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Inico E, Saetta C, Di Liberto G. Impact of quantum size effects to the band gap of catalytic materials: a computational perspective. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:361501. [PMID: 38830369 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad53b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of nanotechnology has facilitated the development of catalytic materials with controllable composition and size, reaching the sub-nanometer limit. Nowadays, a viable strategy for tailoring and optimizing the catalytic activity involves controlling the size of the catalyst. This strategy is underpinned by the fact that the properties and reactivity of objects with dimensions on the order of nanometers can differ from those of the corresponding bulk material, due to the emergence of quantum size effects. Quantum size effects have a deep influence on the band gap of semiconducting catalytic materials. Computational studies are valuable for predicting and estimating the impact of quantum size effects. This perspective emphasizes the crucial role of modeling quantum size effects when simulating nanostructured catalytic materials. It provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles governing the physics of quantum confinement in various experimentally observable nanostructures. Furthermore, this work may serve as a tutorial for modeling the electronic gap of simple nanostructures, highlighting that when working at the nanoscale, the finite dimensions of the material lead to an increase of the band gap because of the emergence of quantum confinement. This aspect is sometimes overlooked in computational chemistry studies focused on surfaces and nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Inico
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Clara Saetta
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
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2
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Zhang Q, Xu W, Liu Q, Xia C, Shao Q, Ma L, Wu M. Diastereoselective dearomatization of indoles via photocatalytic hydroboration on hydramine-functionalized carbon nitride. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4371. [PMID: 38778032 PMCID: PMC11111752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A protocol for trans-hydroboration of indole derivatives using heterogeneous photocatalysis with NHC-borane has been developed, addressing a persistent challenge in organic synthesis. The protocol, leveraging high crystalline vacancy-engineered polymeric carbon nitride as a catalyst, enables diastereoselective synthesis, expanding substrate scope and complementing existing methods. The approach emphasizes eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, making it suitable for industrial applications, particularly in renewable energy contexts. The catalyst's superior performance, attributed to its rich carbon-vacancies and well-ordered structure, surpasses more expensive homogeneous alternatives, enhancing viability for large-scale use. This innovation holds promise for synthesizing bioactive compounds and materials relevant to medicinal chemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wengang Xu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology (China), Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Congjian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Lishuang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
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3
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Di Carmine G, D’Agostino C, Bortolini O, Poletti L, De Risi C, Ragno D, Massi A. Heterogeneous Organocatalysts for Light-Driven Reactions in Continuous Flow. Molecules 2024; 29:2166. [PMID: 38792028 PMCID: PMC11124298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the realm of organic synthesis, photocatalysis has blossomed since the beginning of the last decade. A plethora of classical reactivities, such as selective oxidation of alcohol and amines, redox radical formation of reactive species in situ, and indirect activation of an organic substrate for cycloaddition by EnT, have been revised in a milder and more sustainable fashion via photocatalysis. However, even though the spark of creativity leads scientists to explore new reactions and reactivities, the urgency of replacing the toxic and critical metals that are involved as catalysts has encouraged chemists to find alternatives in the branch of science called organocatalysis. Unfortunately, replacing metal catalysts with organic analogues can be too expensive sometimes; however, this drawback can be solved by the reutilization of the catalyst if it is heterogeneous. The aim of this review is to present the recent works in the field of heterogeneous photocatalysis, applied to organic synthesis, enabled by continuous flow. In detail, among the heterogeneous catalysts, g-CN, polymeric photoactive materials, and supported molecular catalysts have been discussed within their specific sections, rather than focusing on the types of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Carmine D’Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Poletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Carmela De Risi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
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4
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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Mancuso F, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Melchionna M, Franco F, Filippini G. Nanostructured electrocatalysts for organic synthetic transformations. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5926-5940. [PMID: 38441238 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Organic chemists have made and are still making enormous efforts toward the development of novel green catalytic synthesis. The necessity arises from the imperative of safeguarding human health and the environment, while ensuring efficient and sustainable chemical production. Within this context, electrocatalysis provides a framework for the design of new organic reactions under mild conditions. Undoubtedly, nanostructured materials are under the spotlight as the most popular and in most cases efficient platforms for advanced organic electrosynthesis. This Minireview focuses on the recent developments in the use of nanostructured electrocatalysts, highlighting the correlation between their chemical structures and resulting catalytic abilities, and pointing to future perspectives for their application in cutting-edge areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mancuso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Federico Franco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Didonè L, Shin Y, Silvestri A, Prato M, Park S, Bianco A. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, another arrow in the arsenal to study the biodegradability of two-dimensional materials. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1304-1311. [PMID: 38131206 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitride (C3N4) is an innovative material with a high potential in many applications including energy storage, catalysis, composites, and biomedicine. C3N4 appears remarkably interesting not only for its properties but also because its simple preparation routes involve low-cost starting materials and reagents. However, there is still a lack of information on its degradability. For this reason, in this study, we evaluate the environmental persistence of C3N4 and its oxidized form by applying the photo-Fenton reaction. The morphological and structural changes of both materials were monitored by transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy respectively. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been used as an original technique to validate the degradation process of C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Didonè
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Yunseok Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology, Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology, Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Actis A, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Chiesa M, Salvadori E. Singlet-Triplet Energy Inversion in Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313540. [PMID: 37801043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved EPR (TR-EPR) demonstrates the formation of well-defined spin triplet excitons in carbon nitride. This permits to experimentally probe the extent of the triplet wavefunction which delocalizes over several tri-s-triazine units. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the TR-EPR signal reveals the mobility of the triplet excitons. By employing monochromatic light excitation in the range 430-600 nm, the energy of the spin triplet is estimated to be ≈0.2 eV above the conduction band edge, proving that the triplet exciton lies above the corresponding singlet. Comparison between amorphous and graphitic forms establishes the singlet-triplet inversion as a general feature of carbon nitride materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR URT, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Kumar P, Singh G, Guan X, Lee J, Bahadur R, Ramadass K, Kumar P, Kibria MG, Vidyasagar D, Yi J, Vinu A. Multifunctional carbon nitride nanoarchitectures for catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7602-7664. [PMID: 37830178 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalysis is at the heart of modern-day chemical and pharmaceutical industries, and there is an urgent demand to develop metal-free, high surface area, and efficient catalysts in a scalable, reproducible and economic manner. Amongst the ever-expanding two-dimensional materials family, carbon nitride (CN) has emerged as the most researched material for catalytic applications due to its unique molecular structure with tunable visible range band gap, surface defects, basic sites, and nitrogen functionalities. These properties also endow it with anchoring capability with a large number of catalytically active sites and provide opportunities for doping, hybridization, sensitization, etc. To make considerable progress in the use of CN as a highly effective catalyst for various applications, it is critical to have an in-depth understanding of its synthesis, structure and surface sites. The present review provides an overview of the recent advances in synthetic approaches of CN, its physicochemical properties, and band gap engineering, with a focus on its exclusive usage in a variety of catalytic reactions, including hydrogen evolution reactions, overall water splitting, water oxidation, CO2 reduction, nitrogen reduction reactions, pollutant degradation, and organocatalysis. While the structural design and band gap engineering of catalysts are elaborated, the surface chemistry is dealt with in detail to demonstrate efficient catalytic performances. Burning challenges in catalytic design and future outlook are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Xinwei Guan
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jangmee Lee
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rohan Bahadur
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kavitha Ramadass
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Devthade Vidyasagar
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiabao Yi
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
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Sportelli G, Grando G, Bevilacqua M, Filippini G, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalyst for the Direct Formylation of Anilines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301718. [PMID: 37439718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) for the photocatalytic radical formylation of anilines, which represents a more sustainable and attractive alternative to the currently used approaches, is reported herein. Our operationally simple method occurs under mild conditions, employing air as an oxidant. In particular, the chemistry is driven by the ability of g-CN to reach an electronically excited state upon visible-light absorption, which has a suitable potential energy to trigger the formation of reactive α-amino radical species from anilines. Mechanistic investigations also proved the key role of the g-CN to form reactive superoxide radicals from O2 via single electron transfer. Importantly, this photocatalytic transformation provides a variety of functionalized formamides (15 examples, up to 89 % yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sportelli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaia Grando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Bevilacqua
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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10
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Marchi M, Raciti E, Gali SM, Piccirilli F, Vondracek H, Actis A, Salvadori E, Rosso C, Criado A, D'Agostino C, Forster L, Lee D, Foucher AC, Rai RK, Beljonne D, Stach EA, Chiesa M, Lazzaroni R, Filippini G, Prato M, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P. Carbon Vacancies Steer the Activity in Dual Ni Carbon Nitride Photocatalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303781. [PMID: 37409444 PMCID: PMC10502671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of carbon nitride (CN) structures is one main avenue to enhance the activity of CN-based photocatalysts. Increasing the efficiency of photocatalytic heterogeneous materials is a critical step toward the realistic implementation of sustainable schemes for organic synthesis. However, limited knowledge of the structure/activity relationship in relation to subtle structural variations prevents a fully rational design of new photocatalytic materials, limiting practical applications. Here, the CN structure is engineered by means of a microwave treatment, and the structure of the material is shaped around its suitable functionality for Ni dual photocatalysis, with a resulting boosting of the reaction efficiency toward many CX (X = N, S, O) couplings. The combination of advanced characterization techniques and first-principle simulations reveals that this enhanced reactivity is due to the formation of carbon vacancies that evolve into triazole and imine N species able to suitably bind Ni complexes and harness highly efficient dual catalysis. The cost-effective microwave treatment proposed here appears as a versatile and sustainable approach to the design of CN-based photocatalysts for a wide range of industrially relevant organic synthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marchi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport "Giacomo Ciamician", INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Edoardo Raciti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Federica Piccirilli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Hendrik Vondracek
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport "Giacomo Ciamician", INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía-CICA, Universidade da Coruña, Rúa As Carballeiras, A Coruña, 15071, Spain
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Material Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Terracini, 28, Bologna, 40131, Italy
| | - Luke Forster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexandre C Foucher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6272, USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar Rai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6272, USA
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6272, USA
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport "Giacomo Ciamician", INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport "Giacomo Ciamician", INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport "Giacomo Ciamician", INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport "Giacomo Ciamician", INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Unit of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
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11
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Di Carmine G, Leonardi C, Forster L, Hu M, Lee D, Parlett CMA, Bortolini O, Isaacs MA, Massi A, D'Agostino C. Humin Formation on SBA-15-pr-SO 3H Catalysts during the Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to Ethyl Levulinate: Effect of Pore Size on Catalyst Stability, Transport, and Adsorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24528-24540. [PMID: 37186876 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol in a series of SBA-15-pr-SO3H catalysts with different pore sizes is reported. Elemental analysis and NMR relaxation/diffusion methods show that changes in pore size have a significant effect on catalyst activity and durability. In particular, the decrease in catalyst activity after catalyst reuse is mainly due to carbonaceous deposition, whereas leaching of sulfonic acid groups is not significant. This effect is more pronounced in the largest-pore-size catalyst C3, which rapidly deactivates after one reaction cycle, whereas catalysts with a relatively medium and small average pore size (named, respectively, C2 and C1) deactivate after two reaction cycles and to a lesser extent. CHNS elemental analysis showed that C1 and C3 experience a similar amount of carbonaceous deposition, suggesting that the increased reusability of the small-pore-size catalyst can be attributed to the presence of SO3H groups mostly present on the external surface, as corroborated by results on pore clogging obtained by NMR relaxation measurements. The increased reusability of the C2 catalyst is attributed to a lower amount of humin being formed and, at the same time, reduced pore clogging, which helps to maintain accessible the internal pore space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Costanza Leonardi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luke Forster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Christopher M A Parlett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, Oxfordshire, U.K
- Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell OX11 0FA, Oxfordshire, U.K
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mark A Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
- HarwellXPS, Research Complex at Harwell, RAL, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali (DICAM), Università di Bologna (UNIBO), via Terracini n. 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
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12
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Anagnostopoulou M, Zindrou A, Cottineau T, Kafizas A, Marchal C, Deligiannakis Y, Keller V, Christoforidis KC. MOF-Derived Defective Co 3O 4 Nanosheets in Carbon Nitride Nanocomposites for CO 2 Photoreduction and H 2 Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6817-6830. [PMID: 36719032 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In photocatalysis, especially in CO2 reduction and H2 production, the development of multicomponent nanomaterials provides great opportunities to tune many critical parameters toward increased activity. This work reports the development of tunable organic/inorganic heterojunctions comprised of cobalt oxides (Co3O4) of varying morphology and modified carbon nitride (CN), targeting on optimizing their response under UV-visible irradiation. MOF structures were used as precursors for the synthesis of Co3O4. A facile solvothermal approach allowed the development of ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) Co3O4 nanosheets (Co3O4-NS). The optimized CN and Co3O4 structures were coupled forming heterojunctions, and the content of each part was optimized. Activity was significantly improved in the nanocomposites bearing Co3O4-NS compared with the corresponding bulk Co3O4/CN composites. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed a 100-fold increase in charge carrier lifetime on Co3O4-NS sites in the composite compared with the bare Co3O4-NS. The improved photocatalytic activity in H2 production and CO2 reduction is linked with (a) the larger interface imposed from the matching 2D structure of Co3O4-NS and the planar surface of CN, (b) improvements in charge carrier lifetime, and (c) the enhanced CO2 adsorption. The study highlights the importance of MOF structures used as precursors in forming advanced materials and the stepwise functionalization of the individual parts in nanocomposites for the development of materials with superior activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anagnostopoulou
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, (ICPEES) UMR7515 CNRS, ECPM, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel Cedex 2, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Areti Zindrou
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Thomas Cottineau
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, (ICPEES) UMR7515 CNRS, ECPM, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel Cedex 2, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Andreas Kafizas
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdon
| | - Clément Marchal
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, (ICPEES) UMR7515 CNRS, ECPM, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel Cedex 2, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | | | - Valérie Keller
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, (ICPEES) UMR7515 CNRS, ECPM, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel Cedex 2, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Konstantinos C Christoforidis
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, (ICPEES) UMR7515 CNRS, ECPM, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel Cedex 2, Strasbourg 67084, France
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi 67100, Greece
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13
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Wang R, Gao L, Zhou C, Zhang X. Haloperfluoroalkylation of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes over Phenylphenothiazine-Based Porous Organic Polymers. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202211013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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14
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Tian J, Zhao L, Yang C, Yang C, Guo L, Xia W. Four-Component Synthesis of Spiro-Imidazolidines Enabled by Carbon Nitride Photocatalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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15
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Lee J, An S, Jang M, Jung HM, Lee S. Recyclable and dual active catalyst of copper nanocluster-bound graphitic carbon nitride for the photo-induced synthesis of arylsulfones. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Shi X, Song T, Li Q, Guo X, Yang Y. Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocatalyzed Switchable Divergent Perfluoroalkylation of Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:8724-8728. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinglin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Actis A, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Salvadori E, Chiesa M. Morphology and Light-Dependent Spatial Distribution of Spin Defects in Carbon Nitride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210640. [PMID: 36074040 PMCID: PMC9828381 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitride (CN) is a heterogeneous photocatalyst that combines good structural properties and a broad scope. The photocatalytic efficiency of CN is associated with the presence of defective and radical species. An accurate description of defective states-both at a local and extended level-is key to develop a thorough mechanistic understanding of the photophysics of CN. In turn, this will maximise the generation and usage of photogenerated charge carriers and minimise wasteful charge recombination. Here the influence of morphology and light-excitation on the number and chemical nature of radical defects is assessed. By exploiting the magnetic dipole-dipole coupling, the spatial distribution of native radicals in CN is derived with high precision. From the analysis an average distance in the range 1.99-2.34 nm is determined, which corresponds to pairs of radicals located approximately four tri-s-triazine units apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- ICCOM-CNR URTTriesteItaly
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- ICCOM-CNR URTTriesteItaly
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo Miramon 19420014Donostia San SebastiánSpain
- Basque Fdn Sci Ikerbasque48013BilbaoSpain
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
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18
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Wu X, Fan H, Wang W, Lei L, Chang X, Ma L. Segmented Structure Design of Carbon Ring In-Plane Embedded in g-C 3 N 4 Nanotubes for Ultra-High Hydrogen Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201268. [PMID: 36031750 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic water splitting capability of metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) photocatalyst is determined by its microstructure and photoexcited electrons transfer. Herein, a segmented structure was developed, consisting of alternant g-C3 N4 nanotubes and graphitic carbon rings (denoted as Cr -CN-NT). The Cr -CN-NT showed ordered structure and ultralong length/diameter ratio of 150 nm in diameter and a few microns in lengths, which promoted electron transport kinetics and elongated photocarrier diffusion length and lifetime. Meanwhile, the local in-plane π-conjugation was formed and extended in Cr -CN-NT, which could improve charge carrier density and prohibit electron-hole recombination. Accordingly, the average hydrogen evolution rate of Cr -CN-NT reached 9245 μmol h-1 g-1 , which was 61.6 times that of pristine CN, and the remarkable apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of Cr -CN-NT reached up to 12.86 % at 420 nm. This work may provide a pathway for simultaneous morphology regulation and in-plane modification of high-performance photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Huiqing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xinye Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Longtao Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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19
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Chen L, Mao Z, Wang Y, Kang Y, Wang Y, Mei L, Ji X. Edge modification facilitated heterogenization and exfoliation of two-dimensional nanomaterials for cancer catalytic therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo7372. [PMID: 36179019 PMCID: PMC9524827 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs and limited substrates are the most critical factors astricting the effect of catalytic therapy. Thus, two-dimensional interplanar heterojunction (BiOCl/Bi2O3) that prolongs the lifetime of excited electrons and holes and extends the selectivity of substrates under ultrasound irradiation is prepared to facilitate high-performance cancer therapy. An edge modification displacing marginal BiOCl to Bi2O3 is proposed to construct the interplanar heterojunction, promoting ultrathin nanosheets exfoliation due to the enhanced edge affinity with H2O. The spontaneously aligning Fermi levels mediate a built-in electric field-guided Z-scheme interplanar heterojunction, retard electron-hole pairs recombination, and improve redox potentials. Hence, these high-powered electrons and holes are capable of catalyzing diverse and stable substrates, such as the reduction reactions, O2 → ·O2- and CO2 → CO, and oxidation reactions, GSH → GSSG and H2O → ·OH. The Z-scheme interplanar heterojunction with the extending substrates selectivity completely breaks the tumor microenvironment limitation, exhibiting high anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhuo Mao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong Kang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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20
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Marchi M, Gentile G, Rosso C, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P, Filippini G, Prato M. The Nickel Age in Synthetic Dual Photocatalysis: A Bright Trip Toward Materials Science. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201094. [PMID: 35789214 PMCID: PMC9804426 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the field of dual photocatalysis has grown rapidly, to become one of the most powerful tools for the functionalization of organic molecules under mild conditions. In particular, the merging of Earth-abundant nickel-based catalytic systems with visible-light-activated photoredox catalysts has allowed the development of a number of unique green synthetic approaches. This goes in the direction of ensuring an effective and sustainable chemical production, while safeguarding human health and environment. Importantly, this relatively new branch of catalysis has inspired an interdisciplinary stream of research that spans from inorganic and organic chemistry to materials science, thus establishing itself as one dominant trend in modern organic synthesis. This Review aims at illustrating the milestones on the timeline evolution of the photocatalytic systems used, with a critical analysis toward novel applications based on the use of photoactive two-dimensional carbon-based nanostructures. Lastly, forward-looking opportunities within this intriguing research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marchi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per laScienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)Unit of Triestevia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per laScienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)Unit of Triestevia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo Miramón 19420014Donostia San SebastiánSpain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque48013BilbaoSpain
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21
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Actis A, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Salvadori E, Chiesa M. Morphology and Light‐Dependent Spatial Distribution of Spin Defects in Carbon Nitride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Actis
- University of Turin: Universita degli Studi di Torino Department of Chemistry ITALY
| | - Michele Melchionna
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Maurizio Prato
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Università degli Studi di Torino Department of Chemistry Via Pietro Giuria, 7 10125 Torino ITALY
| | - Mario Chiesa
- University of Turin: Universita degli Studi di Torino Department of Chemistry ITALY
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22
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Hutchings GJ, Davies PR, Pattisson S, Davies TE, Morgan DJ, Dlamini MW. Facile synthesis of a porous 3D g-C3N4 photocatalyst for the degradation of organics in shale gas brines. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Carbon-based nanostructures for emerging photocatalysis: CO2 reduction, N2 fixation, and organic conversion. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Baguia H, Evano G. Direct Perfluoroalkylation of C−H Bonds in (Hetero)arenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200975. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Baguia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brussels Belgium
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26
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Vijeta A, Casadevall C, Reisner E. An Integrated Carbon Nitride-Nickel Photocatalyst for the Amination of Aryl Halides Using Sodium Azide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203176. [PMID: 35332981 PMCID: PMC9321912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of primary anilines via sustainable methods remains a challenge in organic synthesis. We report a photocatalytic protocol for the selective synthesis of primary anilines via cross-coupling of a wide range of aryl/heteroaryl halides with sodium azide using a photocatalyst powder consisting of nickel(II) deposited on mesoporous carbon nitride (Ni-mpg-CNx ). This heterogeneous photocatalyst contains a high surface area with a visible light-absorbing and adaptive "built-in" solid-state ligand for the integrated catalytic Ni site. The method displays a high functional group tolerance, requires mild reaction conditions, and benefits from easy recovery and reuse of the photocatalyst powder. Thereby, it overcomes the need of complex ligand scaffolds required in homogeneous catalysis, precious metals and elevated temperatures/pressures in existing protocols of primary anilines synthesis. The reported heterogeneous Ni-mpg-CNx holds potential for applications in the academic and industrial synthesis of anilines and exploration of other photocatalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Vijeta
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Carla Casadevall
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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27
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Zhang D, Ren P, Liu W, Li Y, Salli S, Han F, Qiao W, Liu Y, Fan Y, Cui Y, Shen Y, Richards E, Wen X, Rummeli MH, Li Y, Besenbacher F, Niemantsverdriet H, Lim T, Su R. Photocatalytic Abstraction of Hydrogen Atoms from Water Using Hydroxylated Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Hydrogenative Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204256. [PMID: 35334135 PMCID: PMC9320934 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Employing pure water, the ultimate green source of hydrogen donor to initiate chemical reactions that involve a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) step is fascinating but challenging due to its large H-O bond dissociation energy (BDEH-O =5.1 eV). Many approaches have been explored to stimulate water for hydrogenative reactions, but the efficiency and productivity still require significant enhancement. Here, we show that the surface hydroxylated graphitic carbon nitride (gCN-OH) only requires 2.25 eV to activate H-O bonds in water, enabling abstraction of hydrogen atoms via dehydrogenation of pure water into hydrogen peroxide under visible light irradiation. The gCN-OH presents a stable catalytic performance for hydrogenative N-N coupling, pinacol-type coupling and dehalogenative C-C coupling, all with high yield and efficiency, even under solar radiation, featuring extensive impacts in using renewable energy for a cleaner process in dye, electronic, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd.Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou DistrictBeijing101407China
| | - Pengju Ren
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd.Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou DistrictBeijing101407China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal ChemistryTaiyuan030001China
| | - Wuwen Liu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Yaru Li
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd.Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou DistrictBeijing101407China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal ChemistryTaiyuan030001China
| | - Sofia Salli
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Feiyu Han
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd.Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou DistrictBeijing101407China
| | - Wei Qiao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Yu Liu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Yingzhu Fan
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO)No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
| | - Yi Cui
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO)No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO)No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
| | - Emma Richards
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd.Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou DistrictBeijing101407China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal ChemistryTaiyuan030001China
| | - Mark H. Rummeli
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Yongwang Li
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd.Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou DistrictBeijing101407China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal ChemistryTaiyuan030001China
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO)Aarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 14DK-8000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Hans Niemantsverdriet
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd.Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou DistrictBeijing101407China
- SynCat@DIFFERSyngaschem BV6336 HHEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Tingbin Lim
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBin-hai New CityFuzhou350207China
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd.Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou DistrictBeijing101407China
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28
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Poletti L, Ragno D, Bortolini O, Presini F, Pesciaioli F, Carli S, Caramori S, Molinari A, Massi A, Di Carmine G. Photoredox Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of N-Aryl Glycines Mediated by Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride: An Environmentally Friendly Approach to the Synthesis of Non-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids (NPAAs) Decorated with Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7826-7837. [PMID: 35621232 PMCID: PMC9207928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Indole-decorated
glycine derivatives are prepared through an environmentally
benign cross-dehydrogenative coupling between N-aryl
glycine analogues and indoles (yield of ≤81%). Merging heterogeneous
organocatalysis and photocatalysis, C–H functionalization has
been achieved by selective C-2 oxidation of N-aryl
glycines to afford the electrophilic imine followed by Friedel–Crafts
alkylation with indole. The sustainability of the process has been
taken into account in the reaction design through the implementation
of a metal-free recyclable heterogeneous photocatalyst and a green
reaction medium. Scale-up of the benchmark reaction (gram scale, yield
of 69%) and recycling experiments (over seven runs without a loss
of efficiency) have been performed to prove the robustness of the
protocol. Finally, mechanistic studies were conducted employing electron
paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to unveil the roles of the photocatalyst
and oxygen in the formation of odd-electron species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Poletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Pesciaioli
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 42, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Carli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Molinari
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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29
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Wang K, Jiang H, Liu H, Chen H, Zhang F. Accelerated Direct Hydroxylation of Aryl Chlorides with Water to Phenols via the Proximity Effect in a Heterogeneous Metallaphotocatalyst. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Huating Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Helong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Huiying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, China
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30
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Galushchinskiy A, González-Gómez R, McCarthy K, Farràs P, Savateev A. Progress in Development of Photocatalytic Processes for Synthesis of Fuels and Organic Compounds under Outdoor Solar Light. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2022; 36:4625-4639. [PMID: 35558990 PMCID: PMC9082502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With photovoltaics becoming a mature, commercially feasible technology, society is willing to allocate resources for developing and deploying new technologies based on using solar light. Analysis of projects supported by the European Commission in the past decade indicates exponential growth of funding to photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) technologies that aim either at technology readiness levels (TRLs) TRL 1-3 or TRL > 3, with more than 75 Mio€ allocated from the year 2019 onward. This review provides a summary of PC and PEC processes for the synthesis of bulk commodities such as solvents and fuels, as well as chemicals for niche applications. An overview of photoreactors for photocatalysis on a larger scale is provided. The review rounds off with the summary of reactions performed at lab scale under natural outdoor solar light to illustrate conceptual opportunities offered by solar-driven chemistry beyond the reduction of CO2 and water splitting. The authors offer their vision of the impact of this area of research on society and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Galushchinskiy
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Roberto González-Gómez
- School
of Chemistry, Ryan Institute, National University
of Ireland, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Kathryn McCarthy
- School
of Chemistry, Ryan Institute, National University
of Ireland, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Pau Farràs
- School
of Chemistry, Ryan Institute, National University
of Ireland, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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31
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Mittal M, Dana J, Lübkemann F, Ghosh HN, Bigall NC, Sapra S. Insight into morphology dependent charge carrier dynamics in ZnSe-CdS nanoheterostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8519-8528. [PMID: 35348140 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05872j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanoheterostructures (NHSs) are being increasingly used for the photocatalytic conversion of solar energy in which photo-induced charge separation is an essential step and hence it is necessary to understand the effect of various factors such as size, shape, and composition on the charge transfer dynamics. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the nature and dynamics of photo-induced charge transfer processes in ZnSe-CdS NHSs of different morphologies such as nanospheres (NSs), nanorods (NRs), and nanoplates (NPs). It demonstrates the fast separation of charge carriers and localization of both charges in adjacent semiconductors, resulting in the formation of a charge-separated (CS) state. The lifetime of the charge-separated state follows the order of NSs < NPs < NRs, emphasizing the effect of morphology on the enhancement of photo-induced charge separation and suppression of backward recombination. The separated charge carriers have been utilized in visible light driven hydrogen production and the hydrogen generation activity follows the same order as that for the lifetime of the CS state, underlining the role of charge separation efficiency. Therefore, the variation of the morphology of NHSs plays a significant role in their charge carrier dynamics and hence the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India. .,Deparment of Chemistry, University Institute of Science, Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Jayanta Dana
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400085, India
| | - Franziska Lübkemann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400085, India.,Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector - 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Nadja C Bigall
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sameer Sapra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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32
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Zhang D, Ren P, Liu W, Li Y, Salli S, Han F, Qiao W, Liu Y, Fan Y, Cui Y, Shen Y, Richards E, Wen X, Rummeli MH, Li Y, Besenbacher F, Niemantsverdriet H, Lim T, Su R. Photocatalytic Abstraction of Hydrogen Atoms from Water Using Hydroxylated Graphitc Carbon Nitride for Hydrogenative Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Soochow University Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS) CHINA
| | - Pengju Ren
- Synfuels China Technology Co Ltd R&D CHINA
| | - Wuwen Liu
- Soochow University Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS) CHINA
| | - Yaru Li
- Synfuels China Technology Co Ltd R&D Taiyuan CHINA
| | - Sofia Salli
- Cardiff University Catalysis institute CHINA
| | - Feiyu Han
- Soochow University College of Energy CHINA
| | - Wei Qiao
- Soochow University College of Energy CHINA
| | - Yu Liu
- Soochow University College of Energy CHINA
| | - Yingzhu Fan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-Bionics Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO) CHINA
| | - Yi Cui
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-Bionics Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO) CHINA
| | - Yanbin Shen
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-Bionics Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO) CHINA
| | | | - Xiaodong Wen
- Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry: Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Coal Chemistry CCI CHINA
| | | | - Yongwang Li
- Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry: Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Coal Chemistry CCI CHINA
| | | | | | - Tingbin Lim
- Joint School of National university of Singapore and Tianjing University International Campus of Tianjin University CHINA
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow University Dept. Energy Moye St. 688 215006 Suzhou CHINA
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33
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Vijeta A, Casadevall C, Reisner E. An Integrated Carbon Nitride‐Nickel Photocatalyst for the Amination of Aryl Halides using Sodium Azide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Vijeta
- University of Cambridge Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Erwin Reisner
- University of Cambridge Chemistry Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UNITED KINGDOM
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34
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Gentile G, Rosso C, Criado A, Gombac V, Filippini G, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P, Prato M. New insights into the exploitation of oxidized carbon nitrides as heterogeneous base catalysts. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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35
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Di Carmine G, Forster L, Wang S, Parlett C, Carlone A, D'Agostino C. NMR relaxation time measurements of solvent effects in an organocatalysed asymmetric aldol reaction over silica SBA-15 supported proline. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of solvents in solid-supported proline organocatalysts is explored using NMR relaxation measurements coupled with reaction screening. Solvents with a lower affinity for the solid surface lead to a higher reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Luke Forster
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Simeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Parlett
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- The University of Manchester at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Armando Carlone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
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36
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Raciti E, Gali SM, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Actis A, Chiesa M, Bevilacqua M, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Beljonne D, Lazzaroni R. Radical defects modulate the photocatalytic response in 2D-graphitic carbon nitride. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9927-9939. [PMID: 36128229 PMCID: PMC9430681 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) is an important heterogeneous metal-free catalytic material. Thermally induced post-synthetic modifications, such as amorphization and/or reduction, were recently used to enhance the photocatalytic response of these materials for certain classes of organic transformations, with structural defects possibly playing an important role. The knowledge of how these surface modifications modulate the photocatalytic response of gCN is therefore not only interesting from a fundamental point of view, but also necessary for the development and/or tuning of metal-free gCN systems with superior photo-catalytic properties. Herein, employing density functional theory calculations and combining both the periodic and molecular approaches, in conjunction with experimental EPR measurements, we demonstrate that different structural defects on the gCN surface generate distinctive radical defect states localized within the electronic bandgap, with only those correlated with amorphous and reduced gCN structures being photo-active. To this end, we (i) model defective gCN surfaces containing radical defect states; (ii) assess the interactions of these defects with the radical precursors involved in the photo-driven alkylation of electron-rich aromatic compounds (namely perfluoroalkyl iodides); and (iii) describe the photo-chemical processes triggering the initial step of that reaction at the gCN surface. We provide a coherent structure/photo-catalytic property relationship on defective gCN surfaces, elaborating how only specific defect types act as binding sites for the perfluoroalkyl iodide reagent and can favor a photo-induced charge transfer from the gCN surface to the molecule, thus triggering the perfluoroalkylation reaction. The nature of radical defects governs the photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Raciti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, NIS Centre of Excellence, Via Giuria 9, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, NIS Centre of Excellence, Via Giuria 9, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Manuela Bevilacqua
- Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia San Sebastián 20014, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
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37
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The Role of Structured Carbon in Downsized Transition Metal-Based Electrocatalysts toward a Green Nitrogen Fixation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR) to ammonia is one of the most recent trends of research in heterogeneous catalysis for sustainability. The stark challenges posed by the NRR arise from many factors, beyond the strongly unfavored thermodynamics. The design of efficient heterogeneous electrocatalysts must rely on a suitable interplay of different components, so that the majority of research is focusing on development of nanohybrids or nanocomposites that synergistically harness the NRR sequence. Nanostructured carbon is one of the most versatile and powerful conductive supports that can be combined with metal species in an opportune manner, so as to guide the correct proceeding of the reaction and boost the catalytic activity.
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38
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Robinson N, May EF, Johns ML. Low-Field Functional Group Resolved Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Mesoporous Silica. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54476-54485. [PMID: 34743514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-fluid interactions underpin the efficacy of functional porous materials across a diverse array of chemical reaction and separation processes. However, detailed characterization of interfacial phenomena within such systems is hampered by their optically opaque nature. Motivated by the need to bridge this capability gap, we report low-magnetic-field two-dimensional (2D) 1H nuclear spin relaxation measurements as a noninvasive probe of adsorbate identity and interfacial dynamics, exploring the relaxation characteristics exhibited by liquid hydrocarbon adsorbates confined to a model mesoporous silica. For the first time, we demonstrate the capacity of this approach in distinguishing functional group-specific relaxation phenomena across a diverse range of alcohols and carboxylic acids employed as solvents, reagents, and liquid hydrogen carriers, with distinct relaxation responses assigned to the alkyl and hydroxyl moieties of each confined liquid. Uniquely, this relaxation behavior is shown to correlate with adsorbate acidity, with the observed relationship rationalized on the basis of surface-adsorbate proton-exchange dynamics. Our results demonstrate that nuclear spin relaxation provides a molecular-level perspective on sorbent/sorbate interactions, motivating the exploration of such measurements as a unique probe of adsorbate identity within optically opaque porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Eric F May
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael L Johns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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39
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Mazzanti S, Manfredi G, Barker AJ, Antonietti M, Savateev A, Giusto P. Carbon Nitride Thin Films as All-In-One Technology for Photocatalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzanti
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Alex J. Barker
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Paolo Giusto
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
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Shang W, Li Y, Huang H, Lai F, Roeffaers MBJ, Weng B. Synergistic Redox Reaction for Value-Added Organic Transformation via Dual-Functional Photocatalytic Systems. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weike Shang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, No. 58, YanTa Road, Xi’an 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuangang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, No. 58, YanTa Road, Xi’an 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haowei Huang
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Feili Lai
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bo Weng
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Rationally Designed Metal Cocatalyst for Selective Photosynthesis of Bibenzyls via Dehalogenative C–C Homocoupling. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Rosso C, Filippini G, Criado A, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P, Prato M. Metal-Free Photocatalysis: Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial Connection toward Advanced Organic Synthesis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3621-3630. [PMID: 33715354 PMCID: PMC8041367 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures are a frontier in materials chemistry as a result of their extraordinary properties. Metal-free 2D nanomaterials possess extra appeal due to their improved cost-effectiveness and lower toxicity with respect to many inorganic structures. The outstanding electronic characteristics of some metal-free 2D semiconductors have projected them into the world of organic synthesis, where they can function as high-performance photocatalysts to drive the sustainable synthesis of high-value organic molecules. Recent reports on this topic have inspired a stream of research and opened up a theme that we believe will become one of the most dominant trends in the forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rosso
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence
for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM, UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence
for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM, UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence
for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM, UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence
for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM, UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR
Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence
for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM, UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque
Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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Silvestri A, Criado A, Prato M. Concluding remarks: Chemistry of 2-dimensional materials: beyond graphene. Faraday Discuss 2021; 227:383-395. [PMID: 33625425 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Since graphene was exfoliated in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) materials have received great attention due to their physical and chemical properties associated with their nanosized thickness and the correlated quantum size effect. 2D planes allow the confinement of charge carriers, heat, and photons, leading to the remarkable electronic and optical properties of these materials. The Faraday Discussion"Chemistry of 2-dimensional materials: beyond graphene" has been an incredible showcase for a variety of highly interesting contributions in the field. This conference comprised a large number of aspects of the topic: from their synthesis and the study of their optical and physical properties to their numerous applications. These concluding remarks aim to capture the recent developments in 2D materials chemistry and physics that were presented and debated during this Faraday Discussion, and more generally in the research field in recent years. Particular attention will be paid to aspects like the synthesis of the materials, their toxicity and biodegradation, and some of their major applications in catalysis, as well as Li-ion batteries, water filtration and sensing. In addition we aim to highlight future challenges that still need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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Rosso C, Filippini G, Prato M. Use of Perylene Diimides in Synthetic Photochemistry. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rosso
- CENMAT Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences INSTM UdR University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- CENMAT Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences INSTM UdR University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- CENMAT Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences INSTM UdR University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
- Carbon Bionanotechnology Laboratory CIC biomaGUNE Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque Bilbao 48013 Spain
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