric gels, and compare the results with numerical simulations that account for the complete elastodynamic behavior of the gels. The agreement between the theory and these simulations indicates that our results are observable experimentally. Notably, our findings can provide guidelines to the analysis of more complicated systems that encompass interaction between several buckled inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oz Oshri
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Santidan Biswas
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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47
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Wei S, Lu W, Le X, Ma C, Lin H, Wu B, Zhang J, Theato P, Chen T. Bioinspired Synergistic Fluorescence‐Color‐Switchable Polymeric Hydrogel Actuators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaoxia Le
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chunxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China SeaHainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Baoyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Patrick Theato
- Soft Matter Synthesis LaboratoryInstitute for Biological Interfaces IIIKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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48
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Wei S, Lu W, Le X, Ma C, Lin H, Wu B, Zhang J, Theato P, Chen T. Bioinspired Synergistic Fluorescence‐Color‐Switchable Polymeric Hydrogel Actuators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16243-16251. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaoxia Le
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chunxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Baoyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Patrick Theato
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory Institute for Biological Interfaces III Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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49
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Wang S, Li G, Liu Z, Liu Z, Jiang J, Zhao Y. Controlled 3D Shape Transformation Activated by Room Temperature Stretching and Release of a Flat Polymer Sheet. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30308-30316. [PMID: 31337207 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape transformation of polymeric materials, including hydrogels, liquid crystalline, and semicrystalline polymers, can be realized by exposing the shape-changing materials to the effect of a variety of stimuli such as temperature, light, pH, and magnetic and electric fields. Herein, we demonstrate a novel and different approach that allows a flat sheet or strip of a polymer to transform into a predesigned 3D shape or structure by simply stretching the polymer at room temperature and then releasing it from the external stress, that is, a 2D-to-3D shape change is activated by mechanical deformation under ambient conditions. This particular type of stimuli-controlled shape-changing polymers is based on suppressing plastic deformation in selected regions of the flat polymer sheet prior to stretching and release. We validated the design principle by using a polymer blend composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and tannic acid (TA) whose plastic deformation can be locally inhibited by surface treatment using an aqueous solution of copper sulfate pentahydrate (Cu2+ ink) that cross-links PAA chains through a Cu2+-carboxylate coordination and, consequently, increases the material's Young's modulus and yield strength. After room temperature stretching and release, elastic deformation in the Cu2+ ink-treated regions leads to 3D shape transformation that is controlled by the patterned surface treatment. This facile and effective "stretch-and-release" approach widens the scope of preparation and application for shape-changing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Zhaotie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Zhongwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Jinqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de chimie , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Québec J1K 2R1 , Canada
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50
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He X, Zhang D, Wu J, Wang Y, Chen F, Fan P, Zhong M, Xiao S, Yang J. One-Pot and One-Step Fabrication of Salt-Responsive Bilayer Hydrogels with 2D and 3D Shape Transformations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25417-25426. [PMID: 31140780 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer hydrogels are one of the most promising materials for use as soft actuators, artificial muscles, and soft robotic elements. Therefore, the development of new and simple methods for the fabrication of such hydrogels is of particular importance for both academic research and industrial applications. Herein, a facile, one-pot, and one-step methodology was used to prepare bilayer hydrogels. Specifically, several common monomers, including N-isopropyl acrylamide, acrylamide, and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide, as well as two salt-responsive zwitterionic monomers, 3-(1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-3-yl)propane-1-sulfonate (VBIPS) and dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate (DVBAPS), were chosen and employed with different combinations and ratios to understand the formation and structural tunability of the bilayer hydrogels. The results indicated that a salt-responsive zwitterionic-enriched copolymer, which could precipitate from water, plays a dominant role in the formation of the bilayer structure and that the ratio between the common monomer and the zwitterionic monomer had a significant effect on the structure. Due to the salt-responsive properties of polyVBIPS and polyDVBAPS, the resultant bilayer hydrogels exhibited excellent bidirectional bending properties in response to the salt solution. With the optimal monomer pair and ratio determined, the bend of the hydrogel could be reversed from ∼-360 to ∼266° in response to a switch between water and a 1.0 M NaCl solution. Additionally, this method was further used to fabricate small-scaled patterns with structural and compositional distinction in two-dimensional hydrogel sheets. These two-dimensional hydrogel sheets exhibited complex and reversible three-dimensional shape transformations due to the different bending behaviors of the patterned hydrogel stripes under the action of an external stimulus. This work provides greater insight into the mechanism of the one-step, one-pot method fabrication of bilayer hydrogels, demonstrates the ability of this method for the preparation of small-scale patterns in hydrogel sheets to endow the complex with a three-dimensional shape transformation capability, and hopefully opens up a new pathway for the design and fabrication of smart hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin He
- College of Materials Science & Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Jiahui Wu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Materials Science & Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Ping Fan
- College of Materials Science & Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Mingqiang Zhong
- College of Materials Science & Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Shengwei Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Jiaojiang 318000 , China
| | - Jintao Yang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
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