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Gault B, Saksena A, Sauvage X, Bagot P, Aota LS, Arlt J, Belkacemi LT, Boll T, Chen YS, Daly L, Djukic MB, Douglas JO, Duarte MJ, Felfer PJ, Forbes RG, Fu J, Gardner HM, Gemma R, Gerstl SSA, Gong Y, Hachet G, Jakob S, Jenkins BM, Jones ME, Khanchandani H, Kontis P, Krämer M, Kühbach M, Marceau RKW, Mayweg D, Moore KL, Nallathambi V, Ott BC, Poplawsky JD, Prosa T, Pundt A, Saha M, Schwarz TM, Shang Y, Shen X, Vrellou M, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Zou B. Towards Establishing Best Practice in the Analysis of Hydrogen and Deuterium by Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2025; 30:1205-1220. [PMID: 39226242 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
As hydrogen is touted as a key player in the decarbonization of modern society, it is critical to enable quantitative hydrogen (H) analysis at high spatial resolution and, if possible, at the atomic scale. H has a known deleterious impact on the mechanical properties (strength, ductility, toughness) of most materials that can hinder their use as part of the infrastructure of a hydrogen-based economy. Enabling H mapping including local hydrogen concentration analyses at specific microstructural features is essential for understanding the multiple ways that H affect the properties of materials including embrittlement mechanisms and their synergies. In addition, spatial mapping and quantification of hydrogen isotopes is essential to accurately predict tritium inventory of future fusion power plants thus ensuring their safe and efficient operation. Atom probe tomography (APT) has the intrinsic capability to detect H and deuterium (D), and in principle the capacity for performing quantitative mapping of H within a material's microstructure. Yet, the accuracy and precision of H analysis by APT remain affected by complex field evaporation behavior and the influence of residual hydrogen from the ultrahigh vacuum chamber that can obscure the signal of H from within the material. The present article reports a summary of discussions at a focused workshop held at the Max-Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials in April 2024. The workshop was organized to pave the way to establishing best practices in reporting APT data for the analysis of H. We first summarize the key aspects of the intricacies of H analysis by APT and then propose a path for better reporting of the relevant data to support interpretation of APT-based H analysis in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung GmbH (now Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials), Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Prince Consort Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aparna Saksena
- Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung GmbH (now Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials), Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Xavier Sauvage
- Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, UMR6634, Avenue de l'Université, BP12, 76800 Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray, France
| | - Paul Bagot
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Leonardo S Aota
- Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung GmbH (now Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials), Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Jonas Arlt
- Institute for Materials Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Lisa T Belkacemi
- Leibniz-Institute for Materials Engineering-IWT, Badgasteiner Straße 3, Bremen 28359, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Torben Boll
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-WK) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen D-76344, Germany
| | - Yi-Sheng Chen
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Madsen Building F09, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nayang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Luke Daly
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Madsen Building F09, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, 8NN University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Milos B Djukic
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, Belgrade 11120, Serbia
| | - James O Douglas
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Prince Consort Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maria J Duarte
- Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung GmbH (now Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials), Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Peter J Felfer
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute I: General Materials Properties, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 5, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Richard G Forbes
- Quantum Foundations and Technologies Group, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, 17 College Walk, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Hazel M Gardner
- Materials Science and Engineering, UK Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Ryota Gemma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Stephan S A Gerstl
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Yilun Gong
- Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung GmbH (now Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials), Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Guillaume Hachet
- Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung GmbH (now Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials), Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Severin Jakob
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Benjamin M Jenkins
- Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, UMR6634, Avenue de l'Université, BP12, 76800 Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray, France
| | - Megan E Jones
- National Nuclear Laboratory, Windscale Laboratory, Sellafield, Seascale, Cumbria CA20 1PG, UK
| | - Heena Khanchandani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 325 Kjemiblokk 1 Gløshaugen, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Paraskevas Kontis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 325 Kjemiblokk 1 Gløshaugen, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Mathias Krämer
- Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung GmbH (now Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials), Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Markus Kühbach
- Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ross K W Marceau
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - David Mayweg
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Katie L Moore
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Varatharaja Nallathambi
- Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung GmbH (now Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials), Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Benedict C Ott
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute I: General Materials Properties, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 5, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Ty Prosa
- CAMECA Instruments, Inc., 5470 Nobel Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Astrid Pundt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, IAM-WK, Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 36131, Germany
| | - Mainak Saha
- Research Centre for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung GmbH (now Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials), Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Shang
- Department of Materials Design, Institute of Hydrogen Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon GmbH, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Xiao Shen
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Kassel, Moenchebergstr.3, Kassel 34125, Germany
| | - Maria Vrellou
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße 18, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Yujun Zhao
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, 28#, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Bowen Zou
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Kassel, Moenchebergstr.3, Kassel 34125, Germany
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Exertier F, Tegg L, Taylor A, Cairney JM, Fu J, Marceau RKW. Nanoscale Analysis of Frozen Water by Atom Probe Tomography Using Graphene Encapsulation and Cryo-Workflows. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2025; 30:1181-1194. [PMID: 38905154 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
There has been an increasing interest in atom probe tomography (APT) to characterize hydrated and biological materials. A major benefit of APT compared to microscopy techniques more commonly used in biology is its combination of outstanding three-dimensional (3D) spatial resolution and mass sensitivity. APT has already been successfully used to characterize biominerals, revealing key structural information at the atomic scale, however there are many challenges inherent to the analysis of soft hydrated materials. New preparation protocols, often involving specimen preparation and transfer at cryogenic temperature, enable APT analysis of hydrated materials and have the potential to enable 3D atomic scale characterization of biological materials in the near-native hydrated state. In this study, samples of pure water at the tips of tungsten needle specimens were prepared at room temperature by graphene encapsulation. A comparative study was conducted where specimens were transferred at either room temperature or cryo-temperature and analyzed by APT by varying the flight path and pulsing mode. The differences between the analysis workflows are presented along with recommendations for future studies, and the compatibility between graphene coating and cryogenic workflows is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florant Exertier
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Levi Tegg
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ross K W Marceau
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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Tegg L, McCarroll IE, Kim SH, Dubosq R, Woods EV, El-Zoka AA, Gault B, Cairney JM. Analysis of Water Ice in Nanoporous Copper Needles Using Cryo Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2025; 30:1195-1204. [PMID: 39027931 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The application of atom probe tomography (APT) to frozen liquids is limited by difficulties in specimen preparation. Here, we report on the use of nanoporous Cu needles as a physical framework to hold water ice for investigation using APT. Nanoporous Cu needles are prepared by electropolishing and dealloying Cu-Mn matchstick precursors. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam milling reveal a hierarchical, dendritic, highly wettable microstructure. The atom probe mass spectrum is dominated by peaks of Cu+ and H(H2O)n+ up to n ≤ 3, and the reconstructed volume shows the protrusion of a Cu ligament into an ice-filled pore. The continuous Cu ligament network electrically connects the apex to the cryostage, leading to an enhanced electric field at the apex and increased cooling, both of which simplify the mass spectrum compared to previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Tegg
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ingrid E McCarroll
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Renelle Dubosq
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric V Woods
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julie M Cairney
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Woods EV, Saksena A, El-Zoka AA, Stephenson LT, Schwarz TM, Singh MP, Aota LS, Kim SH, Schneider J, Gault B. Nanoporous Gold Thin Films as Substrates to Analyze Liquids by Cryo-atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2025; 30:1172-1180. [PMID: 38833315 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Cryogenic atom probe tomography (cryo-APT) is being developed to enable nanoscale compositional analyses of frozen liquids. Yet, the availability of readily available substrates that allow for the fixation of liquids while providing sufficient strength to their interface is still an issue. Here, we propose the use of 1-2-µm-thick binary alloy film of gold-silver sputtered onto flat silicon, with sufficient adhesion without an additional layer. Through chemical dealloying, we successfully fabricate a nanoporous substrate, with an open-pore structure, which is mounted on a microarray of Si posts by lift-out in the focused-ion beam system, allowing for cryogenic fixation of liquids. We present cryo-APT results obtained after cryogenic sharpening, vacuum cryo-transfer, and analysis of pure water on the top and inside the nanoporous film. We demonstrate that this new substrate has the requisite characteristics for facilitating cryo-APT of frozen liquids, with a relatively lower volume of precious metals. This complete workflow represents an improved approach for frozen liquid analysis, from preparation of the films to the successful fixation of the liquid in the porous network, to cryo-APT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Woods
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aparna Saksena
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Leigh T Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mahander P Singh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leonardo S Aota
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jochen Schneider
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstrasse. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
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Schwarz TM, Yang J, Aota LS, Woods E, Zhou X, Neugebauer J, Todorova M, McCarroll I, Gault B. Quasi-"In Situ" Analysis of the Reactive Liquid-Solid Interface during Magnesium Corrosion Using Cryo-Atom Probe Tomography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401735. [PMID: 38813786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The early stages of corrosion occurring at liquid-solid interfaces control the evolution of the material's degradation process, yet due to their transient state, their analysis remains a formidable challenge. Here corrosion tests are performed on a MgCa alloy, a candidate material for biodegradable implants using pure water as a model system. The corrosion reaction is suspended by plunge freezing into liquid nitrogen. The evolution of the early-stage corrosion process on the nanoscale by correlating cryo-atom probe tomography (APT) with transmission-electron microscopy (TEM) and spectroscopy, is studied. The outward growth of Mg hydroxide Mg(OH)2 and the inward growth of an intermediate corrosion layer consisting of hydrloxides of different compositions, mostly monohydroxide Mg(OH) instead of the expected MgO layer, are observed. In addition, Ca partitions to these newly formed hydroxides and oxides. Density-functional theory calculations suggest a domain of stability for this previously experimental unreported Mg(OH) phase. This new approach and these new findings advance the understanding of the early stages of magnesium corrosion, and in general reactions and processes at liquid-solid interfaces, which can further facilitate the development of corrosion-resistant materials or better control of the biodegradation rate of future implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jing Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leonardo S Aota
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric Woods
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xuyang Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mira Todorova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingrid McCarroll
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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6
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Woods EV, Singh MP, Kim SH, Schwarz TM, Douglas JO, El-Zoka AA, Giulani F, Gault B. A Versatile and Reproducible Cryo-sample Preparation Methodology for Atom Probe Studies. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1992-2003. [PMID: 37856778 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Repeatable and reliable site-specific preparation of specimens for atom probe tomography (APT) at cryogenic temperatures has proven challenging. A generalized workflow is required for cryogenic specimen preparation including lift-out via focused ion beam and in situ deposition of capping layers, to strengthen specimens that will be exposed to high electric field and stresses during field evaporation in APT and protect them from environment during transfer into the atom probe. Here, we build on existing protocols and showcase preparation and analysis of a variety of metals, oxides, and supported frozen liquids and battery materials. We demonstrate reliable in situ deposition of a metallic capping layer that significantly improves the atom probe data quality for challenging material systems, particularly battery cathode materials which are subjected to delithiation during the atom probe analysis itself. Our workflow design is versatile and transferable widely to other instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Woods
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Mahander P Singh
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - James O Douglas
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Finn Giulani
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
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El‐Zoka AA, Stephenson LT, Kim S, Gault B, Raabe D. The Fate of Water in Hydrogen-Based Iron Oxide Reduction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300626. [PMID: 37290039 PMCID: PMC10460863 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas-solid reactions are important for many redox processes that underpin the energy and sustainability transition. The specific case of hydrogen-based iron oxide reduction is the foundation to render the global steel industry fossil-free, an essential target as iron production is the largest single industrial emitter of carbon dioxide. This perception of gas-solid reactions has not only been limited by the availability of state-of-the-art techniques which can delve into the structure and chemistry of reacted solids, but one continues to miss an important reaction partner that defines the thermodynamics and kinetics of gas phase reactions: the gas molecules. In this investigation, cryogenic-atom probe tomography is used to study the quasi in situ evolution of iron oxide in the solid and gas phases of the direct reduction of iron oxide by deuterium gas at 700°C. So far several unknown atomic-scale characteristics are observed, including, D2 accumulation at the reaction interface; formation of a core (wüstite)-shell (iron) structure; inbound diffusion of D through the iron layer and partitioning of D among phases and defects; outbound diffusion of oxygen through the wüstite and/or through the iron to the next free available inner/outer surface; and the internal formation of heavy nano-water droplets at nano-pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A. El‐Zoka
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
- Department of MaterialsRoyal School of MinesImperial CollegeLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Leigh T. Stephenson
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Se‐Ho Kim
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
- Department of MaterialsRoyal School of MinesImperial CollegeLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
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8
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Douglas JO, Conroy M, Giuliani F, Gault B. In Situ Sputtering From the Micromanipulator to Enable Cryogenic Preparation of Specimens for Atom Probe Tomography by Focused-Ion Beam. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1009-1017. [PMID: 37749683 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Workflows have been developed in the past decade to enable atom probe tomography analysis at cryogenic temperatures. The inability to control the local deposition of the metallic precursor from the gas-injection system (GIS) at cryogenic temperatures makes the preparation of site-specific specimens by using lift-out extremely challenging in the focused-ion beam. Schreiber et al. exploited redeposition to weld the lifted-out sample to a support. Here, we build on their approach to attach the region-of-interest and additionally strengthen the interface with locally sputtered metal from the micromanipulator. Following standard focused-ion beam annular milling, we demonstrate atom probe analysis of Si in both laser pulsing and voltage mode, with comparable analytical performance as a presharpened microtip coupon. Our welding approach is versatile, as various metals could be used for sputtering, and allows similar flexibility as the GIS in principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Douglas
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Michele Conroy
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Finn Giuliani
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Luan C, Corva M, Hagemann U, Wang H, Heidelmann M, Tschulik K, Li T. Atomic-Scale Insights into Morphological, Structural, and Compositional Evolution of CoOOH during Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Luan
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel Corva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hagemann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Hongcai Wang
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Heidelmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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10
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Kim SH, Dong K, Zhao H, El-Zoka AA, Zhou X, Woods EV, Giuliani F, Manke I, Raabe D, Gault B. Understanding the Degradation of a Model Si Anode in a Li-Ion Battery at the Atomic Scale. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8416-8421. [PMID: 36049043 PMCID: PMC9486947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To advance the understanding of the degradation of the liquid electrolyte and Si electrode, and their interface, we exploit the latest developments in cryo-atom probe tomography. We evidence Si anode corrosion from the decomposition of the Li salt before charge-discharge cycles even begin. Volume shrinkage during delithiation leads to the development of nanograins from recrystallization in regions left amorphous by the lithiation. The newly created grain boundaries facilitate pulverization of nanoscale Si fragments, and one is found floating in the electrolyte. P is segregated to these grain boundaries, which confirms the decomposition of the electrolyte. As structural defects are bound to assist the nucleation of Li-rich phases in subsequent lithiations and accelerate the electrolyte's decomposition, these insights into the developed nanoscale microstructure interacting with the electrolyte contribute to understanding the self-catalyzed/accelerated degradation Si anodes and can inform new battery designs unaffected by these life-limiting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Kang Dong
- Institute
of Applied Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Huan Zhao
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Ayman A. El-Zoka
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Xuyang Zhou
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Eric V. Woods
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Finn Giuliani
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Manke
- Institute
of Applied Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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11
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Zhang S, Gervinskas G, Qiu S, Venugopal H, Marceau RKW, de Marco A, Li J, Fu J. Methods of Preparing Nanoscale Vitreous Ice Needles for High-Resolution Cryogenic Characterization. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6501-6508. [PMID: 35926226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New high-resolution imaging methods for biological samples such as atom probe tomography (APT), facilitated by the invention of laser-pulsed atom probes and cryo-transfer procedures, have recently emerged. However, ensuring the vitreous state of the fabricated aqueous needle-shaped APT samples remains a challenge despite it being crucial for characterizing biomolecules such as proteins and cellular architectures in their near-native state. Our work investigated three potential approaches: (1) open microcapillary (OMC) method, (2) high-pressure freezing method (HPF), and (3) graphene encapsulation method. Diffraction patterns of the needle specimens acquired by cryo-TEM have demonstrated the vitreous state of the ice needles, although limited to the tip regions, has been achieved with the three proposed approaches. With the capability to prepare vitreous ice needles from hydrated samples of up to ∼200 μm thickness (HPF), combined use of the three approaches opens new avenues for future near-atomic imaging of biological cells in their near-native state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gediminas Gervinskas
- Ramaciotti Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Shi Qiu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hari Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ross K W Marceau
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alex de Marco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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12
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Segreto N, Schwarz TM, Dietrich CA, Stender P, Schuldt R, Schmitz G, Kästner J. Understanding the Underlying Field Evaporation Mechanism of Pure Water Tips in High Electrical Fields. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5663-5671. [PMID: 35972399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the field evaporation process of frozen water in atom probe tomography (APT) by density functional simulations. In previous experiments, a strong tailing effect was observed for peaks caused by the molecular structure (H2O)nH+, in contrast to other peaks. In purely field-induced and thermally assisted evaporation simulations, we found that chains of protonated water molecules were pulled out of the dielectric surface by up to 6 Å, which are stable over a wide range of field strengths. Therefore, the resulting water clusters experience only part of the acceleration after evaporation compared to molecules evaporating directly from the surface and, thus, exhibit an energy deficit, which explains the tailing effect. Our simulations provide new insight into the complex evaporation behavior of water in high electrical fields and reveal possibilities for adapting the existing reconstruction algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Segreto
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carolin A Dietrich
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Stender
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robin Schuldt
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Guido Schmitz
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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13
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Hunnestad KA, Hatzoglou C, Khalid ZM, Vullum PE, Yan Z, Bourret E, van Helvoort ATJ, Selbach SM, Meier D. Atomic-scale 3D imaging of individual dopant atoms in an oxide semiconductor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4783. [PMID: 35970843 PMCID: PMC9378652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical properties of semiconductors are controlled by chemical doping. In oxide semiconductors, small variations in the density of dopant atoms can completely change the local electric and magnetic responses caused by their strongly correlated electrons. In lightly doped systems, however, such variations are difficult to determine as quantitative 3D imaging of individual dopant atoms is a major challenge. We apply atom probe tomography to resolve the atomic sites that donors occupy in the small band gap semiconductor Er(Mn,Ti)O3 with a nominal Ti concentration of 0.04 at. %, map their 3D lattice positions, and quantify spatial variations. Our work enables atomic-level 3D studies of structure-property relations in lightly doped complex oxides, which is crucial to understand and control emergent dopant-driven quantum phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hunnestad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - C Hatzoglou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Z M Khalid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - P E Vullum
- Department of Physics, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- SINTEF Industry, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Z Yan
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E Bourret
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A T J van Helvoort
- Department of Physics, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S M Selbach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - D Meier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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14
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Grandfield K, Micheletti C, Deering J, Arcuri G, Tang T, Langelier B. Atom Probe Tomography for Biomaterials and Biomineralization. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:44-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Khanchandani H, Kim SH, Varanasi RS, Prithiv TS, Stephenson LT, Gault B. Hydrogen and deuterium charging of lifted-out specimens for atom probe tomography. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:122. [PMID: 37645172 PMCID: PMC10445872 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14176.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement can cause a dramatic deterioration of the mechanical properties of high-strength metallic materials. Despite decades of experimental and modelling studies, the exact underlying mechanisms behind hydrogen embrittlement remain elusive. To unlock understanding of the mechanism and thereby help mitigate the influence of hydrogen and the associated embrittlement, it is essential to examine the interactions of hydrogen with structural defects such as grain boundaries, dislocations and stacking faults. Atom probe tomography (APT) can, in principle, analyse hydrogen located specifically at such microstructural features but faces strong challenges when it comes to charging specimens with hydrogen or deuterium. Here, we describe three different workflows enabling hydrogen/deuterium charging of site-specific APT specimens: namely cathodic, plasma and gas charging. All the experiments in the current study have been performed on a model twinning induced plasticity steel alloy. We discuss in detail the caveats of the different approaches in order to help future research efforts and facilitate further studies of hydrogen in metals. Our study demonstrates successful cathodic and gas charging, with the latter being more promising for the analysis of the high-strength steels at the core of our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Khanchandani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | | | - TS Prithiv
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Leigh T. Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK
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16
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Khanchandani H, Kim SH, Varanasi RS, Prithiv TS, Stephenson LT, Gault B. Hydrogen and deuterium charging of lifted-out specimens for atom probe tomography. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:122. [PMID: 37645172 PMCID: PMC10445872 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14176.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement can cause a dramatic deterioration of the mechanical properties of high-strength metallic materials. Despite decades of experimental and modelling studies, the exact underlying mechanisms behind hydrogen embrittlement remain elusive. To unlock understanding of the mechanism and thereby help mitigate the influence of hydrogen and the associated embrittlement, it is essential to examine the interactions of hydrogen with structural defects such as grain boundaries, dislocations and stacking faults. Atom probe tomography (APT) can, in principle, analyse hydrogen located specifically at such microstructural features but faces strong challenges when it comes to charging specimens with hydrogen or deuterium. Here, we describe three different workflows enabling hydrogen/deuterium charging of site-specific APT specimens: namely cathodic, plasma and gas charging. All the experiments in the current study have been performed on a model twinning induced plasticity steel alloy. We discuss in detail the caveats of the different approaches in order to help future research efforts and facilitate further studies of hydrogen in metals. Our study demonstrates successful cathodic and gas charging, with the latter being more promising for the analysis of the high-strength steels at the core of our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Khanchandani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | | | - TS Prithiv
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Leigh T. Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK
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17
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Stender P, Gault B, Schwarz TM, Woods EV, Kim SH, Ott J, Stephenson LT, Schmitz G, Freysoldt C, Kästner J, El-Zoka AA. Status and Direction of Atom Probe Analysis of Frozen Liquids. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-18. [PMID: 35039105 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of liquids and cryogenic biological materials by electron microscopy has been recently enabled by innovative approaches for specimen preparation and the fast development of optimized instruments for cryo-enabled electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Yet, cryo-EM typically lacks advanced analytical capabilities, in particular for light elements. With the development of protocols for frozen wet specimen preparation, atom probe tomography (APT) could advantageously complement insights gained by cryo-EM. Here, we report on different approaches that have been recently proposed to enable the analysis of relatively large volumes of frozen liquids from either a flat substrate or the fractured surface of a wire. Both allowed for analyzing water ice layers which are several micrometers thick consisting of pure water, pure heavy water, and aqueous solutions. We discuss the merits of both approaches and prospects for further developments in this area. Preliminary results raise numerous questions, in part concerning the physics underpinning field evaporation. We discuss these aspects and lay out some of the challenges regarding the APT analysis of frozen liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Stender
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eric V Woods
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Ott
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Guido Schmitz
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
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18
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Zhao C, Kisslinger K, Huang X, Bai J, Liu X, Lin CH, Yu LC, Lu M, Tong X, Zhong H, Pattammattel A, Yan H, Chu Y, Ghose S, Liu M, Chen-Wiegart YCK. Design nanoporous metal thin films via solid state interfacial dealloying. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17725-17736. [PMID: 34515717 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film solid-state interfacial dealloying (thin-film SSID) is an emerging technique to design nanoarchitecture thin films. The resulting controllable 3D bicontinuous nanostructure is promising for a range of applications including catalysis, sensing, and energy storage. Using a multiscale microscopy approach, we combine X-ray and electron nano-tomography to demonstrate that besides dense bicontinuous nanocomposites, thin-film SSID can create a very fine (5-15 nm) nanoporous structure. Not only is such a fine feature among one of the finest fabrications by metal-agent dealloying, but a multilayer thin-film design enables creating nanoporous films on a wider range of substrates for functional applications. Through multimodal synchrotron diffraction and spectroscopy analysis with which the materials' chemical and structural evolution in this novel approach is characterized in details, we further deduce that the contribution of change in entropy should be considered to explain the phase evolution in metal-agent dealloying, in addition to the commonly used enthalpy term in prior studies. The discussion is an important step leading towards better explaining the underlying design principles for controllable 3D nanoarchitecture, as well as exploring a wider range of elemental and substrate selections for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghang Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Jianming Bai
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Lin-Chieh Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Ming Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Joint Photon Science Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ajith Pattammattel
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Hanfei Yan
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Yong Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Sanjit Ghose
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Mingzhao Liu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Karen Chen-Wiegart
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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19
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Solodenko H, Stender P, Schmitz G. Atom Probe Study of 1-Octadecanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Platinum (111) and (200) Surfaces. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 28:1-10. [PMID: 34490841 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography measurements of self-assembled monolayers of 1-octadecanethiol on platinum tips were performed and their fragmentation behavior under the influence of different laser powers was investigated. The carbon backbone evaporates in the form of small hydrocarbon fragments consisting of one to four carbon atoms, while sulfur evaporates exclusively as single ions. The carbon molecules evaporate at very low fields of 5.9 V/nm, while S requires a considerably higher evaporation field of 23.4 V/nm. With increasing laser power, a weak, but noticeable trend toward larger fragment sizes is observed. No hydrocarbon fragments containing S are detected, indicating that a strong S–Pt bond has formed. The observed surface coverage of S fits well with literature values and is higher for (111)-oriented samples than for (200).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Solodenko
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Stender
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Guido Schmitz
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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He H, Halpin JE, Popuri SR, Daly L, Bos JWG, Moody MP, MacLaren DA, Bagot PAJ. Atom Probe Tomography of a Cu-Doped TiNiSn Thermoelectric Material: Nanoscale Structure and Optimization of Analysis Conditions. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 28:1-8. [PMID: 34315548 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cu-doping and crystallographic site occupations within the half-Heusler (HH) TiNiSn, a promising thermoelectric material, have been examined by atom probe tomography. In particular, this investigation aims to better understand the influence of atom probe analysis conditions on the measured chemical composition. Under a voltage-pulsing mode, atomic planes are clearly resolved and suggest an arrangement of elements in-line with the expected HH (F-43m space group) crystal structure. The Cu dopant is also distributed uniformly throughout the bulk material. For operation under laser-pulsed modes, the returned composition is highly dependent on the selected laser energy, with high energies resulting in the measurement of excessively high absolute Ti counts at the expense of Sn and in particular Ni. High laser energies also appear to be correlated with the detection of a high fraction of partial hits, indicating nonideal evaporation behavior. The possible mechanisms for these trends are discussed, along with suggestions for optimal analysis conditions for these and similar thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry He
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - John E Halpin
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Srinivas R Popuri
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Energy Storage and Recovery, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Luke Daly
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Space Science and Technology Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jan-Willem G Bos
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Energy Storage and Recovery, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Michael P Moody
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Donald A MacLaren
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Paul A J Bagot
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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21
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Kühbach M, London AJ, Wang J, Schreiber DK, Mendez Martin F, Ghamarian I, Bilal H, Ceguerra AV. Community-Driven Methods for Open and Reproducible Software Tools for Analyzing Datasets from Atom Probe Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 28:1-16. [PMID: 34311798 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography, and related methods, probe the composition and the three-dimensional architecture of materials. The software tools which microscopists use, and how these tools are connected into workflows, make a substantial contribution to the accuracy and precision of such material characterization experiments. Typically, we adapt methods from other communities like mathematics, data science, computational geometry, artificial intelligence, or scientific computing. We also realize that improving on research data management is a challenge when it comes to align with the FAIR data stewardship principles. Faced with this global challenge, we are convinced it is useful to join forces. Here, we report the results and challenges with an inter-laboratory call for developing test cases for several types of atom probe microscopy software tools. The results support why defining detailed recipes of software workflows and sharing these recipes is necessary and rewarding: Open source tools and (meta)data exchange can help to make our day-to-day data processing tasks become more efficient, the training of new users and knowledge transfer become easier, and assist us with automated quantification of uncertainties to gain access to substantiated results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kühbach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-40237Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrew J London
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OxonOX14 3DB, UK
| | - Jing Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA99352, USA
| | - Daniel K Schreiber
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA99352, USA
| | - Francisca Mendez Martin
- Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, A-8700Leoben, Austria
| | - Iman Ghamarian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI48109-2117, USA
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK7019-1052, USA
| | - Huma Bilal
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Anna V Ceguerra
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
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22
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Schwarz TM, Dietrich CA, Ott J, Weikum EM, Lawitzki R, Solodenko H, Hadjixenophontos E, Gault B, Kästner J, Schmitz G, Stender P. 3D sub-nanometer analysis of glucose in an aqueous solution by cryo-atom probe tomography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11607. [PMID: 34078953 PMCID: PMC8172843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atom Probe Tomography (APT) is currently a well-established technique to analyse the composition of solid materials including metals, semiconductors and ceramics with up to near-atomic resolution. Using an aqueous glucose solution, we now extended the technique to frozen solutions. While the mass signals of the common glucose fragments CxHy and CxOyHz overlap with (H2O)nH from water, we achieved stoichiometrically correct values via signal deconvolution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the stability of the detected pyranose fragments. This paper demonstrates APT’s capabilities to achieve sub-nanometre resolution in tracing whole glucose molecules in a frozen solution by using cryogenic workflows. We use a solution of defined concentration to investigate the chemical resolution capabilities as a step toward the measurement of biological molecules. Due to the evaporation of nearly intact glucose molecules, their position within the measured 3D volume of the solution can be determined with sub-nanometre resolution. Our analyses take analytical techniques to a new level, since chemical characterization methods for cryogenically-frozen solutions or biological materials are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Schwarz
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C A Dietrich
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Ott
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E M Weikum
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - R Lawitzki
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Solodenko
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Hadjixenophontos
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK
| | - J Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - G Schmitz
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Stender
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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23
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Gault B, Chiaramonti A, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Stender P, Dubosq R, Freysoldt C, Makineni SK, Li T, Moody M, Cairney JM. Atom probe tomography. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:10.1038/s43586-021-00047-w. [PMID: 37719173 PMCID: PMC10502706 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) provides three-dimensional compositional mapping with sub-nanometre resolution. The sensitivity of APT is in the range of parts per million for all elements, including light elements such as hydrogen, carbon or lithium, enabling unique insights into the composition of performance-enhancing or lifetime-limiting microstructural features and making APT ideally suited to complement electron-based or X-ray-based microscopies and spectroscopies. Here, we provide an introductory overview of APT ranging from its inception as an evolution of field ion microscopy to the most recent developments in specimen preparation, including for nanomaterials. We touch on data reconstruction, analysis and various applications, including in the geosciences and the burgeoning biological sciences. We review the underpinnings of APT performance and discuss both strengths and limitations of APT, including how the community can improve on current shortcomings. Finally, we look forwards to true atomic-scale tomography with the ability to measure the isotopic identity and spatial coordinates of every atom in an ever wider range of materials through new specimen preparation routes, novel laser pulsing and detector technologies, and full interoperability with complementary microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ann Chiaramonti
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Patrick Stender
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Renelle Dubosq
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Moody
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie M. Cairney
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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