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Vishnudattan NK, Tait DR, Nandan SB, Aravind EH, Babu DSS, Jayachandran PR. The seasonal distribution and pollution potential of dissolved heavy metals and nutrients in subterranean estuaries in southern India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115339. [PMID: 37517279 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand the distribution pattern, pollution degree and the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) of dissolved heavy metals, 15 subterranean estuaries (STEs) along southwest Indian coast were sampled over three contrasting seasons. The average concentration of metals were ranked as, pre-monsoon > monsoon > post-monsoon with 3 to 12-fold higher groundwater metal concentrations than the adjacent seawater. Average SGD derived essential metal fluxes were five times higher than the toxic metal fluxes of which Fe and Zn together contributed >90 %. Using the Single Factor Contamination Index, the majority of sites were minimally contaminated with only two sites indicating moderate ecological risk due to As. Higher fluxes of Fe, Cu and Zn were likely a result of rising anthropogenic activities. The SGD derived nutrient fluxes were an important source of DIP for primary production in coastal waters and represented 30 % and 44 % of the DIN and DIP inputs respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Vishnudattan
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Cochin 682016, Kerala, India
| | - Douglas R Tait
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - S Bijoy Nandan
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Cochin 682016, Kerala, India.
| | - E H Aravind
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Cochin 682016, Kerala, India
| | - D S Suresh Babu
- National Centre for Earth Sciences Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram 695031, Kerala, India
| | - P R Jayachandran
- Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies (ARC-EMS), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Sajeev S, Muthukumar P, Selvam S. Submarine groundwater discharge: An Asian overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138261. [PMID: 36898441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the combination of fresh and saline groundwater flux to marine system through continental boundaries regardless of its chemical composition and factors influencing the flow. We have discussed the SGD studies in the Asian context; SGD has been studied in various parts of Asia, including China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia. In China, SGD has been studied in several coastal regions, including the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea. In Japan, SGD has been studied in the Pacific coast, where it has been found to be an important source of fresh water to the coastal ocean. In South Korea, SGD has been studied in the Yellow Sea, where it has been found to be an important source of fresh water to the coastal ocean. In Southeast Asia, SGD has been studied in several countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Recently the SGD studies acquired much development India, the research on SGD in India is limited, and more studies are needed to understand the SGD process, its impact on the coastal environment, and the management strategies, Groundwater extraction for irrigation, industry, and domestic use is increasing in India, which can affect the SGD process in coastal aquifers. Overall, the studies suggest that SGD is an important process in Asian coastal regions, playing a role in the supply of fresh water and the transport of pollutants and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthy Sajeev
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India; Registration No: 19212232222016, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Muthukumar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Selvam
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Coomar P, Das K, Debnath P, Verma S, Das P, Biswas A, Mukherjee A. Arsenic enriched groundwater discharge to a tropical ocean: Understanding controls and processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120838. [PMID: 36496069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in transporting terrestrial-sourced arsenic (As) to the global oceans is not well documented. In the present study, executed on a coast adjoining the extensive groundwater As-contaminated Ganges river delta, we hypothesize that As-enriched groundwater discharges to the adjoining Bay of Bengal (BoB) through SGD flow paths. We conducted high-resolution, field-based investigations and thermodynamic modeling to understand the SGD-sourced As discharge and geochemical cycling of As and other redox-sensitive solutes along the discharge path under varying redox conditions and water sediment interactions. The As distribution and other solutes were measured in a series of multi-depth observation wells and sediment cores, extending from the high tide line (HTL) to 100 m toward the sea, for pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Results reveal the presence of a plume carrying up to 30 μg/L dissolved load of As toward the sea. Arsenic is associated with a plume of Fe and exhibits similar shore-perpendicular variability. Arsenic distribution and transport is controlled by the Fe-Mn redox cycle and influenced by terrestrial groundwater discharge. Field-observations and geochemical modeling demonstrate that Fe-hydroxide precipitates in the subterranean estuary and acts as an interim sink for As , which is eventually mobilized on alteration of geochemical conditions with the season. Fluctuating plume size can be attributed to seasonal variation in fresh groundwater input to the site. Estimates indicate up to 55mg/m2/d As is released to BoB from the site. Based on physicochemical observations this study demonstrates the yet to be studied SGD derived As cycles and the role of SGD dynamics in controlling the fate of redox-sensitive contaminants and their discharge into global oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomee Coomar
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Kousik Das
- Department of Environmental Science, SRM University-AP, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Palash Debnath
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Swati Verma
- Geological Oceanography Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Dona Paula, India
| | - Prerona Das
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India; Applied Policy Advisory to Hydrosciences Group, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
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4
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Peng D, Yu X, Li X, Sun A, Wang L, Wang T, Xu J. An automated parallel multi-channel chromatographic system for isotopic analysis - Demonstration considering Sr. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200905. [PMID: 36650901 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated, closed-column chromatographic system with parallel multi-channel has been developed. This system is established with seven reagent reservoirs, one multi-channel syringe pump, eight 10-port valves, forty sample tubes, 40 columns, and a fraction collection tray. Four samples can be purified simultaneously at a time, and 40 samples can be purified in one batch. Each sample can be purified by an independent channel, avoiding cross-contamination. The sample tubes can be flipped upside down for automatic cleaning, which eliminates the residue of samples. Moreover, the fraction collection tray can collect up to 104 different target components. The key performance of the system has been investigated. The results show that the sample tubes are well-cleaned, the bubble does not affect the chemical behavior of columns, the consistency of the parallel channels is excellent and the blank of the system is negligible. The system was demonstrated by the purification of Sr from reference materials (BCR-2, JB-2, JB-3, and NIST SRM 987). The recoveries of Sr are better than 89.4% and the blank of the whole procedure is less than 200 pg. The Sr isotope values agree well with the reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Peng
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ao Sun
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Leran Wang
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jinyong Xu
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Ghosh D, Donselaar ME. Predictive geospatial model for arsenic accumulation in Holocene aquifers based on interactions of oxbow-lake biogeochemistry and alluvial geomorphology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158952. [PMID: 36150597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of arsenic-contamination hotspots in alluvial aquifers is a global-scale challenge. The collection and inventory of arsenic concentration datasets in the shallow-aquifer domain of affected alluvial basins is a tedious and slow process, given the magnitude of the problem. Recent research demonstrates that oxbow-lake biogeochemistry in alluvial plains, mobilization of geogenic arsenic, and accumulation in geomorphologically well-defined areas are interacting processes that determine arsenic-contamination locations. This awareness provides a tool to identify potential arsenic-hotspots based on geomorphological similarity, and thus contribute to a more robust and targeted arsenic mitigation approach. In the present study, a conceptual predictive geospatial model is proposed for the accumulation of dissolved arsenic as a function of interaction of oxbow-lake biogeochemistry and alluvial geomorphology. A comprehensive sampling campaign in and around two oxbow lakes in the Jamuna River Basin, West Bengal (India) provided water samples of the oxbow-lake water column for analysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbial communities, and groundwater samples from tube wells in point bars and fluvial levees bordering the oxbow lakes for analysis of the geospatial distribution of arsenic in the aquifer. Results show that abundant natural and anthropogenic (faecal-derived) recalcitrant organic matter like coprostanols and sterols in clay-plug sediment favours microbial (heterotrophs, enteric pathogens) metabolism and arsenic mobilization. Arsenic concentrations in the study area are highest (averaging 505 μg/L) in point-bar aquifers geomorphologically enclosed by partially sediment-filled oxbow lakes, and much lower (averaging 121 μg/L) in wells of levee sands beyond the oxbow-lake confinement. The differences reflect variations in groundwater recharge efficiency as result of the porosity and permeability anisotropy in the alluvial geomorphological elements, where arsenic-rich groundwater is trapped in point-bars enclosed by oxbow-lake clays and, by contrast, levee ridges are not confined on all sides, resulting in a more efficient aquifer flushing and decrease of arsenic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanita Ghosh
- Sanitary Engineering Section, Water Management Department, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Biogeochem-mystery, Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Marinus Eric Donselaar
- Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft Univ. of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Geology, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Rahaman W, Tarique M, Fousiya AA, Prabhat P, Achyuthan H. Tracing impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on coastal hydrology using coral 87Sr/ 86Sr record from Lakshadweep, South-Eastern Arabian Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157035. [PMID: 35780895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the dominant climate modes influencing global precipitation and temperature. ENSO has a large impact on the monsoonal precipitations over the Indian subcontinent and thereby influences hydrological conditions. Due to dearth of long-term instrumental records of the hydrological parameters on sufficient spatial resolution, it is difficult to assess the impact of ENSO on regional hydrology. Though several geochemical proxies have been used to reconstruct past ENSO events through tracing the changes in past hydrological and climatic parameters, however, such reconstructions are often complicated by the influence of multiple processes and/or factors and their nonlinear relation with the proxy records. In this study, Sr isotope composition (87Sr/86Sr) was measured in Porites coral from the Lakshadweep, south-eastern Arabian Sea to reconstruct past ENSO events and to trace its regional hydrological impacts. The high precision measurements of 87Sr/86Sr in Lakshadweep coral show resolvable variations ranging from 0.709080 to 0.709210. The 87Sr/86Sr record shows an inverse relation with Niño 3.4 record; lower values matched with El Niño years and higher values with La Niña years. Our investigation reveals that ENSO driven precipitation changes impacted submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to the Minicoy Atoll and resulted in 87Sr/86Sr variations of the Minicoy Atoll water. Therefore, deviation from the average seawater 87Sr/86Sr value can be quantified in terms of SGD contribution to the Minicoy Atoll. Our estimates based on binary mixing between seawater and SGD 87Sr/86Sr suggest a significant supply of SGD, maximum up to ~20 % of the total volume of the Minicoy Atoll during La Niña years due to higher rainfall compared to El Niño years. This finding highlights potential application of coral 87Sr/86Sr record as an alternate proxy to reconstruct past ENSO events and to trace its quantitative impact on regional hydrology, chemical and nutrient fluxes to coastal oceans via SGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waliur Rahaman
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India.
| | - Mohd Tarique
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India
| | - A A Fousiya
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Priyesh Prabhat
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India; School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Goa, India
| | - Hema Achyuthan
- Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai, India
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7
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Rajaveni SP, Nair IS, Brindha K, Elango L. Finite element modelling to assess the submarine groundwater discharge in an over exploited multilayered coastal aquifer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67456-67471. [PMID: 34254236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional variable-density finite element model was developed to quantify the impact of groundwater over use on submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). The model was applied to the Arani-Korttalaiyar river basin, north of Chennai, India. This region has an upper unconfined and lower semi-confined aquifer extending up to 30 km inland from the coast and beyond this distance; the two aquifers merge and become a single unconfined aquifer. The model simulated that during the period from 2000 to 2012, the flux of seawater to the aquifer has increased from 17,000 to 24,500 m3/day due to over-exploitation of groundwater from the semi-confined aquifer. Where as in the unconfined aquifer, SGD has been taking place. Scenarios showing the impact of newly constructed managed aquifer recharge structures, 10% additional increase in rainfall recharge, and termination of pumping from five well-fields on the groundwater conditions in the area were studied. The model predicted a SGD of 85,243 m3/day from the unconfined aquifer and 22,414 m3/day from the semi-confined aquifer by the end of 2030. By adopting managed aquifer recharge methods, seawater intrusion (rate of 4,408 m3/day) can be reduced and SGD (rate of 22,414 m3/day) increased. The rate of SGD increase and the movement of seawater to aquifer can be completely prevented in the semi-confined aquifer by adopting these management options by 2030. Findings from this study have enhanced the understanding of SGD and water budget, which can be used by decision-makers for the sustainable management of groundwater resources in coastal aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundara Pandian Rajaveni
- Department of Civil Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, 626005, India
| | - Indu Sumadevi Nair
- Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - Karthikeyan Brindha
- Hydrogeology Working Group, Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 12249, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lakshmanan Elango
- Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India.
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Wang X, Su K, Chen X, Li L, Du J, Lao Y, Ning G, Bin L. Submarine groundwater discharge-driven nutrient fluxes in a typical mangrove and aquaculture bay of the Beibu Gulf, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112500. [PMID: 34023649 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in a mangrove combined aquaculture ecosystem, groundwater samples and timeseries observations (27 h) of 224Ra, 223Ra, and nutrients were obtained during wet and dry seasons in Zhenzhu Bay, a typical mangrove and aquaculture ecosystem along the Beibu Gulf in China. The SGD rates in Zhenzhu Bay were estimated to be 22.3-44.5 cm/d in the wet season and 41.1-58.1 cm/d in the dry season, which were 0.8-1.6 and 9.8-14.1 times higher than the corresponding river water discharge values, respectively. Furthermore, SGD-driven dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic orthophosphate, and dissolved inorganic silicate accounted for 72%, 56%, and 60% of the total nutrient input, respectively, during wet season, which increased to 93%, 98%, and 89% during dry season. The findings highlight that SGD plays an important role in the dissolved inorganic nutrient sources of Zhenzhu Bay, and that the effective utilization and management of the bay should consider SGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Science and Engineering, Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, PR China
| | - Kaijun Su
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, PR China
| | - Linwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China; Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Yanling Lao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, PR China.
| | - Guizhen Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, PR China
| | - Li Bin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, PR China
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Das K, Mishra AK, Singh A, Agrahari S, Chakrabarti R, Mukherjee A. Solute exchanges between multi-depth groundwater and surface water of climatically vulnerable Gangetic delta front aquifers of Sundarbans. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 284:112026. [PMID: 33540200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The coastal aquifers of Sundarbans, an UNESCO world biodiversity heritage site, are highly vulnerable due to changing climatic conditions, intensification and increasing frequency of extreme climate events and uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater. The exchange of solutes between hydraulically connective shallow and deep aquifers, the seawater intrusion and the role of growing population are poorly understood in the Sundarbans. This study aims to address the solute exchange (Cl-, Sr2+, and salinity) process between surface water and groundwater (SW-GW) at local to regional scale under variable hydraulic head conditions, where annual rainfall is declining and population density is increasing [population 573 (1991) to 819 (2011)/Km2]. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in combination with salinity and δ18O data was used to address the exchange of solutes between SW-GW in a hydraulic continuation. The results revealed that regionally, the Cl- concentration of Sundarbans shows an increasing trend (average 329-351 mg/L) with declining groundwater levels (⁓3 m). Local, depth-dependent study depicting there is a predominant exchange of Sr2+ between shallow depth [D1: 14-25 and D2: 30-50 m below ground level (m bgl)] with seawater (Sr2+: 30-85 μM), which is possibly absent at greater depths (D3:115 and D4: 333 m bgl). The recorded Sr2+ content ranged from 25 to 102 and 16 to 78 μM for shallow depth D1 and D2, respectively, whereas, the Sr2+ concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 6.8 and 1.2 to 5.7 μM for D3 and D4, respectively. The ERT data showed progressively increasing resistivity with increasing depth, similar to high salinity and enriched δ18O at shallow depths and depleted δ18O with low salinity at higher depth reflects the continuous distribution of solutes, which is possibly a result of local downward migration of contaminated shallow brackish water within this physically disconnected zone. The lateral and vertical transportation of solutes in variable hydraulic head conditions would be a measure of drinking water threat in present-day and in imminent future for millions of inhabitants near the coastal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Das
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Anith Kumar Mishra
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Akarsh Singh
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudha Agrahari
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramananda Chakrabarti
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India; Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India; Applied Policy Advisory to Hydrogeosciences Group, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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10
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Kumar BSK, Viswanadham R, Kumari VR, Rao DB, Prasad MHK, Srinivas N, Sarma VVSS. Spatial variations in dissolved inorganic nutrients in the groundwaters along the Indian coast and their export to adjacent coastal waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9173-9191. [PMID: 33131037 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is one of the main external nutrient sources to the coastal waters. The concentrations of nutrients in groundwaters are a few folds higher than that of adjacent coastal waters; therefore, SGD enhances nutrients levels in the coastal waters and influences coastal biota. In order to examine the spatial and seasonal variability in nutrient concentrations and exchange to the coastal waters, groundwater samples were collected at ~ 90 locations along the Indian coast during the wet and dry seasons. This study revealed that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphates (DIP) and urea were found to be high during the dry than wet period. Higher concentrations of DIN and DIP were observed during both wet and dry periods in the groundwater along the east than the west coast of India. The State-wise mean amount of fertilizer used during Kharif (wet) and Rabi (dry) period in each Indian State showed significant correlation with mean concentrations of DIN and urea. The observed linear relationship of DIN with bacterial respiration and inverse relationship with DO saturation and ammonium in groundwater suggested that decomposition of organic matter and nitrification contributed to the DIN pool in the groundwater. The mean rate of SGD fluxes varied between 1.6 × 104 m3/day and 1.75 × 1011 m3/day in the Indian coastal region. The annual mean SGD flux of DIN and DIP was estimated to be 0.103 ± 0.02 and 0.021 ± 0.01 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g) to the western coastal Bay of Bengal (east coast of India) and 0.06 ± 0.03 and 0.015 ± 0.01 Tg/y to the eastern coastal Arabian Sea (west coast of India) respectively. The estimated SGD flux of DIN and DIP to the Indian coastal waters amounted to 0.163 ± 0.04 and 0.036 ± 0.02 Tg/y respectively, and it is almost close to that of nutrients discharged by rivers (0.22 ± 0.05 and 0.11 ± 0.03 Tg/y respectively). Among the external sources of nitrogen and phosphorus, such as river discharge, atmospheric deposition, the contribution by SGD is highly significant in the Bay of Bengal (30 and 17% respectively) than in the case of Arabian Sea (24 and 25% respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- B S K Kumar
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530 017, India
| | - R Viswanadham
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530 017, India
| | - V R Kumari
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530 017, India
| | - D B Rao
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530 017, India
| | - M H K Prasad
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530 017, India
| | - N Srinivas
- Department of Environmental studies, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, 530 045, India
| | - V V S S Sarma
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530 017, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Dona Paula, Goa, India.
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11
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Estimation of submarine groundwater discharge using radium mass-balance in Mumbai Harbour Bay, Mumbai, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Luo X, Jiao JJ, Moore WS, Cherry JA, Wang Y, Liu K. Significant chemical fluxes from natural terrestrial groundwater rival anthropogenic and fluvial input in a large-river deltaic estuary. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:603-615. [PMID: 30096687 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The shores of the Pearl River estuary are home to 35 million people. Their wastes are discharged into the large river delta-front estuary (LDE), one of the most highly polluted systems in the world. Here we construct a radium reactive transport model to estimate the terrestrial groundwater discharge (TGD) into the highly urbanized Pearl River LDE. We find the TGD comprises only approximately 0.9% in term of water discharge compared to the river discharge. The TGD in the Pearl River LDE delivers significant chemical fluxes to the coast, which are comparable to the fluvial loadings from Pearl River and other world major rivers. Of particular importance is the flux of ammonium because of its considerable role in Pearl River estuary eutrophication and hypoxia. Unlike the ammonium in many other aquifers, the ammonium in the Pearl River aquifer system is natural and originated from organic matter remineralization by sulfate reduction in the extremely reducing environment. The TGD derived NH4+ is as much as 5% of the upstream Pearl River fluvial loading and 42% of the anthropogenic inputs. This high groundwater NH4+ flux may greatly intensify the eutrophication, shift the trophic states, and lead to alarming hypoxia within the affected ecosystems in the Pearl River LDE. The large TGD derived chemical fluxes will lead to deterioration of water and will potentially affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China; The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen, PR China; The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiu Jimmy Jiao
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China; The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen, PR China; The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Willard S Moore
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | - John A Cherry
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, PR China
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13
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Chakrabarti R, Mondal S, Acharya SS, Lekha JS, Sengupta D. Submarine groundwater discharge derived strontium from the Bengal Basin traced in Bay of Bengal water samples. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29531311 PMCID: PMC5847542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) derived strontium (Sr) flux from the Bengal Basin to the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and determining its isotopic composition is crucial for understanding the marine Sr isotopic evolution over time. Measurements of spatially and temporally distributed water samples collected from the BoB show radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr, high Sr, calcium (Ca) concentrations and high salinity in samples collected dominantly from 100–120 m depth, which can be explained only by the contribution of saline groundwater from the Bengal Basin. These results provide a direct evidence of the SGD-Sr flux to the BoB. This SGD-Sr flux is however, spatially heterogeneous and using conservative hydrological estimates of the SGD flux to the BoB, we suggest a SGD Sr flux of 13.5–40.5 × 105 mol/yr to the BoB. Mass balance calculations using Sr concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr suggest up to 7% contribution of SGD to the 100–120 m BoB water samples. The identification of SGD at 100–120 m depth also provides an explanation for the anomalous variations in barium (Ba) concentrations and the δ18O-salinity relationship in intermediate depths of the BoB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramananda Chakrabarti
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India. .,Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Surajit Mondal
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - J Sree Lekha
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Debasis Sengupta
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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14
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A Study on Identification of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Northern East Coast of India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Development and characterisation of a new Sr selective resin for the rapid determination of ⁹⁰Sr in environmental water samples. Talanta 2014; 129:623-8. [PMID: 25127642 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new resin selective for Sr has been developed and characterised for the direct binding of (90)Sr from environmental waters with minimal pre-treatment. The new selective resin comprises of a mixture of two extractants, 4,4'(5')-bis-t-butylcyclohexano-18-crown-6 and di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phosphoric acid, sorbed onto Amberchrom CG-71. Sr uptake is shown to be high (the distribution weight coefficient Dw >100 mL g(-1)) across a range of environmentally realistic conditions (pH 2-8 and up to 11,500 mg L(-1) NaCl, 500 mg L(-1) Ca, 400 mg L(-1) K and 1300 mg L(-1) Mg). The Sr capacity of the resin is shown to be 7.7±0.4 mg g(-1), meaning that the resin has a sufficient capacity to quantitatively remove Sr from most environmental water samples. The reasonably fast uptake kinetics of the resin (95±4% of strontium bound within 30 min) results in a resin that is applicable to both batch- and column-type separation procedures. A range of potentially co-extracted radio-elements have been identified and an elution scheme has been developed to separate interferences, including (90)Y, from (90)Sr. The clean elution of (90)Sr permits immediate measurement by radiometric means, with no need for complicated spectral processing or waiting for secular equilibrium between (90)Sr and (90)Y. The characterised resin is applicable for use in rapid determination procedures, enabling the swift analysis of water samples required by monitoring schemes at contaminated nuclear sites and in the aftermath of nuclear accidents.
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16
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Abstract
The exchange of groundwater between land and sea is a major component of the hydrological cycle. This exchange, called submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), is comprised of terrestrial water mixed with sea water that has infiltrated coastal aquifers. The composition of SGD differs from that predicted by simple mixing because biogeochemical reactions in the aquifer modify its chemistry. To emphasize the importance of mixing and chemical reaction, these coastal aquifers are called subterranean estuaries. Geologists recognize this mixing zone as a site of carbonate diagenesis and dolomite formation. Biologists have recognized that terrestrial inputs of nutrients to the coastal ocean may occur through subterranean processes. Further evidence of SGD comes from the distribution of chemical tracers in the coastal ocean. These tracers originate within coastal aquifers and reach the ocean through SGD. Tracer studies reveal that SGD provides globally important fluxes of nutrients, carbon, and metals to coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard S Moore
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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17
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Datta S, Mailloux B, Jung HB, Hoque MA, Stute M, Ahmed KM, Zheng Y. Redox trapping of arsenic during groundwater discharge in sediments from the Meghna riverbank in Bangladesh. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16930-5. [PMID: 19805180 PMCID: PMC2761342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908168106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater arsenic (As) is elevated in the shallow Holocene aquifers of Bangladesh. In the dry season, the shallow groundwater discharges to major rivers. This process may influence the chemistry of the river and the hyporheic zone sediment. To assess the fate of As during discharge, surface (0-5 cm) and subsurface (1-3 m) sediment samples were collected at 9 sites from the bank of the Meghna River along a transect from its northern source (25 degrees N) to the Bay of Bengal (22.5 degrees N). Bulk As concentrations of surface sediment averaged 16 +/- 7 mg/kg (n = 9). Subsurface sediment contained higher mean concentrations of As of 4,000 mg/kg (n = 14), ranging from 1 to 23,000 mg/kg As, with >100 mg/kg As measured at 8 sites. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy indicated that As was mainly arsenate and arsenite, not As-bearing sulfides. We hypothesize that the elevated sediment As concentrations form as As-rich groundwater discharges to the river, and enters a more oxidizing environment. A significant portion of dissolved As sorbs to iron-bearing minerals, which form a natural reactive barrier. Recycling of this sediment-bound As to the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta aquifer provides a potential source of As to further contaminate groundwater. Furthermore, chemical fluxes from groundwater discharge from the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta may be less than previous estimates because this barrier can immobilize many elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Datta
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York, NY 10964
- Kansas State University, Department of Geology, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - B. Mailloux
- Barnard College, Department of Environmental Sciences, New York, NY 10027
| | - H.-B. Jung
- Queens College, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY 11367; and
| | - M. A. Hoque
- University of Dhaka, Department of Geology, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - M. Stute
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York, NY 10964
- Barnard College, Department of Environmental Sciences, New York, NY 10027
| | - K. M. Ahmed
- University of Dhaka, Department of Geology, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Y. Zheng
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York, NY 10964
- Queens College, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY 11367; and
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Taniguchi M, Ishitobi T, Chen J, Onodera SI, Miyaoka K, Burnett WC, Peterson R, Liu G, Fukushima Y. Submarine groundwater discharge from the Yellow River Delta to the Bohai Sea, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jc004498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of eolian dust of the arid-semiarid areas in China: Implications for loess provenance and monsoon evolution. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-2008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Aggarwal PK, Basu AR, Kulkarni KM. Comment on "Arsenic Mobility and Groundwater Extraction in Bangladesh" (I). Science 2003; 300:584; author reply 584. [PMID: 12714724 DOI: 10.1126/science.1081789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Aggarwal
- Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Post Office Box 100, A1400 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
The dynamic nature of groundwater is not readily apparent, except where discharge is focused at springs or where recharge enters sinkholes. Yet groundwater flow and storage are continually changing in response to human and climatic stresses. Wise development of groundwater resources requires a more complete understanding of these changes in flow and storage and of their effects on the terrestrial environment and on numerous surface-water features and their biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Alley
- U.S. Geological Survey, 411 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Harvey
- Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, CEE, MIT, 48-321, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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23
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Rothman DH. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 500 million years. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:4167-71. [PMID: 11904360 PMCID: PMC123620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.022055499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The last 500 million years of the strontium-isotope record are shown to correlate significantly with the concurrent record of isotopic fractionation between inorganic and organic carbon after the effects of recycled sediment are removed from the strontium signal. The correlation is shown to result from the common dependence of both signals on weathering and magmatic processes. Because the long-term evolution of carbon dioxide levels depends similarly on weathering and magmatism, the relative fluctuations of CO2 levels are inferred from the shared fluctuations of the isotopic records. The resulting CO2 signal exhibits no systematic correspondence with the geologic record of climatic variations at tectonic time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Rothman
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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