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Zhuang R, Chang X, Sha J, Yu Z, Shi E, Lu M, Liu J, Zhang G, Zhou D, Li L. Optoelectronic-Coupled-Driven Microrobot for Biological Cargo Transport in Conductive Isosmotic Glucose Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:28425-28435. [PMID: 40299716 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c06042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2025]
Abstract
Electric field-driven micro/nanorobots, as micro/nanodevices with autonomous motion capability, have emerged as promising candidates for targeted cargo delivery in biomedical applications due to their advantages of label-free operation, selectivity, and controllability. In biological systems, many biological cargos need to be operated in conductive isosmotic solutions to ensure their viability. However, in the conductive solution, electric field-driven micro/nanorobots exhibit significantly reduced propulsion performance, despite retaining the capability to manipulate cargos by the dielectrophoretic force. This limitation restricts the wider applicability of electric field-driven micro/nanorobots in biomedical fields. This paper presents a novel optoelectronic-coupled-driven α-Fe2O3@aTiO2/Au microrobot, which exhibits significantly improved mobility and enables biological cargo transportation in the conductive isosmotic glucose solution. Benefiting from the flowerlike surface structure and composite photocatalytic material, the proposed microrobot exhibits enhanced photocatalytic capability, enabling efficient propulsion in glucose solution under light irradiation. In addition, the motion behavior of the microrobot under light, electric, and optoelectronic-coupled fields is investigated. It is found that the speed of the microrobot could exceed 300 μm/s under coupled fields, which is more than ten times faster than that of previously reported electric field-driven micro/nanorobots. Due to the magnetic property, the proposed microrobot can be precisely navigated under the guidance of an external uniform magnetic field. Furthermore, the proposed microrobot can achieve the transportation of various biological cargos in a conductive isosmotic glucose solution. The proposed microrobot opens a new avenue for targeted delivery and holds great potential for applications in the biological and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rencheng Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400722, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiaocong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400722, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jinrui Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400722, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Zehao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400722, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Enbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400722, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Minqiao Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Junmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400722, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Dekai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400722, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Longqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Yang X, Zhang L, Ran H, Peng F, Tu Y. Micro/nanomotors for active inflammatory disease therapy. Biomater Sci 2025; 13:2541-2555. [PMID: 40181756 DOI: 10.1039/d5bm00052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
Inflammation is a carefully orchestrated response of the immune system to repair injured tissues and clear various damage factors. However, dysregulated inflammation can eventually contribute to the development and progression of various inflammatory diseases. Although anti-inflammatory drugs have demonstrated certain therapeutic efficacy in clinical settings, significant limitations still persist, highlighting the necessity for the development of improved approaches to address complex inflammatory conditions. Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have shown significant promise for applications in the biomedical field due to their micro/nano-scale sizes and autonomous movement. Unlike traditional nanoparticles, which exhibit passive diffusion in biological fluids, MNMs can convert external energy into a driving force for self-propulsion. This capability not only enhances the tissue penetration depth and retention rates but also facilitates interaction with inflammatory lesions. Recent efforts have suggested that MNMs for inflammatory disease therapy could provide an efficient therapeutic effect. Herein, we mainly introduce the recent advances in inflammatory disease therapy based on MNMs. We conclude by discussing both the obstacles and potential opportunities for MNMs innovations in addressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Lishan Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Hui Ran
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Feng Y, Liu Y, Liu L, Yang Q, An M, Yang H. Magnetite Micro/Nanorobots for Efficient Targeted Alleviation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025:e2503307. [PMID: 40277443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202503307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2025] [Revised: 03/30/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Self-driven micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are efficient in the treatment of IBD. However, their lack of controllability regarding direction of motion in the organism and their inability to achieve continuous navigation limits their further application. In this study, polydopamine is wrapped around the magnetite surface, loaded with an anti-inflammatory drug resveratrol, and wrapped with pH-responsive sodium alginate to obtain magnetic MNRs. MNRs can be driven by magnetic fields to achieve directional movement and targeted transportation. In addition, MNRs can effectively remove reactive oxygen species from the inflammation site, repair intestinal damage, inhibit the cellular pathway of pro-inflammatory factors, such as MAPK and NF-κB pathways, and restore intestinal flora, thereby relieving IBDs. MNRs are safe and effective for in vivo treatment of IBD and have proven to be a promising therapeutic platform. This MNRs therapeutic strategy provides new insights into comprehensive IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Mineral Materials, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Mineral Materials, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Mineral Materials, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Centre for Immune-oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Miao An
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Mineral Materials, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huaming Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Mineral Materials, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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4
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Ma H, Guo Y, Xu X, Ye L, Cheng Y, Wang X. Janus micro/nanomotors for enhanced disease treatment through their deep penetration capability. Acta Biomater 2025; 196:50-77. [PMID: 40015356 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2025.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/01/2025]
Abstract
Nanotherapeutic systems have provided an innovative means for the treatment of a wide range of diseases in modern medicine. However, the limited penetration of nanoparticles into focal tissues still greatly hampered their clinical application. With their unique two-sided structure and superior motility, Janus micro/nanomotors are expected to significantly improve the penetration of nanocarriers into organisms, thereby enhancing the therapeutic effects of diseases. This review introduces Janus micro/nanomotors with different morphologies and focuses on their propulsion mechanisms, including chemical field-driven, external physical field-driven, biologically-driven, and hybrid-driven mechanisms. We explore the research progress of Janus micro/nanomotors in various disease treatment areas (including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, bacterial/fungal infections, and chronic inflammatory diseases) and elucidate the implementation strategies of Janus micro/nanomotors in facilitating disease therapies. Finally, we discuss the biosafety and biocompatibility of Janus micro/nanomotor, while exploring current challenges and opportunities in the field. We look forward to the Janus micro/nanomotor therapeutic platform demonstrating surprising therapeutic effects in the clinical treatment of diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Micro/nanomotors are the highly promising nanotherapeutic systems due to their self-propelled motion capability. Janus micro/nanomotors possess an asymmetric structure with different physical or chemical properties on both sides. The flexibility of this bifunctional surface allows them to hold promise for improving the penetration of nanotherapeutic systems and enhancing therapeutic efficacy for complex diseases. This review focuses on the latest advancements in Janus micro/nanomotors for enhanced disease treatment, including the structural types and driving mechanisms, the enhancement effect to cope with different disease treatments, the biocompatibility and safety, the current challenges and possible solutions. These insights inform the design of deep-penetrating nanotherapeutic systems and the strategies of enhanced disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ma
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China.
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5
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Wang S, Liu Y, Sun S, Gui Q, Liu W, Long W. Living material-derived intelligent micro/nanorobots. Biomater Sci 2025; 13:1379-1397. [PMID: 39927456 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm01685h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2025]
Abstract
Living materials, which include various types of cells, organelles, and biological components from animals, plants, and microorganisms, have become central to recent investigations in micro and nanorobotics. Living material-derived intelligent micro/nanorobots (LMNRs) are self-propelled devices that combine living materials with synthetic materials. By harnessing energy from external physical fields or biological sources, LMNRs can move autonomously and perform various biomedical functions, such as drug delivery, crossing biological barriers, medical imaging, and disease treatment. This review, from a biomimetic strategy perspective, summarized the latest advances in the design and biomedical applications of LMNRs. It provided a comprehensive overview of the living materials used to construct LMNRs, including mammalian cells, plants, and microorganisms while highlighting their biological properties and functions. Lastly, the review discussed the major challenges in this field and offered suggestions for future research that may help facilitate the clinical application of LMNRs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhuai Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Ya Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Shuangjiao Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Qinyi Gui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Wei Long
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
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6
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Ruiz-González N, Esporrín-Ubieto D, Kim ID, Wang J, Sánchez S. Micro- and Nanomotors: Engineered Tools for Targeted and Efficient Biomedicine. ACS NANO 2025; 19:8411-8432. [PMID: 39996616 PMCID: PMC11912581 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2025] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, nanotechnology has made significant progress toward the development and applications of micromotors (MMs) and nanomotors (NMs). Characterized by their capability to self-propel and swim in fluids, they have emerged as promising tools in various fields, particularly in biomedicine. This Review presents an overview of the current state of MMs and NMs, their motion in viscous media and complex environments, their interaction with biological barriers, and potential therapeutical applications. We identify the choice of appropriate administration routes to reach their target location as a key aspect of the success of MMs and NMs in biomedical applications. Looking ahead, we envision NMs playing a key role in treating diverse medical disorders, as recent proof-of-concept in vivo studies demonstrate their distinct capabilities and versatility. However, addressing regulatory, scalability, biocompatibility, and safety concerns remains imperative for the successful translation of NMs into clinical trials and industrial-scale production. This work provides a guideline for researchers, guiding them through the current landscape, challenges, and prospects of using MMs and NMs in biomedicine, thereby encouraging their responsible development and positioning in the future of nanomedicine. Furthermore, we outline critical areas for further research, including studies on biocompatibility, safety, and methods to overcome physical obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ruiz-González
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat
de Física, Universitat de Barcelona
(UB). C. Martí I Franques, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Esporrín-Ubieto
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudies Avancats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Ressnerova A, Heger Z, Pumera M. Translational nanorobotics breaking through biological membranes. Chem Soc Rev 2025; 54:1924-1956. [PMID: 39807638 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
In the dynamic realm of translational nanorobotics, the endeavor to develop nanorobots carrying therapeutics in rational in vivo applications necessitates a profound understanding of the biological landscape of the human body and its complexity. Within this landscape, biological membranes stand as critical barriers to the successful delivery of therapeutic cargo to the target site. Their crossing is not only a challenge for nanorobotics but also a pivotal criterion for the clinical success of therapeutic-carrying nanorobots. Nevertheless, despite their urgency, strategies for membrane crossing in translational nanorobotics remain relatively underrepresented in the scientific literature, signaling an opportunity for further research and innovation. This review focuses on nanorobots with various propulsion mechanisms from chemical and physical to hybrid mechanisms, and it identifies and describes four essential biological membranes that represent the barriers needed to be crossed in the therapeutic journey of nanorobots in in vivo applications. First is the entry point into the blood stream, which is the skin or mucosa or intravenous injection; next is the exit from the bloodstream across the endothelium to the target site; further is the entry to the cell through the plasma membrane and, finally, the escape from the lysosome, which otherwise destroys the cargo. The review also discusses design challenges inherent in translating nanorobot technologies to real-world applications and provides a critical overview of documented membrane crossings. The aim is to underscore the need for further interdisciplinary collaborations between chemists, materials scientists and chemical biologists in this vital domain of translational nanorobotics that has the potential to revolutionize the field of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Ressnerova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Research Group for Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Research Group for Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Center of Advanced Innovation Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Advanced Nanorobots & Multiscale Robotics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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8
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Mao M, Wu Y, He Q. Breaking Through Physiological Barriers: Nanorobotic Strategies for Active Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2025; 36:1-14. [PMID: 39729406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2024]
Abstract
Self-propelled micro/nanomotors (MNMs) represent a groundbreaking advancement in precision drug delivery, offering potential solutions to persistent challenges such as systemic toxicity, limited bioavailability, and nonspecific distribution. By transforming various energy sources into mechanical motion, MNMs are able to autonomously navigate through complex physiological environments, facilitating targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to previously inaccessible regions. However, to achieve efficient in vivo drug delivery, biomedical MNMs must demonstrate their ability to overcome crucial physiological barriers encompassing mucosal surfaces, blood flow dynamics, vascular endothelium, and cellular membrane. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest strategies developed to address these obstacles while also analyzing the broader challenges and opportunities associated with clinical translation. Our objective is to establish a solid foundation for future research in medical MNMs by focusing on enhancing drug delivery efficiency and advancing precision medicine, ultimately paving the way for practical theragnostic applications and wider clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qiang He
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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9
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Li Y, Wu Y, He Q. Positive Chemotactic Flasklike Colloidal Motors Propelled by Rotary F oF 1-ATP Synthases. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0566. [PMID: 39717462 PMCID: PMC11665525 DOI: 10.34133/research.0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024]
Abstract
Living microorganisms can perform directed migration for foraging in response to a chemoattractant gradient. We report a biomimetic strategy that rotary FoF1-ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase)-propelled flasklike colloidal motors exhibit positive chemotaxis resembling the chemotactic behavior of bacteria. The streamlined flasklike colloidal particles are fabricated through polymerization, expansion, surface rupture, and re-polymerizing nanoemulsions composed of triblock copolymers and ribose. The as-synthesized particles enable the incorporation of thylakoid vesicles into the cavity, ensuring a geometric asymmetric nanoarchitecture. The chemical gradient in the neck channel across flasklike colloidal motors facilitates autonomous movement at a speed of 1.19 μm/s in a ΔpH value of 4. Computer simulations reveal the self-actuated flasklike colloidal motors driven by self-diffusiophoretic force. These flasklike colloidal motors display positive directional motion along an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) concentration gradient during adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. The positive chemotaxis is ascribed that the phosphorylation reaction occurring inside colloidal motors generates 2 distinct phoretic torques at the bottom and the opening owing to the diffusion of ADP, thereby a continuous reorientation motion. Such a biophysical strategy that nanosized rotary protein molecular motors propel the directional movement of a flasklike colloidal motor holds promise for designing new types of biomedical swimming nanobots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingjie Wu
- School of Medicine and Health,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qiang He
- School of Medicine and Health,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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10
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Zhong W, Handschuh-Wang S, Uthappa UT, Shen J, Qiu M, Du S, Wang B. Miniature Robots for Battling Bacterial Infection. ACS NANO 2024; 18:32335-32363. [PMID: 39527542 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c11430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Micro/nanorobots have shown great promise for minimally invasive bacterial infection therapy. However, bacterial infections usually form biofilms inside the body by aggregation and adhesion, preventing antibiotic penetration and increasing the likelihood of recurrence. Moreover, a substantial portion of the infection happens in those hard-to-access regions, making delivery of antibiotics to infected sites or tissues difficult and exacerbating the challenge of addressing bacterial infections. Micro/nanorobots feature exceptional mobility and controllability, are able to deliver drugs to specific sites (targeted delivery), and enhance drug penetration. In particular, the emergence of bioinspired microrobot surface design strategies have provided effective alternatives for treating infections, thereby preventing the possible development of bacterial resistance. In this paper, we review the recent advances in design, mechanism, and actuation modalities of micro/nanorobots with exceptional antimicrobial features, highlighting active therapy strategies for bacterial infections and derived complications at various organs, from the laboratory bench to in vivo applications. The current challenges and future research directions in this field are summarized. Those breakthroughs in micro/nanorobots offer a huge potential for clinical translation for bacterial infection therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China
| | - U T Uthappa
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Jie Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spine Surgery, Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, P. R. China
| | - Ming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518111, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518111, P.R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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11
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Sui Z, Wan C, Cheng H, Yang B. Micro/nanorobots for gastrointestinal tract. Front Chem 2024; 12:1423696. [PMID: 39582767 PMCID: PMC11581860 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1423696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of micro/nanomotors (MNMs) in the gastrointestinal tract has become a Frontier in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. These miniature robots can enter the gastrointestinal tract through oral administration, achieving precise drug delivery and therapy. They can traverse mucosal layers and tissue barriers, directly targeting tumors or other lesion sites, thereby enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic effects of drugs. Through the application of nanotechnology, these MNMs are able to accomplish targeted medication release, regulating drug release in response to either external stimuli or the local biological milieu. This results in reduced side effects and increased therapeutic efficacy. This review summarizes the primary classifications and power sources of current MNMs, as well as their applications in the gastrointestinal tract, providing inspiration and direction for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases with MNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Sui
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chugen Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hefei Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Ren A, Hu J, Qin C, Xia N, Yu M, Xu X, Yang H, Han M, Zhang L, Ma L. Oral administration microrobots for drug delivery. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:163-190. [PMID: 38808156 PMCID: PMC11130999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral administration is the most simple, noninvasive, convenient treatment. With the increasing demands on the targeted drug delivery, the traditional oral treatment now is facing some challenges: 1) biologics how to implement the oral treatment and ensure the bioavailability is not lower than the subcutaneous injections; 2) How to achieve targeted therapy of some drugs in the gastrointestinal tract? Based on these two issues, drug delivery microrobots have shown great application prospect in oral drug delivery due to their characteristics of flexible locomotion or driven ability. Therefore, this paper summarizes various drug delivery microrobots developed in recent years and divides them into four categories according to different driving modes: magnetic-controlled drug delivery microrobots, anchored drug delivery microrobots, self-propelled drug delivery microrobots and biohybrid drug delivery microrobots. As oral drug delivery microrobots involve disciplines such as materials science, mechanical engineering, medicine, and control systems, this paper begins by introducing the gastrointestinal barriers that oral drug delivery must overcome. Subsequently, it provides an overview of typical materials involved in the design process of oral drug delivery microrobots. To enhance readers' understanding of the working principles and design process of oral drug delivery microrobots, we present a guideline for designing such microrobots. Furthermore, the current development status of various types of oral drug delivery microrobots is reviewed, summarizing their respective advantages and limitations. Finally, considering the significant concerns regarding safety and clinical translation, we discuss the challenges and prospections of clinical translation for various oral drug delivery microrobots presented in this paper, providing corresponding suggestions for addressing some existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiarui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changwei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804 China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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13
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Lu C, Huang Y, Cui J, Wu J, Jiang C, Gu X, Cao Y, Yin S. Toward Practical Applications of Engineered Living Materials with Advanced Fabrication Techniques. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2295-2312. [PMID: 39002162 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Engineered Living Materials (ELMs) are materials composed of or incorporating living cells as essential functional units. These materials can be created using bottom-up approaches, where engineered cells spontaneously form well-defined aggregates. Alternatively, top-down methods employ advanced materials science techniques to integrate cells with various kinds of materials, creating hybrids where cells and materials are intricately combined. ELMs blend synthetic biology with materials science, allowing for dynamic responses to environmental stimuli such as stress, pH, humidity, temperature, and light. These materials exhibit unique "living" properties, including self-healing, self-replication, and environmental adaptability, making them highly suitable for a wide range of applications in medicine, environmental conservation, and manufacturing. Their inherent biocompatibility and ability to undergo genetic modifications allow for customized functionalities and prolonged sustainability. This review highlights the transformative impact of ELMs over recent decades, particularly in healthcare and environmental protection. We discuss current preparation methods, including the use of endogenous and exogenous scaffolds, living assembly, 3D bioprinting, and electrospinning. Emphasis is placed on ongoing research and technological advancements necessary to enhance the safety, functionality, and practical applicability of ELMs in real-world contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yaying Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junhua Wu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250021, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunping Jiang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250021, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250021, China
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine innovation center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine innovation center, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250021, China
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14
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Le QV, Shim G. Biorobotic Drug Delivery for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:3663. [PMID: 39125066 PMCID: PMC11314275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts, current drug-delivery systems face biological barriers and difficulties in bench-to-clinical use. Biomedical robotic systems have emerged as a new strategy for drug delivery because of their innovative diminutive engines. These motors enable the biorobots to move independently rather than relying on body fluids. The main components of biorobots are engines controlled by external stimuli, chemical reactions, and biological responses. Many biorobot designs are inspired by blood cells or microorganisms that possess innate swimming abilities and can incorporate living materials into their structures. This review explores the mechanisms of biorobot locomotion, achievements in robotic drug delivery, obstacles, and the perspectives of translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc-Viet Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Gayong Shim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
- Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
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15
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Zheng B, Wang L, Yi Y, Yin J, Liang A. Design strategies, advances and future perspectives of colon-targeted delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Asian J Pharm Sci 2024; 19:100943. [PMID: 39246510 PMCID: PMC11375318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2024.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) significantly contribute to high mortality globally and negatively affect patients' qualifications of life. The gastrointestinal tract has unique anatomical characteristics and physiological environment limitations. Moreover, certain natural or synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with poor targeting, low drug accumulation at the lesion site, and other side effects, hindering them from exerting their therapeutic effects. Colon-targeted drug delivery systems represent attractive alternatives as novel carriers for IBD treatment. This review mainly discusses the treatment status of IBD, obstacles to drug delivery, design strategies of colon-targeted delivery systems, and perspectives on the existing complementary therapies. Moreover, based on recent reports, we summarized the therapeutic mechanism of colon-targeted drug delivery. Finally, we addressed the challenges and future directions to facilitate the exploitation of advanced nanomedicine for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jun Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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16
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Serra-Casablancas M, Di Carlo V, Esporrín-Ubieto D, Prado-Morales C, Bakenecker AC, Sánchez S. Catalase-Powered Nanobots for Overcoming the Mucus Barrier. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16701-16714. [PMID: 38885185 PMCID: PMC11223492 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Biological barriers present a significant obstacle to treatment, especially when drugs are administered locally to increase their concentrations at the target site while minimizing unintended off-target effects. Among these barriers, mucus presents a challenge, as it serves as a protective layer in the respiratory, urogenital, and gastrointestinal tracts. Its role is to shield the underlying epithelial cells from pathogens and toxic compounds but also impedes the efficient delivery of drugs. Despite the exploration of mucolytic agents to improve drug delivery, overcoming this protective barrier remains a significant hurdle. In our study, we investigate an alternative approach involving the use of catalase-powered nanobots. We use an in vitro model that simulates intestinal mucus secretion to demonstrate the dual functionality of our nanobots. This includes their ability to disrupt mucus, which we confirmed through in vitro and ex vivo validation, as well as their self-propulsion to overcome the mucus barrier, resulting in a 60-fold increase compared with passive nanoparticles. Therefore, our findings highlight the potential utility of catalase-powered nanobots as carriers for therapeutic agents since they could enhance drug delivery efficiency by penetrating the mucus barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Serra-Casablancas
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri i Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat
de Barcelona, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Av. de Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valerio Di Carlo
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri i Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Esporrín-Ubieto
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri i Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Prado-Morales
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri i Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat
de Barcelona, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Av. de Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna C. Bakenecker
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri i Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri i Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys,
23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Fu YJ, Zhao X, Wang LY, Li K, Jiang N, Zhang ST, Wang RK, Zhao YF, Yang W. A Gas Therapy Strategy for Intestinal Flora Regulation and Colitis Treatment by Nanogel-Based Multistage NO Delivery Microcapsules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309972. [PMID: 38324725 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Current approaches to treating inflammatory bowel disease focus on the suppression of overactive immune responses, the removal of reactive intestinal oxygen species, and regulation of the intestinal flora. However, owing to the complex structure of the gastrointestinal tract and the influence of mucus, current small-molecule and biologic-based drugs for treating colitis cannot effectively act at the site of colon inflammation, and as a result, they tend to exhibit low efficacies and toxic side effects. In this study, nanogel-based multistage NO delivery microcapsules are developed to achieve NO release at the inflammation site by targeting the inflammatory tissues using the nanogel. Surprisingly, oral administration of the microcapsules suppresses the growth of pathogenic bacteria and increases the abundance of probiotic bacteria. Metabolomics further show that an increased abundance of intestinal probiotics promotes the production of metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids and indole derivatives, which modulate the intestinal immunity and restore the intestinal barrier via the interleukin-17 and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. This work reveals that the developed gas therapy strategy based on multistage NO delivery microcapsules modulates the intestinal microbial balance, thereby reducing inflammation and promoting intestinal barrier repair, ultimately providing a new therapeutic approach for the clinical management of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li-Ya Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Niu Jiang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rao-Kaijuan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610032, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610032, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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18
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Liu W, Nie H, Li H, Liu Y, Tian M, Wang S, Yang Y, Long W. Engineered platelet cell motors for boosted cancer radiosensitization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 658:540-552. [PMID: 38128197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Design of engineered cells to target and deliver nanodrugs to the hard-to-reach regions has become an exciting research area. However, the limited penetration and retention of cell-based carriers in tumor tissue restricted their therapeutic efficiency. Inspired by the enhanced delivery behavior of mobile micro/nanomotors, herein, urease-powered platelet cell motors (PLT@Au@Urease) capable of active locomotion, tumor targeting, and radiosensitizers delivery were designed for boosting radiosensitization. The engineered platelet cell motors were constructed by in situ synthesis and loading of radiosensitizers gold nanoparticles in platelets, and then conjugation with urease as the engine. Under physiological concentration of urea, thrust around PLT@Au@Urease motors can be generated via the biocatalytic reactions of urease, leading to rapid tumor cell targeting and enhanced cellular uptake of radiosensitizers. Encouragingly, in comparison with engineered PLT without propulsion capability (PLT@Au), the self-propelled PLT@Au@Urease motors could significantly increase intracellular ROS level and exacerbate nuclear DNA damage induced by γ-radiation, resulting in a remarkably high sensitization enhancement rate (1.89) than that of PLT@Au (1.08). In vivo experiments with 4 T1-bearing mice demonstrated that PLT@Au@Urease in combination with radiation therapy possessed good antitumor performance. Such an intelligent cell motor would provide a promising approach to enhance radiosensitization and broaden the applications of cell motor-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hongmei Nie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - He Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Maoye Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shuhuai Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wei Long
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
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19
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de Macêdo LS, de Pinho SS, Silva AJD, de Moura IA, Espinoza BCF, da Conceição Viana Invenção M, Novis PVS, da Gama MATM, do Nascimento Carvalho M, Leal LRS, Cruz BIS, Bandeira BMA, Santos VEP, de Freitas AC. Understanding yeast shells: structure, properties and applications. ADMET AND DMPK 2024; 12:299-317. [PMID: 38720922 PMCID: PMC11075163 DOI: 10.5599/admet.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The employment of yeasts for biomedical purposes has become increasingly frequent for the delivery of prophylactic and therapeutic products. Its structural components, such as β-glucans, mannan, and chitin, can be explored as immunostimulators that show safety and low toxicity. Besides, this system minimizes antigen degradation after administration, facilitating the delivery to the target cells. Review approach This review sought to present molecules derived from yeast, called yeast shells (YS), and their applications as carrier vehicles for drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids for immunotherapy purposes. Furthermore, due to the diversity of information regarding the production and immunostimulation of these compounds, a survey of the protocols and immune response profiles generated was presented. Key results The use of YS has allowed the development of strategies that combine efficiency and effectiveness in antigen delivery. The capsular structure can be recognized and phagocytized by dendritic cells and macrophages. In addition, the combination with different molecules, such as nanoparticles or even additional adjuvants, improves the cargo loading, enhancing the system. Activation by specific immune pathways can also be achieved by different administration routes. Conclusion Yeast derivatives combined in different ways can increase immunostimulation, enhancing the delivery of medicines and vaccine antigens. These aspects, combined with the simplicity of the production steps, make these strategies more accessible to be applied in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE; Department of Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco; Pernambuco - Recife 50670-901, Brazil
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20
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Wang H, Chen X, Zhang L, Han Z, Zheng J, Qi Y, Zhao W, Xu X, Li T, Zhou Y, Bao P, Xue X. Dual-Fuel Propelled Nanomotors with Two-Stage Permeation for Deep Bacterial Infection in the Treatment of Pulpitis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305063. [PMID: 38044274 PMCID: PMC10837366 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection-induced inflammatory response could cause irreversible death of pulp tissue in the absence of timely and effective therapy. Given that, the narrow structure of root canal limits the therapeutic effects of passive diffusion-drugs, considerable attention has been drawn to the development of nanomotors, which have high tissue penetration abilities but generally face the problem of insufficient fuel concentration. To address this drawback, dual-fuel propelled nanomotors (DPNMs) by encapsulating L-arginine (L-Arg), calcium peroxide (CaO2 ) in metal-organic framework is developed. Under pathological environment, L-Arg could release nitric oxide (NO) by reacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to provide the driving force for movement. Remarkably, the depleted ROS could be supplemented through the reaction between CaO2 with acids abundant in the inflammatory microenvironment. Owing to high diffusivity, NO achieves further tissue penetration based on the first-stage propulsion of nanomotors, thereby removing deep-seated bacterial infection. Results indicate that the nanomotors effectively eliminate bacterial infection based on antibacterial activity of NO, thereby blocking inflammatory response and oxidative damage, forming reparative dentine layer to avoid further exposure and infection. Thus, this work provides a propagable strategy to overcome fuel shortage and facilitates the therapy of deep lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyNankai UniversityHaihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan RoadTianjin300353P. R. China
- Present address:
Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative DrugsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesTianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear MedicineInstitute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300192P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyNankai UniversityHaihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan RoadTianjin300353P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function ReconstructionTianjin Stomatological HospitalThe Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai UniversityTianjin300041P. R. China
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyNankai UniversityHaihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan RoadTianjin300353P. R. China
| | - Jinxin Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function ReconstructionTianjin Stomatological HospitalThe Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai UniversityTianjin300041P. R. China
| | - Yilin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyNankai UniversityHaihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan RoadTianjin300353P. R. China
| | - Weitao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyNankai UniversityHaihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan RoadTianjin300353P. R. China
| | - Xihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyNankai UniversityHaihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan RoadTianjin300353P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyNankai UniversityHaihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan RoadTianjin300353P. R. China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyNankai UniversityHaihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan RoadTianjin300353P. R. China
| | - Pingping Bao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function ReconstructionTianjin Stomatological HospitalThe Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai UniversityTianjin300041P. R. China
| | - Xue Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of PharmacyNankai UniversityHaihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan RoadTianjin300353P. R. China
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21
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Liu X, Wang Y, Peng Y, Shi J, Chen W, Wang W, Ma X. Urease-Powered Micromotors with Spatially Selective Distribution of Enzymes for Capturing and Sensing Exosomes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24343-24354. [PMID: 38038995 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-catalyzed micro/nanomotors (MNMs) exhibit tremendous potential for biological isolation and sensing, because of their biocompatibility, versatility, and ready access to biofuel. However, flow field generated by enzyme-catalyzed reactions might significantly hinder performance of surface-linked functional moieties, e.g., the binding interaction between MNMs and target cargos. Herein, we develop enzymatic micromotors with spatially selective distribution of urease to enable the independent operation of various modules and facilitate the capture and sensing of exosomes. When urease is modified into the motors' cavity, the flow field from enzyme catalysis has little effect on the exterior surface of the motors. The active motion and encapsulating urease internally result in enhancement of ∼35% and 18% in binding efficiency of target cargos, e.g., exosomes as an example here, compared to their static counterparts and moving micromotors with urease modified externally, respectively. Once exosomes are trapped, they can be transferred to a clean environment by the motors for Raman signal detection and/or identification using the surface Raman enhancement scattering (SERS) effect of coated gold nanoshell. The biocatalytic micromotors, achieving spatial separation between driving module and function module, offer considerable promise for future design of multifunctional MNMs in biomedicine and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yixin Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
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22
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Nguyen VD, Park JO, Choi E. Macrophage-Based Microrobots for Anticancer Therapy: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:553. [PMID: 37999194 PMCID: PMC10669771 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, which are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system, possess sensory receptors that enable them to target cancer cells. In addition, they are able to engulf large amounts of particles through phagocytosis, suggesting a potential "Trojan horse" drug delivery approach to tumors by facilitating the engulfment of drug-hidden particles by macrophages. Recent research has focused on the development of macrophage-based microrobots for anticancer therapy, showing promising results and potential for clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent development of macrophage-based microrobot research for anticancer therapy. First, we discuss the types of macrophage cells used in the development of these microrobots, the common payloads they carry, and various targeting strategies utilized to guide the microrobots to cancer sites, such as biological, chemical, acoustic, and magnetic actuations. Subsequently, we analyze the applications of these microrobots in different cancer treatment modalities, including photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and various synergistic combination therapies. Finally, we present future outlooks for the development of macrophage-based microrobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Du Nguyen
- Robot Research Initiative, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- Robot Research Initiative, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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23
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Niu J, Liu C, Yang X, Liang W, Wang Y. Construction of micro-nano robots: living cells and functionalized biological cell membranes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1277964. [PMID: 37781535 PMCID: PMC10539914 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1277964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-nano robots have emerged as a promising research field with vast potential applications in biomedicine. The motor is the key component of micro-nano robot research, and the design of the motor is crucial. Among the most commonly used motors are those derived from living cells such as bacteria with flagella, sperm, and algal cells. Additionally, scientists have developed numerous self-adaptive biomimetic motors with biological functions, primarily cell membrane functionalized micromotors. This novel type of motor exhibits remarkable performance in complex media. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the structure and performance of micro-nano robots that utilize living cells and functionalized biological cell membranes. We also discuss potential practical applications of these mirco-nano robots as well as potential challenges that may arise in future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Niu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenlu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlong Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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24
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Li J, Wang H. Selective organ targeting nanoparticles: from design to clinical translation. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:1155-1173. [PMID: 37427677 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00145h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Targeting nanoparticle is a very promising therapeutic approach that can precisely target specific sites to treat diseases. Research on nanoscale drug delivery systems has made great progress in the past few years, making targeting nanoparticles a promising prospect. However, selective targeting nanoparticles designed for specific organs still face several challenges, one of which is the unknown fate of nanoparticles in vivo. This review starts with the in vivo journey of nanoparticles and describes the biological barriers and some targeting strategies for nanoparticles to target specific organs. Then, through the collection of literature in recent years, the design of selective targeting nanoparticles for various organs is illustrated, which provides a reference strategy for people to study the design of selective organ targeting nanoparticles. Ultimately, the prospect and challenge of selective organ targeting nanoparticles are discussed by collecting the data of clinical trials and marketed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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25
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Zhang S, Zhu C, Huang W, Liu H, Yang M, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Liu J, Shi J, Hu Y, Shi X, Wang ZH. Recent progress of micro/nanomotors to overcome physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract. J Control Release 2023; 360:514-527. [PMID: 37429360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration is a convenient administration route for gastrointestinal disease therapy with good patient compliance. But the nonspecific distribution of the oral drugs may cause serious side effects. In recent years, oral drug delivery systems (ODDS) have been applied to deliver the drugs to the gastrointestinal disease sites with decreased side effects. However, the delivery efficiency of ODDS is tremendously limited by physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal sites, such as the long and complex gastrointestinal tract, mucus layer, and epithelial barrier. Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are micro/nanoscale devices that transfer various energy sources into autonomous motion. The outstanding motion characteristics of MNMs inspired the development of targeted drug delivery, especially the oral drug delivery. However, a comprehensive review of oral MNMs for the gastrointestinal diseases therapy is still lacking. Herein, the physiological barriers of ODDS were comprehensively reviewed. Afterward, the applications of MNMs in ODDS for overcoming the physiological barriers in the past 5 years were highlighted. Finally, future perspectives and challenges of MNMs in ODDS are discussed as well. This review will provide inspiration and direction of MNMs for the therapy of gastrointestinal diseases, pushing forward the clinical application of MNMs in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chaoran Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wanting Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xuejiao Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yurong Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiufang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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26
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Dong X, Wu W, Pan P, Zhang XZ. Engineered Living Materials for Advanced Diseases Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2304963. [PMID: 37436776 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural living materials serving as biotherapeutics exhibit great potential for treating various diseases owing to their immunoactivity, tissue targeting, and other biological activities. In this review, the recent developments in engineered living materials, including mammalian cells, bacteria, viruses, fungi, microalgae, plants, and their active derivatives that are used for treating various diseases are summarized. Further, the future perspectives and challenges of such engineered living material-based biotherapeutics are discussed to provide considerations for future advances in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China
| | - Pei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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27
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Zhang B, Zhu L, Pan H, Cai L. Biocompatible smart micro/nanorobots for active gastrointestinal tract drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1427-1441. [PMID: 37840310 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2270915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral delivery is the most commonly used route of drug administration owing to good patient compliance. However, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains multiple physiological barriers that limit the absorption efficiency of conventional passive delivery systems resulting in a low drug concentration reaching the diseased sites. Micro/nanorobots can convert energy to self-propulsive force, providing a novel platform to actively overcome GI tract barriers for noninvasive drug delivery and treatment. AREAS COVERED In this review, we first describe the microenvironments and barriers in the different compartments of the GI tract. Afterward, the applications of micro/nanorobots to overcome GI tract barriers for active drug delivery are highlighted and discussed. Finally, we summarize and discuss the challenges and future prospects of micro/nanorobots for further clinical applications. EXPERT OPINION Micro/nanorobots with the ability to autonomously propel themselves and to load, transport, and release payloads on demand are ideal carriers for active oral drug delivery. Although there are many challenges to be addressed, micro/nanorobots have great potential to introduce a new era of drug delivery for precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
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28
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Ni R, Luo Y, Jiang L, Mao X, Feng Y, Tuersun S, Hu Z, Zhu Y. Repairing gastric ulcer with hyaluronic acid/extracellular matrix composite through promoting M2-type polarization of macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125556. [PMID: 37364804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of gastric ulcer and perforation using synthetic and biomaterials has been a clinical challenge. In this work, a drug-carrying layer of hyaluronic acid was combined with a gastric submucosal decellularized extracellular matrix called gHECM. The regulation of macrophage polarization by the extracellular matrix's components was then investigated. This work proclaims how gHECM responds to inflammation and aids in the regeneration of the gastric lining by altering the phenotype of surrounding macrophages and stimulating the body's whole immune response. In a nutshell, gHECM promotes tissue regeneration by changing the phenotype of macrophages around the site of injury. In particular, gHECM reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreases the percentage of M1 macrophages, and further encourages differentiation of macrophage subpopulation to the M2 phenotype and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which could block the NF-κB pathway. Activated macrophages are capable of immediately delivering through spatial barriers, modulating the peripheral immune system, influencing the inflammatory microenvironment, and ultimately promoting the recovery of inflammation and healing of ulcers. They contribute to the secreted cytokines that act on local tissues or enhance the chemotactic ability of macrophages through paracrine secretion. In this study, we focused on the immunological regulatory network of macrophage polarization to further develop the mechanisms behind this process. Nevertheless, the signaling pathways involved in this process need to be further explored and identified. We think that our research will encourage more investigation into how the decellularized matrix affects immune modulation and will help the decellularized matrix perform better as a new class of natural biomaterials for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhao Ni
- Ningbo University, Health Science Center, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Ningbo University, Health Science Center, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lingjing Jiang
- Ningbo University, Health Science Center, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xufeng Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Yuyao Feng
- Ningbo University, Health Science Center, Ningbo 315211, China
| | | | - Zeming Hu
- Ningbo University, Health Science Center, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Ningbo University, Health Science Center, Ningbo 315211, China.
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29
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Abstract
Untethered robots in the size range of micro/nano-scale offer unprecedented access to hard-to-reach areas of the body. In these challenging environments, autonomous task completion capabilities of micro/nanorobots have been the subject of research in recent years. However, most of the studies have presented preliminary in vitro results that can significantly differ under in vivo settings. Here, we focus on the studies conducted with animal models to reveal the current status of micro/nanorobotic applications in real-world conditions. By a categorization based on target locations, we highlight the main strategies employed in organs and other body parts. We also discuss key challenges that require interest before the successful translation of micro/nanorobots to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay M Oral
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 70800, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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