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BLOMBAECK B, BLOMBAECK M. A Method for the Assay of Factor V. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2010; 15:639-48. [PMID: 14077019 DOI: 10.3109/00365516309051347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Activation of precursor proteins by specific and limited proteolysis is a hallmark of the hemostatic process. The homologous coagulation factors (F)V and FVIII circulate in an inactive, quiescent state in blood. In this so-called procofactor state, these proteins have little, if any procoagulant activity and do not participate to any significant degree in their respective macromolecular enzymatic complexes. Thrombin is considered a key physiological activator, cleaving select peptide bonds in FV and FVIII which ultimately leads to appropriate structural changes that impart cofactor function. As the active cofactors (FVa and FVIIIa) have an enormous impact on thrombin and FXa generation, maintaining FV and FVIII as inactive procofactors undoubtedly plays an important regulatory role that has likely evolved to maintain normal hemostasis. Over the past three decades there has been widespread interest in studying the proteolytic events that lead to the activation of these proteins. While a great deal has been learned, mechanistic explanations as to how bond cleavage facilitates conversion to the active cofactor species remain incompletely understood. However, recent advances have been made detailing how thrombin recognizes FV and FVIII and also how the FV B-domain plays a dominant role in maintaining the procofactor state. Here we review our current understanding of the molecular process of procofactor activation with a particular emphasis on FV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Camire
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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KORSAN-BENGTSEN K, YGGE J. Purification of Human and Bovine Accelerin (Serum Accelerator Globulin) on an Anion Exchange Resin Column. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 13:604-8. [PMID: 14458537 DOI: 10.3109/00365516109137332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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DE VRIES A, HERZ N, HEIMAN-HOLLANDER E. Observations on Prothrombin Consumption during Clotting of Normal Blood in Glass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 138:219-24. [PMID: 14782865 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1950.tb10116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Janssen CL, van Leeuwen WH. Behaviour of factor V and factor VIII during the process of blood coagulation. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 2009; 9:531-8. [PMID: 5074559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1972.tb00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lewis JH, Ferguson JH. THROMBIN FORMATION. I. THE ROLE OF CALCIUM, SERUM AC-GLOBULIN AND TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN. J Clin Invest 2006; 27:778-84. [PMID: 16695601 PMCID: PMC439555 DOI: 10.1172/jci102028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J H Lewis
- Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Jacox
- Department of Medicine of the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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ALEXANDER B, GOLDSTEIN R, LANDWEHR G. The prothrombin conversion accelerator of serum (SPCA): its partial purification and its properties compared with serum AC-globulin. J Clin Invest 2004; 29:881-95. [PMID: 15436856 PMCID: PMC436124 DOI: 10.1172/jci102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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ALEXANDER B, LANDWEHR G. Prothrombin consumption, serum prothrombic activity and prothrombin conversion accelerator in hemophilia and thrombocytopenia. J Clin Invest 2004; 28:1511-6. [PMID: 15395954 PMCID: PMC439708 DOI: 10.1172/jci102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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HERZ N, DE VRIES A, HEIMAN-HOLLANDER E. Determination of serum prothrombin with a two-stage method, using alcohol to block antithrombin activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 138:211-18. [PMID: 14782864 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1950.tb10115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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SEEGERS WH, COLE ER, AOKI N, OLIVEIRA A. FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION OF AC-GLOBULIN AND LIPID IN BLOOD CLOTTING. Nature 1996; 200:1014-5. [PMID: 14097725 DOI: 10.1038/2001014a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wyshock EG, Suffredini AF, Parrillo JE, Colman RW. Cofactors V and VIII after endotoxin administration to human volunteers. Thromb Res 1995; 80:377-89. [PMID: 8588199 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(95)00190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation factor V (FV) and factor VIII (FVIII) are usually decreased in septicemic DIC. Low doses of endotoxin administered to healthy volunteers stimulate activation of the fibrinolytic, contact and coagulation systems, but not clinical DIC. Following the administration of endotoxin (4 ng/kg) to normal volunteers (n = 15), we applied new assays for FV antigens using monoclonal antibodies to the activation peptide (C1) and to the light chain of FV. At 5 hours, FV coagulant activity was significantly decreased (64 +/- 9%), as was the FV light chain antigen (74 +/- 6%), without a change in factor V C1 antigen or total protein C. In contrast, FVIII coagulant activity was greater than preinfusion levels at 2-5 hours. The decrease in FV activity may be due to APC cleavage of FV heavy chain, but the loss of light chain antigen suggests that plasmin and/or calpain also contribute. APC may not be the only enzyme responsible for cofactor inactivation. FV is one of the most sensitive markers, even reflecting subclinical activation of coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Wyshock
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Annamalai AE, Stewart GJ, Hansel B, Memoli M, Chiu HC, Manuel DW, Doshi K, Colman RW. Expression of factor V on human umbilical vein endothelial cells is modulated by cell injury. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (DALLAS, TEX.) 1986; 6:196-202. [PMID: 3954673 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.6.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since human endothelial cells synthesize Factor V but do not secrete it into the medium, we studied the effects of cell injury on the availability of Factor V at the surface of these cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), grown to confluency and incubated with human 125I Factor Va, specifically bound 5000 to 7000 molecules per cell. In the absence of added Va, no antigen was detected on adherent HUVEC with either labeled anti-V(Va) monoclonal or polyclonal IgG. However, exogenous Va, not V, prebound to these cells allows binding of labeled 125I anti-V(Va). Immunodectectibility of bovine Factor V contributed by fetal calf serum in the concentration used in cultures is less than 0.1% of that detected in human plasma. HUVEC, suspended by scraping from dishes, specifically bound 4000 molecules/cell of 125/I monoclonal IgG against V(Va). Although undisturbed cells excluded trypan blue, dye uptake by many of the suspended HUVEC indicated cell injury. Quantitation of injury by 51Cr release after scraping followed by multiple passages through an 18 g needle showed that 51Cr release increased with number of manipulations up to 60% and was observed almost immediately after manipulation. We suggest that little Factor V(Va) is present on the surface of intact adherent HUVEC. However, mechanical injury to HUVEC released or exposed endogenous Factor V(Va), resulting in expression of V that might mediate Factor Xa binding as well as activation of protein C by thrombin. Thus, injured, but not intact, HUVEC could participate in both promoting and limiting blood coagulation.
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Chiu HC, Schick PK, Colman RW. Biosynthesis of factor V in isolated guinea pig megakaryocytes. J Clin Invest 1985; 75:339-46. [PMID: 3973008 PMCID: PMC423488 DOI: 10.1172/jci111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although platelets contain Factor V, localized primarily in the alpha-granules, the origin of this coagulation cofactor in these cells is not known. We therefore explored whether isolated megakaryocytes could biosynthesize Factor V. Guinea pig plasma Factor V coagulant activity was demonstrated to be neutralized by human monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed monospecifically against human Factor V. These antibodies had been used earlier to purify human Factor V. These antibodies had been used earlier to purify human Factor V and to quantify Factor V antigen concentration, respectively (1983. Chiu, H. C., E. Whitaker, and R. W. Colman. J. Clin. Invest. 72:493-503). As determined by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with guinea pig plasma as a standard, Factor V solubilized from guinea pig megakaryocytes was present at 0.098 +/- 0.018 micrograms/10(5) cells. Each megakaryocyte contained about 500 times as much Factor V as is in a platelet (0.234 +/- 0.180 micrograms/10(8) platelets). The content of Factor V antigen in guinea pig plasma was greater (27.0 +/- 3.0 micrograms/ml) than that of Factor V antigen in human plasma (11.1 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml). In contrast, human platelets contain ninefold more Factor V antigen (2.01 +/- 1.09 micrograms/10(8) platelets) than do guinea pig were 2.85 +/- 0.30 U/ml plasma, 0.022 +/- 0.012 U/10(8) platelets, and 0.032 +/- 0.03 U/10(5) megakaryocytes, compared with human values of 0.98 +/- 0.02 U/ml plasma and 0.124 +/- 0.064 U/10(8) platelets. Isolated megakaryocytes were found to contain Factor V by cytoimmunofluorescence. The megakaryocytes were incubated with [35S]methionine, and radiolabeled intracellular proteins purified were on a human anti-Factor V immunoaffinity column. The purified protein exhibited Factor V coagulant activity and neutralized the inhibitory activity of a rabbit antihuman Factor V antibody, which suggests that megakaryocyte Factor V is functionally and antigenically intact. These results indicate that Factor V is synthesized by guinea pig megakaryocytes. Nonetheless, megakaryocyte Factor V was more slowly activated by thrombin and in the absence of calcium was more stable after activation than was plasma Factor Va. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and autoradiography of the purified molecule showed a major band of Mr 380,000 and a minor band of Mr 350,000, as compared with guinea pig and human plasma Factor V, where the protein had an Mr of 350,000. Both forms of Factor V were substrates for thrombin. Possible explanations for the higher molecular weight and different thrombin sensitivity and stability observed are that a precursor of Factor V was isolated or that the megakaryocyte Factor V had not been fully processed before isolation.
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Chiu HC, Whitaker E, Colman RW. Heterogeneity of human factor V deficiency. Evidence for the existence of antigen-positive variants. J Clin Invest 1983; 72:493-503. [PMID: 6348091 PMCID: PMC1129207 DOI: 10.1172/jci110997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional human Factor V has been purified using a rapid immunoaffinity method. Following barium citrate adsorption of plasma, Factor V was precipitated with polyethylene glycol at a concentration between 5 and 14%. The resulting preparation was applied to a column containing an immobilized immunoadsorbent consisting of an IgG fraction containing a naturally occurring human monoclonal (IgG(4)lambda) antibody with inhibitory activity against human Factor V. The solid phase immunoglobulin quantitatively bound Factor V from human plasma. The bound Factor V was effectively eluted with a Tris buffer pH 7.2 containing 1.2 M NaCl and 1 M alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. The isolated native Factor V with high specific activity (92 U/mg) showed a single band (M(r), 350,000) on both reduced and nonreduced sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Factor V was purified 5,100-fold over plasma with an overall yield of 77%. The purified Factor V when subjected to thrombin activation exhibited an 18-fold increase in coagulant activity. The isolated Factor V neutralized the inhibitory activities of the monoclonal antibody that was used to purify it, as well as the rabbit antibodies produced by immunizing the animals with the purified Factor V. Immunoelectrophoresis of purified Factor V against the polyclonal rabbit antiserum resulted in a single precipitin arc of identical mobility to the Factor V in normal human plasma. Analysis by double immunodiffusion showed a line of identity between plasma and purified Factor V and crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed a single species in normal plasma.A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the rabbit antibody against Factor V was applied to quantify Factor V antigen level in human plasma. Reconstitution of congenitally deficient or immunodepleted plasma with normal plasma or purified Factor V gave parallel dose-response curves. In 14 normal plasma the coagulant activity was 0.98+/-0.02 U/ml (mean+/-SEM) and antigen concentration was 11.1+/-0.4 mug/ml. A pool of 14 patients with congenital Factor V deficiency were studied. 10 patients had Factor V antigen ranging from 1.0 to 2.4 mug/ml with corresponding coagulant activities (0-0.17 U/ml) indicating a low concentration of normal Factor V, presumably due to decreased synthesis or increased degradation. When these patient plasmas and the normal plasmas were analyzed together an excellent correlation (r = 0.97, P < 0.01) was obtained. However, four patients with coagulant activity (0-0.08 U/ml) had Factor V antigen concentrations ranging from 4.4 to 6.1 mug/ml, indicating the presence of a reduced concentration of abnormal Factor V protein. The presence of patients with antigen similar in concentration to coagulant activity and antigen in excess of Factor V activity indicates the heterogeneity of congenital Factor V deficiency.
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Rawala R, Niewiarowski S, Colman RW. Molecular changes during the activation of coagulation factor V by snake venom proteases. Protein J 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01025352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Isaacs JD, Savion N, Gospodarowicz D, Fenton JW, Shuman MA. Covalent binding of thrombin to specific sites on corneal endothelial cells. Biochemistry 1981; 20:398-403. [PMID: 6258640 DOI: 10.1021/bi00505a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Binding of 125I-labeled human alpha-thrombin to endothelial cells derived from bovine corneas was studied in tissue culture. Specific and saturable binding to the cell surface occurred at 37 degrees C but to a much smaller extent at 4 degrees C. Binding of [125I]thrombin to a specific site on these cells with formation of a 77000-dalton complex was demonstrated by NaDodSO4 (sodium dodecyl sulfate)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Binding of [125I]thrombin was blocked by a 100-fold excess of unlabeled alpha-thrombin and by the thrombin inhibitor, hirudin. There are approximately 100000 of these thrombin binding sites on the cell surface. Formation of the complex could be detected as early as 15 s, increased rapidly over the next 20-30 min, and then continued at a slower rate for the next 2.5 h. The catalytically active site of the enzyme was required for formation of the NaDodSO4-stable complex as shown by the inability of diisopropyl phosphorofluoride inactivated thrombin to form stable complexes with these cells. The complex was dissociated in NaDodSO4 with 1.0 M hydroxylamine, suggesting an acyl linkage of the enzyme to the cellular binding site. The thrombin-endothelial cell complex was distinct from the thrombin-antithrombin III complex (Mr approximately 90000) on gel electrophoresis, and its formation was not enhanced by heparin. Additional thrombin-cell complexes (Mr less than 77000) were also identified; however, they represent a small fraction of the total thrombin bound to the cells. These observations demonstrate that alpha-thrombin is capable of reacting specifically with corneal endothelial cells to form a NaDod-SO4-stable complex which requires the catalytically active enzyme.
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Liniger W, Karreman G, Rawala R, Colman R. Mathematical model of the activation of prothrombin by factor Xa and factory Vt. Bull Math Biol 1980; 42:861-70. [PMID: 7459497 DOI: 10.1007/bf02461064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Bolhuis PA, Hakvoort TB, Breederveld K, Mochtar IA, ten Cate JW. Isolation and partial characterization of human factor V. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 578:23-30. [PMID: 454668 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Factor V was isolated from human citrate plasma by very mild purification steps. Cryoprecipitation, fractionation with polyethylene glycol 6000, gel filtration of AcA 44 and adsorption of haptoglobin to immobilized hemoglobin were applied successively, resulting in factor V preparations with a specific activity of 14.5 unit/mg. The yield was 28 percent. A molecular weight of 296 000 was determined by gel filtration and the apparent sedimentation constant found by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient was 7.8 S. Parallel experiments with citrate plasma resulted in the same molecular weight and sedimentation constant. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of factor V in the presence or absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed a single protein band. Incubation with human thrombin resulted in an 8-fold activation of the purified factor V.
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Saraswathi S, Rawala R, Colman R. Subunit structure of bovine factor V. Influence of proteolysis during blood collection. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Kandall CL, Rosenberg R, Colman RW. Molecular changes associated with proteolysis of bovine factor V by thrombin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 58:203-11. [PMID: 1183435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Native factor V contains two major polypeptide chains, h and 1. The molecular weights determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate and dithiothreitol (125 000 and 73 000) are in reasonable agreement with those obtained by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine-HC1 (125000 and 64000). Exposure of factor V to thrombin results in cleavage of the heavier chain to an altered form with a molecular weight of 87000. The other fragment of this proteolytic reaction appears to be a carbohydrate-rich piece, which migrates abnormally slowly on gel electrophoresis conducted under denaturing and reducing conditions. Both proteolytic cleavage products remain associated with the light chain during the purification of factor V. The 87000-Mr fragment is present in samples of factor V which are isolated by immunoprecipitation of blood obtained from a single animal by venous catheter. This finding suggests that some proteolysis may occur in vivo. In contrast, the molecular weight of the light chain is unaltered after thrombin proteolysis of either purified factor V or thrombin-treated plasma.
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Cooper HA, Reisner FF, Hall M, Wagner RH. Effects of thrombin treatment of preparations of factor VIII and the Ca2+-dissociated small active fragment. J Clin Invest 1975; 56:751-60. [PMID: 1080490 PMCID: PMC301924 DOI: 10.1172/jci108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When human, canine, or bovine factor VIII preparations are chromatographed on 4% agarose at ionic strength 0.2, the factor VIII activity elutes as a single peak in the void volume with slight tailing. Incubation of such preparations with dilute (0.01 U/ml) highly purified thrombin results in some activation of factor VIII. Chromatography of such incubation mixtures, under the same conditions as before, results in elution of two peaks of factor VIII activity one in the void volume and one much later with marked tailing. The void volume peak has most of the protein and some factor VIII activity. These void volume fractions also contain all the von Willebrand factor activity of thrombin-treated bovine preparations. Longer treatment with thrombin, or treatment with stronger thrombin, appears to shift much more of the procoagulant activity to the later eluting peak. Also, when the peak of factor VIII activity, found in the void volume after thrombin treatment, was again incubated with dilute thrombin, an increase in factor VIII activity occurred. Chromatography of this incubation mixture demonstrated only a small amount of activity in the void volume, while the bulk of the activity was present in the second peak. On the other hand, thrombin treatment of factor VIII activity from peak 2 caused a rapid decline of activity instead of a further increase. It is proposed that the residual factor VIII activity found in the void volume represents unreacted factor VIII, while the late eluting peak represents thrombin-activated material that is of smaller apparent size. The late eluting peak differs from the small active factor VIII fragment obtained by Ca2+ dissociation, as the latter can be activated by thrombin. A similar set of experiments was performed using ultracentifugation of bovine factor VIII preparations on sucrose density gradients. Results of these experiments agreed completely with those obtained with get chromatography. Preparations made from human hemophilic plasma, by the procudure employed in the purification of human factor VIII, were also incubated with thrombin and chromatographed. von Willebrand factor was again found only in the void volume fractions, but there was no factor VIII activity in any fractions eluted. In other control experiments, activated and unactivated factor VIII fractions did not clot fibrinogen and contained no assayable factor IX or X. The thrombin-modified factor VIII of small size was inactivated by both a naturally occurring human inhibitor to factor VIII and the gamma globulin fraction of a rabbit antisera produced against the calcium-dissociated small active factor VIII fragment.
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Abstract
Purified coagulation factors and specific antibodies to factor V and factor X were used to investigate the action of thrombin on factor V and the mechanism by which thrombin-treated factor V influences prothrombin activation. The formation of a complex or complexes between phospholipid, factor V, factor Xa and calcium was demonstrated by column chromatography on Sephadex gel, and by immunological analysis of the column fractions including the use of solid-phase antibodies. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that generation of thrombin from purified prothrombin was accomplished by this complex. Pre-treatment of factor V with trace quantities of thrombin resulted in increased yield and rate of thrombin generation. It was shown that phospholipid became saturated when incubated with increasing concentrations of factor V and that the initial saturating concentration of the latter was reduced by pre-treatment with thrombin. The findings confirm that optimum conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is accomplished by a complex or complexes of phospholipid, factor V, factor Xa and calcium and it is suggested that thrombin plays an autocatalytic role in these reactions.
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Janssen CL, Wijngaards G, van der Meer J. Conditions for stabilization and determination of activated factor V. Thromb Res 1974; 5:315-25. [PMID: 4216117 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(74)90170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ratnoff OD. The Physiology of Blood Coagulation. Blood 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-595705-2.50008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Triantaphyllopoulos E, Triantaphyllopoulos DC. Selected topics on blood coagulation. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 1:305-80. [PMID: 4609689 DOI: 10.3109/10409237309105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kandall C, Akinbami TK, Colman RW. Determinants of prothrombinase activity and modification of prothrombin conversion by thrombin-treated factor V. Br J Haematol 1972; 23:655-68. [PMID: 4675007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1972.tb03481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dombrose FA, Yasui T, Roubal Z, Roubal A, Seegers WH. Ac-globulin (Factor V): preparation of a practical product. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 2:381-96. [PMID: 4673387 DOI: 10.1080/00327487208065675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Day WC, Barton PG. Studies on the stability of bovine plasma factor V. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 261:457-68. [PMID: 5169152 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Colman RW, Moran J, Philip G. Kinetic Properties and Molecular Size of Thrombin-activated Factor V. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Philip G, Moran J, Colman RW. Dissociation and association of the oligomeric forms of factor V. Biochemistry 1970; 9:2212-8. [PMID: 5462520 DOI: 10.1021/bi00812a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Prentice CR, Ratnoff OD. The action of Russell's viper venom on factor V and the prothrombin-converting principle. Br J Haematol 1969; 16:291-302. [PMID: 5815894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1969.tb00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ratnoff OD. Some relationships among hemostasis, fibrinolytic phenomena, immunity, and the inflammatory response. Adv Immunol 1969; 10:145-227. [PMID: 4242699 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Prentice CR, Ratnoff OD, Breckenridge RT. Experiments on the nature of the prothrombin-converting principle: alteration of proaccelerin by thrombin. Br J Haematol 1967; 13:898-914. [PMID: 6075445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1967.tb08860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Barton PG, Hanahan DJ. The preparation and properties of a stable factor V from bovine plasma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 133:506-18. [PMID: 6068006 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(67)90555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Seegers WH, Cole ER, Aoki N. FUNCTION OF Ac-GLOBULIN AND LIPID IN BLOOD CLOTTING. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1139/o63-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this kinetic study of prothrombin activation prothrombin, thrombin, autoprothrombin C, autoprothrombin I, and Ac-globulin were used in purified form. The lipids used were protein-free sedimentable brain thromboplastin and crude "cephalin". Ac-globulin changed the substrate specificity of autoprothrombin C so that the latter really functions quite as another enzyme designated autoprothrombin C-AcG. The enzyme specificity of thrombin was also changed with Ac-globulin. The modified enzyme is designated thrombin-AcG. The two enzymes from prothrombin function in autocatalysis, and Ac-globulin is a co-autocatalyst. Thrombin-AcG is relatively a weaker enzyme than autoprothrombin C-AcG. With brain thromboplastin and Ac-globulin the two activation products are thrombin and autoprothrombin C. If the two procoagulants, brain thromboplastin and Ac-globulin, are in low concentration, autoprothrombin I compensates for the deficiency. In a typical prothrombin activation the microgram proportions of prothrombin, Ac-globulin, brain thromboplastin, and autoprothrombin I were respectively 500:26:20:400. Generally, lipid is present in lowest concentration and functions nonspecifically. Each lipid, such as brain thromboplastin, platelet factor 3, and crude cephalin, has its own peculiarities. The function of the lipids is in terms of the enzymes that originate from prothrombin itself. As soon as autoprothrombin C-AcG was constituted the full activity was there and was maintained. By contrast, when thrombin-AcG was constituted activity was there at once, tended to increase, and then subsided. Thrombin tends to activate Ac-globulin. The activity measured as Ac-globulin activity is nothing else than accelerated thrombin and (or) autoprothrombin C activity. When thrombin-AcG was used for activating prothrombin to thrombin there was no autoprothrombin C. Instead, there was another activation product called autoprothrombin III. This was isolated as a single component.
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Aoki N, Harmison CR, Seegers WH. PROPERTIES OF BOVINE Ac-GLOBULIN CONCENTRATES AND METHODS OF PREPARATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1139/o63-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is described for retaining bovine plasma Ac-globulin activity as one part of the protein from plasma for every 1000 parts removed. The yields averaged 15%. The procedure involves removal of prothrombin with barium carbonate, isoelectric fractionation, fractionation with ammonium sulphate, chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50, and a second fractionation with ammonium sulphate. The procedure requires 2 days; however, the first day completes up to chromatography and the concentrate at that time is quite useful for many purposes. It is more stable than the product obtained after chromatography and the yields are higher. In absence of salts Ac-globulin is quite insoluble at pH 5.0. The final product usually contained some impurity. With the analytical ultra-centrifuge the S20in 0.1 M potassium chloride solution was found to be 4.2 at a protein concentration of 12.4 mg/ml. The specific activity was 1500 U./mg dry weight. Bovine plasma contains 120 U./ml or about 9 mg/100 ml. Assuming the same specific activity for human plasma the concentration is most likely near 1 mg/100 ml. The best stability conditions found were: 50% glycerol, pH 7.0, and 0.1 M calcium chloride. Under those conditions at room temperature all activity was retained 6 to 7 hours, at refrigerator temperature 24 hours, and at −60 °C for 1 month. In rabbits, antibodies were readily produced. Oxidizing agents destroyed the activity, while reducing agents did not, nor did they tend to stabilize. SH blocking agents destroyed the activity. The loss of activity in the presence of 0.0025 M parachloromercuribenzoate was recovered with 0.04 M cysteine. The molecule deteriorated while attempts were made to obtain physical chemical data; consequently, the molecular weight was calculated from an amino acid analysis and found to be 98,800. The reliability of this value is problematical. Human plasma was analyzed and found to contain 13 U./ml Ac-globulin. After 4 days storage, at room temperature, the prolonged prothrombin time of that plasma was completely restored with 13 units of Ac-globulin, which is equivalent to 8 μg.
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Seegers WH, Cole ER, Aoki N. FUNCTION OF Ac-GLOBULIN AND LIPID IN BLOOD CLOTTING. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1139/y63-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this kinetic study of prothrombin activation prothrombin, thrombin, autoprothrombin C, autoprothrombin I, and Ac-globulin were used in purified form. The lipids used were protein-free sedimentable brain thromboplastin and crude "cephalin". Ac-globulin changed the substrate specificity of autoprothrombin C so that the latter really functions quite as another enzyme designated autoprothrombin C-AcG. The enzyme specificity of thrombin was also changed with Ac-globulin. The modified enzyme is designated thrombin-AcG. The two enzymes from prothrombin function in autocatalysis, and Ac-globulin is a co-autocatalyst. Thrombin-AcG is relatively a weaker enzyme than autoprothrombin C-AcG. With brain thromboplastin and Ac-globulin the two activation products are thrombin and autoprothrombin C. If the two procoagulants, brain thromboplastin and Ac-globulin, are in low concentration, autoprothrombin I compensates for the deficiency. In a typical prothrombin activation the microgram proportions of prothrombin, Ac-globulin, brain thromboplastin, and autoprothrombin I were respectively 500:26:20:400. Generally, lipid is present in lowest concentration and functions nonspecifically. Each lipid, such as brain thromboplastin, platelet factor 3, and crude cephalin, has its own peculiarities. The function of the lipids is in terms of the enzymes that originate from prothrombin itself. As soon as autoprothrombin C-AcG was constituted the full activity was there and was maintained. By contrast, when thrombin-AcG was constituted activity was there at once, tended to increase, and then subsided. Thrombin tends to activate Ac-globulin. The activity measured as Ac-globulin activity is nothing else than accelerated thrombin and (or) autoprothrombin C activity. When thrombin-AcG was used for activating prothrombin to thrombin there was no autoprothrombin C. Instead, there was another activation product called autoprothrombin III. This was isolated as a single component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Seegers
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wayne State University, College of Medicine Detroit, Michigan
| | - Edmond R. Cole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wayne State University, College of Medicine Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nobuo Aoki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wayne State University, College of Medicine Detroit, Michigan
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Aoki N, Harmison CR, Seegers WH. PROPERTIES OF BOVINE Ac-GLOBULIN CONCENTRATES AND METHODS OF PREPARATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1139/y63-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is described for retaining bovine plasma Ac-globulin activity as one part of the protein from plasma for every 1000 parts removed. The yields averaged 15%. The procedure involves removal of prothrombin with barium carbonate, isoelectric fractionation, fractionation with ammonium sulphate, chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50, and a second fractionation with ammonium sulphate. The procedure requires 2 days; however, the first day completes up to chromatography and the concentrate at that time is quite useful for many purposes. It is more stable than the product obtained after chromatography and the yields are higher. In absence of salts Ac-globulin is quite insoluble at pH 5.0. The final product usually contained some impurity. With the analytical ultra-centrifuge the S20in 0.1 M potassium chloride solution was found to be 4.2 at a protein concentration of 12.4 mg/ml. The specific activity was 1500 U./mg dry weight. Bovine plasma contains 120 U./ml or about 9 mg/100 ml. Assuming the same specific activity for human plasma the concentration is most likely near 1 mg/100 ml. The best stability conditions found were: 50% glycerol, pH 7.0, and 0.1 M calcium chloride. Under those conditions at room temperature all activity was retained 6 to 7 hours, at refrigerator temperature 24 hours, and at −60 °C for 1 month. In rabbits, antibodies were readily produced. Oxidizing agents destroyed the activity, while reducing agents did not, nor did they tend to stabilize. SH blocking agents destroyed the activity. The loss of activity in the presence of 0.0025 M parachloromercuribenzoate was recovered with 0.04 M cysteine. The molecule deteriorated while attempts were made to obtain physical chemical data; consequently, the molecular weight was calculated from an amino acid analysis and found to be 98,800. The reliability of this value is problematical. Human plasma was analyzed and found to contain 13 U./ml Ac-globulin. After 4 days storage, at room temperature, the prolonged prothrombin time of that plasma was completely restored with 13 units of Ac-globulin, which is equivalent to 8 μg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Aoki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wayne State University, College of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Charles R. Harmison
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wayne State University, College of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Walter H. Seegers
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wayne State University, College of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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BRADLEY JL, JAKUBS S. Postoperative hemorrhage in oral surgery. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1956; 9:352-61. [PMID: 13309964 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(56)90023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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SEEGERS WH, ALKJAERSIG N. The preparation of prothrombin derivatives and an indication of their properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 1956; 61:1-19. [PMID: 13292936 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(56)90312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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COX FM, LANCHANTIN GF, WARE AG. Chromatographic purification of human serum accelerator globulin. J Clin Invest 1956; 35:106-13. [PMID: 13278406 PMCID: PMC438783 DOI: 10.1172/jci103243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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BAILEY K, BETTELHEIM FR. The clotting of fibrinogen. I. The liberation of peptide material. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1955; 18:495-503. [PMID: 13304031 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(55)90140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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SEEGERS WH. Coagulation of the blood. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED SUBJECTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1955; 16:23-103. [PMID: 14376211 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122617.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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