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Marques SI, Sá SI, Carmo H, Carvalho F, Silva JP. Pharmaceutical-mediated neuroimmune modulation in psychiatric/psychological adverse events. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 135:111114. [PMID: 39111563 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of many pharmaceuticals, including small molecules and biological therapies, has been associated with the onset of psychiatric and psychological adverse events (PPAEs), posing substantial concerns to patients' health and safety. These events, which encompass mood (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, suicidal ideation) and cognitive changes (e.g., learning and memory impairment, dementia) often remain undetected until advanced stages of clinical trials or pharmacovigilance, mostly because the mechanisms underlying the onset of PPAEs remain poorly understood. In recent years, the role of neuroimmune modulation (comprising an intricate interplay between various cell types and signaling pathways) in PPAEs has garnered substantial interest. Indeed, understanding these complex interactions would substantially contribute to increase the ability to predict the potential onset of PPAEs during preclinical stages of a new drug's R&D. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent advances in neuroimmune modulation-related mechanisms contributing to the onset of PPAEs and their association with specific pharmaceuticals. Reported data strongly support an association between neuroimmune modulation and the onset of PPAEs. Pharmaceuticals may target specific molecular pathways and pathway elements (e.g., cholinergic and serotonergic systems), which in turn may directly or indirectly impact the inflammatory status and the homeostasis of the brain, regulating inflammation and neuronal function. Also, modulation of the peripheral immune system by pharmaceuticals that do not permeate the blood-brain barrier (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) may alter the neuroimmunomodulatory status of the brain, leading to PPAEs. In summary, this review underscores the diverse pathways through which drugs can influence brain inflammation, shedding light on potential targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I Marques
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana I Sá
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João P Silva
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Fan L, Liu B, Yao R, Gao X, Wang H, Jiang S, Zheng X, Chen H, Hou H, Liu Y, Hu Q. Nicotine-induced transcriptional changes and mitochondrial dysfunction in the ventral tegmental area revealed by single-nucleus transcriptomics. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00232-7. [PMID: 39244085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine is widely recognized as the primary contributor to tobacco dependence. Previous studies have indicated that molecular and behavioral responses to nicotine are primarily mediated by ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons, and accumulating evidence suggests that glia play prominent roles in nicotine addiction. However, VTA neurons and glia have yet to be characterized at the transcriptional level during the progression of nicotine self-administration. Here, a male mouse model of nicotine self-administration was established and the timing of three critical phases (pre-addiction, addicting, and post-addiction phase) was characterized. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) in the VTA at each phase was performed to comprehensively classify specific cell subtypes. Adaptive changes occurred during the addicting and post-addiction phases, with the addicting phase displaying highly dynamic neuroplasticity that profoundly impacted the transcription in each cell subtype. Furthermore, significant transcriptional changes in energy metabolism-related genes were observed, accompanied by notable structural alterations in neuronal mitochondria during the progression of nicotine self-administration. The results provide insights into mechanisms underlying the progression of nicotine addiction, serving as important resource for identifying potential molecular targets for nicotine cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China; Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision &Test Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Boxin Liu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Guangdong 518018, China
| | - Ru Yao
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Guangdong 518018, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision &Test Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision &Test Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Sanjie Jiang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Guangdong 518018, China
| | | | - Huan Chen
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision &Test Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Hongwei Hou
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision &Test Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision &Test Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
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Hammad AM, Alzaghari LF, Alfaraj M, Lux V, Sunoqrot S. Green Tea Polyphenol Nanoparticles Reduce Anxiety Caused by Tobacco Smoking Withdrawal in Rats by Suppressing Neuroinflammation. TOXICS 2024; 12:598. [PMID: 39195700 PMCID: PMC11360476 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12080598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to tobacco smoke causes neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity, which correlates with smoking withdrawal-induced anxiety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anticipated involvement of antioxidant-rich nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by oxidation-triggered polymerization of green tea catechins in impacting these effects in a rat model of tobacco smoke exposure. Exposure to tobacco smoke was carried out for 2 h a day, 5 days a week, for a total of 36 days. Weekly behavioral tests were conducted prior to recommencing the exposure. Following a 20-day exposure period, rats were administered either distilled water or green tea (GT) NPs (20 mg/kg, orally) for an additional 16 days. Our findings revealed that tobacco smoke exposure induced anxiety-like behavior indicative of withdrawal, and this effect was alleviated by GT NPs. Tobacco smoke exposure caused a marked increase in the relative mRNA and protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and reduced the relative mRNA and protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus (HIP) and hypothalamus (HYP) brain subregions. The intervention of GT NPs effectively inhibited these effects. Our findings demonstrate the potent protective role of GT NPs in reducing withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior, neuroinflammation, and neuroplasticity triggered by tobacco smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M. Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Lujain F. Alzaghari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Malek Alfaraj
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Vanessa Lux
- Department of Genetic Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Suhair Sunoqrot
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
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Xu Y, Lin Y, Yu M, Zhou K. The nucleus accumbens in reward and aversion processing: insights and implications. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1420028. [PMID: 39184934 PMCID: PMC11341389 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1420028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc), a central component of the brain's reward circuitry, has been implicated in a wide range of behaviors and emotional states. Emerging evidence, primarily drawing from recent rodent studies, suggests that the function of the NAc in reward and aversion processing is multifaceted. Prolonged stress or drug use induces maladaptive neuronal function in the NAc circuitry, which results in pathological conditions. This review aims to provide comprehensive and up-to-date insights on the role of the NAc in motivated behavior regulation and highlights areas that demand further in-depth analysis. It synthesizes the latest findings on how distinct NAc neuronal populations and pathways contribute to the processing of opposite valences. The review examines how a range of neuromodulators, especially monoamines, influence the NAc's control over various motivational states. Furthermore, it delves into the complex underlying mechanisms of psychiatric disorders such as addiction and depression and evaluates prospective interventions to restore NAc functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kuikui Zhou
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Zhang M, Liang C, Chen X, Cai Y, Cui L. Interplay between microglia and environmental risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1718-1727. [PMID: 38103237 PMCID: PMC10960290 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, among the most common neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. At present, the Alzheimer's disease main risk remains genetic risks, but major environmental factors are increasingly shown to impact Alzheimer's disease development and progression. Microglia, the most important brain immune cells, play a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered environmental and lifestyle "sensors." Factors like environmental pollution and modern lifestyles (e.g., chronic stress, poor dietary habits, sleep, and circadian rhythm disorders) can cause neuroinflammatory responses that lead to cognitive impairment via microglial functioning and phenotypic regulation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying interactions among these factors and microglia in Alzheimer's disease are unclear. Herein, we: discuss the biological effects of air pollution, chronic stress, gut microbiota, sleep patterns, physical exercise, cigarette smoking, and caffeine consumption on microglia; consider how unhealthy lifestyle factors influence individual susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease; and present the neuroprotective effects of a healthy lifestyle. Toward intervening and controlling these environmental risk factors at an early Alzheimer's disease stage, understanding the role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease development, and targeting strategies to target microglia, could be essential to future Alzheimer's disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiongjin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
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Rana AK, Bhatt B, Kumar M. β-Hydroxybutyrate Improves the Redox Status, Cytokine Production and Phagocytic Potency of Glucose-Deprived HMC3 Human Microglia-like Cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:35. [PMID: 39042253 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Brain glucose deprivation is a component of the pathophysiology of ischemia, glucose transporter1 (GLUT1) deficiency, neurological disorders and occurs transiently in diabetes. Microglia, the neuroimmune cells must function effectively to offer immune defence and debris removal in low-energy settings. Brain glucose deprivation may compromise microglial functions further escalating the disease pathology and deteriorating the overall mental health. In the current study, HMC3 human microglia-like cells were cultured in vitro and exposed to glucose deprivation to investigate the effects of glucose deprivation on phenotypic state, redox status, secretion of cytokines and phagocytic capabilities of HMC3 cells. However, HMC3 cells were able to proliferate in the absence of glucose but showed signs of redox imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction, as demonstrated by decreased MTT reduction and Mito Tracker™ staining of cells, along with a concomitant reduction in NOX2 protein, superoxide, and nitrite levels. Reduced levels of secreted TNF and IL-1β were the signs of compromised cytokine secretion by glucose-deprived HMC3 microglia-like cells. Moreover, glucose-deprived HMC3 cells also showed reduced phagocytic activity as assessed by fluorescently labelled latex beads-based functional phagocytosis assay. β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) supplementation restored the redox status, mitochondrial health, cytokine secretion, and phagocytic activity of glucose-deprived HMC3 microglia-like cells. Overall, impaired brain glucose metabolism may hinder microglia's capacity to release diffusible immune factors and perform phagocytosis. This could escalate the mental health issues in neurological diseases where brain glucose metabolism is compromised. Moreover, nutritional ketosis or exogenous ketone supplementation such as BHB may be utilized as a potential metabolic therapies for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Rana
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Babita Bhatt
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, 140306, India.
- Adjunct faculty, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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Alateeq R, Akhtar A, De Luca SN, Chan SMH, Vlahos R. Apocynin Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior and Preserves Microglial Profiles in Male Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:855. [PMID: 39061923 PMCID: PMC11274253 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death globally and is primarily caused by cigarette smoking (CS). Neurocognitive comorbidities such as anxiety and cognitive impairments are common among people with COPD. CS-induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress may "spill-over" into the systemic circulation, driving the onset of these comorbidities. We investigated whether a prophylactic treatment with the NADPH Oxidase 2 (NOX2) inhibitor, apocynin, could prevent CS-induced neurocognitive impairments. Adult male BALB/c mice were exposed to CS (9 cigarettes/day, 5 days/week) or room air (sham) for 8 weeks with co-administration of apocynin (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection once daily) or vehicle (0.01% DMSO in saline). Following 7 weeks of CS exposure, mice underwent behavioral testing to assess recognition and spatial memory (novel object recognition and Y maze, respectively) and anxiety-like behaviors (open field and elevated plus maze). Mice were then euthanized, and blood, lungs, and brains were collected. Apocynin partially improved CS-induced lung neutrophilia and reversed systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde). Apocynin exerted an anxiolytic effect in CS-exposed mice, which was associated with restored microglial profiles within the amygdala and hippocampus. Thus, targeting oxidative stress using apocynin can alleviate anxiety-like behaviors and could represent a novel strategy for managing COPD-related anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ross Vlahos
- Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (R.A.); (A.A.); (S.N.D.L.)
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Li H, Watkins LR, Wang X. Microglia in neuroimmunopharmacology and drug addiction. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1912-1924. [PMID: 38302560 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic and debilitating disease that is considered a global health problem. Various cell types in the brain are involved in the progression of drug addiction. Recently, the xenobiotic hypothesis has been proposed, which frames substances of abuse as exogenous molecules that are responded to by the immune system as foreign "invaders", thus triggering protective inflammatory responses. An emerging body of literature reveals that microglia, the primary resident immune cells in the brain, play an important role in the progression of addiction. Repeated cycles of drug administration cause a progressive, persistent induction of neuroinflammation by releasing microglial proinflammatory cytokines and their metabolic products. This contributes to drug addiction via modulation of neuronal function. In this review, we focus on the role of microglia in the etiology of drug addiction. Then, we discuss the dynamic states of microglia and the correlative and causal evidence linking microglia to drug addiction. Finally, possible mechanisms of how microglia sense drug-related stimuli and modulate the addiction state and how microglia-targeted anti-inflammation therapies affect addiction are reviewed. Understanding the role of microglia in drug addiction may help develop new treatment strategies to fight this devastating societal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Kumar M, Gusain C, Bhatt B, Lal R, Bishnoi M. Sex-specific effects of sucrose withdrawal on anxiety-like behavior and neuroimmune response. Neuropharmacology 2024; 249:109868. [PMID: 38403263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Sugar bingeing induces maladaptive neuroadaptations to decrease dietary control and promote withdrawal symptoms. This study investigated sex differences in sucrose bingeing, sucrose withdrawal-induced negative mood effects and underlying neuroimmune response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of C57BL/6J male and female mice. Two-bottle sucrose choice paradigm was used to develop sucrose dependence in mice. Female mice consumed more sucrose than male mice when given free access to water and 10% sucrose for four weeks. A significant increase in the mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory markers (Il1β, Tnfα) was found in the PFC of males exposed to sucrose withdrawal. Sucrose bingeing and subsequent sucrose withdrawal showed elevated protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines/growth factors in the PFC (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-10, CCL5, VEGF) and NAc (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, VEGF) of male mice as compared to their water controls. These effects were concurrent with reduced mRNA expression of neuronal activation marker (cFos) in the PFC of sucrose withdrawal males. One week of sucrose withdrawal after prolonged sucrose consumption showed anxiety-like behavior in male mice, not in females. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that repeated access to sucrose induces anxiety-like behavior when the sugar is no longer available in the diet and these effects are male-specific. Elevated neuroinflammation in reward neurocircuitry may underlie these sex-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India.
| | - Chitralekha Gusain
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India
| | - Babita Bhatt
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India
| | - Roshan Lal
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India
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Soares AR, Picciotto MR. Nicotinic regulation of microglia: potential contributions to addiction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:425-435. [PMID: 37778006 PMCID: PMC11189589 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies have identified immunosuppressive effects of nicotine, with potential implications for treating nicotine addiction. Here we review how nicotine can regulate microglia, the resident macrophages in the brain, and corresponding effects of nicotine on neuroimmune signaling. There is significant evidence that activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on microglia can trigger an anti-inflammatory cascade that alters microglial polarization and activity, cytokine release, and intracellular calcium concentrations, leading to neuroprotection. These anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine-dependent α7 nAChR signaling are lost during withdrawal, suggesting that neuroimmune signaling is potentiated during abstinence, and thus, heightened microglial activity may drive circuit disruption that contributes to withdrawal symptoms and hyperkatifeia. In sum, the clinical literature has highlighted immunomodulatory effects of nicotine and the potential for anti-inflammatory compounds to treat addiction. The preclinical literature investigating the underlying mechanisms points to a role of microglial engagement in the circuit dysregulation and behavioral changes that occur during nicotine addiction and withdrawal, driven, at least in part, by activation of α7 nAChRs on microglia. Specifically targeting microglial signaling may help alleviate withdrawal symptoms in people with nicotine dependence and help to promote abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R Soares
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street-3rd floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street-3rd floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA.
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA.
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Kumar M, Bhatt B, Gusain C, Mahajan N, Bishnoi M. Sex-specific effects of ketogenic diet on anxiety-like behavior and neuroimmune response in C57Bl/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 127:109591. [PMID: 38311044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown to reduce anxiety and enhance cognitive functions in neurological diseases. However, the sex-specific effects of KD on anxiety-like behavior in healthy individuals and the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to these effects, including neuroinflammation, are unelucidated. This study investigated the sex-specific effects of KD on anxiety-like behavior and the neuroimmune response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of healthy C57BL/6J male and female mice. Animals were fed either a control diet (CD- 17% fat, 65% carb, 18% protein) or a KD (80% fat, 5% carb, 15% protein) for 4 weeks. KD increased the levels of circulating β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) both in males and females. However, PFC BHB levels were found to be elevated only in KD males. Moreover, KD did not affect the behavior of females but improved motor abilities and reduced anxiety levels in males. KD suppressed the mRNA expression of the pan microglial markers (Cd68, P2ry12) and induced morphological changes in the male PFC microglia. A sex-specific decrease in IL1β and an increase in IL-10 levels was found in the PFC of KD males. A similar trend was observed in the hippocampus of males where KD reduced the mRNA expression of P2ry12, Il1β, and cFos. Additionally, BHB increased the production of IL-10 whereas it decreased the production of IL1β from human microglia in in-vitro conditions. In summary, these results demonstrate that the anxiolytic and motor function enhancement abilities of KD are male-specific. Reduced pro-inflammatory and improved anti-inflammatory factors in the male PFC and hippocampus may underlie these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India; Adjunct faculty, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
| | - Babita Bhatt
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India
| | - Chitralekha Gusain
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India
| | - Nayan Mahajan
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), Punjab, India
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Cheeks SN, Buzzi B, Valdez A, Mogul AS, Damaj MI, Fowler CD. Cannabidiol as a potential cessation therapeutic: Effects on intravenous nicotine self-administration and withdrawal symptoms in mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 246:109833. [PMID: 38176534 PMCID: PMC10958588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of preventable disease and death worldwide. Due to the devastating negative health effects of smoking, many users attempt to quit, but few are successful in the long-term. Thus, there is a critical need for novel therapeutic approaches. In these investigations, we sought to examine whether cannabidiol (CBD) has the potential to be repurposed as a nicotine cessation therapeutic. In the first study, male and female mice were trained to respond for intravenous nicotine infusions at either a low or moderate nicotine dose and then were pretreated with CBD prior to their drug-taking session. We found that CBD produced a significant decrease in the number of nicotine rewards earned, and this effect was evidenced across CBD doses and with both the low and moderate levels of nicotine intake. These effects on drug intake were not due to general motor-related effects, since mice self-administering food pellets did not alter their behavior with CBD administration. The potential effects of CBD in mitigating nicotine withdrawal symptoms were then investigated. We found that CBD attenuated the somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal and prevented nicotine's hyperalgesia-inducing effects. Taken together, these results demonstrate that modulation of cannabinoid signaling may be a viable therapeutic option as a smoking cessation aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Cheeks
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Belle Buzzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Ashley Valdez
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Allison S Mogul
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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13
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Salas-Gallardo GA, Lorea-Hernández JJ, Robles-Gómez ÁA, Del Campo CCM, Peña-Ortega F. Morphological differentiation of peritumoral brain zone microglia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297576. [PMID: 38451958 PMCID: PMC10919594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Peritumoral Brain Zone (PBZ) contributes to Glioblastoma (GBM) relapse months after the resection of the original tumor, which is influenced by a variety of pathological factors. Among those, microglia are recognized as one of the main regulators of GBM progression and probably relapse. Although microglial morphology has been analyzed inside GBM and its immediate surroundings, it has not been objectively characterized throughout the PBZ. Thus, we aimed to perform a thorough characterization of microglial morphology in the PBZ and its likely differentiation not just from the tumor-associated microglia but from control tissue microglia. For this purpose, Sprague Dawley rats were intrastriatally implanted with C6 cells to induce a GBM formation. Gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to locate the tumor and to define the PBZ (2 mm beyond the tumor border), thus delimitating the different regions of interest (ROIs: core tumoral zone and immediate interface; contralateral striatum as control). Brain slices were obtained and immunolabeled with the microglia marker Iba-1. Sixteen morphological parameters were measured for each cell, significative differences were found in all parameters when comparing the four ROIs. To determine if PBZ microglia could be morphologically differentiated from microglia in other ROIs, hierarchical clustering analysis was performed, revealing that microglia can be separated into four morphologically differentiated clusters, each of them mostly integrated by cells sampled in each ROI. Furthermore, a classifier based on linear discriminant analysis, including only three morphological parameters, categorized microglial cells across the studied ROIs and showed a gradual transition between them. The robustness of this classification was assessed through principal component analysis with the remaining 13 morphological parameters, corroborating the obtained results. Thus, in this study we provided objective and quantitative evidence that PBZ microglia represent a differentiable microglial morphotype that could contribute to the recurrence of GBM in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Anahí Salas-Gallardo
- Laboratorio de Células Neurales Troncales, CIACYT-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Jonathan-Julio Lorea-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Ángel Abdiel Robles-Gómez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Claudia Castillo-Martin Del Campo
- Laboratorio de Células Neurales Troncales, CIACYT-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
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14
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Kim B, Im HI. Behavioral characterization of early nicotine withdrawal in the mouse: a potential model of acute dependence. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2024; 20:1. [PMID: 38218838 PMCID: PMC10788015 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-024-00227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and preclinical research have demonstrated that short-term exposure to nicotine during the initial experimentation stage can lead to early manifestation of withdrawal-like signs, indicating the state of "acute dependence". As drug withdrawal is a major factor driving the progression toward regular drug intake, characterizing and understanding the features of early nicotine withdrawal may be important for the prevention and treatment of drug addiction. In this study, we corroborate the previous studies by showing that withdrawal-like signs can be precipitated after short-term nicotine exposure in mice, providing a potential animal model of acute dependence on nicotine. RESULTS To model nicotine exposure from light tobacco use during the initial experimentation stage, mice were treated with 0.5 mg/kg (-)-nicotine ditartrate once daily for 3 days. On the following day, the behavioral tests were conducted after implementing spontaneous or mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal. In the open field test, precipitated nicotine withdrawal reduced locomotor activity and time spent in the center zone. In the elevated plus maze test, the mecamylamine challenge increased the time spent in the closed arm and reduced the number of entries irrespective of nicotine experience. In the examination of the somatic aspect, precipitated nicotine withdrawal enhanced the number of somatic signs. Finally, nicotine withdrawal did not affect cognitive functioning or social behavior in the passive avoidance, spatial object recognition, or social interaction test. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data demonstrate that early nicotine withdrawal-like signs could be precipitated by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine in mice, and that early withdrawal from nicotine primarily causes physical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baeksun Kim
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute (BSI), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute (BSI), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Weyer MP, Strehle J, Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. Repurposing of pexidartinib for microglia depletion and renewal. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108565. [PMID: 38052308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pexidartinib (PLX3397) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with moderate selectivity over other members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor family. It is approved for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT). CSF1R is highly expressed by microglia, which are macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that defend the CNS against injury and pathogens and contribute to synapse development and plasticity. Challenged by pathogens, apoptotic cells, debris, or inflammatory molecules they adopt a responsive state to propagate the inflammation and eventually return to a homeostatic state. The phenotypic switch may fail, and disease-associated microglia contribute to the pathophysiology in neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric diseases or long-lasting detrimental brain inflammation after brain, spinal cord or nerve injury or ischemia/hemorrhage. Microglia also contribute to the growth permissive tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma (GBM). In rodents, continuous treatment for 1-2 weeks via pexidartinib food pellets leads to a depletion of microglia and subsequent repopulation from the remaining fraction, which is aided by peripheral monocytes that search empty niches for engraftment. The putative therapeutic benefit of such microglia depletion or forced renewal has been assessed in almost any rodent model of CNS disease or injury or GBM with heterogeneous outcomes, but a tendency of partial beneficial effects. So far, microglia monitoring e.g. via positron emission imaging is not standard of care for patients receiving Pexidartinib (e.g. for TGCT), so that the depletion and repopulation efficiency in humans is still largely unknown. Considering the virtuous functions of microglia, continuous depletion is likely no therapeutic option but short-lasting transient partial depletion to stimulate microglia renewal or replace microglia in genetic disease in combination with e.g. stem cell transplantation or as part of a multimodal concept in treatment of glioblastoma appears feasible. The present review provides an overview of the preclinical evidence pro and contra microglia depletion as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Philipp Weyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.
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16
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Newton K, De Biase L. Substance Use and Addiction. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:343-355. [PMID: 39207701 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to reveal the molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms of addiction have largely focused on neurons. Yet accumulating data regarding the ability of glial cells to impact synaptic function, circuit activity, and behavior demands that we explore how these nonneuronal cells contribute to substance use disorders and addiction. Important work has shown that glial cells, including microglia, exhibit changes in phenotype following exposure to drugs of abuse and that modification of glial responses can impact behaviors related to drug seeking and drug taking. While these are critical first steps to understanding how microglia can impact addiction, there are still substantial gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. This chapter reviews some of the key studies that have shown how microglia are affected by and can contribute to addiction. It also discusses areas where more knowledge is urgently needed to reveal new therapeutic and preventative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keionna Newton
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay De Biase
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Kumar M, Keady J, Aryal SP, Hessing M, Richards CI, Turner JR. The Role of Microglia in Sex- and Region-Specific Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity During Nicotine Withdrawal. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:182-193. [PMID: 38298802 PMCID: PMC10829673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States, with <5% of quit attempts being successful. Microglia activation and proinflammatory neuroimmune signaling in reward neurocircuitry are implicated in nicotine withdrawal symptomology. Microglia are integral regulators of blood-brain barrier (BBB) functionality as well; however, whether the effects of nicotine withdrawal on microglia function impact BBB integrity is unknown. Methods Mice were treated with chronic nicotine (12 mg/kg/day) and subjected to 48 hours nicotine withdrawal. Regional BBB permeability, together with messenger RNA and protein expression of tight junction proteins, were assessed. PLX5622 chow was used to deplete microglia to evaluate the role of microglia in regulating BBB integrity and nicotine withdrawal symptomology. Results Female mice had higher baseline BBB permeability in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus than males. Nicotine withdrawal further exacerbated the BBB permeability selectively in the prefrontal cortex of females. These effects were concurrent with prefrontal cortex alterations in a subset of tight junction proteins with increased proinflammatory responses following nicotine withdrawal in females. Depletion of microglia via PLX5622 treatment prevented all these molecular effects and attenuated withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in female mice. Conclusions These results are the first to show sex differences in regional BBB permeability during nicotine withdrawal. This represents a possible link to both the reduced smoking cessation success seen in women and women's increased risk for smoking-related neurovascular disorders. Furthermore, these findings open an avenue for sex-specific therapeutics that target microglia and BBB dysfunction during nicotine withdrawal in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
- Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Jack Keady
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Surya P. Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Marissa Hessing
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Jill R. Turner
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
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18
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Braida D, Ponzoni L, Dellarole I, Morara S, Sala M. Fluoxetine rescues the depressive-like behaviour induced by reserpine and the altered emotional behaviour induced by nicotine withdrawal in zebrafish: Involvement of tyrosine hydroxylase. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:1132-1148. [PMID: 37593958 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231191103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine cessation leads to anxiety and depression. AIMS The suitability of the zebrafish model of anhedonia using reserpine and fluoxetine was evaluated. Fluoxetine was also used to reduce nicotine withdrawal-induced anhedonic state. METHODS Zebrafish were exposed to reserpine (40 mg/l) and then to fluoxetine (0.1 mg/l) for 1 week. Anhedonia was evaluated in the Novel Tank Diving and Compartment Preference tests. Another group was exposed to nicotine (1 mg/l/2 weeks) and then exposed to fluoxetine. Anxiety and anhedonia were evaluated 2-60 days after. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity and microglial morphology (labelled by 4C4 monoclonal antibody) in the parvocellular pretectal nucleus (PPN), dorsal part, and of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the hypothalamus were also analysed. RESULTS Less time in the top and increased latency to the top in reserpine compared to a drug-free group was found. Fluoxetine rescued reserpine-induced the reduced time in the top. Seven and 30 days after nicotine withdrawal more time in the bottom and similar time in the Compartment Preference test, rescued by fluoxetine, were shown. In the PPN, 30-day withdrawal induced an increase in TH immunoreactivity, but fluoxetine induced a further significant increase. No changes in PPN microglia morphology and hypothalamic CGRP were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings validate the suitability of the zebrafish model of anhedonia using the reserpine-induced depression-like behaviour and the predictivity using fluoxetine. Fluoxetine rescued nicotine withdrawal-induced anhedonic state, opening the possibility to screen new drugs to alleviate anxiety and depression in smokers during abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braida
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ponzoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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19
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Zailani H, Satyanarayanan SK, Liao WC, Hsu YT, Huang SY, Gałecki P, Su KP, Chang JPC. Roles of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Managing Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4363. [PMID: 37892438 PMCID: PMC10609799 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contributes significantly to the death of people worldwide, especially the elderly. An essential feature of COPD is pulmonary inflammation, which results from long-term exposure to noxious substances from cigarette smoking and other environmental pollutants. Pulmonary inflammatory mediators spill over to the blood, leading to systemic inflammation, which is believed to play a significant role in the onset of a host of comorbidities associated with COPD. A substantial comorbidity of concern in COPD patients that is often overlooked in COPD management is cognitive impairment. The exact pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in COPD patients remains a mystery; however, hypoxia, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and cerebral manifestations of these conditions are believed to play crucial roles. Furthermore, the use of medications to treat cognitive impairment symptomatology in COPD patients has been reported to be associated with life-threatening adverse effects, hence the need for alternative medications with reduced side effects. In this Review, we aim to discuss the impact of cognitive impairment in COPD management and the potential mechanisms associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment in COPD patients. The promising roles of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in improving cognitive deficits in COPD patients are also discussed. Interestingly, ω-3 PUFAs can potentially enhance the cognitive impairment symptomatology associated with COPD because they can modulate inflammatory processes, activate the antioxidant defence system, and promote amyloid-beta clearance from the brain. Thus, clinical studies are crucial to assess the efficacy of ω-3 PUFAs in managing cognitive impairment in COPD patients.
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Grants
- MOST 109-2320-B-038-057-MY3, 109-2320-B-039-066, 110-2321-B-006-004, 111-2321-B-006-008, 110-2811-B-039-507, 110-2320-B-039-048-MY2, and 110-2320-B-039-047-MY3, 110-2813-C-039-327-B, 110-2314-B-039-029-MY3, 111-2314-B-039-041-MY3 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- ANHRF 109-31, 109-40, 110-13, 110-26, 110-44, 110-45, 111-27, and 111-28 An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- CMRC-CMA-2 Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE), Taiwan
- CMU 110-AWARD-02, CMU108-SR-106, CMU110-N-17, CMU110-SR-73 China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- CRS-108-048, DMR-105-053, DMR-109-102, DMR-109-244, DMR-HHC-109-11, DMR-HHC-109-12, DMR-HHC-110-10, DMR-110-124, DMR-111-245 and DMR-HHC-111-8 China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Halliru Zailani
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.Z.); (S.K.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810106, Nigeria
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.Z.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Wei-Chih Liao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsu
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Centre, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.Z.); (S.K.S.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.Z.); (S.K.S.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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20
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Zhu H, Guan A, Liu J, Peng L, Zhang Z, Wang S. Noteworthy perspectives on microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:223. [PMID: 37794488 PMCID: PMC10548593 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are so versatile that they not only provide immune surveillance for central nervous system, but participate in neural circuitry development, brain blood vessels formation, blood-brain barrier architecture, and intriguingly, the regulation of emotions and behaviors. Microglia have a profound impact on neuronal survival, brain wiring and synaptic plasticity. As professional phagocytic cells in the brain, they remove dead cell debris and neurotoxic agents via an elaborate mechanism. The functional profile of microglia varies considerately depending on age, gender, disease context and other internal or external environmental factors. Numerous studies have demonstrated a pivotal involvement of microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders, including negative affection, social deficit, compulsive behavior, fear memory, pain and other symptoms associated with major depression disorder, anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. In this review, we summarized the latest discoveries regarding microglial ontogeny, cell subtypes or state spectrum, biological functions and mechanistic underpinnings of emotional and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of microglia-targeted therapies of neuropsychiatric disorders, and propose outstanding questions to be addressed in future research of human microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Ao Guan
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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21
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Chen R, Routh BN, Gaudet AD, Fonken LK. Circadian Regulation of the Neuroimmune Environment Across the Lifespan: From Brain Development to Aging. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:419-446. [PMID: 37357738 PMCID: PMC10475217 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231178950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks confer 24-h periodicity to biological systems, to ultimately maximize energy efficiency and promote survival in a world with regular environmental light cycles. In mammals, circadian rhythms regulate myriad physiological functions, including the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Within the central nervous system, specialized glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia survey and maintain the neuroimmune environment. The contributions of these neuroimmune cells to both homeostatic and pathogenic demands vary greatly across the day. Moreover, the function of these cells changes across the lifespan. In this review, we discuss circadian regulation of the neuroimmune environment across the lifespan, with a focus on microglia and astrocytes. Circadian rhythms emerge in early life concurrent with neuroimmune sculpting of brain circuits and wane late in life alongside increasing immunosenescence and neurodegeneration. Importantly, circadian dysregulation can alter immune function, which may contribute to susceptibility to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight circadian neuroimmune interactions across the lifespan and share evidence that circadian dysregulation within the neuroimmune system may be a critical component in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhuo Chen
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Brandy N. Routh
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrew D. Gaudet
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura K. Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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22
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Bautista M, Mogul AS, Fowler CD. Beyond the label: current evidence and future directions for the interrelationship between electronic cigarettes and mental health. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1134079. [PMID: 37645635 PMCID: PMC10460914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette use has dramatically increased over the last decade. With this recent technological development and wide range of constituents in various products, putative adverse effects on the brain and body have been largely unexplored. Here, we review current evidence linking electronic nicotine cigarette use with potential health consequences and provide evidence supporting an association between drug use and depression in humans. We also examine the biological effects of individual constituents in electronic cigarette aerosols, which include labeled ingredients, such as propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and flavorants, as well as unlabeled ingredients found in the aerosols, such as carbonyls and heavy metals. Lastly, we examine the effects of electronic cigarette use on endogenous metabolism via changes in cytochrome P450 enzymes, which can thereby impact therapeutic outcomes. While the current evidence offers insight into the potential effects of electronic cigarette use on biological processes, further studies are necessary to determine the long-term clinical relevance of aerosol inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christie D. Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Vilca SJ, Margetts AV, Pollock TA, Tuesta LM. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in substance use disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103838. [PMID: 36893849 PMCID: PMC10247513 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are widely known for their role in immune surveillance and for their ability to refine neurocircuitry during development, but a growing body of evidence suggests that microglia may also play a complementary role to neurons in regulating the behavioral aspects of substance use disorders. While many of these efforts have focused on changes in microglial gene expression associated with drug-taking, epigenetic regulation of these changes has yet to be fully understood. This review provides recent evidence supporting the role of microglia in various aspects of substance use disorder, with particular focus on changes to the microglial transcriptome and the potential epigenetic mechanisms driving these changes. Further, this review discusses the latest technical advances in low-input chromatin profiling and highlights the current challenges for studying these novel molecular mechanisms in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara J Vilca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Alexander V Margetts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Tate A Pollock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Luis M Tuesta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
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Smith ML, Mignogna KM, Rokita JL, MacLeod L, Damaj MI, Miles MF. Identification of candidate genes for nicotine withdrawal in C57BL/6J × DBA/2J recombinant inbred mice. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12844. [PMID: 36781202 PMCID: PMC10067406 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is the reinforcing ingredient in tobacco. Following chronic exposure, sudden cessation of nicotine use produces negative symptoms of withdrawal that contribute to dependence. The molecular mechanisms underlying nicotine withdrawal behaviors, however, are poorly understood. Using recombinant inbred mice, chronic nicotine was delivered by minipump and withdrawal induced using mecamylamine. Somatic signs of withdrawal, and anxiety-like behavior using elevated plus maze, were then assessed. Interval mapping was used to identify associations between genetic variation and withdrawal behaviors, and with basal gene expression. Differential gene expression following nicotine exposure and withdrawal was also assessed in progenitor mice using microarrays. Quantitative trait loci mapping identified chromosome intervals with significant genetic associations to somatic signs of withdrawal or withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. Using bioinformatics, and association with basal gene expression in nucleus accumbens, we implicated Rb1, Bnip3l, Pnma2, Itm2b, and Kif13b as candidate genes for somatic signs of withdrawal, and Galr1, which showed trans-regulation from a region of chromosome 14 that was associated with somatic signs of withdrawal. Candidate genes within the chromosome 9 region associated with anxiety-like withdrawal behavior included Dixdc1, Ncam1, and Sorl1. Bioinformatics identified six genes that were also significantly associated with nicotine or alcohol traits in recent human genome-wide association studies. Withdrawal-associated somatic signs and anxiety-like behavior had strong non-overlapping genetic associations, respectively, with regions of chromosome 14 and chromosome 9. Genetic, behavioral and gene expression correlations, and bioinformatics analysis identified several candidate genes that may represent novel molecular targets for modulating nicotine withdrawal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren L. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Kristin M. Mignogna
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Jo L. Rokita
- Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lorna MacLeod
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Michael F. Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- VCU Alcohol Research CenterVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
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St. Pierre M, Duck SA, Nazareth M, Fung C, Jantzie LL, Chavez-Valdez R. Unbiased Quantitative Single-Cell Morphometric Analysis to Identify Microglia Reactivity in Developmental Brain Injury. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040899. [PMID: 37109428 PMCID: PMC10147015 DOI: 10.3390/life13040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia morphological studies have been limited to the process of reviewing the most common characteristics of a group of cells to conclude the likelihood of a “pathological” milieu. We have developed an Imaris-software-based analytical pipeline to address selection and operator biases, enabling use of highly reproducible machine-learning algorithms to quantify at single-cell resolution differences between groups. We hypothesized that this analytical pipeline improved our ability to detect subtle yet important differences between groups. Thus, we studied the temporal changes in Iba1+ microglia-like cell (MCL) populations in the CA1 between P10–P11 and P18–P19 in response to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) at E12.5 in mice, chorioamnionitis (chorio) at E18 in rats and neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) at P10 in mice. Sholl and convex hull analyses differentiate stages of maturation of Iba1+ MLCs. At P10–P11, IUGR or HI MLCs were more prominently ‘ameboid’, while chorio MLCs were hyper-ramified compared to sham. At P18–P19, HI MLCs remained persistently ‘ameboid’ to ‘transitional’. Thus, we conclude that this unbiased analytical pipeline, which can be adjusted to other brain cells (i.e., astrocytes), improves sensitivity to detect previously elusive morphological changes known to promote specific inflammatory milieu and lead to worse outcomes and therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark St. Pierre
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sarah Ann Duck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michelle Nazareth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Camille Fung
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(410)-955-7156
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Long DD, Zhang YZ, Liu A, Shen L, Wei HR, Lou QQ, Hu SS, Chen DY, Chai XQ, Wang D. Microglia sustain anterior cingulate cortex neuronal hyperactivity in nicotine-induced pain. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:81. [PMID: 36944965 PMCID: PMC10031886 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term smoking is a risk factor for chronic pain, and chronic nicotine exposure induces pain-like effects in rodents. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been demonstrated to be associated with pain and substance abuse. This study aims to investigate whether ACC microglia are altered in response to chronic nicotine exposure and their interaction with ACC neurons and subsequent nicotine-induced allodynia in mice. METHODS We utilized a mouse model that was fed nicotine water for 28 days. Brain slices of the ACC were collected for morphological analysis to evaluate the impacts of chronic nicotine on microglia. In vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell patch clamp were used to record the excitability of ACC glutamatergic neurons. RESULTS Compared to the vehicle control, the branch endpoints and the length of ACC microglial processes decreased in nicotine-treated mice, coinciding with the hyperactivity of glutamatergic neurons in the ACC. Inhibition of ACC glutamatergic neurons alleviated nicotine-induced allodynia and reduced microglial activation. On the other hand, reactive microglia sustain ACC neuronal excitability in response to chronic nicotine, and pharmacological inhibition of microglia by minocycline or liposome-clodronate reduces nicotine-induced allodynia. The neuron-microglia interaction in chronic nicotine-induced allodynia is mediated by increased expression of neuronal CX3CL1, which activates microglia by acting on CX3CR1 receptors on microglial cells. CONCLUSION Together, these findings underlie a critical role of ACC microglia in the maintenance of ACC neuronal hyperactivity and resulting nociceptive hypersensitivity in chronic nicotine-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Long
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Yu-Zhuo Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Hong-Rui Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Qian-Qian Lou
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Dan-Yang Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chai
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Di Wang
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China.
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Su S, Chen G, Gao M, Zhong G, Zhang Z, Wei D, Luo X, Wang Q. Kai-Xin-San protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease through SIRT3/NLRP3 pathway. Chin Med 2023; 18:26. [PMID: 36918872 PMCID: PMC10012453 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kai-Xin-San (KXS) has been reported to have a good curative impact on dementia. The purpose of the study was to determine whether KXS might ameliorate cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice and to evaluate its neuroprotective mechanism. METHODS APP/PS1 mice were employed as an AD animal model; Aβ1-42 and KXS-containing serum were used in HT22 cells. Four different behavioral tests were used to determine the cognitive ability of mice. Nissl staining was utilized to detect hippocampal neuron changes. ROS, SOD, and MDA were used to detect oxidative stress levels. Transmission electron microscopy and Western blot were used to evaluate mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial division, and fusion state. Western blotting and immunofluorescence identified PSD95, BDNF, NGF, SYN, SIRT3, and NLRP3 inflammasome levels. RESULTS The results indicated that KXS protected APP/PS1 mice against cognitive impairments. KXS suppressed neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress among APP/PS1 mice. KXS and KXS-containing serum improved mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic and neurotrophic factors regarding APP/PS1 mice. In addition, KXS and KXS-containing serum enhanced mitochondrial SIRT3 expression and reduced NLRP3 inflammasome expression in APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION KXS improves cognitive dysfunction among APP/PS1 mice via regulating SIRT3-mediated neuronal cell apoptosis. These results suggested that KXS was proposed as a neuroprotective agent for AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiJie Su
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongcan Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghuang Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zerong Zhang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyun Wei
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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28
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Raval NR, Wetherill RR, Wiers CE, Dubroff JG, Hillmer AT. Positron Emission Tomography of Neuroimmune Responses in Humans: Insights and Intricacies. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:213-229. [PMID: 36270830 PMCID: PMC11261531 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The brain's immune system plays a critical role in responding to immune challenges and maintaining homeostasis. However, dysregulated neuroimmune function contributes to neurodegenerative disease and neuropsychiatric conditions. In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the neuroimmune system has facilitated a greater understanding of its physiology and the pathology of some neuropsychiatric conditions. This review presents an in-depth look at PET findings from human neuroimmune function studies, highlighting their importance in current neuropsychiatric research. Although the majority of human PET studies feature radiotracers targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), this review also considers studies with other neuroimmune targets, including monoamine oxidase B, cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide synthase, and the purinergic P2X7 receptor. Promising new targets, such as colony-stimulating factor 1, Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, and the purinergic P2Y12 receptor, are also discussed. The significance of validating neuroimmune targets and understanding their function and expression is emphasized in this review to better identify and interpret PET results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul R Raval
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Reagan R Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacob G Dubroff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
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29
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Vargas-Medrano J, Carcoba LM, Vidal Martinez G, Mulla ZD, Diaz V, Ruiz-Velasco A, Alvarez-Primo F, Colina G, Iñiguez SD, Thompson PM, O’Dell LE, Gadad BS. Sex and diet-dependent gene alterations in human and rat brains with a history of nicotine exposure. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1104563. [PMID: 36846236 PMCID: PMC9950561 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic nicotine exposure induces changes in the expression of key regulatory genes associated with metabolic function and neuronal alterations in the brain. Many bioregulatory genes have been associated with exposure to nicotine, but the modulating effects of sex and diet on gene expression in nicotine-exposed brains have been largely unexplored. Both humans and rodents display motivation for nicotine use and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms during abstinence. Research comparing pre-clinical models with human subjects provides an important opportunity to understand common biomarkers of the harmful effects of nicotine as well as information that may help guide the development of more effective interventions for nicotine cessation. Methods Human postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dLPFC) tissue BA9 was collected from female and male subjects, smokers and non-smokers (N = 12 per group). Rat frontal lobes were collected from female and male rats that received a regular diet (RD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) (N = 12 per group) for 14 days following implantation of a osmotic mini-pump (Alzet) that delivered nicotine continuously. Controls (control-s) received a sham surgical procedure. RNA was extracted from tissue from human and rat samples and reversed-transcribed to cDNA. Gene expression of CHRNA10 (Cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 10), CERKL (Ceramide Kinase-Like), SMYD1 (SET and MYD Domin Containing 1), and FA2H (Fatty Acid 2-Hydrolase) in humans was compared to rats in each subset of groups and quantified by qPCR methods. Additionally, protein expression of FA2H was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in human dLPFC. Results Humans with a history of smoking displayed decreased CHRNA10 (p = 0.0005), CERKL (p ≤ 0.0001), and SMYD1 (p = 0.0005) expression and increased FA2H (p = 0.0097) expression compared to non-smokers (p < 0.05). Similar patterns of results were observed in nicotine exposed vs. control rats. Interestingly, sex-related differences in gene expression for CERKL and FA2H were observed. In addition, ANCOVA analysis showed a significant effect of nicotine in a sex-different manner, including an increase in CERKL in male and female rats with RD or HFD. In rats exposed to an HFD, FA2H gene expression was lower in nicotine-treated rats compared to RD rats treated with nicotine. Protein expression of FA2H (p = 0.001) by IHC was significantly higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. Conclusion These results suggest that a history of long-term nicotine exposure in humans alters the expression of sphingolipid metabolism-related (CERKL, SMYD1, and FA2H) and neuronal (CHRNA10) marker genes similarly as compared to rats. Sex- and diet-dependent differences appear in nicotine-exposed rats, critical in regulating sphingolipid metabolism and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This research enhances the construct validity of rat models of nicotine usage by showing a similar pattern of changes in gene expression in human subjects with a smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vargas-Medrano
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Luis M. Carcoba
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Guadalupe Vidal Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Zuber D. Mulla
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Diaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Alejandra Ruiz-Velasco
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Fabian Alvarez-Primo
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Gabriela Colina
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sergio D. Iñiguez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Peter M. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Laura E. O’Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Bharathi S. Gadad
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
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Antoine D, Venigalla G, Truitt B, Roy S. Linking the gut microbiome to microglial activation in opioid use disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1050661. [PMID: 36590299 PMCID: PMC9800800 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a physical and psychological disorder globally prevalent today that has resulted in over 107,000 drug overdose deaths in 2021 in the United States alone. This manuscript reviews the potential relationship between opioid use disorder (OUD), a prevalent subset of SUD, and the microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), as they have been found to become significantly more activated during opioid exposure. The inflammatory response mediated by the microglia could contribute to the pathophysiology of SUDs, in particular OUD. Further understanding of the microglia and how they respond to not only signals in the CNS but also signals from other areas of the body, such as the gut microbiome, could explain how the microglia are involved in drug use. Several studies have shown extensive communication between the gut microbiome and the microglia, which may be an important factor in the initiation and development of OUD. Particularly, strategies seeking to manipulate and restore the gut microbiome have been shown to reduce microglial activation and attenuate inflammation. In this review, we discuss the evidence for a link between the microglia and OUD and how the gut microbiome might influence microglial activation to drive the disorder and its associated behaviors. Understanding this connection between microglia and the gut microbiome in the context of drug use may present additional therapeutic targets to treat the different stages of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Antoine
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Greeshma Venigalla
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Bridget Truitt
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Sabita Roy,
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Basilico B, Ferrucci L, Khan A, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D, Reverte I. What microglia depletion approaches tell us about the role of microglia on synaptic function and behavior. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1022431. [PMID: 36406752 PMCID: PMC9673171 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1022431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic cells, constantly surveying their surroundings and interacting with neurons and synapses. Indeed, a wealth of knowledge has revealed a critical role of microglia in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity in the developing brain. In the past decade, novel pharmacological and genetic strategies have allowed the acute removal of microglia, opening the possibility to explore and understand the role of microglia also in the adult brain. In this review, we summarized and discussed the contribution of microglia depletion strategies to the current understanding of the role of microglia on synaptic function, learning and memory, and behavior both in physiological and pathological conditions. We first described the available microglia depletion methods highlighting their main strengths and weaknesses. We then reviewed the impact of microglia depletion on structural and functional synaptic plasticity. Next, we focused our analysis on the effects of microglia depletion on behavior, including general locomotor activity, sensory perception, motor function, sociability, learning and memory both in healthy animals and animal models of disease. Finally, we integrated the findings from the reviewed studies and discussed the emerging roles of microglia on the maintenance of synaptic function, learning, memory strength and forgetfulness, and the implications of microglia depletion in models of brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Azka Khan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Davide Ragozzino,
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
- Ingrid Reverte,
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Keady J, Fisher M, Anderson E, LeMalenfant R, Turner J. Age-specific impacts of nicotine and withdrawal on hippocampal neuregulin signalling. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4705-4719. [PMID: 35899607 PMCID: PMC9710301 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, with 87% of smokers starting before the age of 18. Age of initiation is a major predictive factor for smoking frequency and successful smoking cessation. People who initiate smoking during adolescences are 2.33 times more likely to become heavy smokers and half as likely to quit compared with smokers who started during adulthood. Additionally, schizophrenia, a disease state linked to altered neurodevelopment during adolescence, is a major predictive factor for smoking status. Smoking rates among people suffering from schizophrenia are between 60% and 90%. Interestingly, the Neuregulin Signalling Pathway (NSP), which plays an important role in neurodevelopment, is implicated in both schizophrenia and nicotine use disorder. Specifically, SNPS in neuregulin 3 (Nrg3) and Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 4 (ErbB4) have been associated with smoking cessation outcomes and schizophrenia. Here, we examine the effects of chronic nicotine (18 mg/kg/day) and 24-h withdrawal on NSP gene expression in the hippocampus of adult (20-week-old) and adolescent (4-week-old) mice. We show that withdrawal from chronic nicotine decreased the expression of Erbb4 mRNA in the hippocampus of the adult mice but increased the expression of cytosolic Erbb4 protein in adolescent mice. Nrg3 mRNA and protein expression was not altered by chronic nicotine or withdrawal in the adult or adolescent cohorts, but Nrg3 mRNA and synaptosomal protein expression was lower in the adult withdrawal group when compared with their adolescent counterparts. These results highlight the age-specific effects of nicotine withdrawal on the NSP and may contribute to the lower quit rate and higher cigarette consumption of smokers who initiation during adolescences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Keady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536–0596, USA
| | - Miranda Fisher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536–0596, USA
| | - Erin Anderson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rachel LeMalenfant
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jill Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536–0596, USA
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Zhang S, Wei D, Lv S, Wang L, An H, Shao W, Wang Y, Huang Y, Peng D, Zhang Z. Scutellarin Modulates the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Improves Cognitive Impairment in APP/PS1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:955-975. [PMID: 35964195 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scutellarin, a flavonoid purified from the Chinese herb Erigeron breviscapus, has been reported to prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) by affecting Aβ assembly. Given the low brain uptake rate of scutellarin, we hypothesize that the microbiota-gut-brain axis may be a potential route by which scutellarin prevents AD. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the microbiota-gut-brain mechanism by which scutellarin prevented AD. METHODS Scutellarin was administrated to APP/PS1 mouse model of AD for two months, and the behaviors, pathological changes as well as gut microbial changes in APP/PS1 mice were evaluated after scutellarin treatment. RESULTS This study found that scutellarin improved Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice. It elucidated the effects of scutellarin on the diversity and activity of gut microbiota in APP/PS1 mice and these findings promoted us to focus on inflammation-related bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Cognitive behaviors were significantly associated with inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related bacteria, suggesting that microbiota-gut-brain axis was involved in this model and that inflammatory pathway played a crucial role in this axis. Moreover, we observed that cAMP-PKA-CREB-HDAC3 pathway downstream of SCFAs was activated in microglia of AD and inactivated by scutellarin. Furthermore, by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we found that the increased association between acetylated histone 3 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) promoter in AD mice was reversed by scutellarin, leading to a decreased level of IL-1β in scutellarin-treated AD mice. CONCLUSION Scutellarin reverses neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice via beneficial regulation of gut microbiota and cAMP-PKA-CREB-HDAC3 signaling in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Dongfeng Wei
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,BABRI Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Lv
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Haiting An
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Shao
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Huang
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Dantao Peng
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Ortinski PI, Reissner KJ, Turner J, Anderson TA, Scimemi A. Control of complex behavior by astrocytes and microglia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104651. [PMID: 35367512 PMCID: PMC9119927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that glial cells influence behavior has been gaining a steady foothold in scientific literature. Out of the five main subtypes of glial cells in the brain, astrocytes and microglia have received an outsized share of attention with regard to shaping a wide spectrum of behavioral phenomena and there is growing appreciation that the signals intrinsic to these cells as well as their interactions with surrounding neurons reflect behavioral history in a brain region-specific manner. Considerable regional diversity of glial cell phenotypes is beginning to be recognized and may contribute to behavioral outcomes arising from circuit-specific computations within and across discrete brain nuclei. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the impact of astrocyte and microglia activity on behavioral outcomes, with a specific focus on brain areas relevant to higher cognitive control, reward-seeking, and circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Ortinski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - K J Reissner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - T A Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - A Scimemi
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Albany, USA
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35
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Ten-Blanco M, Flores Á, Pereda-Pérez I, Piscitelli F, Izquierdo-Luengo C, Cristino L, Romero J, Hillard CJ, Maldonado R, Di Marzo V, Berrendero F. Amygdalar CB2 cannabinoid receptor mediates fear extinction deficits promoted by orexin-A/hypocretin-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112925. [PMID: 35477218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and stress disorders are often characterized by an inability to extinguish learned fear responses. Orexins/hypocretins are involved in the modulation of aversive memories, and dysregulation of this system may contribute to the aetiology of anxiety disorders characterized by pathological fear. The mechanisms by which orexins regulate fear are unknown. Here we investigated the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the impaired fear extinction induced by orexin-A (OXA) in male mice. The selective inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) biosynthesis O7460 abolished the fear extinction deficits induced by OXA. Accordingly, increased 2-AG levels were observed in the amygdala and hippocampus of mice treated with OXA that do not extinguish fear, suggesting that high levels of this endocannabinoid are related to poor extinction. Impairment of fear extinction induced by OXA was associated with increased expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) in microglial cells of the basolateral amygdala. Consistently, the intra-amygdala infusion of the CB2R antagonist AM630 completely blocked the impaired extinction promoted by OXA. Microglial and CB2R expression depletion in the amygdala with PLX5622 chow also prevented these extinction deficits. These results show that overactivation of the orexin system leads to impaired fear extinction through 2-AG and amygdalar CB2R. This novel mechanism could be of relevance for the development of novel potential approaches to treat diseases associated with inappropriate retention of fear, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, panic anxiety and phobias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ten-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - África Flores
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cristina Izquierdo-Luengo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Julián Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Hearth and Lung Research Institute (IUCPQ), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and NUTRISS Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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Namba MD, Phillips MN, Neisewander JL, Olive MF. Nuclear factor kappa B signaling within the rat nucleus accumbens core sex-dependently regulates cue-induced cocaine seeking and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:252-265. [PMID: 35259426 PMCID: PMC9116481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic drug self-administration and withdrawal are associated with distinct neuroimmune adaptations that may increase drug craving and relapse vulnerability in humans. The nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway is a critical regulator of many immune- and addiction-related genes such as the extracellular matrix enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which is a known modulator of learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. While some studies suggest striatal NF-κB signaling may regulate drug-conditioned behavior, no studies to date have examined whether NF-κB signaling within the nucleus accumbens core (NAc core) alters downstream neuroimmune function and cue-motivated cocaine seeking following a period of forced abstinence, whether any effects are specific to cocaine over other reinforcers, or whether sex differences exist. Here, we examined whether viral-mediated knockdown of the p65 subunit of NF-κB within the NAc core would alter MMP-9 expression and cue-induced cocaine- and sucrose-seeking behavior following a period of forced abstinence in male and female rats. We demonstrate that NAc core p65 knockdown results in a significant decrease in cue-induced cocaine seeking in males but not females. This effect was specific to cocaine, as p65 knockdown did not significantly affect cue-induced sucrose seeking in either males or females. Moreover, we demonstrate that males express higher levels of MMP-9 within the NAc core and nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) compared to females, and that p65 knockdown significantly decreases MMP-9 in the NAc core of males but not females among cocaine cue-exposed animals. Altogether, these results suggest that NAc core NF-κB signaling exerts modulatory control over cue-motivated drug-seeking behavior and downstream neuroimmune function in a sex-specific manner. These findings highlight the need to consider sex as an important biological variable when examining immunomodulatory mechanisms of cocaine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Namba
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Megan N Phillips
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Yang S, Xu K, Xu X, Zhu J, Jin Y, Liu Q, Xu R, Gu X, Liu Y, Huang Y, Ma Z. S-Ketamine Pretreatment Alleviates Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Mechanical Allodynia and Blocks the Pro-inflammatory Response in Striatum and Periaqueductal Gray From a Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Model. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:848232. [PMID: 35493953 PMCID: PMC9047507 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.848232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the regulatory effect of S-ketamine on the mechanical allodynia, anxiety-like behaviors and microglia activation in adult male rats exposed to an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The rat PTSD model was established by the exposure to single-prolonged stress (SPS), and 1 day later, rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg S-ketamine or normal saline, respectively. Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold was measured 2 days before, and 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days after injection to assess mechanical allodynia in the SPS-exposed rats. For anxiety-like behaviors, the open field test and elevated plus maze test were performed at 7 and 14 days after S-ketamine treatment in the SPS-exposed rats, respectively. SPS-induced rats presented pronounced mechanical allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors, which were alleviated by S-ketamine treatment. After behavioral tests, rats were sacrificed for collecting the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal striatum, and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, p-NF-κB, and NF-κB in brain regions were examined by Western blot. In addition, microglia activation in each brain region was determined by immunofluorescence staining of the microglia-specific biomarker Iba-1. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly upregulated in the dorsal striatum and PAG, rather than ACC and PFC. Activated microglia was observed in the dorsal striatum and PAG as well, and upregulated p-NF-κB was detected in the dorsal striatum. Inflammatory response, phosphorylation of NF-κB and microglia activation in certain brain regions were significantly alleviated by S-ketamine treatment. Collectively, S-ketamine is a promising drug in alleviating mechanical allodynia, anxiety-like behaviors, and pro-inflammatory responses in discrete brain regions in a model of PTSD.
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Saravia R, Ten-Blanco M, Pereda-Pérez I, Berrendero F. New Insights in the Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System and Natural Cannabinoids in Nicotine Dependence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13316. [PMID: 34948106 PMCID: PMC8715672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, plays a major role in tobacco addiction, producing a high morbidity and mortality in the world. A great amount of research has been developed to elucidate the neural pathways and neurotransmitter systems involved in such a complex addictive behavior. The endocannabinoid system, which has been reported to participate in the addictive properties of most of the prototypical drugs of abuse, is also implicated in nicotine dependence. This review summarizes and updates the main behavioral and biochemical data involving the endocannabinoid system in the rewarding properties of nicotine as well as in nicotine withdrawal and relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior. Promising results from preclinical studies suggest that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Saravia
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marc Ten-Blanco
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
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Leroy C, Saba W. Contribution of TSPO imaging in the understanding of the state of gliosis in substance use disorders. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:186-200. [PMID: 34041563 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent research in last years in substance use disorders (SUD) synthesized a proinflammatory hypothesis of SUD based on reported pieces of evidence of non-neuronal central immune signalling pathways modulated by drug of abuse and that contribute to their pharmacodynamic actions. Positron emission tomography has been shown to be a precious imaging technique to study in vivo neurochemical processes involved in SUD and to highlight the central immune signalling actions of drugs of abuse. METHODS In this review, we investigate the contribution of the central immune system, with a particular focus on translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) imaging, associated with a series of drugs involved in substance use disorders (SUD) specifically alcohol, opioids, tobacco, methamphetamine, cocaine, and cannabis. RESULTS The large majority of preclinical and clinical studies presented in this review converges towards SUD modulation of the neuroimmune responses and TSPO expression and speculated a pivotal positioning in the pathogenesis of SUD. However, some contradictions concerning the same drug or between preclinical and clinical studies make it difficult to draw a clear picture about the significance of glial state in SUD. DISCUSSION Significant disparities in clinical and biological characteristics are present between investigated populations among studies. Heterogeneity in genetic factors and other clinical co-morbidities, difficult to be reproduced in animal models, may affect findings. On the other hand, technical aspects including study designs, radioligand limitations, or PET imaging quantification methods could impact the study results and should be considered to explain discrepancies in outcomes. CONCLUSION The supposed neuroimmune component of SUD provides new therapeutic approaches in the prediction and treatment of SUD pointing to the central immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leroy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du général Leclerc, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Wadad Saba
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du général Leclerc, 91401, Orsay, France.
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Rosa MLDP, Machado CA, Oliveira BDS, Toscano ECDB, Asth L, de Barros JLVM, Teixeira AL, Moreira FA, de Miranda AS. Role of cytokine and neurotrophic factors in nicotine addiction in the conditioned place preference paradigm. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136235. [PMID: 34508846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the maintenance of cigarette smoking and nicotine reward remain unclear. Immune response might play an important role in this context. Nicotine may induce both central and systemic inflammatory responses as well as changes in the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The conditioned place preference (CPP) is a method used for the evaluation of nicotine-induced reward, reproducing nicotine-seeking behavior in humans. So far, there are no studies investigating the relationship between neuroinflammation and nicotine-induced CPP. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors in key areas of the central nervous system (CNS) of mice subject to nicotine-induced CPP. CPP was induced with an intraperitoneal administration of 0.5 mg/kg of nicotine in male Swiss mice, using an unbiased protocol. Control group received vehicle by the same route. The levels of cytokines, chemokines, and neurotrophic factors were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in the brain after CPP test. As expected, nicotine induced place preference behavior. In parallel, we observed increased peripheral levels of IL-6 and IL-10 alongside increased hippocampal levels of NGF but decreased GDNF in mice treated with nicotine compared to controls. In the striatum, nicotine promoted decrease of IL-1ß, IL-10 and GDNF levels, while the levels of all the mediators were similar between groups in the pre-frontal cortex. Our results provide evidence on the role of cytokines and neurotrophic factors in nicotine-induced CPP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Luciana de Paula Rosa
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Caroline Amaral Machado
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Bruna da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Laila Asth
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - João Luís Vieira Monteiro de Barros
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabrício A Moreira
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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Steinegger CA, Zoelch N, Hock A, Henning A, Engeli EJ, Seifritz E, Hulka LM, Herdener M. Neurometabolic alterations in the nucleus accumbens of smokers assessed with 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy: The role of glutamate and neuroinflammation. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13027. [PMID: 33825270 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of premature death and morbidity worldwide. For smokers trying to quit, relapse rates are high, even after prolonged periods of abstinence. Recent findings in animal models highlight the role of alterations in glutamatergic projections from the prefrontal cortex onto the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in relapse vulnerability. Moreover, inflammatory responses in the NAc have been reported during withdrawal. A novel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) protocol was applied in humans to measure molar concentrations for glutamate, its sum with glutamine (Glx), and myoinositol plus glycine (mI + Gly) in the NAc (19 smokers, 20 matched controls). Smokers were measured at baseline and during withdrawal and satiation. No difference between groups or smoking states was found for glutamate or Glx, but, in smokers, stronger craving and more severe nicotine dependence were associated with lower baseline glutamate and Glx levels, respectively. Interestingly, mI + Gly concentrations were higher during withdrawal than baseline and correlated negatively with nicotine dependence severity and pack years of smoking. The lack of glutamatergic changes between groups and smoking states may imply that glutamate homeostasis is not significantly altered in smokers or that changes are too small for detection by 1 H-MRS. Moreover, the observed increase in mI + Gly may imply that neuroinflammatory processes occur in the NAc during nicotine withdrawal. These findings shed light on neurobiological relapse mechanisms in smokers and may provide the opportunity to develop more effective treatment options targeting the glutamate and neuroinflammation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette A. Steinegger
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zoelch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hock
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anke Henning
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tuebingen Germany
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas US
| | - Etna J.E. Engeli
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lea M. Hulka
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marcus Herdener
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Li J, Shao D, Jiang D, Huang Q, Guan Y, Lai B, Zhao J, Hua F, Xie F. Alteration of neuroinflammation detected by 18F-GE180 PET imaging in place-conditioned rats with morphine withdrawal. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:103. [PMID: 34637020 PMCID: PMC8511235 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that neuroinflammation (NI) significantly contributes to drug addiction, but the conversion of NI after drug withdrawal is not clear. Here, we conducted 18F-flutriciclamide (GE180) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to investigate the conversion of NI during drug withdrawal and conditioning-induced aversion by measuring the change in microglial activation with 18F-GE180. METHODS Twelve male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to morphine withdrawal by the administration of naloxone, and six of them were used to model conditioned place aversion (CPA). 18F-GE180 PET imaging was performed for 11 rats on the last day of the morphine treatment phase and for 10 rats on the response assessment phase of the behavior conditioning procedure. A 18F-GE180 template was established for spatial normalization of each individual image, and the differential 18F-GE180 uptakes between the drug withdrawal (DW) group and the drug addiction (DA) group, the CPA group and the DA group, and the CPA group and the DW group were compared by a voxel-wise two-sample t test using SPM8. RESULTS Both the DW group and the CPA group spent less time in the conditioning cage during the post-test phase compared with the pretest phase, but only the difference in the CPA group was significant (63.2 ± 34.6 vs. - 159.53 ± 22.02, P < 0.005). Compared with the DA group, the uptake of 18F-GE180 increased mainly in the hippocampus, visual cortex, thalamus and midbrain regions and decreased mainly in the sensory-related cortices after the administration of naloxone in both the DW and CPA groups. Increased 18F-GE180 uptake was only observed in the mesolimbic regions after conditioned aversion compared with the DW group. CONCLUSION In morphine-dependent rats, Neuroinflammation (NI) became more severe in the addiction-involved brain regions but remitted in the sensory-related brain regions after the administration of naloxone, and this NI induced by withdrawal was further aggravated after conditioned aversion formation thus may help to consolidate the withdrawal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Li
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Da Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Research Center of Translation Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglang Jiang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qi Huang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Fengchun Hua
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Fang Xie
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Dobric A, De Luca SN, Spencer SJ, Bozinovski S, Saling MM, McDonald CF, Vlahos R. Novel pharmacological strategies to treat cognitive dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108017. [PMID: 34626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and currently the 3rd largest cause of death in the world, with approximately 3.23 million deaths per year. Globally, the financial burden of COPD is approximately €82 billion per year and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Importantly, much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities and viral and bacterial-induced acute exacerbations (AECOPD). Recent clinical studies have shown that cognitive dysfunction is present in up to 60% of people with COPD, with impairments in executive function, memory, and attention, impacting on important outcomes such as quality of life, hospitalisation and survival. The high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in COPD may also help explain the insufficient adherence to therapeutic plans and strategies, thus worsening disease progression in people with COPD. However, the mechanisms underlying the impaired neuropathology and cognition in COPD remain largely unknown. In this review, we propose that the observed pulmonary oxidative burden and inflammatory response of people with COPD 'spills over' into the systemic circulation, resulting in damage to the brain and leading to cognitive dysfunction. As such, drugs targeting the lungs and comorbidities concurrently represent an exciting and unique therapeutic opportunity to treat COPD and cognitive impairments, which may lead to the production of novel targets to prevent and reverse the debilitating and life-threatening effects of cognitive dysfunction in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dobric
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone N De Luca
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael M Saling
- Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine F McDonald
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Boyd A, Byrne S, Middleton RJ, Banati RB, Liu GJ. Control of Neuroinflammation through Radiation-Induced Microglial Changes. Cells 2021; 10:2381. [PMID: 34572030 PMCID: PMC8468704 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, play a pivotal role in the modulation of neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in many diseases of the CNS, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It is well documented that microglial activation, initiated by a variety of stressors, can trigger a potentially destructive neuroinflammatory response via the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, the potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that microglia are also thought to exhibit have been under-investigated. The application of ionising radiation at different doses and dose schedules may reveal novel methods for the control of microglial response to stressors, potentially highlighting avenues for treatment of neuroinflammation associated CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. There remains a need to characterise the response of microglia to radiation, particularly low dose ionising radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Boyd
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
| | - Sarah Byrne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
| | - Ryan J. Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
| | - Richard B. Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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Microglia react to partner loss in a sex- and brain site-specific manner in prairie voles. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:168-186. [PMID: 34058309 PMCID: PMC8319132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive social relationships are paramount for the survival of mammals and beneficial for mental and physical health, buffer against stressors, and even promote appropriate immune system functioning. By contrast, impaired social relationships, social isolation, or the loss of a bonded partner lead to aggravated physical and mental health. For example, in humans partner loss is detrimental for the functioning of the immune system and heightens the susceptibility for the development of post-traumatic stress disorders, anxiety disorders, and major depressive disorders. To understand potential underlying mechanisms, the monogamous prairie vole can provide important insights. In the present study, we separated pair bonded male and female prairie voles after five days of co-housing, subjected them to the forced swim test on the fourth day following separation, and studied their microglia morphology and activation in specific brain regions. Partner loss increased passive stress-coping in male, but not female, prairie voles. Moreover, partner loss was associated with microglial priming within the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in male prairie voles, whereas in female prairie voles the morphological activation within the whole PVN and the prelimbic cortex (PrL) was decreased, marked by a shift towards ramified microglial morphology. Expression of the immediate early protein c-Fos following partner loss was changed within the PrL of male, but not female, prairie voles. However, the loss of a partner did not affect the investigated aspects of the peripheral immune response. These data suggest a potential sex-dependent mechanism for the regulation of microglial activity following the loss of a partner, which might contribute to the observed differences in passive stress-coping. This study furthers our understanding of the effects of partner loss and its short-term impact on the CNS as well as the CNS immune system and the peripheral innate immune system in both male and female prairie voles.
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Mahajan SD, Homish GG, Quisenberry A. Multifactorial Etiology of Adolescent Nicotine Addiction: A Review of the Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction and Its Implications for Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy. Front Public Health 2021; 9:664748. [PMID: 34291026 PMCID: PMC8287334 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.664748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is the primary pharmacologic component of tobacco, and its highly addictive nature is responsible for its widespread use and significant withdrawal effects that result in challenges to smoking cessation therapeutics. Nicotine addiction often begins in adolescence and this is at least partially attributed to the fact that adolescent brain is most susceptible to the neuro-inflammatory effects of nicotine. There is increasing evidence for the involvement of microglial cells, which are the brain's primary homeostatic sensor, in drug dependence and its associated behavioral manifestations particularly in the adolescent brain. A hallmark of neuro-inflammation is microglial activation and activation of microglia by nicotine during adolescent development, which may result in long-term addiction to nicotine. This non-systematic review examines multifactorial etiology of adolescent nicotine addiction, neurobiology of nicotine addiction and the potential mechanisms that underlie the effects of nicotine on inflammatory signaling in the microglia, understanding how nicotine affects the adolescent brain. We speculate, that modulating homeostatic balance in microglia, could have promising therapeutic potential in withdrawal, tolerance, and abstinence-related neural adaptations in nicotine addiction, in the adolescent brain. Further, we discuss nicotine addiction in the context of the sensitization-homeostasis model which provides a theoretical framework for addressing the potential role of microglial homeostasis in neural adaptations underlying nicotine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D. Mahajan
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Gregory G. Homish
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Amanda Quisenberry
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Hammad AM, Swiss GMS, Hall FS, Hikmat S, Sari Y, Al-Qirim TM, Amawi HA. Ceftriaxone Reduces Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke Withdrawal-induced Anxiety in rats via Modulating the Expression of TNF-α/NFĸB, Nrf2, and GLT-1. Neuroscience 2021; 463:128-142. [PMID: 33836247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco exposure has been linked to neuroinflammation and adaptive/maladaptive changes in neurotransmitter systems, including in glutamatergic systems. We examined the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) on inflammatory mediators and astroglial glutamate transporters in mesocorticolimbic brain regions including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). The behavioral consequences of WTS exposure on withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior were assessed using elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups: a control group exposed only to standard room air, a WTS exposed group treated with saline vehicle, and a WTS exposed group treated with ceftriaxone. WTS exposure was performed for 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. Behavioral tests (EPM and OF) were conducted weekly 24 h after WTS exposure, during acute withdrawal. During week 4, rats were given either saline or ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min before WTS exposure. WTS increased withdrawal-induced anxiety, and ceftriaxone attenuated this effect. WTS exposure increased the relative mRNA levels for nuclear factor ĸB (NFĸB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the PFC, NAc and VTA, and ceftriaxone treatment reversed these effects. In addition, WTS decreased the relative mRNA of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and cystine-glutamate transporter (xCT) in PFC, NAc and VTA, and ceftriaxone treatment normalized their expression. WTS caused neuroinflammation, alteration in relative mRNA glutamate transport expression, and increased anxiety-like behavior, and these effects were attenuated by ceftriaxone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Ghadeer M S Swiss
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Suhair Hikmat
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - T M Al-Qirim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - H A Amawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21110, Jordan
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48
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Namba MD, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Nagy EK, Olive MF, Neisewander JL. Neuroimmune Mechanisms as Novel Treatment Targets for Substance Use Disorders and Associated Comorbidities. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:650785. [PMID: 33935636 PMCID: PMC8082184 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.650785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies examining the neurobiology of substance abuse have revealed a significant role of neuroimmune signaling as a mechanism through which drugs of abuse induce aberrant changes in synaptic plasticity and contribute to substance abuse-related behaviors. Immune signaling within the brain and the periphery critically regulates homeostasis of the nervous system. Perturbations in immune signaling can induce neuroinflammation or immunosuppression, which dysregulate nervous system function including neural processes associated with substance use disorders (SUDs). In this review, we discuss the literature that demonstrates a role of neuroimmune signaling in regulating learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity, emphasizing specific cytokine signaling within the central nervous system. We then highlight recent preclinical studies, within the last 5 years when possible, that have identified immune mechanisms within the brain and the periphery associated with addiction-related behaviors. Findings thus far underscore the need for future investigations into the clinical potential of immunopharmacology as a novel approach toward treating SUDs. Considering the high prevalence rate of comorbidities among those with SUDs, we also discuss neuroimmune mechanisms of common comorbidities associated with SUDs and highlight potentially novel treatment targets for these comorbid conditions. We argue that immunopharmacology represents a novel frontier in the development of new pharmacotherapies that promote long-term abstinence from drug use and minimize the detrimental impact of SUD comorbidities on patient health and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Namba
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | - Erin K. Nagy
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - M. Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Aryal SP, Fu X, Sandin JN, Neupane KR, Lakes JE, Grady ME, Richards CI. Nicotine induces morphological and functional changes in astrocytes via nicotinic receptor activity. Glia 2021; 69:2037-2053. [PMID: 33851731 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a highly addictive compound present in tobacco, which causes the release of dopamine in different regions of the brain. Recent studies have shown that astrocytes express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and mediate calcium signaling. In this study, we examine the morphological and functional adaptations of astrocytes due to nicotine exposure. Utilizing a combination of fluorescence and atomic force microscopy, we show that nicotine-treated astrocytes exhibit time-dependent remodeling in the number and length of both proximal and fine processes. Blocking nAChR activity with an antagonist completely abolishes nicotine's influence on astrocyte morphology indicating that nicotine's action is mediated by these receptors. Functional studies show that 24-hr nicotine treatment induces higher levels of calcium activity in both the cell soma and the processes with a more substantial change observed in the processes. Nicotine does not induce reactive astrocytosis even at high concentrations (10 μM) as determined by cytokine release and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. We designed tissue clearing experiments to test whether morphological changes occur in vivo using astrocyte specific Aldh1l1-tdTomato knock in mice. We find that nicotine induces a change in the volume of astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex, CA1 of the hippocampus, and the substantia nigra. These results indicate that nicotine directly alters the functional and morphological properties of astrocytes potentially contributing to the underlying mechanism of nicotine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xu Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joree N Sandin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Khaga R Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jourdan E Lakes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Martha E Grady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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50
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Sherafat Y, Bautista M, Fowler CD. Multidimensional Intersection of Nicotine, Gene Expression, and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:649129. [PMID: 33828466 PMCID: PMC8019722 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.649129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system plays a crucial role in nervous system function with important effects on developmental processes, cognition, attention, motivation, reward, learning, and memory. Nicotine, the reinforcing component of tobacco and e-cigarettes, directly acts on the cholinergic system by targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. Activation of nAChRs leads to a multitude of immediate and long-lasting effects in specific cellular populations, thereby affecting the addictive properties of the drug. In addition to the direct actions of nicotine in binding to and opening nAChRs, the subsequent activation of circuits and downstream signaling cascades leads to a wide range of changes in gene expression, which can subsequently alter further behavioral expression. In this review, we provide an overview of the actions of nicotine that lead to changes in gene expression and further highlight evidence supporting how these changes can often be bidirectional, thereby inducing subsequent changes in behaviors associated with further drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Sherafat
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
| | - Malia Bautista
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
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