1
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Cooke ME, Armstrong NC, Fankhauser AM, Chen Y, Lei Z, Zhang Y, Ledsky IR, Turpin BJ, Zhang Z, Gold A, McNeill VF, Surratt JD, Ault AP. Decreases in Epoxide-Driven Secondary Organic Aerosol Production under Highly Acidic Conditions: The Importance of Acid-Base Equilibria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10675-10684. [PMID: 38843196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Isoprene has the highest atmospheric emissions of any nonmethane hydrocarbon, and isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) are well-established oxidation products and the primary contributors forming isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Highly acidic particles (pH 0-3) widespread across the lower troposphere enable acid-driven multiphase chemistry of IEPOX, such as epoxide ring-opening reactions forming methyltetrol sulfates through nucleophilic attack of sulfate (SO42-). Herein, we systematically demonstrate an unexpected decrease in SOA formation from IEPOX on highly acidic particles (pH < 1). While IEPOX-SOA formation is commonly assumed to increase at low pH when more [H+] is available to protonate epoxides, we observe maximum SOA formation at pH 1 and less SOA formation at pH 0.0 and 0.4. This is attributed to limited availability of SO42- at pH values below the acid dissociation constant (pKa) of SO42- and bisulfate (HSO4-). The nucleophilicity of HSO4- is 100× lower than SO42-, decreasing SOA formation and shifting particulate products from low-volatility organosulfates to higher-volatility polyols. Current model parameterizations predicting SOA yields for IEPOX-SOA do not properly account for the SO42-/HSO4- equilibrium, leading to overpredictions of SOA formation at low pH. Accounting for this underexplored acidity-dependent behavior is critical for accurately predicting SOA concentrations and resolving SOA impacts on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - N Cazimir Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Alison M Fankhauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Isabel R Ledsky
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Gao Q, Shen C, Zhang H, Long B, Truhlar DG. Quantitative kinetics reveal that reactions of HO 2 are a significant sink for aldehydes in the atmosphere and may initiate the formation of highly oxygenated molecules via autoxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16160-16174. [PMID: 38787752 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00693c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Large aldehydes are widespread in the atmosphere and their oxidation leads to secondary organic aerosols. The current understanding of their chemical transformation processes is limited to hydroxyl radical (OH) oxidation during daytime and nitrate radical (NO3) oxidation during nighttime. Here, we report quantitative kinetics calculations of the reactions of hexanal (C5H11CHO), pentanal (C4H9CHO), and butanal (C3H7CHO) with hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) at atmospheric temperatures and pressures. We find that neither tunneling nor multistructural torsion anharmonicity should be neglected in computing these rate constants; strong anharmonicity at the transition states is also important. We find rate constants for the three reactions in the range 3.2-7.7 × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K and 1 atm, showing that the HO2 reactions can be competitive with OH and NO3 oxidation under some conditions relevant to the atmosphere. Our findings reveal that HO2-initiated oxidation of large aldehydes may be responsible for the formation of highly oxygenated molecules via autoxidation. We augment the theoretic studies with laboratory flow-tube experiments using an iodide-adduct time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer to confirm the theoretical predictions of peroxy radicals and the autoxidation pathway. We find that the adduct from HO2 + C5H11CHO undergoes a fast unimolecular 1,7-hydrogen shift with a rate constant of 0.45 s-1. We suggest that the HO2 reactions make significant contributions to the sink of aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Gao
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Chuanyang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, 92507, USA.
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, 92507, USA.
| | - Bo Long
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu university, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, USA.
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3
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Yoo H, Seo D, Shin D, Ro CU. Direct Observation of Particle-To-Particle Variability in Ambient Aerosol pH Using a Novel Analytical Approach Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7977-7985. [PMID: 38664901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The pH of atmospheric aerosols is a key characteristic that profoundly influences their impacts on climate change, human health, and ecosystems. Despite widely performed aerosol pH research, determining the pH levels of individual atmospheric aerosol particles has been a challenge. This study presents a novel analytical technique that utilizes surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to assess the pH of individual ambient PM2.5-10 aerosol particles in conjunction with examining their hygroscopic behavior, morphology, and elemental compositions. The results revealed a substantial pH variation among simultaneously collected aerosol particles, ranging from 3.3 to 5.7. This variability is likely related to each particle's unique reaction and aging states. The extensive particle-to-particle pH variability suggests that atmospheric aerosols present at the same time and location can exhibit diverse reactivities, reaction pathways, phase equilibria, and phase separation properties. This pioneering study paves the way for in-depth investigations into particle-to-particle variability, size dependency, and detailed spatial and temporal variations of aerosol pH, thus deepening our understanding of atmospheric chemistry and its environmental implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Particle Pollution Management Center, Inha University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongha Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Particle Pollution Management Center, Inha University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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4
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Zhang G, Liu M, Han Y, Wang Z, Liu W, Zhang Y, Xu J. The role of aldehydes on sulfur based-new particle formation: a theoretical study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13321-13335. [PMID: 38694968 PMCID: PMC11061877 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00952e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes play a crucial role in the formation of atmospheric particles, attracting significant attention due to their environmental impact. However, the microscopic mechanisms underlying the formation of aldehyde-involved particles remain uncertain. In this study, through quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigate the microscopic formation mechanisms of binary and ternary systems composed of three representative aldehydes, two sulfur-based acids, water, and two bases. Our research findings reveal that the most stable structures of acid-aldehyde clusters involve the connection of acids and aldehyde compounds through hydrogen bonds without involving proton transfer reactions, indicating relatively poor cluster stability. However, with the introduction of a third component, the stability of 18 clusters significantly increase. Among these, in ten systems, acids act as catalysts, facilitating reactions between aldehyde compounds and water or alkaline substances to generate glycols and amino alcohols. However, according to MD simulations conducted at 300 K, these acids readily dissociate from the resulting products. In the remaining eight systems, the most stable structural feature involves ion pairs formed by proton transfer reactions between acids and aldehyde compounds. These clusters exhibit remarkable thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, the acidity of the acid, the nature of nucleophilic agents, and the type of aldehyde all play significant roles in cluster stability and reactivity, and they have synergistic effects on the nucleation process. This study offers microscopic insights into the processes of new particle formation involving aldehydes, contributing to a deeper understanding of atmospheric chemistry at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhang
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute Jinhua Zhejiang 321013 P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Yaning Han
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Zhongteng Wang
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute Jinhua Zhejiang 321013 P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
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5
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Shi R, Zhang F, Shen Y, Shen J, Xu B, Kuang B, Xu Z, Jin L, Tang Q, Tian X, Wang Z. Aerosol liquid water in PM 2.5 and its roles in secondary aerosol formation at a regional site of Yangtze River Delta. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:684-696. [PMID: 38135431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) plays an important role in secondary aerosol formation. In this study, a whole year field campaign was conducted at Shanxi in north Zhejiang Province during 2021. ALWC estimated by ISORROPIA-II was then investigated to explore its characteristics and relationship with secondary aerosols. ALWC exhibited a highest value in spring (66.38 µg/m3), followed by winter (45.08 µg/m3), summer (41.64 µg/m3), and autumn (35.01 µg/m3), respectively. It was supposed that the secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) were facilitated under higher ALWC conditions (RH > 80%), while the secondary organic species tended to form under lower ALWC levels. Higher RH (> 80%) promoted the NO3- formation via gas-particle partitioning, while SO42- was generated at a relative lower RH (> 50%). The ALWC was more sensitive to NO3- (R = 0.94) than SO42- (R = 0.90). Thus, the self-amplifying processes between the ALWC and SIA enhanced the particle mass growth. The sensitivity of ALWC and OX (NO2 + O3) to secondary organic carbon (SOC) varied in different seasons at Shanxi, more sensitive to aqueous-phase reactions (daytime R = 0.84; nighttime R = 0.54) than photochemical oxidation (daytime R = 0.23; nighttime R = 0.41) in wintertime with a high level of OX (daytime: 130-140 µg/m3; nighttime: 100-140 µg/m3). The self-amplifying process of ALWC and SIA and the aqueous-phase formation of SOC will enhance aerosol formation, contributing to air pollution and reduction of visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Shi
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yemin Shen
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jiasi Shen
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Bingye Xu
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Binyu Kuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengning Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingling Jin
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xudong Tian
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China.
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6
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Zang X, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Li G, Xie H, Zhang W, Wu G, Yang X, Jiang L. Effects of NO 2 and SO 2 on the secondary organic aerosol formation from β-pinene photooxidation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:151-160. [PMID: 37923426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the effects of anthropogenic pollutants on the photooxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds is crucial to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Here, the impacts of NO2 and SO2 on SOA formation from the photooxidation of a representative monoterpene, β-pinene, were investigated by a number of laboratory studies. The results indicated NO2 enhanced the SOA mass concentrations and particle number concentrations under both low and high β-pinene conditions. This could be rationalized that the increased O3 concentrations upon the NOx photolysis was helpful for the generation of more amounts of O3-oxidized products, which accelerated the SOA nucleation and growth. Combing with NO2, the promotion of the SOA yield by SO2 was mainly reflected in the increase of mass concentration, which might be due to the elimination of the newly formed particles by the initially formed particles. The observed low oxidation degree of SOA might be attributed to the fast growth of SOA, resulting in the uptake of less oxygenated gas-phase species onto the particle phase. The present findings have important implications for SOA formation affected by anthropogenic-biogenic interactions in the ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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7
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Lei Z, Chen B, Brooks SD. Effect of Acidity on Ice Nucleation by Inorganic-Organic Mixed Droplets. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2562-2573. [PMID: 38148991 PMCID: PMC10749479 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity significantly influences heterogeneous chemical reactions and human health. Additionally, acidity may play a role in cloud formation by modifying the ice nucleation properties of inorganic and organic aerosols. In this work, we combined our well-established ice nucleation technique with Raman microspectroscopy to study ice nucleation in representative inorganic and organic aerosols across a range of pH conditions (pH -0.1 to 5.5). Homogeneous nucleation was observed in systems containing ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and sucrose. In contrast, droplets containing ammonium sulfate mixed with diethyl sebacate, poly(ethylene glycol) 400, and 1,2,6-hexanetriol were found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, exhibiting core-shell morphologies with observed initiation of heterogeneous freezing in the cores. Our experimental findings demonstrate that an increased acidity reduces the ice nucleation ability of droplets. Changes in the ratio of bisulfate to sulfate coincided with shifts in ice nucleation temperatures, suggesting that the presence of bisulfate may decrease the ice nucleation efficiency. We also report on how the morphology and viscosity impact ice nucleation properties. This study aims to enhance our fundamental understanding of acidity's effect on ice nucleation ability, providing context for the role of acidity in atmospheric ice cloud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah D. Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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8
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Wu G, Wang H, Zhang C, Gong D, Liu X, Ristovski Z, Wang B. Anthropogenic pollutants induce enhancement of aerosol acidity at a mountainous background atmosphere in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166192. [PMID: 37567283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity plays a crucial role in atmospheric physicochemical processes, climate change and human health, particularly in the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). However, understanding the characteristics and driving factors of aerosol acidity in background mountains has been limited. In this study, we conducted intensive field measurements in the Nanling mountains during the dry and wet seasons to analyze aerosol pH characteristics and their driving factors using sensitivity tests. The mean aerosol pH in the background mountains was found to be 2.68 ± 0.55, with values ranging from 0.38 to 4.44, significantly lower than predicted values in northern China. Sensitivity tests revealed that aerosol acidity in the background atmosphere was more responsive to dominant chemical species (T-NH3 (= NH4+ + NH3) and SO42-) rather than relative humidity and temperature. Additionally, we observed that sulfate and ammonium, transported occasionally by dryer northern air masses, had a substantial impact on decreasing aerosol pH at the site. Similar to the southeastern United States, NH4+/NH3 also dominated the total buffer capacity of aerosol acidity in the Nanling mountains. The strong aerosol acidity in this area is expected to have adverse effects on regional air quality and climate by enhancing SOA formation and regulating the dry deposition of inorganic reactive nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengchen Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China; JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China; JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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9
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Liu Z, Zhu B, Zhu C, Ruan T, Li J, Chen H, Li Q, Wang X, Wang L, Mu Y, Collett J, George C, Wang Y, Wang X, Su J, Yu S, Mellouki A, Chen J, Jiang G. Abundant nitrogenous secondary organic aerosol formation accelerated by cloud processing. iScience 2023; 26:108317. [PMID: 38026147 PMCID: PMC10665807 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogenous organic (CHON), crucial for secondary organic aerosol (SOA), forms through poorly studied mechanisms in clouds. Our study explores CHON transformation during cloud processes (CPs). These processes play a vital role in enhancing the variety of CHONs, leading to the formation of CHONs with oxygen atom counts ranging from 1 to 10 and double bond equivalent (DBE) values spanning from 2 to 10. We proposed that the CHONs formed during CPs are formed through aqueous phase reactions with CHO compound precursors via nucleophilic attacks by NH3. This scheme can be account for roughly three-quarters of the CHONs by number in cloud water, and near two-thirds of all CHONs are formed through reactions between NH3 and carbonyl-containing biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) ozonolysis intermediates. This study provides the first insights into the evolution of CHONs during CPs and reveals the significant roles of CPs in the formation of CHONs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jeffrey Collett
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Christian George
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYO, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jixin Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shaocai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Abdewahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, CNRS, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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10
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Wang Y, Meng J, Huang T, Ma J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Guo Q, Yang J, Hou Z. Contrasting molecular characteristics and formation mechanisms of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols at the summit and foot of Mt. Huang, East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165116. [PMID: 37364833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) exerts a considerable influence on atmospheric chemistry. However, little information about the vertical distribution of SOA in the alpine setting is available, which limited the simulation of SOA using chemical transport models. Here, a total of 15 biogenic and anthropogenic SOA tracers were measured in PM2.5 aerosols at both the summit (1840 m a.s.l.) and foot (480 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Huang during the winter of 2020 to explore their vertical distribution and formation mechanism. Most of the determined chemical species (e.g., BSOA and ASOA tracers, carbonaceous components, major inorganic ions) and gaseous pollutants at the foot of Mt. Huang were 1.7-3.2 times higher concentrations than those at the summit, suggesting the relatively more significant effect of anthropogenic emissions at the ground level. The ISORROPIA-II model showed that aerosol acidity increases as altitude decreases. Air mass trajectories, potential source contribution function (PSCF), and correlation analysis of BSOA tracers with temperature revealed that SOA at the foot of Mt. Huang was mostly derived from the local oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), while SOA at the summit was mainly influenced by long-distance transport. The robust correlations of BSOA tracers with anthropogenic pollutants (e.g., NH3, NO2, and SO2) (r = 0.54-0.91, p < 0.05) indicated that anthropogenic emissions could promote BSOA productions in the mountainous background atmosphere. Moreover, most of SOA tracers (r = 0.63-0.96, p < 0.01) and carbonaceous species (r = 0.58-0.81, p < 0.01) were correlated well with levoglucosan in all samples, suggesting that biomass burning played an important role in the mountain troposphere. This work demonstrated that daytime SOA at the summit of Mt. Huang was significantly influenced by the valley breeze in winter. Our results provide new insights into the vertical distributions and provenance of SOA in the free troposphere over East China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; Institute of Huanghe Studies, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Tonglin Huang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jiangkai Ma
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Qingchun Guo
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jiaoxue Yang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; Institute of Huanghe Studies, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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11
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Qi W, Zhang Y, Shen M, Li L, Dai W, Chen Y, Liu Y, Guo X, Cao Y, Wang X, Jiang Y, Li J. Comparison of Gas-Particle Partitioning of Glyoxal and Methylglyoxal in the Summertime Atmosphere at the Foot and Top of Mount Hua. Molecules 2023; 28:5276. [PMID: 37446934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxal and methylglyoxal are important volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. The gas-particle partitioning of these carbonyl compounds makes significant contributions to O3 formation. In this study, both the gas- and particle-phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations at the foot and top of Mount Hua were determined simultaneously. The results showed that the gaseous-phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations at the top were higher than those at the foot of the mountain. However, the concentrations for the particle phase showed the opposite trend. The average theoretical values of the gas-particle partitioning coefficients of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations (4.57 × 10-10 and 9.63 × 10-10 m3 μg-1, respectively) were lower than the observed values (3.79 × 10-3 and 6.79 × 10-3 m3 μg-1, respectively). The effective Henry's law constants (eff.KH) of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal were in the order of 108 to 109 mol/kgH2O/atm, and they were lower at the foot than they were at the top. The particle/gas ratios (P/G ratios) of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal were 0.039 and 0.055, respectively, indicating more glyoxal and methylglyoxal existed in the gas phase. The factors influencing the partitioning coefficients of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal were positively correlated with the relative humidity (RH) and negatively correlated with the PM2.5 value. Moreover, the partitioning coefficient of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal was more significant at the top than at the foot of Mount Hua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Minxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yingkun Jiang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710499, China
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12
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Gong K, Ao J, Li K, Liu L, Liu Y, Xu G, Wang T, Cheng H, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wei H, George C, Mellouki A, Herrmann H, Wang L, Chen J, Ji M, Zhang L, Francisco JS. Imaging of pH distribution inside individual microdroplet by stimulated Raman microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219588120. [PMID: 37155894 PMCID: PMC10193990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219588120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerosol microdroplets as microreactors for many important atmospheric reactions are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. pH largely regulates the chemical processes within them; however, how pH and chemical species spatially distribute within an atmospheric microdroplet is still under intense debate. The challenge is to measure pH distribution within a tiny volume without affecting the chemical species distribution. We demonstrate a method based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy to visualize the three-dimensional pH distribution inside single microdroplets of varying sizes. We find that the surface of all microdroplets is more acidic, and a monotonic trend of pH decreasing is observed in the 2.9-μm aerosol microdroplet from center to edge, which is well supported by molecular dynamics simulation. However, bigger cloud microdroplet differs from small aerosol for pH distribution. This size-dependent pH distribution in microdroplets can be related to the surface-to-volume ratio. This work presents noncontact measurement and chemical imaging of pH distribution in microdroplets, filling the gap in our understanding of spatial pH in atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedong Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Kejian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zimeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Haoran Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Christian George
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne69626, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/The Observatory of Sciences of the Universe in the Center (CNRS/OSUC), Orléans Cedex 2, 45071, France
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leipzig04318, Germany
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental, Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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13
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Ning A, Zhong J, Li L, Li H, Liu J, Liu L, Liang Y, Li J, Zhang X, Francisco JS, He H. Chemical Implications of Rapid Reactive Absorption of I 2O 4 at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10817-10825. [PMID: 37133920 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosol formation involving iodine-bearing species significantly affects the global climate and radiation balance. Although recent studies outline the critical role of iodine oxide in nucleation, much less is known about its contribution to aerosol growth. This paper presents molecular-level evidence that the air-water interfacial reaction of I2O4 mediated by potent atmospheric chemicals, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and amines [e.g., dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA)], can occur rapidly on a picosecond time scale by Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. The interfacial water bridges the reactants while facilitating the DMA-mediated proton transfer and stabilizing the ionic products of H2SO4-involved reactions. The identified heterogeneous mechanisms exhibit the dual contribution to aerosol growth: (i) the ionic products (e.g., IO3-, DMAH+, TMAH+, and HSO4-) formed by reactive adsorption possess less volatility than the reactants and (ii) these ions, such as alkylammonium salts (e.g., DMAH+), are also highly hydrophilic, further facilitating hygroscopic growth. This investigation enhances not only our understanding of heterogeneous iodine chemistry but also the impact of iodine oxide on aerosol growth. Also, these findings can bridge the gap between the abundance of I2O4 in the laboratory and its absence in field-collected aerosols and provide an explanation for the missing source of IO3-, HSO4-, and DMAH+ in marine aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Liwen Li
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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14
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Chen T, Zhang P, Chu B, Ma Q, Ge Y, He H. Synergistic Effects of SO 2 and NH 3 Coexistence on SOA Formation from Gasoline Evaporative Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6616-6625. [PMID: 37055378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular evaporative emissions make an increasing contribution to anthropogenic sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), thus contributing to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. However, few studies have been conducted on SOA formation from vehicle evaporative VOCs under complex pollution conditions with the coexistence of NOx, SO2, and NH3. In this study, the synergistic effects of SO2 and NH3 on SOA formation from gasoline evaporative VOCs with NOx were examined using a 30 m3 smog chamber with the aid of a series of mass spectrometers. Compared with the systems involving SO2 or NH3 alone, SO2 and NH3 coexistence had a greater promotion effect on SOA formation, which was larger than the cumulative effect of the two promotions alone. Meanwhile, contrasting effects of SO2 on the oxidation state (OSc) of SOA in the presence or absence of NH3 were observed, and SO2 could further increase the OSc with the coexistence of NH3. The latter was attributed to the synergistic effects of SO2 and NH3 coexistence on SOA formation, wherein N-S-O adducts can be formed from the reaction of SO2 with N-heterocycles generated in the presence of NH3. Our study contributes to the understanding of SOA formation from vehicle evaporative VOCs under highly complex pollution conditions and its atmospheric implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Witkowski B, al-Sharafi M, Błaziak K, Gierczak T. Aging of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol by Hydroxyl Radicals in the Aqueous Phase: Kinetics and Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6040-6051. [PMID: 37014140 PMCID: PMC10116591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of hydroxyl radicals (OH) with a water-soluble fraction of the α-pinene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was investigated using liquid chromatography coupled with negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The SOA was generated by the dark ozonolysis of α-pinene, extracted into the water, and subjected to chemical aging by the OH. Bimolecular reaction rate coefficients (kOH) for the oxidation of terpenoic acids by the OH were measured using the relative rate method. The unaged SOA was dominated by the cyclobutyl-ring-retaining compounds, primarily cis-pinonic, cis-pinic, and hydroxy-pinonic acids. Aqueous oxidation by the OH resulted in the removal of early-stage products and dimers, including well-known oligomers with MW = 358 and 368 Da. Furthermore, a 2- to 5-fold increase in the concentration of cyclobutyl-ring-opening products was observed, including terpenylic and diaterpenylic acids and diaterpenylic acid acetate as well as some of the newly identified OH aging markers. At the same time, results obtained from the kinetic box model showed a high degree of SOA fragmentation following the reaction with the OH, which indicates that non-radical reactions occurring during the evaporation of water likely contribute to the high yields of terpenoic aqSOAs reported previously. The estimated atmospheric lifetimes showed that in clouds, terpenoic acids react with the OH exclusively in the aqueous phase. Aqueous OH aging of the α-pinene SOA results in a 10% increase of the average O/C ratio and a 3-fold decrease in the average kOH value, which is likely to affect the cloud condensation nuclei activity of the aqSOA formed after the evaporation of water.
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16
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Jia L, Xu Y, Duan M. Explosive formation of secondary organic aerosol due to aerosol-fog interactions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161338. [PMID: 36608824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles can profoundly affect the local environment and global climate. Explosive growths of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are frequently observed during serious haze evens, but their fundamental mechanism remains unclear. We used chamber experiments and kinetic model simulations to reveal the microphysical mechanism for explosive organic aerosol formation. The evolution of SOA with organic vapors under dry and highly humid conditions was determined based on a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer. We found that the condensation of gas-phase organics could lead to the formation of cloud or fog droplets with relative humidity below 100 %; meanwhile, the aerosol-fog interaction could result in the explosive growth of SOA. Monomeric products from toluene oxidation were verified to primarily contribute to the increased SOA in super humid conditions, which are mainly assigned to be intermediate- and semi-volatile organic compounds. Moreover, we demonstrated that the decreasing temperatures could dramatically amplify organic compounds' co-condensing influence on SOA explosive formation and activation at relative humidity above 85 % and temperature below 20 °C. Our findings revealed that aerosol-fog interaction is the fundamental driving force for explosive organic aerosol formation. It indicates that overlooking the co-condensation of organic vapors with water could significantly underestimate SOA and liquid water content in 3D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - YongFu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - MinZheng Duan
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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17
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Li M, Kan Y, Su H, Pöschl U, Parekh SH, Bonn M, Cheng Y. Spatial homogeneity of pH in aerosol microdroplets. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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18
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Ma T, Furutani H, Duan F, Kimoto T, Ma Y, Zhu L, Huang T, Toyoda M, He K. Distinct diurnal chemical compositions and formation processes of individual organic-containing particles in Beijing winter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120846. [PMID: 36496065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OA) are major components of fine particulate matter, yet their formation mechanism remains unclear, especially in polluted environments. In this study, we investigated the diurnal chemical compositions and formation processes of OA in carbonaceous particles during winter in Beijing using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We found that 84.5% of the measured carbonaceous particles underwent aging processes, characterized by larger diameter and more secondary species compared to fresh carbonaceous particles, and presented different chemical compositions of OA in the daytime and nighttime. During the day, under high O3 concentrations, organosulfates and oligomers existed in the aged carbonaceous particles, which were mixed with a higher signal of nitrate compared with sulfate. At night, under high relative humidity, distinct spectral signatures of hydroxymethanesulfonate and organic nitrogen compounds, and minor signals of other hydroxyalkylsulfonates and high molecular weight organic compounds were present in the aged carbonaceous particles, which were mixed with a higher signal of sulfate compared with nitrate. Our results indicated that photochemistry contributed to OA formation in the daytime, while aqueous chemistry played an important role in OA formation in the nighttime. The findings can help improve the performance of air quality and climate models on OA simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hiroshi Furutani
- Support Center for Scientific Instrument Renovation and Custom Fabrication, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan; Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co., Ltd., 3-1 Funahashi-cho Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co., Ltd., 3-1 Funahashi-cho Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Michisato Toyoda
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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19
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chan AWH, Yao M, Chen Z, Abbatt JPD. Organic Peroxides in Aerosol: Key Reactive Intermediates for Multiphase Processes in the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1635-1679. [PMID: 36630720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are organic molecules with one or more peroxide (-O-O-) functional groups. POs are commonly regarded as chemically labile termination products from gas-phase radical chemistry and therefore serve as temporary reservoirs for oxidative radicals (HOx and ROx) in the atmosphere. Owing to their ubiquity, active gas-particle partitioning behavior, and reactivity, POs are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric multiphase processes determining the life cycle (formation, growth, and aging), climate, and health impacts of aerosol. However, there remain substantial gaps in the origin, molecular diversity, and fate of POs due to their complex nature and dynamic behavior. Here, we summarize the current understanding on atmospheric POs, with a focus on their identification and quantification, state-of-the-art analytical developments, molecular-level formation mechanisms, multiphase chemical transformation pathways, as well as environmental and health impacts. We find that interactions with SO2 and transition metal ions are generally the fast PO transformation pathways in atmospheric liquid water, with lifetimes estimated to be minutes to hours, while hydrolysis is particularly important for α-substituted hydroperoxides. Meanwhile, photolysis and thermolysis are likely minor sinks for POs. These multiphase PO transformation pathways are distinctly different from their gas-phase fates, such as photolysis and reaction with OH radicals, which highlights the need to understand the multiphase partitioning of POs. By summarizing the current advances and remaining challenges for the investigation of POs, we propose future research priorities regarding their origin, fate, and impacts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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20
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Zhang Y, Cheng M, Gao J, Li J. Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:545-559. [PMID: 36522014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NOx, SO2, NH3, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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21
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Choi J, Jang M. Suppression of the phenolic SOA formation in the presence of electrolytic inorganic seed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158082. [PMID: 35985582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are largely attributed to wildfire gases and rapidly react with atmospheric oxidants to form persistent phenoxy free radicals, which influence atmospheric chemistry and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study, phenol or o-cresol was photochemically oxidized under various conditions (NOx levels, humidity, and seed conditions) in an outdoor photochemical reactor. Unexpectedly, SOA growth of both phenols was suppressed in the presence of salted aqueous aerosol compared to non-seed SOA. This discovery is different from the typical SOA formation of aromatic or biogenic hydrocarbons, which show noticeably higher SOA yields via organic aqueous reactions. Phenol, o-cresol, and their phenolic products (e.g., catechols) are absorbed in aqueous aerosol and form phenoxy radicals via heterogeneous reactions under sunlight. The resulting phenoxy radicals are redistributed between the gas and particle phases. Gaseous phenoxy radicals quickly react with ozone to form phenyl peroxide radicals and regenerated through a NOx cycle to retard phenol oxidation and SOA formation. The explicit oxidation mechanisms of phenol or o-cresol in the absence of aqueous phase were derived including the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.3.1) and the path for peroxy radical adducts originating from the addition of an OH radical to phenols to form low volatility products (e.g., multi-hydroxy aromatics). The resulting gas mechanisms of phenol or o-cresol were, then, applied to the Unified Partitioning Aerosol Phase Reaction (UNIPAR) model to predict SOA formation via multiphase partitioning of organics and aerosol-phase oligomerization. The model well simulated chamber-generated phenolic SOA in absence of wet-inorganic seed, but significantly overestimated SOA mass in presence of wet seed. This study suggests that heterogeneous chemistry to form phenoxy radicals needs to be included to improve SOA prediction from phenols. The suppression of atmospheric oxidation due to phenoxy radicals in wet inorganic aerosol can explain the low SOA formation during wildfire episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Myoseon Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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22
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Liu S, Wang Y, Xu X, Wang G. Effects of NO 2 and RH on secondary organic aerosol formation and light absorption from OH oxidation of ο-xylene. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136541. [PMID: 36150487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ο-xylene is an important aromatic volatile organic compound (VOC) in the atmosphere over urban areas. In this work, the effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration and relative humidity (RH) on the mass concentration of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed from ο-xylene OH oxidization was investigated in a photooxidation chamber. The ο-xylene SOA mass concentration increased from 54.2 μg m-3 to 127.2 μg m-3 during dry conditions, but decreased from 177.7 μg m-3 to 146.5 μg m-3 during high RH conditions when the initial NO2 concentration increased form 0 ppbv to about 900 ppbv. An increase in the ratio of [NO3-]/[Org] and a decrease in the oxidation state of carbon (OSC) of SOA suggested that acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reaction was responsible for enhancing SOA formation with increasing NO2 concentrations in dry conditions. In contrast, in humid conditions, the high molecular diffusion capacity of SOA could promote the reactivity of OH towards the interior of SOA, and the enhancement of nitrous acid (HONO) formation under high NO2 conditions could promote the SOA aging processes and be responsible for the decreasing trend of SOA formation with NO2. Light absorption by SOA was also measured, and both NO2 and RH enhanced the mass absorption coefficient (MACλ = 365 nm) value for the optical properties of ο-xylene SOA. The highest MACλ = 365 nm value of ο-xylene SOA was 0.89 m2 g-1, observed during humid conditions with an initial NO2 concentration of 862 ppbv, which was 3.9 times higher than in the experiment conducted in the absence of NO2 under dry conditions. The formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) and humic-like substances (HULIS) were responsible for the increased MACλ = 365 nm values of ο-xylene derived SOA. This study provides new insight into the effect of NO2 on SOA formation through the change in ο-xylene photooxidation under different RH conditions, and the complex effect of multiple environmental factors on SOA formation was also important and should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Xinbei Xu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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23
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Dust emission reduction enhanced gas-to-particle conversion of ammonia in the North China Plain. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6887. [PMID: 36371439 PMCID: PMC9653376 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium salt is an important component of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and has significant impacts on air quality, climate, and natural ecosystems. However, a fundamental understanding of the conversion kinetics from ammonia to ammonium in unique environments of high aerosol loading is lacking. Here, we report the uptake coefficient of ammonia (γNH3) on ambient PM2.5 varying from 2.2 × 10-4 to 6.0 × 10-4 in the North China Plain. It is significantly lower than those on the model particles under simple conditions reported in the literature. The probability-weighted γNH3 increases obviously, which is well explained by the annual decrease in aerosol pH due to the significant decline in alkali and alkali earth metal contents from the emission source of dust. Our results elaborate on the complex interactions between primary emissions and the secondary formation of aerosols and the important role of dust in atmospheric chemistry.
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24
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Tackman EC, Grady RS, Freedman MA. Direct measurement of the pH of aerosol particles using carbon quantum dots. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2929-2936. [PMID: 35856566 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01005d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pH of aerosol particles remains challenging to measure because of their small size, complex composition, and high acidity. Acidity in aqueous aerosol particles, which are found abundantly in the atmosphere, impacts many chemical processes from reaction rates to cloud formation. Only one technique - pH paper - currently exists for directly determining the pH of aerosol particles, and this is restricted to measuring average acidity for entire particle populations. Other methods for evaluating aerosol pH include filter samples, particle-into-liquid sampling, Raman spectroscopy, organic dyes, and thermodynamic models, but these either operate in a higher pH range or are unable to assess certain chemical species or complexity. Here, we present a new method for determining acidity of individual particles and particle phases using carbon quantum dots as a novel in situ fluorophore. Carbon quantum dots are easily synthesized, shelf stable, and sensitive to pH in the highly acidic regime from pH 0 to pH 3 relevant to ambient aerosol particles. To establish the method, a calibration curve was formed from the ratiometric fluorescence intensity of aerosolized standard solutions with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99. Additionally, the pH of aerosol particles containing a complex organic mixture (COM) representative of environmental aerosols was also determined, proving the efficacy of using carbon quantum dots as pH-sensitive fluorophores for complex systems. The ability to directly measure aerosol particle and phase acidity in the correct pH range can help parametrize atmospheric models and improve projections for other aerosol properties and their influence on health and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Tackman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Rachel S Grady
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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25
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Lei Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Cooke ME, Ledsky IR, Armstrong NC, Olson NE, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD, Ault AP. Initial pH Governs Secondary Organic Aerosol Phase State and Morphology after Uptake of Isoprene Epoxydiols (IEPOX). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10596-10607. [PMID: 35834796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity increases secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the reactive uptake of isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX) by enhancing condensed-phase reactions within sulfate-containing submicron particles, leading to low-volatility organic products. However, the link between the initial aerosol acidity and the resulting physicochemical properties of IEPOX-derived SOA remains uncertain. Herein, we show distinct differences in the morphology, phase state, and chemical composition of individual organic-inorganic mixed particles after IEPOX uptake to ammonium sulfate particles with different initial atmospherically relevant acidities (pH = 1, 3, and 5). Physicochemical properties were characterized via atomic force microscopy coupled with photothermal infrared spectroscopy (AFM-PTIR) and Raman microspectroscopy. Compared to less acidic particles (pH 3 and 5), reactive uptake of IEPOX to the most acidic particles (pH 1) resulted in 50% more organosulfate formation, clearer phase separation (core-shell), and more irregularly shaped morphologies, suggesting that the organic phase transitioned to semisolid or solid. This study highlights that initial aerosol acidity may govern the subsequent aerosol physicochemical properties, such as viscosity and morphology, following the multiphase chemical reactions of IEPOX. These results can be used in future studies to improve model parameterizations of SOA formation from IEPOX and its properties, toward the goal of bridging predictions and atmospheric observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Isabel R Ledsky
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - N Cazimir Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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26
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Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) from Photo-Oxidation of Toluene: 1 Influence of Reactive Nitrogen, Acidity and Water Vapours on Optical Properties. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many climate models treat the light-absorbing SOA component called “brown carbon” (BrC) as non-light absorbing because its formation and transformations are poorly understood. We therefore investigated the influence of reactive nitrogen (NOx, NH3)-, acidity (H2SO4)-, and water-mediated chemistry on SOA formed by the photo-oxidation of toluene, the subsequent formation and transformation of BrC, and its optical properties. We discovered that nitrogen-poor (NP) SOA is formed when the molar ratio of NOx to reacted toluene (henceforth, [NOx/ΔHC]) is 0.15 or less, whereas nitrogen-rich (NR) SOA is formed when [NOx/ΔHC] > 0.15. NR and NP SOA have markedly different characteristics. The light absorption coefficient (Babs) and mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of the SOA increased with [NOx/ΔHC] under both the NP and NR regimes. For NP SOA, the MAC increased with [NOx/ΔHC] independently of the relative humidity (RH). However, the MAC of NR SOA was RH-dependent. Under both NP and NR regimes, acidity promoted SOA browning while NH3 increased Babs and MAC at 80% RH. The highest MAC was observed at the lowest RH (20%) for acidic NR SOA, and it was postulated that the MAC of SOA depends mainly on the pH and the [H+]free/[SOA mass] ratio of the aqueous SOA phase.
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27
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Qiu Y, Wu Z, Man R, Liu Y, Shang D, Tang L, Chen S, Guo S, Dao X, Wang S, Tang G, Hu M. Historically understanding the spatial distributions of particle surface area concentrations over China estimated using a non-parametric machine learning method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153849. [PMID: 35176389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A non-parametric ensemble model was proposed to estimate the long-term (2015-2019) particle surface area concentrations (SA) over China for the first time on basis of a vilification dataset of measured particle number size distribution. This ensemble model showed excellent cross-validation R2 value (CV R2 = 0.83) as well as a relatively low root-mean-square error (RMSE = 195.0 μm2/cm3). No matter in which year, considerable spatial heterogeneity of SA was found over China with higher SA in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Middle Lower Reaches of Yangtze River (MLYR). From 2015 to 2019, SA significantly decreased in representative city clusters. The reduction rates were 140.1 μm2·cm-3·a-1 in BTH, 110.7 μm2·cm-3·a-1 in Pearl River Delta (PRD), 105.2 μm2·cm-3·a-1 in YRD, and 92.4 μm2·cm-3·a-1 in Sichuan Basin (SCB), respectively. Even though such quick reduction, high SA (ranged from ~800 μm2/cm3 to ~1750 μm2/cm3) during the heavy pollution period (PM2.5 > 75 μg/m3) still existed in the above-mentioned city clusters and may provide rich reaction vessels for multiphase chemistry. A dichotomy of enhanced annual 4th maximum daily 8-h average O3 concentrations (4MDA8 O3) and decreased SA during summertime was found in Shanghai, a representative city of YRD. In Chengdu (SCB), increased 4MDA8 O3 concentration was associated with a synchronous increase of SA from 2017 to 2019. Differently, 4MDA8 O3 concentrations enhanced in Beijing (BTH) and Guangzhou (PRD), while not significant for SA before 2018. This work will greatly deepen our understanding of the historical variation and spatial distributions of SA over China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ruiqi Man
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuechen Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lizi Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Dao
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guigang Tang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
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28
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Zeng M, Liu CL, Wilson KR. Catalytic Coupling of Free Radical Oxidation and Electrophilic Chlorine Addition by Phase-Transfer Intermediates in Liquid Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2959-2965. [PMID: 35511037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While examining the heterogeneous reaction of chlorine atoms with alkenes, in the presence of Cl2, we have observed an unexpectedly large enhancement of reactivity and the predominance of chlorinated reaction products even under high O2 conditions, where Cl atom recycling is expected to be minimal. These observations cannot be explained by known free radical oxidation or cycling mechanisms, but rather we find evidence for the multiphase catalytic coupling of free radical oxidation with electrophilic Cl2 addition. The mechanism entails the production of oxygenated reaction intermediates, which act as gas-liquid phase-transfer catalysts (gl-PTCs) by promoting the accommodation of gas-phase Cl2 by the aerosol, thereby enhancing electrophilic addition. Although the majority of PTCs typically couple chemistry between two immiscible liquid phases (aqueous/organic), there are few examples of PTCs that couple gas-liquid reactions. This work shows how multiphase reaction schemes of aerosols can be reimagined for understanding catalytic reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Zeng
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chen-Lin Liu
- Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Li LF, Chen Z, Liu P, Zhang YH. Direct Measurement of pH Evolution in Aerosol Microdroplets Undergoing Ammonium Depletion: A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6274-6281. [PMID: 35476405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurately measuring the pH of atmospheric aerosols is a prerequisite for understanding the multiphase chemistry that profoundly affects the environment and climate systems. Despite the advancements of experimental techniques for in situ pH measurements in aerosols, current studies are limited to measuring the static pH of aerosol microdroplets with an unperturbed composition. This steady-state scenario, however, deviates from the real-world aerosols undergoing atmospheric aging reactions, specifically, those characterized with a spontaneous displacement of strong bases (or acids) with high volatility. Here, we introduce a continuous and in situ measurement of aerosol pH by using a 4-mercaptopyridine-functionalized silver nanoparticle probe and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We find that the ammonium depletion─a spontaneous displacement of ammonium by dicarboxylic acid salts─continuously acidifies aerosol water over time. The decaying trends of pH in the aerosols under various humidity conditions can be unified with a universal exponential function. Such an exponentially decaying function further indicates that the ammonium depletion reaction is a self-limiting process. Our technique can be applied to study the dynamic change of aerosol acidity during the complex atmospheric aging processes, toward elucidating their implications on atmospheric chloride, nitrate, and ammonium cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Fang Li
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pai Liu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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30
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Diurnal Variations of Isoprene, Monoterpenes, and Toluene Oxidation Products in Aerosols at a Rural Site of Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the characteristics and formation mechanism of summertime isoprene, monoterpene, and toluene-derived secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) were investigated in a rural area of Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China. The variations in key indicators of primary sources indicated a significant influence of biomass burning on PM2.5 during the observation period. The concentrations of total measured SOA tracers from isoprene, monoterpene, and toluene were 40.85 ± 17.31, 24.27 ± 7.50, and 10.61 ± 0.33 ng/m3, respectively. The average ratio of cis-pinonic and pinic acids to 3-Methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid (MBTCA)(P/M) were 0.45 and 0.85 by day and by night, respectively. The low ratio in the daytime was mainly due to the stronger photo-degradation and particle-to-gas distribution of semi-volatile cis-pinonic and pinic acids. The monoterpene SOA tracers were significantly correlated with levoglucosan at night (R2 = 0.51, p < 0.01), as were toluene SOA tracers and levoglucosan (R2 > 0.67, p < 0.01), indicating the significant contribution of biomass combustion to these SOAs. The mass concentration of isoprene-, monoterpenes-, and toluene-derived SOC was estimated by using the tracer yield method. The total calculated SOCs by day and by night were 0.25–0.71 (average: 0.46) and 0.26–0.78 (average: 0.42) µgC/m3, accounting for 3.35–10.58% and 3.87–13.51% of OC by day and by night, respectively.
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31
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Li J, Li K, Li H, Wang X, Wang W, Wang K, Ge M. Long-chain alkanes in the atmosphere: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:37-52. [PMID: 35459500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a representative species of intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs), long-chain alkanes are considered to be important precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere. This work reviews the previous studies on long-chain alkanes in the atmosphere: (1) the detection methods and filed observations of long-chain alkanes in both gas and particle phases are summarized briefly; (2) the laboratory studies of long chain alkanes are reviewed, the kinetic data, reaction mechanism, SOA yields, and physicochemical properties of SOA are included in detail; (3) the research progress related to model simulations of long-chain alkanes are also discussed. In addition, based on available research results, several perspective contents are proposed that can be used as a guideline for future research plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kun Li
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xuezhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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32
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Characterization of VOCs during Nonheating and Heating Periods in the Typical Suburban Area of Beijing, China: Sources and Health Assessment. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the “coal to electricity” project (CTEP) using clean energy instead of coal for heating has been implemented by Beijing government to cope with air pollution. However, VOC pollution after CTEP was rarely studied in suburbs of Beijing. To fill this exigency, 116 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed during nonheating (P1) and heating (P2) periods in suburban Beijing. The results showed that the total of VOCs (TVOCs) was positively correlated with PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 but negatively correlated with O3 and wind speed. The average TVOCs concentration was 19.43 ± 12.41 ppbv in P1 and 16.25 ± 8.01 ppbv in P2. Aromatics and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the main contributors to ozone formation potential (OFP). Seven sources of VOCs identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were industrial source, coal combustion, fuel evaporation, gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, background and biogenic sources, and solvent usage. The contribution of coal combustion to VOCs increased significantly during P2, whereas industrial sources, fuel evaporation, and solvent usage exhibited opposite trends. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) were used to analyze the source distributions. The results showed that VOC pollution was caused mainly by air mass from southern Hebei during P1 but by local emissions during P2. Therefore, although the contribution of coal combustion after heating increased, TVOCs concentration during P2 was lower than that during P1. Chronic noncarcinogenic risks of all selected VOC species were below the safe level, while the carcinogenic risks of most selected VOC species were above the acceptable risk level, especially for tetrachloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. The cancer risks posed by gasoline vehicle emissions, industrial enterprises, and coal combustion should be paid more attention.
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33
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Yang Z, Du L, Li Y, Ge X. Secondary organic aerosol formation from monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: insights from laboratory studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:351-379. [PMID: 35171163 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) are key anthropogenic pollutants and often dominate the volatile organic compound emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation especially in the urban atmosphere. To evaluate the environmental impacts of SOA formed from the oxidation of MAHs (aromatic SOA), it is of great importance to elucidate their chemical composition, formation mechanism, and physicochemical properties under various atmospheric conditions. Here we seek to compile a common framework for the current studies on aromatic SOA formation and summarize the knowledge on what has been primarily learned from laboratory studies. This review begins with a brief summary of MAHs' emission characteristics, followed by an overview of atmospheric degradation mechanisms for MAHs as well as gas- and particle-phase reactions involving aromatic SOA formation. SOA formation processes highlighted in this review are complex and depend highly on environmental conditions, posing a substantial challenge for theoretical description of aromatic SOA formation. Therefore, the following issues are further discussed in detail: the response of gas-phase chemistry and aromatic SOA mass yield as well as composition to NOx levels, particle-phase reactions and molecular characterization of aromatic SOA in the presence of acidic sulfate, and physicochemical processes of SOA formation involving gas- or particle-phase water. Building on this current understanding, available experimental studies on the effects of environmental conditions were explored. A brief description of the atmospheric importance of aromatic SOA including their optical properties and health influences is also presented. Finally, we highlight the current challenges in laboratory studies and outline directions for future aromatic SOA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 266000, Qingdao, China.
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 266000, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
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34
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Yin F, Yang X, Zheng L, Fang L, Wang S, Liu H. Acid‐base transport model depicting the dynamic
pH
response of interfacial reactions. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjun Yin
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Ling Fang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Sha Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Hong Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
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35
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Xu R, Li X, Dong H, Lv D, Kim N, Yang S, Wang W, Chen J, Shao M, Lu S, Wu Z, Chen S, Guo S, Hu M, Liu Y, Zeng L, Zhang Y. Field observations and quantifications of atmospheric formaldehyde partitioning in gaseous and particulate phases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152122. [PMID: 34871687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) can possibly be taken by atmospheric particles due to its moderate solubility. Although previous model studies have proposed that uptake by particles was a large sink for HCHO, direct observation of HCHO partitioning and estimation of HCHO uptake coefficient (γ) for tropospheric conditions are still limited. In this work, online measurements of gaseous HCHO (HCHOg) and particulate HCHO (HCHOp) were carried out simultaneously at an urban site in Beijing in winter and spring. The results indicated that the average concentrations of HCHOp ranged from 0.15 to 0.4 μg m-3, accounting for 1.2% to 10% of the total HCHO (i.e., HCHOg + HCHOp). The median values of estimated γ based on the measured data were in the range of about 1.09 ∗ 10-5-2.42 ∗ 10-4, with lower values during PM2.5 pollution episodes. Besides, the pH and liquid water content of aerosols that are mainly determined by ambient relative humidity (RH) and inorganic salt composition were identified as the main influencing factors of γ. We propose that the HCHO uptake process was mainly driven by hydrone and hydrogen ions in particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Xu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Huabin Dong
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqi Lv
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Najin Kim
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Suding Yang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, Fujian, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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36
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Wang X, Liu S, Bao L, Zhang H, Yuan S, He M, Yuan S. Enhanced uptake of methacrolein at the acidic nanoparticle interface: Adsorption, heterogeneous reaction and impact for the secondary organic aerosol formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149532. [PMID: 34426310 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Considering the moderate acidity of aerosols, the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) through acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions has become a recent concern. However, the detailed information on the multiphase chemistry of organic compounds adsorbed onto acidic aerosols remains uncertain. In this work, we investigated the multiphase chemical processes between methacrolein (MACR) and sulfuric acid (SA) and their relationship with SOA formation. Results show that the aqueous nanoparticle interface, especially when it is an acidic nanoparticle interface, is a perfect area to adsorb and accommodate MACR. The occurrence percentage of MACR on the interface is more than 70%. With the increase of SA concentration, the first solvation shell changed from only water to the mixture of SA and water, which facilitates the heterogeneous hydration reaction of MACR. Compared with the neutral nanoparticle interface, the acidic nanoparticle interface exhibits a better ability to uptake and accommodate gaseous carbonyl species. Moreover, SA can catalyze the hydration reaction of MACR inside the aqueous media, and the resulting oligomers contribute to the formation and growth of SOA. The hydration reaction indirectly promotes the continuous adsorption of MACR at the acidic nanoparticle interface. The rate constant shows a positive altitude dependence, and acid-catalyzed reactions have an important impact on environmental chemistry, such as cloud SOA formation, within the range of about 2-6 km. This study reports a complete description of the heterogeneous interactions between unsaturated carbonyl species and acidic nanoparticles by using molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry methods, aiming to provide some insights for the further study on heterogeneous chemistry and its role in the formation of tropospheric SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Bao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shideng Yuan
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shiling Yuan
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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37
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Liu S, Wang Y, Wang G, Zhang S, Li D, Du L, Wu C, Du W, Ge S. Enhancing effect of NO 2 on the formation of light-absorbing secondary organic aerosols from toluene photooxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148714. [PMID: 34225141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons are one of the major precursors of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) and both abundantly co-exist with NOx in the urban atmosphere especially in winter haze period. However, the impact of NOx on the formation of BrC derived from aromatic hydrocarbons is still not fully understood. In this study, the yield and light absorption of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from toluene photooxidation under various nitrogen oxides (NO2) levels were investigated by using a 5 m3 photooxidation smog chamber. A trend of increase at first and then decrease in the SOA yield with an increasing NO2 concentration was observed. The acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions lead to the increase of SOA yield in the low-NO2 regime. The formation of low-volatility species might be suppressed at high-NO2 conditions is responsible for the decreased SOA yield. In contrast, light absorption and mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the toluene-derived SOA continuously increased with the increasing NO2 concentrations. HR-ToF-AMS results showed that nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) are the main species that lead to the increase of the SOA light absorption. The ratio of CHN family to the total NOCs, which are derived from the nitro compounds, also increased dominantly with the increasing NO2 levels and accounted for more than half of the total NOCs when the NO2 concentration increased to 495 ppbv, indicating that nitro compounds rather than organic nitrates are the major light-absorbing species and preferably formed in the toluene oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ge
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
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38
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Jia L, Xu Y. A core-shell box model for simulating viscosity dependent secondary organic aerosol (CSVA) and its application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147954. [PMID: 34062465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a key role in air pollution and global climate change. However, the understanding and modelling of SOA properties and evolution are still limited. In this paper, we developed a novel kinetic Core-Shell box model for Viscosity dependent SOA simulation (CSVA), which includes explicit gas-phase reactions (MCM), homogeneous nucleation by H2SO4-NH3-H2O, viscosity dependent mass transfer between gas and particle phases (organic and aqueous phases) and particle-phase reactions. The gas-particle mass transfer is represented by chainlike reactions analogizing to electrical resistance. The CSVA model is verified and applied to chamber experiments of toluene oxidation systems. The monomers and dimers of SOA are determined by coupling the high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectra and MCM mechanism. The majority of dimers are confirmed to be peroxyhemiacetals formed by reactions of hydroperoxides with aldehydes in the particle phase. The results show that CSVA can well capture the following processes: (1) relative humidity (RH) dependent nucleation of the H2SO4-NH3-H2O system, (2) particle size-dependent hygroscopic growth of inorganics (e.g., NaCl and (NH4)2SO4) and organics (levoglucosan and SOA), (3) NOx dependent SOA formation, (4) viscosity-induced evolution of particle size distribution, and (5) effect of RH on SOA formation. In particular, our model reproduces the phenomenon that the evolution of SOA particle size distribution from a one-peak mode into a two-peak mode is due to viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - YongFu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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39
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Tilgner A, Schaefer T, Alexander B, Barth M, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Nenes A, Pye HOT, Herrmann H, McNeill VF. Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021. [PMID: 34675968 PMCID: PMC8525431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Zeng M, Wilson KR. Experimental evidence that halogen bonding catalyzes the heterogeneous chlorination of alkenes in submicron liquid droplets. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10455-10466. [PMID: 34447538 PMCID: PMC8356749 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02662c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in predicting the multiphase chemistry of aerosols and droplets is connecting reaction probabilities, observed in an experiment, with the kinetics of individual elementary steps that control the chemistry that occurs across a gas/liquid interface. Here we report evidence that oxygenated molecules accelerate the heterogeneous reaction rate of chlorine gas with an alkene (squalene, Sqe) in submicron droplets. The effective reaction probability for Sqe is sensitive to both the aerosol composition and gas phase environment. In binary aerosol mixtures with 2-decyl-1-tetradecanol, linoleic acid and oleic acid, Sqe reacts 12-23× more rapidly than in a pure aerosol. In contrast, the reactivity of Sqe is diminished by 3× when mixed with an alkane. Additionally, small oxygenated molecules in the gas phase (water, ethanol, acetone, and acetic acid) accelerate (up to 10×) the heterogeneous chlorination rate of Sqe. The overall reaction mechanism is not altered by the presence of these aerosol and gas phase additives, suggesting instead that they act as catalysts. Since the largest rate acceleration occurs in the presence of oxygenated molecules, we conclude that halogen bonding enhances reactivity by slowing the desorption kinetics of Cl2 at the interface, in a way that is analogous to decreasing temperature. These results highlight the importance of relatively weak interactions in controlling the speed of multiphase reactions important for atmospheric and indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Zeng
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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Xu L, Tsona NT, Du L. Relative Humidity Changes the Role of SO 2 in Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7365-7372. [PMID: 34324359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SO2 influences secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and organosulfates (OSs) formation but mechanisms remain elusive. This study focuses on this topic by investigating biogenic γ-terpinene ozonolysis under various SO2 and relative humidity (RH) conditions. With a constant SO2 concentration (∼110 ppb), the increase in RH transformed SO2 sinks from stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs) to peroxides in aerosol particles. The associated changes in particle acidity and liquid water content may collectively first lead to decreased and then increased SOA yield with increasing RH, with the turning point appearing at ∼30% RH. The abundance of most OSs formed under 45% RH was more than 5 times higher than that of OSs formed under 10% RH, possibly due to interactions of dissolved SO2 with hydroperoxides (ROOH) in SOA. ROOHs formed from the autoxidation processes of alkylperoxy radicals were proposed to be precursors for highly oxidized OSs (HOOSs) that decreased SOA volatility and showed a certain abundance in ambient aerosols. This study highlights that high RH potentially enhances the contribution of SO2 to OSs formation, and particularly, HOOSs formation during monoterpene ozonolysis in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Chen Y, Tong S, Li W, Liu Y, Tan F, Ge M, Xie X, Sun J. Photocatalytic Oxidation of SO 2 by TiO 2: Aerosol Formation and the Key Role of Gaseous Reactive Oxygen Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9784-9793. [PMID: 34232022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic materials are proved to effectively eliminate gaseous pollutants and are widely used in the environment. However, as one of the rare experiments focusing on their influence on secondary aerosol formation generated in the gas phase (SAg), our study demonstrated the high-yield SAg formation in the photocatalysis process. In this study, the photodegradation of SO2 by TiO2 under various relative humidity (RH) conditions was deeply explored with multiple methods. Unexpectedly, H2SO4 aerosols (SAg-H2SO4) in yields of 10.10-32.64% were observed under the studied RH conditions for the first time. Gaseous •OH and H2O2 generated from the oxidation of H2O and reduction of O2 by TiO2 were directly detected in the photocatalysis process, and they were identified as the determining factor for SAg-H2SO4 formation. The formation of SAg-H2SO4 was also influenced by RH, the heterogeneous reaction of SO2, and the uptake of H2SO4. The role of the released gaseous •OH and H2O2 on atmospheric chemistry was proved to be unignorable by adopting the obtained parameters into the real environment. These findings provided direct experimental evidence of secondary pollution in the photocatalysis process and are of great significance to the field of atmospheric environment and photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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Chen T, Chu B, Ma Q, Zhang P, Liu J, He H. Effect of relative humidity on SOA formation from aromatic hydrocarbons: Implications from the evolution of gas- and particle-phase species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145015. [PMID: 33582345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Relative humidity (RH) plays a significant role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, but the mechanisms remain uncertain. Using a 30 m3 indoor smog chamber, the influences of RH on SOA formation from two conventional anthropogenic aromatics (toluene and m-xylene) were investigated from the perspective of both the gas- and particle- phases based on the analysis of multi-generation gas-phase products and the chemical composition of SOA, which clearly distinguishes from many previous works mainly focused on the particle-phase. Compared to experiments with RH of 2.0%, SOA yields increased by 11.1%-133.4% and 4.0%-64.5% with higher RH (30.0%-90.0%) for toluene and m-xylene, respectively. The maximum SOA concentration always appeared at 50.0% RH, which is consistent with the change trend of SOA concentration with RH in the summertime field observation. The most plausible reason is that the highest gas-phase OH concentration was observed at 50.0% RH, when the increases in gas-phase OH formation and OH uptake to aerosols and chamber walls with increasing RH reached a balance. The maximum OH concentration was accompanied by a notable decay of second-generation products and formation of third-generation products at 50.0% RH. With further increasing RH, more second-generation products with insufficient oxidation degree will be partitioned into the aerosol phase, and the aqueous-phase oxidation process will also be promoted due to the enhanced uptake of OH. These processes concurrently caused the O/C and oxidation state of carbon (OSc) to first increase and then slightly decrease. This work revealed the complex influence of RH on SOA formation from aromatic VOCs through affecting the OH concentration, partitioning of advanced gas-phase oxidation products as well as aqueous-phase oxidation processes. Quantitative studies to elucidate the role of RH in the partitioning of oxidation products should be conducted to further clarify the mechanism of the influence of RH on SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Xu L, Yang Z, Tsona NT, Wang X, George C, Du L. Anthropogenic-Biogenic Interactions at Night: Enhanced Formation of Secondary Aerosols and Particulate Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Organics from β-Pinene Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7794-7807. [PMID: 34044541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixing of anthropogenic gaseous pollutants and biogenic volatile organic compounds impacts the formation of secondary aerosols, but still in an unclear manner. The present study explores secondary aerosol formation via the interactions between β-pinene, O3, NO2, SO2, and NH3 under dark conditions. Results showed that aerosol yield can be largely enhanced by more than 330% by NO2 or SO2 but slightly enhanced by NH3 by 39% when the ratio of inorganic gases to β-pinene ranged from 0 to 1.3. Joint effects of NO2 and SO2 and SO2 and NH3 existed as aerosol yields increased with NO2 but decreased with NH3 when SO2 was kept constant. Infrared spectra showed nitrogen-containing aerosol components derived from NO2 and NH3 and sulfur-containing species derived from SO2. Several particulate organic nitrates (MW 215, 229, 231, 245), organosulfates (MW 250, 264, 280, 282, 284), and nitrooxy organosulfates (MW 295, 311, 325, 327, and 343) were identified using high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry in NO2 and SO2 experiments, and their formation mechanism is discussed. Most of these nitrogen- and sulfur-containing species have been reported in ambient particles. Our results suggest that the complex interactions among β-pinene, O3, NO2, SO2, and NH3 during the night might serve as a potential pathway for the formation of particulate nitrogen- and sulfur-containing organics, especially in polluted regions with both anthropogenic and biogenic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Chu B, Chen T, Liu Y, Ma Q, Mu Y, Wang Y, Ma J, Zhang P, Liu J, Liu C, Gui H, Hu R, Hu B, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu J, Xie P, Chen J, Liu Q, Jiang J, Li J, He K, Liu W, Jiang G, Hao J, He H. Application of smog chambers in atmospheric process studies. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 9:nwab103. [PMID: 35145701 PMCID: PMC8826053 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Smog chamber experimental systems, which have been widely used in laboratory simulation for studying atmospheric processes, are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. The components, development history, main research topics and main achievements of smog chambers are introduced. Typical smog chambers in the world, including their volumes, wall materials, light sources and features, are summarized and compared. Key factors of smog chambers and their influences on the simulation of the atmospheric environment are discussed, including wall loss, wall emission and background pollutants. The features of next-generation smog chambers and their application prospect in future studies of the atmospheric environment are also outlined in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunshan Liu
- Beijing Convenient Environmental Tech Co. Ltd, Beijing 101115, China
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institutes of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Renzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institutes of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institutes of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institutes of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institutes of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang B, Shen H, Liu P, Guo H, Hu Y, Chen Y, Xie S, Xi Z, Skipper TN, Russell AG. Significant contrasts in aerosol acidity between China and the United States. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:8341-8356. [PMID: 38106813 PMCID: PMC10723067 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-8341-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity governs several key processes in aerosol physics and chemistry, thus affecting aerosol mass and composition and ultimately climate and human health. Previous studies have reported aerosol pH values separately in China and the United States (USA), implying different aerosol acidity between these two countries. However, there is debate about whether mass concentration or chemical composition is the more important driver of differences in aerosol acidity. A full picture of the pH difference and the underlying mechanisms responsible is hindered by the scarcity of simultaneous measurements of particle composition and gaseous species, especially in China. Here we conduct a comprehensive assessment of aerosol acidity in China and the USA using extended ground-level measurements and regional chemical transport model simulations. We show that aerosols in China are significantly less acidic than in the USA, with pH values 1-2 units higher. Based on a proposed multivariable Taylor series method and a series of sensitivity tests, we identify major factors leading to the pH difference. Compared to the USA, China has much higher aerosol mass concentrations (gas + particle, by a factor of 8.4 on average) and a higher fraction of total ammonia (gas + particle) in the aerosol composition. Our assessment shows that the differences in mass concentrations and chemical composition play equally important roles in driving the aerosol pH difference between China and the USA - increasing the aerosol mass concentrations (by a factor of 8.4) but keeping the relative component contributions the same in the USA as the level in China increases the aerosol pH by ~1.0 units and further shifting the chemical composition from US conditions to China's that are richer in ammonia increases the aerosol pH by ~0.9 units. Therefore, China being both more polluted than the USA and richer in ammonia explains the aerosol pH difference. The difference in aerosol acidity highlighted in the present study implies potential differences in formation mechanisms, physicochemical properties, and toxicity of aerosol particles in these two countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yongtao Hu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ziyan Xi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - T. Nash Skipper
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Zhang R, Gen M, Fu TM, Chan CK. Production of Formate via Oxidation of Glyoxal Promoted by Particulate Nitrate Photolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5711-5720. [PMID: 33861585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate nitrate photolysis can produce oxidants (i.e., OH, NO2, and NO2-/HNO2) in aqueous droplets and may play a potential role in increased atmospheric oxidative capacity. Our earlier works have reported on the SO2 oxidation promoted by nitrate photolysis to produce sulfate. Here, we used glyoxal as a model precursor to examine the role of particulate nitrate photolysis in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from particle-phase oxidation of glyoxal by OH radicals. Particles containing sodium nitrate and glyoxal were irradiated at 300 nm. Interestingly, typical oxidation products of oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid, and higher-molecular-weight products reported in the literature were not found in the photooxidation process of glyoxal during nitrate photolysis in the particle phase. Instead, formic acid/formate production was found as the main oxidation product. At glyoxal concentration higher than 3 M, we found that the formic acid/formate production rate increases significantly with increasing glyoxal concentration. Such results suggest that oxidation of glyoxal at high concentrations by OH radicals produced from nitrate photolysis in aqueous particles may not contribute significantly to SOA formation since formic acid is a volatile species. Furthermore, recent predictions of formic acid/formate concentration from the most advanced chemical models are lower than ambient observations at both the ground level and high altitude. The present study reveals a new insight into the production of formic acid/formate as well as a sink of glyoxal in the atmosphere, which may partially narrow the gap between model predictions and field measurements in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Yi Y, Meng J, Hou Z, Wang G, Zhou R, Li Z, Li Y, Chen M, Liu X, Li H, Yan L. Contrasting compositions and sources of organic aerosol markers in summertime PM 2.5 from urban and mountainous regions in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144187. [PMID: 33418249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the chemical compositions and sources of organic aerosols (OAs) have been extensively investigated at the summit of Mt. Tai in the North China Plain (NCP), their vertical distributions and characterizations in the Mt. Tai region is not well known. To better understand the vertical variations of OAs in the urban and mountainous atmosphere, PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously on a daytime/nighttime basis at two sites of different altitudes (Taian urban site: 20 m above ground; the summit of Mt. Tai: 1534 m a.s.l.) during the summer of 2016. The concentrations of all the determined chemical compounds (e.g., OC, EC, inorganic ions, saccharides, n-alkanes, PAHs and hopanes) except for biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) tracers decreased with the increase in sampling height, indicating the relatively larger contribution of anthropogenic pollutants to OAs at the lower heights. The relatively low concentration levels of biomass burning tracers (e.g., levoglucosan, galactosan and mannosan) and the insignificant correlations of levoglucosan with carbonaceous species demonstrated a negligible effect of biomass burning on the mountaintop atmosphere. The enhanced concentrations of BSOA tracers were observed with the increase of height, largely due to the more intensive secondary oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under the stronger radiation conditions at the summit. The daytime concentrations of carbonaceous species, primary sugars, sugar alcohols, PAHs and low molecular weight n-alkanes were significantly higher than those in nighttime at Mt. Tai, suggesting that these chemical compounds at the summit of Mt.Tai aerosols were transported from the ground surface by valley breezes in daytime. There was no correlation between BSOA tracers and relative humidity (RH) or liquid water content (LWC) at both the sites, because both the high RH and LWC can suppress the acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA due to the dilution of the aerosol acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yi
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hongji Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
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Li Y, Ji Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Shi Q, Peng J, Wang Y, Wang C, Zhang F, Wang Y, Seinfeld JH, Zhang R. Unexpected Oligomerization of Small α-Dicarbonyls for Secondary Organic Aerosol and Brown Carbon Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4430-4439. [PMID: 33721996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of small α-dicarbonyls (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) are produced in the atmosphere from photochemical oxidation of biogenic isoprene and anthropogenic aromatics, but the fundamental mechanisms leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and brown carbon (BrC) formation remain elusive. Methylglyoxal is commonly believed to be less reactive than glyoxal because of unreactive methyl substitution, and available laboratory measurements showed negligible aerosol growth from methylglyoxal. Herein, we present experimental results to demonstrate striking oligomerization of small α-dicarbonyls leading to SOA and BrC formation on sub-micrometer aerosols. Significantly more efficient growth and browning of aerosols occur upon exposure to methylglyoxal than glyoxal under atmospherically relevant concentrations and in the absence/presence of gas-phase ammonia and formaldehyde, and nonvolatile oligomers and light-absorbing nitrogen-heterocycles are identified as the dominant particle-phase products. The distinct aerosol growth and light absorption are attributed to carbenium ion-mediated nucleophilic addition, interfacial electric field-induced attraction, and synergetic oligomerization involving organic/inorganic species, leading to surface- or volume-limited reactions that are dependent on the reactivity and gaseous concentrations. Our findings resolve an outstanding discrepancy concerning the multiphase chemistry of small α-dicarbonyls and unravel a new avenue for SOA and BrC formation from atmospherically abundant, ubiquitous carbonyls and ammonia/ammonium sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiayun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yuan Wang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Qiuju Shi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Volatile Organic Compounds Monitored Online at Three Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) Region during Summer 2016: Sources and Emission Areas. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored online at three photochemical assessment monitoring stations (MDS, WQS and HGS) in the Pearl River Delta region during the summer of 2016. Measured levels of VOCs at the MDS, WQS and HGS sites were 34.78, 8.54 and 8.47 ppbv, respectively, with aromatics and alkenes as major ozone precursors and aromatics as major precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealed that VOCs at the sites mainly came from vehicle exhaust, petrochemical industry, and solvent use. Vehicle exhaust and industrial processes losses contributed most to ozone formation potentials (OFP) of VOCs, while industrial processes losses contributed most to SOA formation potentials of VOCs. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis revealed a north-south distribution for source regions of aromatics occurring at MDS with emission sources in Guangzhou mainly centered in the Guangzhou central districts, and source regions of aromatics at WQS showed an east-west distribution across Huizhou, Dongguan and east of Guangzhou, while that at HGS showed a south-north distribution across Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing and Yangjiang. This study demonstrates that multi-point high time resolution data can help resolve emission sources and locate emission areas of important ozone and SOA precursors.
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