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Zhang S, Liu T, Duan L, Hao L, Tong X, Jia T, Li X, Lun S. Characterization and drivers of water and carbon fluxes dynamics in dune ecosystems of the Horqin Sandy Land. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170517. [PMID: 38296087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Sandy regions constitute pivotal components of terrestrial ecosystems, exerting significant influences on global ecological equilibrium and security. This study meticulously explored water and carbon fluxes dynamics within a dune ecosystem in the Horqin Sandy Land throughout the growing seasons from 2013 to 2022 by employing an advanced eddy covariance system. The dynamic characteristics of these fluxes and their underlying driving forces were extensively analyzed, with a particular focus on the impact of precipitation. The main results are as follows: (1) During the growing seasons of 2015 and 2016, the dune ecosystem acted as a modest carbon source, while in 2013, 2014, and 2017- 2022, it transformed into a net carbon sink. Notably, the annual mean values of water use efficiency (WUE) and evapotranspiration (ET) were 5.16 gC·kg-1H2O and 255.4 mm, respectively. (2) The intensity, frequency, and temporal distribution of precipitation were found to significantly influence the carbon and water fluxes dynamics. Isolated minor precipitation events did not trigger substantial fluctuations, but substantial and prolonged precipitation events spanning multiple days or consecutive minor precipitation events resulted in notable assimilation delays. (3) Air temperature, soil temperature, and fractional vegetation cover (FVC) were found to be key factors influencing the carbon and water fluxes. Specifically, FVC exhibited a negative logarithmic correlation with net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and a power function relationship with WUE. (4) The interaction between carbon and water fluxes is exhibited by exponential increases in ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross primary productivity (GPP) with WUE, while NEE displayed an exponential decrease in relation to WUE. These findings are of high significance in predicting the potential ramifications of climate change on the intricate carbon and water cycles, and enhance our understanding of ecosystem dynamics in sandy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zhang
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Tingxi Liu
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Water Resources Protection and Utilization, Hohhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin Water Resources and Water Environment Comprehensive Management Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Limin Duan
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Water Resources Protection and Utilization, Hohhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin Water Resources and Water Environment Comprehensive Management Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lina Hao
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Water Resources Protection and Utilization, Hohhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin Water Resources and Water Environment Comprehensive Management Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Xin Tong
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Water Resources Protection and Utilization, Hohhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin Water Resources and Water Environment Comprehensive Management Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Tianyu Jia
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Shuo Lun
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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Nakhavali MA, Lauerwald R, Regnier P, Friedlingstein P. Historical trends and drivers of the laterally transported terrestrial dissolved organic carbon to river systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170560. [PMID: 38301790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) represents a critical component of terrestrial carbon (C) cycling and is a key contributor to the carbon flux between land and aquatic systems. Historically, the quantification of environmental factors influencing DOC leaching has been underexplored, with a predominant focus on land use changes as the main driver. In this study, the process-based terrestrial ecosystem model JULES-DOCM was utilized to simulate the spatiotemporal patterns of DOC leaching into the global river network from 1860 to 2010. This study reveals a 17 % increment in DOC leaching to rivers, reaching 292 Tg C yr-1 by 2010, with atmospheric CO2 fertilization identified as the primary controlling factor, significantly enhancing DOC production and leaching following increased vegetation productivity and soil carbon stocks. To specifically quantify the contribution of CO2 fertilization, a factorial simulation approach was employed that isolated the effects of CO2 from other potential drivers of change. The research highlights distinct regional responses. While globally CO2 fertilization is the dominant factor, in boreal regions, climate change markedly influences DOC dynamics, at times exceeding the impact of CO2. Temperate and sub-tropical areas exhibit similar trends in DOC leaching, largely controlled by CO2 fertilization, while climate change showed an indirect effect through modifications in runoff patterns. In contrast, the tropics show a relatively low increase in DOC leaching, which can be related to alterations in soil moisture and temperature. Additionally, the study re-evaluates the role of land use change in DOC leaching, finding its effect to be considerably smaller than previously assumed. These insights emphasize the dominant roles of CO2 fertilization and climate change in modulating DOC leaching, thereby refining our understanding of terrestrial carbon dynamics and their broader implications on the global C budget.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronny Lauerwald
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Pierre Regnier
- Biogeochemistry and Modelling of the Earth System, Department Geoscience, Environment and Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- LMD/IPSL, ENS, PSL Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France; University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
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Wang F, Liu J, Qin G, Zhang J, Zhou J, Wu J, Zhang L, Thapa P, Sanders CJ, Santos IR, Li X, Lin G, Weng Q, Tang J, Jiao N, Ren H. Coastal blue carbon in China as a nature-based solution toward carbon neutrality. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100481. [PMID: 37636281 PMCID: PMC10451025 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve the Paris Agreement, China pledged to become "Carbon Neutral" by the 2060s. In addition to massive decarbonization, this would require significant changes in ecosystems toward negative CO2 emissions. The ability of coastal blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), including mangrove, salt marsh, and seagrass meadows, to sequester large amounts of CO2 makes their conservation and restoration an important "nature-based solution (NbS)" for climate adaptation and mitigation. In this review, we examine how BCEs in China can contribute to climate mitigation. On the national scale, the BCEs in China store up to 118 Tg C across a total area of 1,440,377 ha, including over 75% as unvegetated tidal flats. The annual sedimental C burial of these BCEs reaches up to 2.06 Tg C year-1, of which most occurs in salt marshes and tidal flats. The lateral C flux of mangroves and salt marshes contributes to 1.17 Tg C year-1 along the Chinese coastline. Conservation and restoration of BCEs benefit climate change mitigation and provide other ecological services with a value of $32,000 ha-1 year-1. The potential practices and technologies that can be implemented in China to improve BCE C sequestration, including their constraints and feasibility, are also outlined. Future directions are suggested to improve blue carbon estimates on aerial extent, carbon stocks, sequestration, and mitigation potential. Restoring and preserving BCEs would be a cost-effective step to achieve Carbon Neutral by 2060 in China despite various barriers that should be removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Wang
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Marine Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guoming Qin
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingfan Zhang
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinge Zhou
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingtao Wu
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Poonam Thapa
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Christian J. Sanders
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
| | - Isaac R. Santos
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41319 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research and Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Guanghui Lin
- Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Ministry of Education, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Stable Isotope and Gulf Ecology, Institute of Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua’s Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qihao Weng
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong 999077, China
| | - Jianwu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research and Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- Innovative Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Global ONCE Program, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hai Ren
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510650, China
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Liu Z, Chen Z, Yu G, Zhang W, Zhang T, Han L. The role of climate, vegetation, and soil factors on carbon fluxes in Chinese drylands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1060066. [PMID: 36844101 PMCID: PMC9947249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1060066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drylands dominate the trend and variability of the land carbon (C) sink. A better understanding of the implications of climate-induced changes in the drylands for C sink-source dynamics is urgently needed. The effect of climate on ecosystem C fluxes (gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP)) in drylands has been extensively explored, but the roles of other concurrently changing factors, such as vegetation conditions and nutrient availability, remain unclear. We used eddy-covariance C-flux measurements from 45 ecosystems with concurrent information on climate (mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP)), soil (soil moisture (SM) and soil total nitrogen content (soil N)), and vegetation (leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC)) factors to assess their roles in C fluxes. The results showed that the drylands in China were weak C sinks. GPP and ER were positively correlated with MAP, while they were negatively correlated with MAT. NEP first decreased and then increased with increasing MAT and MAP, and 6.6 °C and 207 mm were the boundaries for the NEP response to MAT and MAP, respectively. SM, soil N, LAI, and MAP were the main factors affecting GPP and ER. However, SM and LNC had the most important influence on NEP. Compared with climate and vegetation factors, soil factors (SM and soil N) had a greater impact on C fluxes in the drylands. Climate factors mainly affected C fluxes by regulating vegetation and soil factors. To accurately estimate the global C balance and predict the response of ecosystems to environmental change, it is necessary to fully consider the discrepant effects of climate, vegetation, and soil factors on C fluxes, as well as the cascade relationships between different factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weikang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyou Zhang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lang Han
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Carbon Sink under Different Carbon Density Levels of Forest and Shrub, a Case in Dongting Lake Basin, China. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14112672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems play a critical role in the global carbon cycle and climate change mitigation. Studying the temporal and spatial dynamics of carbon sink and the driving mechanisms at the regional scale provides an important basis for ecological restoration and ecosystem management. Taking the Dongting Lake Basin as an example, we assessed the carbon sinks of forest and shrub from 2000 to 2020 based on the maps of biomass that were obtained by remote sensing, and analyzed the dynamics of carbon sinks that were contributed by different biomass carbon density levels of constant forest and shrub and new afforestation over the past two decades. The results showed that the carbon sink of forest and shrub in the Dongting Lake Basin grew rapidly from 2000 to 2020: carbon sink increased from 64.64 TgC between 2000 and 2010, to 382.56 TgC between 2010 and 2020. The continuous improvement of biomass carbon density has made a major contribution to carbon sink, especially the carbon density increase in low carbon density forests and shrubs. Carbon-dense forests and shrubs realized their contribution to carbon sink in the second decade after displaying negative carbon sink in the first decade. Carbon sink from new afforestation increased 61.16% from the first decade to the second decade, but the contribution proportion decreased. The overall low carbon density of forest and shrub in the Dongting Lake Basin and their carbon sink dynamics indicated their huge carbon sequestration potential in the future. In addition to continuously implementing forest protection and restoration projects to promote afforestation, the improvement of ecosystem quality should be paid more attention in ecosystem management for areas like Dongting Lake Basin, where ecosystems, though severely degraded, are important and fragile, to realize their huge carbon sequestration potential.
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Three Decades of Gross Primary Production (GPP) in China: Variations, Trends, Attributions, and Prediction Inferred from Multiple Datasets and Time Series Modeling. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The accurate estimation of gross primary production (GPP) is crucial to understanding plant carbon sequestration and grasping the quality of the ecological environment. Nevertheless, due to the inconsistencies of current GPP products, the variations, trends and short-term predictions of GPP have not been sufficiently well studied. In this study, we explore the spatiotemporal variability and trends of GPP and its associated climatic and anthropogenic factors in China from 1982 to 2015, mainly based on the optimum light use efficiency (LUEopt) product. We also employ an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to forecast the monthly GPP for a one-year lead time. The results show that GPP experienced an upward trend of 2.268 g C/m2 per year during the studied period, that is, an increasing rate of 3.9% per decade since 1982. However, these trend changes revealed distinct heterogeneity across space and time. The positive trends were mainly distributed in the Yellow River and Huaihe River out of the nine major river basins in China. We found that the dynamics of GPP were concurrently affected by climate factors and human activities. While air temperature and leaf area index (LAI) played dominant roles at a national level, the effects of precipitation, downward shortwave radiation (SRAD), carbon dioxide (CO2) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) exhibited discrepancies in terms of degree and scope. The ARIMA model achieved satisfactory prediction performance in most areas, though the accuracy was influenced by both data values and data quality. The model can potentially be generalized for other biophysical parameters with distinct seasonality. Our findings are further verified and corroborated by four widely used GPP products, demonstrating a good consistency of GPP trends and prediction. Our analysis provides a robust framework for characterizing long-term GPP dynamics that shed light on the improved assessment of the environmental quality of terrestrial ecosystems.
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Terrestrial carbon sinks in China and around the world and their contribution to carbon neutrality. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:861-895. [PMID: 35146581 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink (referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and to achieve carbon neutrality target. To better understand the characteristics of terrestrial C sinks and their contribution to carbon neutrality, this review summarizes major progress in terrestrial C budget researches during the past decades, clarifies spatial patterns and drivers of terrestrial C sources and sinks in China and around the world, and examines the role of terrestrial C sinks in achieving carbon neutrality target. According to recent studies, the global terrestrial C sink has been increasing from a source of (-0.2±0.9) Pg C yr-1 (1 Pg=1015 g) in the 1960s to a sink of (1.9±1.1) Pg C yr-1 in the 2010s. By synthesizing the published data, we estimate terrestrial C sink of 0.20-0.25 Pg C yr-1 in China during the past decades, and predict it to be 0.15-0.52 Pg C yr-1 by 2060. The terrestrial C sinks are mainly located in the mid- and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, while tropical regions act as a weak C sink or source. The C balance differs much among ecosystem types: forest is the major C sink; shrubland, wetland and farmland soil act as C sinks; and whether the grassland functions as C sink or source remains unclear. Desert might be a C sink, but the magnitude and the associated mechanisms are still controversial. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and land cover change are the main drivers of terrestrial C sinks, while other factors such as fires and aerosols would also affect ecosystem C balance. The driving factors of terrestrial C sink differ among regions. Elevated CO2 concentration and climate change are major drivers of the C sinks in North America and Europe, while afforestation and ecological restoration are additionally important forcing factors of terrestrial C sinks in China. For future studies, we recommend the necessity for intensive and long term ecosystem C monitoring over broad geographic scale to improve terrestrial biosphere models for accurately evaluating terrestrial C budget and its dynamics under various climate change and policy scenarios.
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Review of the Ecosystem Services of Temperate Wetlands and Their Valuation Tools. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Wetlands constitute important habitats that provide several ecosystem services (ES). Wetlands have been termed the kidneys of the world for their water purification services and contain 20–25% of total soil organic carbon. This paper is a review of published studies dealing with the ES of temperate wetlands. Wetlands are among the ecosystems with the most valuable ES, with regulating services being the most important for inland wetlands. While the number of articles on the ES of wetlands has increased exponentially over the past 10 years, more research is needed to achieve a methodological homogenisation in the quantification and valuation of the ES of wetlands. More attention should also be targeted to specific ES of wetlands, and for the geographical distribution of studies. It is also evident that ES have not been valued for some categories of wetlands, such as intermittent karst lakes (poljes/turloughs) which may require more bespoke methodologies to quantify certain aspects of their ES due to their unique annual flooding behaviour.
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Huang Y, Sun W, Qin Z, Zhang W, Yu Y, Li T, Zhang Q, Wang G, Yu L, Wang Y, Ding F, Zhang P. The role of China's terrestrial carbon sequestration 2010–2060 in offsetting energy-related CO2 emissions. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac057. [PMID: 35992243 PMCID: PMC9385465 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy consumption dominates annual CO2 emissions in China. It is essential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from energy consumption to reach national carbon neutrality by 2060, while the role of terrestrial carbon sequestration in offsetting energy-related CO2 emissions cannot be underestimated. Natural climate solutions (NCS), including improvements in terrestrial carbon sequestration, represent readily deployable options to offset anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. However, the extent to which China's terrestrial carbon sequestration in the future, especially when target-oriented managements (TOMs) are implemented, can help to mitigate energy-related CO2 emissions is far from certain. By synthesizing available findings and using several parameter-sparse empirical models that have been calibrated and/or fitted against contemporary measurements, we assessed China's terrestrial carbon sequestration over 2010–2060 and its contribution to offsetting national energy-related CO2 emissions. We show that terrestrial C sequestration in China will increase from 0.375 ± 0.056 (mean ± standard deviation) Pg C yr−1 in the 2010s to 0.458 ± 0.100 Pg C yr−1 under RCP2.6 and 0.493 ± 0.108 Pg C yr−1 under the RCP4.5 scenario in the 2050s, when TOMs are implemented. The majority of carbon sequestration comes from forest, accounting for 67.8–71.4% of the total amount. China's terrestrial ecosystems can offset 12.2–15.0% and 13.4–17.8% of energy-related peak CO2 emissions in 2030 and 2060, respectively. The implementation of TOMs contributes 11.9% of the overall terrestrial carbon sequestration in the 2020s and 23.7% in the 2050s. The most likely strategy to maximize future NCS effectiveness is a full implementation of all applicable cost-effective NCS pathways in China. Our findings highlight the role of terrestrial carbon sequestration in offsetting energy-related CO2 emissions and put forward future needs in the context of carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100029, China
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
| | - Zhangcai Qin
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100029, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100029, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100029, China
| | - Guocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100029, China
| | - Lingfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
| | - Fan Ding
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang110866, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
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10
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Decadal Changes of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Acidity of Austrian Forest Soils. SOIL SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems6010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Repeated soil surveys provide opportunities to quantify the effect of long-term environmental change. In recent decades, the topics of forest soil acidification as a consequence of acidic deposition, the enrichment of forest ecosystems with nitrogen, and the loss of carbon due to climate change have been discussed. We used two forest soil surveys that were 20 years apart, in order to establish the direction and magnitude of changes in soil carbon, nitrogen, and soil acidity. Soils have been initially sampled in the late 1980s. The plots were revisited twenty years later. Archived soil samples from the first survey were reanalyzed with the same protocol as the new samples. We found changes in the stocks of soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, and soil pH. However, the changes were inconsistent. In general, as many sites have gained soil organic carbon, as sites have lost carbon. Most soils have been slightly enriched with nitrogen. The soil pH has not changed significantly. We conclude that changes in the evaluated soil chemical properties are mainly driven by forest management activities and ensuing forest stand dynamics, and atmospheric deposition. We have no convincing evidence that climate change effects have already changed the soil organic carbon stock, irrespective of bedrock type.
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11
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The status of carbon neutrality of the world's top 5 CO2 emitters as seen by carbon satellites. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Holmberg M, Akujärvi A, Anttila S, Autio I, Haakana M, Junttila V, Karvosenoja N, Kortelainen P, Mäkelä A, Minkkinen K, Minunno F, Rankinen K, Ojanen P, Paunu VV, Peltoniemi M, Rasilo T, Sallantaus T, Savolahti M, Tuominen S, Tuominen S, Vanhala P, Forsius M. Sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in the landscape: Approach for spatially explicit estimates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146668. [PMID: 33794457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change mitigation is a global response that requires actions at the local level. Quantifying local sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHG) facilitate evaluating mitigation options. We present an approach to collate spatially explicit estimated fluxes of GHGs (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) for main land use sectors in the landscape, to aggregate, and to calculate the net emissions of an entire region. Our procedure was developed and tested in a large river basin in Finland, providing information from intensively studied eLTER research sites. To evaluate the full GHG balance, fluxes from natural ecosystems (lakes, rivers, and undrained mires) were included together with fluxes from anthropogenic activities, agriculture and forestry. We quantified the fluxes based on calculations with an anthropogenic emissions model (FRES) and a forest growth and carbon balance model (PREBAS), as well as on emission coefficients from the literature regarding emissions from lakes, rivers, undrained mires, peat extraction sites and cropland. Spatial data sources included CORINE land use data, soil map, lake and river shorelines, national forest inventory data, and statistical data on anthropogenic activities. Emission uncertainties were evaluated with Monte Carlo simulations. Artificial surfaces were the most emission intensive land-cover class. Lakes and rivers were about as emission intensive as arable land. Forests were the dominant land cover in the region (66%), and the C sink of the forests decreased the total emissions of the region by 72%. The region's net emissions amounted to 4.37 ± 1.43 Tg CO2-eq yr-1, corresponding to a net emission intensity 0.16 Gg CO2-eq km-2 yr-1, and estimated per capita net emissions of 5.6 Mg CO2-eq yr-1. Our landscape approach opens opportunities to examine the sensitivities of important GHG fluxes to changes in land use and climate, management actions, and mitigation of anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Holmberg
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Akujärvi
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saku Anttila
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iida Autio
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Haakana
- National Resources Institute (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Junttila
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niko Karvosenoja
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Kortelainen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Minkkinen
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Minunno
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Rankinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Ojanen
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville-Veikko Paunu
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Peltoniemi
- National Resources Institute (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terhi Rasilo
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Sallantaus
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Savolahti
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Tuominen
- National Resources Institute (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Tuominen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Vanhala
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Hüblová L, Frouz J. Contrasting effect of coniferous and broadleaf trees on soil carbon storage during reforestation of forest soils and afforestation of agricultural and post-mining soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112567. [PMID: 33866087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soils and forest soil in particular represent important pools of carbon (C). The amount of C stored in soil depends on the input of organic matter into the soil, but also on quality of the organic matter, which determines the proportion of organic matter that remains in the soil or that is released from the soil as CO2. Here, we present a quantitative review of common garden experiments in which various tree species were planted alongside each other. The main goals of the study were to determine whether: 1) the amount of sequestered C under broadleaf and coniferous trees could be affected by soil age and previous land use; 2) the C:N ratio of leaf litter is correlated with the amount of sequestered C; 3) the amount of sequestered C under broadleaf and coniferous trees could be affected by pH and clay content. We found that the effects of broadleaf and coniferous trees on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration differed with the stage of soil development. We used soils with different previous land uses as a representative of different stages of soil development. Forest soils and agricultural soils represent soils in later stages of soil development and post-mining soils represent soils in early stages of development. In forest soils, more SOC was stored under coniferous trees than under broadleaf trees. In post-mining soils the opposite trend was found, i.e., more SOC was stored under broadleaf than coniferous trees. In afforested agricultural soils, SOC sequestration did not differ between broadleaf and coniferous trees. SOC sequestration under broadleaf trees was highest in soils with high pH. SOC sequestration was negatively correlated with the litter C:N ratio in post-mining soils but not in other more mature soils. Similarly, SOC sequestration was negatively correlated with the litter C:N in alkaline soils and in soils with high clay content. These results suggest that dominant SOC sequestration mechanisms change with stage of soil development such that SOC storage is greater under broadleaf trees in immature soils but is greater under coniferous trees in mature soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Hüblová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Benátská 2, 12800, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Frouz
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Benátská 2, 12800, Praha 2, Czech Republic; Biology Centre CAS, ISB & SoWa RI, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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14
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Carbon Storage Distribution Characteristics of Vineyard Ecosystems in Hongsibu, Ningxia. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061199. [PMID: 34208416 PMCID: PMC8231109 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given that the global winegrape planting area is 7.2 × 106 hm2, the potential for winegrape crop-mediated carbon capture and storage as an approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions warranted further research. Herein, we employed an allometric model of various winegrape organs to assess biomass distributions, and we evaluated the carbon storage distribution characteristics associated with vineyard ecosystems in the Hongsibu District of Ningxia. We found that the total carbon storage of the Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vineyard ecosystem was 55.35 t·hm-2, of which 43.12 t·hm-2 came from the soil, while the remaining 12.23 t·hm-2 was attributable to various vine components including leaves (1.85 t·hm-2), fruit (2.16 t·hm-2), canes (1.83 t·hm-2), perennial branches (2.62 t·hm-2), and roots (3.78 t·hm-2). Together, these results suggested that vineyards can serve as an effective carbon sink, with the majority of carbon being sequestered at the soil surface. Within the grapevines themselves, most carbon was stored in perennial organs including perennial branches and roots. Allometric equations based on simple and practical biomass and biometric measurements offer a means whereby grape-growers and government entities responsible for ecological management can better understand carbon distribution patterns associated with vineyards.
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15
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Multi-Scenario Simulation for the Consequence of Urban Expansion on Carbon Storage: A Comparative Study in Central Asian Republics. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is growing concern about the consequences of future urban expansion on carbon storage as our planet experiences rapid urbanization. While an increasing body of literature was focused on quantifying the carbon storage impact of future urban expansion across the globe, rare attempts were made from the comparative perspective on the same scale, particularly in Central Asia. In this study, Central Asian capitals, namely Ashkhabad, Bishkek, Dushanbe, Nur Sultan, and Tashkent, were used as cases. According to the potential impacts of BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) on urban expansion, baseline development scenario (BDS), cropland protection scenario (CPS), and ecological protection scenario (EPS) were defined. We then simulated the carbon storage impacts of urban expansion from 2019 to 2029 by using Google Earth Engine, the Future Land Use Simulation model, and the Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs model. We further explored the drivers for carbon storage impacts of future urban expansion in five capitals. The results reveal that Nur Sultan will experience carbon storage growth from 2019 to 2029 under all scenarios, while Ashkhabad, Bishkek, Dushanbe, and Tashkent will show a decreasing tendency. EPS and CPS will preserve the most carbon storage for Nur Sultan and the other four cities, respectively. The negative impact of future urban expansion on carbon storage will be evident in Ashkhabad, Bishkek, Dushanbe, and Tashkent, which will be relatively inapparent in Nur Sultan. The potential drivers for carbon storage consequences of future urban expansion include agricultural development in Bishkek, Dushanbe, and Tashkent, desert city development in Ashkhabad, and prioritized development of the central city and green development in Nur Sultan. We suggest that future urban development strategies for five capitals should be on the basis of differentiated characteristics and drivers for the carbon storage impacts of future urban expansion.
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16
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Nakhavali M, Lauerwald R, Regnier P, Guenet B, Chadburn S, Friedlingstein P. Leaching of dissolved organic carbon from mineral soils plays a significant role in the terrestrial carbon balance. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 27:1083-1096. [PMID: 33249686 PMCID: PMC7898291 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils to the river network is an overlooked component of the terrestrial soil C budget. Measurements of DOC concentrations in soil, runoff and drainage are scarce and their spatial distribution highly skewed towards industrialized countries. The contribution of terrestrial DOC leaching to the global-scale C balance of terrestrial ecosystems thus remains poorly constrained. Here, using a process based, integrative, modelling approach to upscale from existing observations, we estimate a global terrestrial DOC leaching flux of 0.28 ± 0.07 Gt C year-1 which is conservative, as it only includes the contribution of mineral soils. Our results suggest that globally about 15% of the terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP, calculated as the difference between Net Primary Production and soil respiration) is exported to aquatic systems as leached DOC. In the tropical rainforest, the leached fraction of terrestrial NEP even reaches 22%. Furthermore, we simulated spatial-temporal trends in DOC leaching from soil to the river networks from 1860 to 2010. We estimated a global increase in terrestrial DOC inputs to river network of 35 Tg C year-1 (14%) from 1860 to 2010. Despite their low global contribution to the DOC leaching flux, boreal regions have the highest relative increase (28%) while tropics have the lowest relative increase (9%) over the historical period (1860s compared to 2000s). The results from our observationally constrained model approach demonstrate that DOC leaching is a significant flux in the terrestrial C budget at regional and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Nakhavali
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Biogeochemistry and Modelling of the Earth SystemDepartment Geoscience, Environment and SocietyUniversité Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - Ronny Lauerwald
- Université Paris‐SaclayINRAEAgroParisTechUMR ECOSYSThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Pierre Regnier
- Biogeochemistry and Modelling of the Earth SystemDepartment Geoscience, Environment and SocietyUniversité Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - Bertrand Guenet
- Laboratoire de Géologie de l'ENSPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Sarah Chadburn
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Laboratoire de Meteorologie DynamiqueDepartement de GeosciencesInstitut Pierre‐Simon LaplaceCNRS‐ENS‐UPMC‐XEcole Normale SuperieureParisFrance
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17
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Smith NE, Kooijmans LMJ, Koren G, van Schaik E, van der Woude AM, Wanders N, Ramonet M, Xueref-Remy I, Siebicke L, Manca G, Brümmer C, Baker IT, Haynes KD, Luijkx IT, Peters W. Spring enhancement and summer reduction in carbon uptake during the 2018 drought in northwestern Europe. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190509. [PMID: 32892721 PMCID: PMC7485100 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed gross primary productivity (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER) and the resulting net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the terrestrial biosphere during the summer of 2018 through observed changes across the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network, through biosphere and inverse modelling, and through remote sensing. Highly correlated yet independently-derived reductions in productivity from sun-induced fluorescence, vegetative near-infrared reflectance, and GPP simulated by the Simple Biosphere model version 4 (SiB4) suggest a 130–340 TgC GPP reduction in July–August–September (JAS) of 2018. This occurs over an area of 1.6 × 106 km2 with anomalously low precipitation in northwestern and central Europe. In this drought-affected area, reduced GPP, TER, NEE and soil moisture at ICOS ecosystem sites are reproduced satisfactorily by the SiB4 model. We found that, in contrast to the preceding 5 years, low soil moisture is the main stress factor across the affected area. SiB4’s NEE reduction by 57 TgC for JAS coincides with anomalously high atmospheric CO2 observations in 2018, and this is closely matched by the NEE anomaly derived by CarbonTracker Europe (52 to 83 TgC). Increased NEE during the spring (May–June) of 2018 (SiB4 −52 TgC; CTE −46 to −55 TgC) largely offset this loss, as ecosystems took advantage of favourable growth conditions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Smith
- Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda M J Kooijmans
- Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand Koren
- Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Schaik
- Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Auke M van der Woude
- Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niko Wanders
- Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Ramonet
- Université Aix Marseille, Université Avignon, CNRS, IRD, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Marseille, France
| | - Irène Xueref-Remy
- Université Aix Marseille, Université Avignon, CNRS, IRD, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Marseille, France
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- University of Göttingen, Bioclimatology, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Giovanni Manca
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ian T Baker
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katherine D Haynes
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ingrid T Luijkx
- Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Peters
- Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Vehicular Emission: Estimate of Air Pollutants to Guide Local Political Choices. A Case Study. ENVIRONMENTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/environments7050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this case study was to show how, with the use of software, is it possible to carry out a preventive screening of vehicular emissions. Moreover, thanks to this preliminary analysis, some areas that are potentially polluted can be identified in advance and suitable samplings on small-scale on them would help to verify the effectiveness of policies that can be adopted for the reduction of pollution. To this end, this paper reports a case study on vehicle traffic pollution in Calabria, a region in the south of Italy. We used the methodology called Corinair (Coordination Information AIR), developed by the EEA (European Environment Agency) and uses the software Copert4 (Computer Program to calculate Emission from Road Traffic). The total emissions per area were analyzed and the emissions for particular pollutants per unit area (km²) and per citizen were considered. The obsolete vehicles determined a substantial impact on the local atmospheric pollution. It was demonstrated how it is possible to substantially reduce the pollution of an area by adopting policies that encourage, for example, through tax concessions, the replacement of old cars of private citizens.
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19
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Wang S, Huang Y. Determinants of soil organic carbon sequestration and its contribution to ecosystem carbon sinks of planted forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3163-3173. [PMID: 32048403 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The area of forest established through afforestation/reforestation has been increasing on a global scale, which is particularly important as these planted forests attenuate climate change by sequestering carbon. However, the determinants of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and their contribution to the ecosystem carbon sink of planted forests remain uncertain. By using globally distributed data extracted from 154 peer-reviewed publications and a total of 355 sampling points, we investigated above-ground biomass carbon (ABC) sequestration and SOC sequestration across three different climatic zones (tropical, warm temperate, and cold temperate) through correlation analysis, regression models, and structural equation modeling (SEM). We found that the proportion of SOC sequestration in the ecosystem C sequestration averaged 14.1% globally, being the highest (27.0%) in the warm temperate and the lowest (10.7%) in the tropical climatic zones. The proportion was mainly affected by latitude. The sink rate of ABC (RABC ) in tropical climates (2.48 Mg C ha-1 year-1 ) and the sink rate of SOC (RSOC ) in warm temperate climates (0.96 Mg C ha-1 year-1 ) were higher than other climatic zones. The main determinants of RSOC were the number of frost-free days, latitude, mean annual precipitation (MAP), and SOC density (SOCD) at the initial observation; however, these variables depended on the climatic zone. According to the SEM, frost-free period, mean annual temperature (MAT) and MAP are the dominant driving factors affecting RSOC in Chinese plantations. MAT has a positive effect on RSOC , and global warming may increase RSOC of temperate plantations in China. Our findings highlight the determinants of SOC sequestration and quantitatively reveal the substantial global contribution of SOC sequestration to ecosystem carbon sink provided by planted forests. Our results help managers identify and control key factors to increase carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Soil Carbon Budget Account for the Sustainability Improvement of a Mediterranean Vineyard Area. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable viticulture is suggested as an interesting strategy for achieving the objectives of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction in terms of mitigation and adaptation. However, knowledge and quantification of the contribution of sustainable vineyard management on climate change impact are needed. Although it is widely assessed by several authors that the agricultural stage has a great impact in the wine chain, very few studies have evaluated the greenhouse gas emission in this phase including the ability of soil to sequester carbon (C) or the off-farm C loss by erosion. This work aimed to provide a vineyard carbon budget (vCB) tool to quantify the impact of grape production on GHG emission including the effects of environmental characteristics and agricultural practices. The vCB was estimated considering four different soil management scenarios: conventional tillage (CT), temporary cover crop with a leguminous species in alternate inter-rows (ACC), temporary cover crop with a leguminous species (CC), permanent cover crop (PCC). The estimation of vCB was applied at territory level in a viticulture area in Sicily (2468 ha of vineyard) using empirical data. Results of the present study showed that the environmental characteristics strongly affect the sustainability of vineyard management; the highest contribution to total CO2 emission is, in fact, given by the C losses by erosion in sloping vineyards. Soils of studied vineyards are a source of CO2 due to the low C inputs and high mineralization rate, except for soil managed by CC which can sequester soil C, contributing positively to vCB. The highest total CO2 emission was estimated in vineyards under CT management (2.31 t ha−1y−1), followed by CC (1.27 t ha−1y−1), ACC (0.69 t ha−1y−1) and PCC (0.64 t ha−1y−1). Findings of vCB applied at territory level highlighted the key role of the evaluation of carbon budget (CB) on a larger scale to identify the CO2 emission in relation to climatic and environmental factors. The present study could contribute to provide suggestions to policymakers and farmers for reducing GHG emissions and promote more sustainable grape production practices.
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21
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An End to End Process Development for UAV-SfM Based Forest Monitoring: Individual Tree Detection, Species Classification and Carbon Dynamics Simulation. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10080680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To promote Bio-Energy with Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (BECCS), which aims to replace fossil fuels with bio energy and store carbon underground, and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), which aims to reduce the carbon emissions produced by forest degradation, it is important to build forest management plans based on the scientific prediction of forest dynamics. For Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) at an individual tree level, it is expected that techniques will be developed to support forest management via the effective monitoring of changes to individual trees. In this study, an end-to-end process was developed: (1) detecting individual trees from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) derived digital images; (2) estimating the stand structure from crown images; (3) visualizing future carbon dynamics using a forest ecosystem process model. This process could detect 93.4% of individual trees, successfully classified two species using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with 83.6% accuracy and evaluated future ecosystem carbon dynamics and the source-sink balance using individual based model FORMIND. Further ideas for improving the sub-process of the end to end process were discussed. This process is expected to contribute to activities concerned with carbon management such as designing smart utilization for biomass resources and projecting scenarios for the sustainable use of ecosystem services.
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22
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He H, Wang S, Zhang L, Wang J, Ren X, Zhou L, Piao S, Yan H, Ju W, Gu F, Yu S, Yang Y, Wang M, Niu Z, Ge R, Yan H, Huang M, Zhou G, Bai Y, Xie Z, Tang Z, Wu B, Zhang L, He N, Wang Q, Yu G. Altered trends in carbon uptake in China's terrestrial ecosystems under the enhanced summer monsoon and warming hiatus. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:505-514. [PMID: 34691899 PMCID: PMC8291462 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon budgets in terrestrial ecosystems in China are strongly coupled with climate changes. Over the past decade, China has experienced dramatic climate changes characterized by enhanced summer monsoon and decelerated warming. However, the changes in the trends of terrestrial net ecosystem production (NEP) in China under climate changes are not well documented. Here, we used three ecosystem models to simulate the spatiotemporal variations in China's NEP during 1982-2010 and quantify the contribution of the strengthened summer monsoon and warming hiatus to the NEP variations in four distinct climatic regions of the country. Our results revealed a decadal-scale shift in NEP from a downtrend of -5.95 Tg C/yr2 (reduced sink) during 1982-2000 to an uptrend of 14.22 Tg C/yr2 (enhanced sink) during 2000-10. This shift was essentially induced by the strengthened summer monsoon, which stimulated carbon uptake, and the warming hiatus, which lessened the decrease in the NEP trend. Compared to the contribution of 56.3% by the climate effect, atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen deposition had relatively small contributions (8.6 and 11.3%, respectively) to the shift. In conclusion, within the context of the global-warming hiatus, the strengthening of the summer monsoon is a critical climate factor that enhances carbon uptake in China due to the asymmetric response of photosynthesis and respiration. Our study not only revealed the shift in ecosystem carbon sequestration in China in recent decades, but also provides some insight for understanding ecosystem carbon dynamics in other monsoonal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin He
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Junbang Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hao Yan
- National Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weimin Ju
- International Institute for Earth System Science and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengxue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, MOA, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shiyong Yu
- School of Geography, Geomatics, and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yuanhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongen Niu
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Ge
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yongfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zongqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhiyao Tang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bingfang Wu
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiufeng Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Synthesis Research Center of China's Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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23
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Seasonal Net Carbon Exchange in Rotation Crops in the Temperate Climate of Central Lithuania. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11071966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intelligent agricultural solutions require data on the environmental impacts of agriculture. In order for operationalize decision-making for sustainable agriculture, one needs to establish the corresponding datasets and protocols. Increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere force the choice of growing crops aimed at mitigating climate change. For this reason, investigations of seasonal carbon exchange were carried out in 2013–2016 at the Training Farm of the Vytautas Magnus University (former Aleksandras Stulginskis University), Lithuania. This paper compares the carbon exchange rate for different crops, viz., maize, ley, winter wheat, spring rapeseed and barley under conventional farming. This study focuses on the carbon exchange rate. We measure the emitted and absorbed CO2 fluxes by applying the closed chamber method. The biomass measurement and leaf area index (LAI) calculations at different plant growth stages are used to evaluate carbon exchange in different agroecosystems. The differences in photosynthetically assimilated CO2 rates were significantly impacted by the leaf area index (p = 0.04) during the plant vegetation period. The significantly (p = 0.02–0.05) strong correlation (r = 0.6–0.7) exists between soil respiration and LAI. Soil respiration composed only 21% of the agroecosystem carbon exchange. Plant respiration ranged between 0.034 and 3.613 µmol m−2 s−1 during the vegetation period composed of a negligible ratio (mean 16%) of carbon exchange. Generally, respiration emissions were obviously recovered by the gross primary production (GPP) of crops. Therefore, the ecosystems were acting as an atmospheric CO2 sink. Barley accumulated the lowest mean GPP 12.77 µmol m−2 s−1. The highest mean GPP was determined for ley (14.28 µmol m−2 s−1) and maize (15.68 µmol m−2 s−1) due to the biggest LAI and particular bio-characteristics. Due to the highest NEP, the ley (12.66 µmol m−2 s−1) and maize (12.76 µmol m−2 s−1) agroecosystems sank the highest C from the atmosphere and, thus, they might be considered the most sustainable items between crops. Consequently, the appropriate choice of crops and their area in crop rotations may reduce CO2 emissions and their impact on the environment and climate change.
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24
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Gnanamoorthy P, Selvam V, Ramasubramanian R, Nagarajan R, Chakraborty S, Deb Burman PK, Karipot A. Diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil CO 2 efflux from the Pichavaram mangroves, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:258. [PMID: 30929086 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The diurnal and seasonal variation of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux was measured in the Pichavaram mangrove forest, the Southeast coast of India from February 2016 to October 2016 using an automated soil CO2 flux chamber system. Maximum soil CO2 efflux reached at 14:00 h and minimum at 00:00 h. The surface soil CO2 concentration ranged from 375 to 532 ppm with the mean 405 ± 18 ppm. The daily soil CO2 flux varied from near zero to about 7 μmol m-2 s-1 with a mean value of 2.4 ± 1.3 μmol m-2 s-1. The highest seasonal CO2 efflux from soil was during the summer and premonsoon seasons, whereas low flux values were recorded during the monsoon season. Soil CO2 efflux values were highly correlated with soil temperature. Tidal inundation during monsoon season, extreme drought condition in summer, and unusual precipitation are the major factors controlling the soil CO2 flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gnanamoorthy
- Coastal Systems Research, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, 3rd Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai, 600113, India.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla County, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - V Selvam
- Coastal Systems Research, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, 3rd Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - R Ramasubramanian
- Coastal Systems Research, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, 3rd Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - R Nagarajan
- Coastal Systems Research, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, 3rd Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - S Chakraborty
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Pramit Kumar Deb Burman
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - A Karipot
- Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
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25
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Bluhm SL, Eitzinger B, Ferlian O, Bluhm C, Schröter K, Pena R, Maraun M, Scheu S. Deprivation of root-derived resources affects microbial biomass but not community structure in litter and soil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214233. [PMID: 30921392 PMCID: PMC6438447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The input of plant leaf litter has been assumed to be the most important resource for soil organisms of forest ecosystems, but there is increasing evidence that root-derived resources may be more important. By trenching roots of trees in deciduous and coniferous forests, we cut-off the input of root-derived resources and investigated the response of microorganisms using substrate-induced respiration and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. After one and three years, root trenching strongly decreased microbial biomass and concentrations of PLFAs by about 20%, but the microbial community structure was little affected and the effects were similar in deciduous and coniferous forests. However, the reduction in microbial biomass varied between regions and was more pronounced in forests on limestone soils (Hainich) than in those on sandy soils (Schorfheide). Trenching also reduced microbial biomass in the litter layer but only in the Hainich after one year, whereas fungal and bacterial marker PLFAs as well as the fungal-to-plant marker ratio in litter were reduced in the Schorfheide both after one and three years. The pronounced differences between forests of the two regions suggest that root-derived resources are more important in fueling soil microorganisms of base-rich forests characterized by mull humus than in forests poor in base cations characterized by moder soils. The reduction in microbial biomass and changes in microbial community characteristics in the litter layer suggests that litter microorganisms do not exclusively rely on resources from decomposing litter but also from roots, i.e. from resources based on labile recently fixed carbon. Our results suggest that both bacteria and fungi heavily depend on root-derived resources with both suffering to a similar extent to deprivation of these resources. Further, the results indicate that the community structure of microorganisms is remarkably resistant to changes in resource supply and adapts quickly to new conditions irrespective of tree species composition and forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Bluhm
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Eitzinger
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Bluhm
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Schröter
- University of Göttingen, Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rodica Pena
- University of Göttingen, Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Maraun
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, Germany
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Bacteria from the endosphere and rhizosphere of Quercus spp. use mainly cell wall-associated enzymes to decompose organic matter. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214422. [PMID: 30908541 PMCID: PMC6433265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the ability of soil bacteria to solubilize minerals, fix N2 and mobilize nutrients entrapped in the organic matter, their role in nutrient turnover and plant fitness is of high relevance in forest ecosystems. Although several authors have already studied the organic matter decomposing enzymes produced by soil and plant root-interacting bacteria, most of the works did not account for the activity of cell wall-attached enzymes. Therefore, the enzyme deployment strategy of three bacterial collections (genera Luteibacter, Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter) associated with Quercus spp. roots was investigated by exploring both cell-bound and freely-released hydrolytic enzymes. We also studied the potential of these bacterial collections to produce enzymes involved in the transformation of plant and fungal biomass. Remarkably, the cell-associated enzymes accounted for the vast majority of the total activity detected among Luteibacter strains, suggesting that they could have developed a strategy to maintain the decomposition products in their vicinity, and therefore to reduce the diffusional losses of the products. The spectrum of the enzymes synthesized and the titres of activity were diverse among the three bacterial genera. While cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes were rather common among Luteibacter and Pseudomonas strains and less detected in Arthrobacter collection, the activity of lipase was widespread among all the tested strains. Our results indicate that a large fraction of the extracellular enzymatic activity is due to cell wall-attached enzymes for some bacteria, and that Quercus spp. root bacteria could contribute at different levels to carbon (C), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) cycles.
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27
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Lecomte X, Caldeira MC, Catry FX, Fernandes PM, Jackson RB, Bugalho MN. Ungulates mediate trade‐offs between carbon storage and wildfire hazard in Mediterranean oak woodlands. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lecomte
- Forest Research CentreSchool of AgricultureUniversity of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Maria C. Caldeira
- Forest Research CentreSchool of AgricultureUniversity of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Filipe X. Catry
- Centre for Applied Ecology “Prof. Baeta Neves” (CEABN‐InBIO)School of AgricultureUniversity of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Paulo M. Fernandes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‐Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)University of Trás‐os‐Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) Vila Real Portugal
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Department of Earth System ScienceWoods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for EnergyStanford University Stanford California
| | - Miguel N. Bugalho
- Centre for Applied Ecology “Prof. Baeta Neves” (CEABN‐InBIO)School of AgricultureUniversity of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
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28
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Wang L, Tian F, Wang Y, Wu Z, Schurgers G, Fensholt R. Acceleration of global vegetation greenup from combined effects of climate change and human land management. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5484-5499. [PMID: 29963745 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and human land management have greatly influenced vegetation growth through both changes in spring phenology and photosynthetic primary production. This will presumably impact the velocity of vegetation greenup (Vgreenup, the daily rate of changes in vegetation productivity during greenup period), yet little is currently known about the spatio-temporal patterns of Vgreenup of global vegetation. Here, we define Vgreenup as the ratio of the amplitude of greenup (Agreenup) to the duration of greenup (Dgreenup) and derive global Vgreenup from 34-year satellite leaf area index (LAI) observations to study spatio-temporal dynamics of Vgreenup at the global, hemispheric, and ecosystem scales. We find that 19.9% of the pixels analyzed (n = 1,175,453) experienced significant trends toward higher greenup rates by an average of 0.018 m2 m-2 day-1 for 1982-2015 as compared to 8.6% of pixels with significant negative trends (p < 0.05). Global distribution and dynamics of Vgreenup show high spatial heterogeneity and ecosystem-specific patterns, which is primarily determined by the high spatial variation in Agreenup, while the temporal dynamics of Vgreenup are directly controlled by both changes in Dgreenup and Agreenup. Areas with the largest Vgreenup and largest positive trends are both observed in deciduous and mixed forests as compared to nonforest ecosystems showing both lower Vgreenup and trends. For nonforest ecosystems, human-managed ecosystems (e.g., rangelands and rainfed croplands) exhibited higher Vgreenup and positive trends than those of natural counterparts, suggesting strong imprints of human land management on terrestrial ecosystem functioning. Globally, warming has accelerated Vgreenup in temperature-constrained high latitude forest ecosystems and arctic regions, but decelerated Vgreenup in temperate and arid/semiarid areas. These results suggest that the combined effects of climate change and human land management have greatly accelerated global vegetation greenup, with important implications for changes in terrestrial ecosystem functioning and global carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhui Wang
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Wu
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Guy Schurgers
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Fensholt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Abstract
We simulated Austrian forests under different sustainable management scenarios. A reference scenario was compared to scenarios focusing on the provision of bioenergy, enhancing the delivery of wood products, and reduced harvesting rates. The standing stock of the stem biomass, carbon in stems, and the soil carbon pool were calculated for the period 2010–2100. We used the forest growth model Câldis and the soil carbon model Yasso07. The wood demand of all scenarios could be satisfied within the simulation period. The reference scenario led to a small decrease of the stem biomass. Scenarios aiming at a supply of more timber decreased the standing stock to a greater extent. Emphasizing the production of bioenergy was successful for several decades but ultimately exhausted the available resources for fuel wood. Lower harvesting rates reduced the standing stock of coniferous and increased the standing stock of deciduous forests. The soil carbon pool was marginally changed by different management strategies. We conclude that the production of long-living wood products is the preferred implementation of climate-smart forestry. The accumulation of carbon in the standing biomass is risky in the case of disturbances. The production of bioenergy is suitable as a byproduct of high value forest products.
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30
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Pei J, Niu Z, Wang L, Song XP, Huang N, Geng J, Wu YB, Jiang HH. Spatial-temporal dynamics of carbon emissions and carbon sinks in economically developed areas of China: a case study of Guangdong Province. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13383. [PMID: 30190515 PMCID: PMC6127195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analysed spatial-temporal dynamics of carbon emissions and carbon sinks in Guangdong Province, South China. The methodology was based on land use/land cover data interpreted from continuous high-resolution satellite images and energy consumption statistics, using carbon emission/sink factor method. The results indicated that: (1) From 2005 to 2013, different land use/land cover types in Guangdong experienced varying degrees of change in area, primarily the expansion of built-up land and shrinkage of forest land and grassland; (2) Total carbon emissions increased sharply, from 76.11 to 140.19 TgC yr−1 at the provincial level, with an average annual growth rate of 10.52%, while vegetation carbon sinks declined slightly, from 54.52 to 53.20 TgC yr−1. Both factors showed significant regional differences, with Pearl River Delta and North Guangdong contributing over 50% to provincial carbon emissions and carbon sinks, respectively; (3) Correlation analysis showed social-economic factors (GDP per capita and permanent resident population) have significant positive impacts on carbon emissions at the provincial and city levels; (4) The relationship between economic growth and carbon emission intensity suggests that carbon emission efficiency in Guangdong improves with economic growth. This study provides new insight for Guangdong to achieve carbon reduction goals and realize low-carbon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pei
- The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Niu
- The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.
| | - Li Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China. .,College of Management Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, 050061, P.R. China.
| | - Xiao-Peng Song
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Ni Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jing Geng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan-Bin Wu
- College of Management Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, 050061, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Hui Jiang
- Key Area Planning Construction and Management Bureau of Longgang, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518116, P.R. China
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31
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Ghaley BB, Wösten H, Olesen JE, Schelde K, Baby S, Karki YK, Børgesen CD, Smith P, Yeluripati J, Ferrise R, Bindi M, Kuikman P, Lesschen JP, Porter JR. Simulation of Soil Organic Carbon Effects on Long-Term Winter Wheat ( Triticum aestivum) Production Under Varying Fertilizer Inputs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1158. [PMID: 30135696 PMCID: PMC6092689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) has a vital role to enhance agricultural productivity and for mitigation of climate change. To quantify SOC effects on productivity, process models serve as a robust tool to keep track of multiple plant and soil factors and their interactions affecting SOC dynamics. We used soil-plant-atmospheric model viz. DAISY, to assess effects of SOC on nitrogen (N) supply and plant available water (PAW) under varying N fertilizer rates in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Denmark. The study objective was assessment of SOC effects on winter wheat grain and aboveground biomass accumulation at three SOC levels (low: 0.7% SOC; reference: 1.3% SOC; and high: 2% SOC) with five nitrogen rates (0-200 kg N ha-1) and PAW at low, reference, and high SOC levels. The three SOC levels had significant effects on grain yields and aboveground biomass accumulation at only 0-100 kg N ha-1 and the SOC effects decreased with increasing N rates until no effects at 150-200 kg N ha-1. PAW had significant positive correlation with SOC content, with high SOC retaining higher PAW compared to low and reference SOC. The mean PAW and SOC correlation was given by PAW% = 1.0073 × SOC% + 15.641. For the 0.7-2% SOC range, the PAW increase was small with no significant effects on grain yields and aboveground biomass accumulation. The higher winter wheat grain and aboveground biomass was attributed to higher N supply in N deficient wheat production system. Our study suggested that building SOC enhances agronomic productivity at only 0-100 kg N ha-1. Maintenance of SOC stock will require regular replenishment of SOC, to compensate for the mineralization process degrading SOC over time. Hence, management can maximize realization of SOC benefits by building up SOC and maintaining N rates in the range 0-100 kg N ha-1, to reduce the off-farm N losses depending on the environmental zones, land use and the production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhim B. Ghaley
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Henk Wösten
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Kirsten Schelde
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Sanmohan Baby
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | | | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jagadeesh Yeluripati
- Information and Computational Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Ferrise
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Bindi
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Peter Kuikman
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Peter Lesschen
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - John R. Porter
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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32
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Harris E, Ladreiter-Knauss T, Butterbach-Bahl K, Wolf B, Bahn M. Land-use and abandonment alters methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in mountain grasslands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:997-1008. [PMID: 30045588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grasslands cover more than one fifth of total land area in Europe and contribute significantly to the total greenhouse gas budget. The impact of management and land use on the carbon cycle and carbon sequestration in grasslands has been well-studied, however effects on emissions of N2O and CH4 remain uncertain. Additionally, the majority of studies have focussed on management differences between intensively managed grasslands, with few results available for lightly managed grasslands and in particular grassland abandonment. We present N2O and CH4 flux measurements for an abandonment trajectory at low land-use intensity, comparing meadow (fertilized and cut), pasture (grazed) and abandoned (unmanaged since 1983) grassland sites located in the Austrian Alps. Mean growing season N2O fluxes were 0.07, 0.07 and - 0.13 nmol m-2 s-1 and CH4 fluxes were - 1.0, - 0.5 and - 1.6 nmol m-2 s-1 for the meadow, pasture and abandoned sites respectively. Variability for both gases at the abandoned site was dominated by 'hot moments', while 'hot spots' dominated at the managed meadow and pasture sites. Consideration of the diurnal cycle observed at the abandoned site, linear correlations within all data sets, and principal components analyses of the full data set revealed increased consumption of both N2O and CH4 with increasing temperature, but hardly any relationship between fluxes and soil moisture. Upscaled over a year, the observed fluxes correspond to enhanced non-CO2 greenhouse gas uptake of 172 g CO2-equiv. m-2 y-1 following abandonment. These results show that non-CO2 greenhouse gases form an important part of the total climate impact of land use change and grassland abandonment, such that abandoned grassland is a net sink for both CH4 and N2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Harris
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | | | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wolf
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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El Akkari M, Réchauchère O, Bispo A, Gabrielle B, Makowski D. A meta-analysis of the greenhouse gas abatement of bioenergy factoring in land use changes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8563. [PMID: 29867194 PMCID: PMC5986812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-food biomass production is developing rapidly to fuel the bioenergy sector and substitute dwindling fossil resources, which is likely to impact land-use patterns worldwide. Recent publications attempting to factor this effect into the climate mitigation potential of bioenergy chains have come to widely variable conclusions depending on their scope, data sources or methodology. Here, we conducted a first of its kind, systematic review of scientific literature on this topic and derived quantitative trends through a meta-analysis. We showed that second-generation biofuels and bioelectricity have a larger greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement potential than first generation biofuels, and stand the best chances (with a 80 to 90% probability range) of achieving a 50% reduction compared to fossil fuels. Conversely, directly converting forest ecosystems to produce bioenergy feedstock appeared as the worst-case scenario, systematically leading to negative GHG savings. On the other hand, converting grassland appeared to be a better option and entailed a 60% chance of halving GHG emissions compared to fossil energy sources. Since most climate mitigation scenarios assume still larger savings, it is critical to gain better insight into land-use change effects to provide a more realistic estimate of the mitigation potential associated with bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El Akkari
- INRA, DEPE, 147 rue de l'université, 75338, Paris Cedex 07, France. .,UMR Ecosys, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - O Réchauchère
- INRA, DEPE, 147 rue de l'université, 75338, Paris Cedex 07, France
| | - A Bispo
- ADEME, Direction Productions et Energies Durables - Service Agriculture et Forêt, 20, Avenue du Grésillé BP 90406 49004, Angers Cedex 01, France.,INRA, InfoSol, 2163, avenue de la Pomme de Pin, 45075 ORLEANS, cedex 2, France
| | - B Gabrielle
- UMR Ecosys, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - D Makowski
- INRA, UMR 211 Agronomie, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Zhao Y, Wang M, Hu S, Zhang X, Ouyang Z, Zhang G, Huang B, Zhao S, Wu J, Xie D, Zhu B, Yu D, Pan X, Xu S, Shi X. Economics- and policy-driven organic carbon input enhancement dominates soil organic carbon accumulation in Chinese croplands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4045-4050. [PMID: 29666318 PMCID: PMC5910801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700292114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
China's croplands have experienced drastic changes in management practices, such as fertilization, tillage, and residue treatments, since the 1980s. There is an ongoing debate about the impact of these changes on soil organic carbon (SOC) and its implications. Here we report results from an extensive study that provided direct evidence of cropland SOC sequestration in China. Based on the soil sampling locations recorded by the Second National Soil Survey of China in 1980, we collected 4,060 soil samples in 2011 from 58 counties that represent the typical cropping systems across China. Our results showed that across the country, the average SOC stock in the topsoil (0-20 cm) increased from 28.6 Mg C ha-1 in 1980 to 32.9 Mg C ha-1 in 2011, representing a net increase of 140 kg C ha-1 year-1 However, the SOC change differed among the major agricultural regions: SOC increased in all major agronomic regions except in Northeast China. The SOC sequestration was largely attributed to increased organic inputs driven by economics and policy: while higher root biomass resulting from enhanced crop productivity by chemical fertilizers predominated before 2000, higher residue inputs following the large-scale implementation of crop straw/stover return policy took over thereafter. The SOC change was negatively related to N inputs in East China, suggesting that the excessive N inputs, plus the shallowness of plow layers, may constrain the future C sequestration in Chinese croplands. Our results indicate that cropland SOC sequestration can be achieved through effectively manipulating economic and policy incentives to farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Meiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ganlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinshui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Deti Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xianzhang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shengxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xuezheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;
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Abstract
With a growing population with changing demands, competition for the global land resource is increasing. We need to feed a projected population of 9-10 billion by 2050, rising to approximately 12 billion by 2100. At the same time, we need to reduce the climate impact of agriculture, forestry and other land use, and we almost certainly need to deliver land-based greenhouse gas removal for additional climate change mitigation. In addition, we need to deliver progress towards meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, all without compromising the many ecosystem services provided by land and without exceeding planetary boundaries. Managing the land to tackle these pressing issues is a major global challenge. In this perspective paper, I provide a very broad overview of the main challenges, and explore co-benefits, trade-offs and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences and ClimateXChange, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
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Schulte-Uebbing L, de Vries W. Global-scale impacts of nitrogen deposition on tree carbon sequestration in tropical, temperate, and boreal forests: A meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e416-e431. [PMID: 29034987 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition may increase net primary productivity in N-limited terrestrial ecosystems and thus enhance the terrestrial carbon (C) sink. To assess the magnitude of this N-induced C sink, we performed a meta-analysis on data from forest fertilization experiments to estimate N-induced C sequestration in aboveground tree woody biomass, a stable C pool with long turnover times. Our results show that boreal and temperate forests responded strongly to N addition and sequestered on average an additional 14 and 13 kg C per kg N in aboveground woody biomass, respectively. Tropical forests, however, did not respond significantly to N addition. The common hypothesis that tropical forests do not respond to N because they are phosphorus-limited could not be confirmed, as we found no significant response to phosphorus addition in tropical forests. Across climate zones, we found that young forests responded more strongly to N addition, which is important as many previous meta-analyses of N addition experiments rely heavily on data from experiments on seedlings and young trees. Furthermore, the C-N response (defined as additional mass unit of C sequestered per additional mass unit of N addition) was affected by forest productivity, experimental N addition rate, and rate of ambient N deposition. The estimated C-N responses from our meta-analysis were generally lower that those derived with stoichiometric scaling, dynamic global vegetation models, and forest growth inventories along N deposition gradients. We estimated N-induced global C sequestration in tree aboveground woody biomass by multiplying the C-N responses obtained from the meta-analysis with N deposition estimates per biome. We thus derived an N-induced global C sink of about 177 (112-243) Tg C/year in aboveground and belowground woody biomass, which would account for about 12% of the forest biomass C sink (1,400 Tg C/year).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schulte-Uebbing
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim de Vries
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Rial M, Martínez Cortizas A, Rodríguez-Lado L. Understanding the spatial distribution of factors controlling topsoil organic carbon content in European soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1411-1422. [PMID: 28797147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) constitutes the largest terrestrial carbon pool. The understanding of its dynamics and the environmental factors that influence its behaviour as sink or source of atmospheric CO2 is crucial to quantify the carbon budget at the global scale. At the European scale, most of the existing studies to account for SOC stocks are centred in the fitting of predictive model to ascertain the distribution of SOC. However, the development of methodologies for monitoring and identifying the environmental factors that control SOC storage in Europe remains a key research challenge. Here we present a modelling procedure for mapping and monitoring SOC contents that uses Visible-Near Infrared (VNIR) spectroscopic measurements and a series of environmental covariates to ascertain the key environmental processes that have a major contribution into SOC sequestration processes. Our results show that it follows a geographically non-stationary process in which the influencing environmental factors have different weights depending on the spatial location. This implies that SOC stock modelling should not rely on a single model but on a combination of different statistical models depending on the environmental characteristics of each area. A cluster classification of European soils in relation to those factors resulted in the determination of four groups for which specific models have been obtained. Differences in climate, soil pH, content of coarse fragments or land cover type are the main factors explaining the differences in SOC in topsoil from Europe. We found that climatic conditions are the main driver of SOC storage at the continental scale, but we also found that parameters like land cover type influence SOC content found at the local scales in certain areas. Our methodology developed at continental scale could be used in future research aimed to improve the predictive performance of SOC assessments at European scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rial
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Martínez Cortizas
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Rodríguez-Lado
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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38
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Temporal Changes in Coupled Vegetation Phenology and Productivity are Biome-Specific in the Northern Hemisphere. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Global warming has greatly stimulated vegetation growth through both extending the growing season and promoting photosynthesis in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Analyzing the combined dynamics of such trends can potentially improve our current understanding on changes in vegetation functioning and the complex relationship between anthropogenic and climatic drivers. This study aims to analyze the relationships (long-term trends and correlations) of length of vegetation growing season (LOS) and vegetation productivity assessed by the growing season NDVI integral (GSI) in the NH (>30°N) to study any dependency of major biomes that are characterized by different imprint from anthropogenic influence. Spatial patterns of converging/diverging trends in LOS and GSI and temporal changes in the coupling between LOS and GSI are analyzed for major biomes at hemispheric and continental scales from the third generation Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling Studies (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset for a 32-year period (1982–2013). A quarter area of the NH is covered by converging trends (consistent significant trends in LOS and GSI), whereas diverging trends (opposing significant trends in LOS and GSI) cover about 6% of the region. Diverging trends are observed mainly in high latitudes and arid/semi-arid areas of non-forest biomes (shrublands, savannas, and grasslands), whereas forest biomes and croplands are primarily characterized by converging trends. The study shows spatially-distinct and biome-specific patterns between the continental land masses of Eurasia (EA) and North America (NA). Finally, areas of high positive correlation between LOS and GSI showed to increase during the period of analysis, with areas of significant positive trends in correlation being more widespread in NA as compared to EA. The temporal changes in the coupled vegetation phenology and productivity suggest complex relationships and interactions that are induced by both ongoing climate change and increasingly intensive human disturbances.
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Tang Z, Deng L, An H, Shangguan Z. Bayesian method predicts belowground biomass of natural grasslands. ECOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2017.1376262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangsheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hui An
- Key Laboratory of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in North-western China, Ministry of Education, United Center for Ecology Research and Bioresource Exploitation in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan,P.R. China
| | - Zhouping Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Wertebach TM, Hölzel N, Kämpf I, Yurtaev A, Tupitsin S, Kiehl K, Kamp J, Kleinebecker T. Soil carbon sequestration due to post-Soviet cropland abandonment: estimates from a large-scale soil organic carbon field inventory. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3729-3741. [PMID: 28161907 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 triggered cropland abandonment on a continental scale, which in turn led to carbon accumulation on abandoned land across Eurasia. Previous studies have estimated carbon accumulation rates across Russia based on large-scale modelling. Studies that assess carbon sequestration on abandoned land based on robust field sampling are rare. We investigated soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks using a randomized sampling design along a climatic gradient from forest steppe to Sub-Taiga in Western Siberia (Tyumen Province). In total, SOC contents were sampled on 470 plots across different soil and land-use types. The effect of land use on changes in SOC stock was evaluated, and carbon sequestration rates were calculated for different age stages of abandoned cropland. While land-use type had an effect on carbon accumulation in the topsoil (0-5 cm), no independent land-use effects were found for deeper SOC stocks. Topsoil carbon stocks of grasslands and forests were significantly higher than those of soils managed for crops and under abandoned cropland. SOC increased significantly with time since abandonment. The average carbon sequestration rate for soils of abandoned cropland was 0.66 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 (1-20 years old, 0-5 cm soil depth), which is at the lower end of published estimates for Russia and Siberia. There was a tendency towards SOC saturation on abandoned land as sequestration rates were much higher for recently abandoned (1-10 years old, 1.04 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 ) compared to earlier abandoned crop fields (11-20 years old, 0.26 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 ). Our study confirms the global significance of abandoned cropland in Russia for carbon sequestration. Our findings also suggest that robust regional surveys based on a large number of samples advance model-based continent-wide SOC prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Martin Wertebach
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Immo Kämpf
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Vegetation Ecology and Botany Group, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andrey Yurtaev
- Tyumen State University, Semakova Str. 10, Tyumen, 625003, Russia
| | - Sergey Tupitsin
- Tyumen State University, Semakova Str. 10, Tyumen, 625003, Russia
| | - Kathrin Kiehl
- Vegetation Ecology and Botany Group, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Johannes Kamp
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Zhang F, Wang Z, Glidden S, Wu YP, Tang L, Liu QY, Li CS, Frolking S. Changes in the soil organic carbon balance on China's cropland during the last two decades of the 20 th century. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7144. [PMID: 28769075 PMCID: PMC5540933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-ecosystems play an important role in regulating global changes caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Restoration of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils can not only improve soil quality but also influence climate change and agronomic productivity. With about half of its land area under agricultural use, China exhibits vast potential for carbon (C) sequestration that needs to be researched. Chinese cropland has experienced SOC change over the past century. The study of SOC dynamics under different bioclimatic conditions and cropping systems can help us to better understand this historical change, current status, the impacts of bioclimatic conditions on SOC and future trends. We used a simulation based on historical statistical data to analyze the C balance of Chinese croplands during the 1980s and 1990s, taking into account soil, climate and agricultural management. Nationwide, 77.6% of the national arable land is considered to be in good condition. Appropriate farm management practices should be adopted to improve the poor C balance of the remaining 22.4% of cropland to promote C sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Z Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, IEE, CAS, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - S Glidden
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - L Tang
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Q Y Liu
- Ankang University, Ankang, 725000, China
| | - C S Li
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - S Frolking
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
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Baldrian P. Microbial activity and the dynamics of ecosystem processes in forest soils. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 37:128-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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43
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Reconstruction of Historic Forest Cover Changes Indicates Minor Effects on Carbon Stocks in Swiss Forest Soils. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jonard M, Nicolas M, Coomes DA, Caignet I, Saenger A, Ponette Q. Forest soils in France are sequestering substantial amounts of carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:616-628. [PMID: 27657988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether French forest soils are sources or sinks of carbon and to quantify changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks over time by resampling soil in long-term forest monitoring plots. Within each plot, and for each survey, soils were sampled at five points selected in five subplots and divided into layers. Composite samples were produced for each layer and subplot, then analysed for mass, bulk density and SOC. Linear mixed models were used to estimate SOC changes over 15years between two soil surveys carried out in 102 plots in France. A factor analysis and a budget approach were also used to identify which factors and processes were primarily responsible for SOC dynamics. Forest soils throughout France substantially accumulated SOC (+0.35MgCha-1yr-1) between 1993 and 2012. The SOC sequestration rate declined with stand age and was affected by stand structure. Uneven-aged stands sequestered more SOC than did even-aged stands (p<0.001). For the forest floor, the SOC sequestration rate estimated by the budget approach was in agreement with that based on stock comparison. This increasing SOC stock in the forest floor can be explained by recent changes in certain factors affecting litter decomposition (climate and litter quality). For the mineral soil, the budget approach was unable to replicate the observed SOC sequestration rate, probably because SOC stocks were not yet at equilibrium with litter inputs at the beginning of the monitoring period (contrary to our steady-state assumption). This explanation is also supported by the fact that the SOC sequestration rate decreased with stand age. As the SOC sequestration rate declines with stand age and is higher in uneven-aged stands, forest management has the potential to influence this carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Jonard
- UCL-ELI, Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2, L7.05.09, BE-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Manuel Nicolas
- ONF, Office National des Forêts, Département RDI, Bâtiment B, Boulevard de Constance, F-77300 Fontainebleau, France.
| | - David A Coomes
- Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Isabelle Caignet
- UCL-ELI, Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2, L7.05.09, BE-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Anaïs Saenger
- UCL-ELI, Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2, L7.05.09, BE-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Quentin Ponette
- UCL-ELI, Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2, L7.05.09, BE-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Zehetgruber B, Kobler J, Dirnböck T, Jandl R, Seidl R, Schindlbacher A. Intensive ground vegetation growth mitigates the carbon loss after forest disturbance. PLANT AND SOIL 2017; 420:239-252. [PMID: 29225378 PMCID: PMC5711974 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-017-3384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Slow or failed tree regeneration after forest disturbance is increasingly observed in the central European Alps, potentially amplifying the carbon (C) loss from disturbance. We aimed at quantifying C dynamics of a poorly regenerating disturbance site with a special focus on the role of non-woody ground vegetation. METHODS Soil CO2 efflux, fine root biomass, ground vegetation biomass, tree increment and litter input were assessed in (i) an undisturbed section of a ~ 110 years old Norway spruce stand, (ii) in a disturbed section which was clear-cut six years ago (no tree regeneration), and (iii) in a disturbed section which was clear-cut three years ago (no tree regeneration). RESULTS Total soil CO2 efflux was similar across all stand sections (8.5 ± 0.2 to 8.9 ± 0.3 t C ha-1 yr.-1). The undisturbed forest served as atmospheric C sink (2.1 t C ha-1 yr.-1), whereas both clearings were C sources to the atmosphere. The source strength three years after disturbance (-5.5 t C ha-1 yr.-1) was almost twice as high as six years after disturbance (-2.9 t C ha-1 yr.-1), with declining heterotrophic soil respiration and the high productivity of dense graminoid ground vegetation mitigating C loss. CONCLUSIONS C loss after disturbance decreases with time and ground vegetation growth. Dense non-woody ground vegetation cover can hamper tree regeneration but simultaneously decrease the ecosystem C loss. The role of ground vegetation should be more explicitly taken into account in forest C budgets assessing disturbance effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Zehetgruber
- Department of Forest Ecology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape – BFW, Seckendorff-Gudent Weg 8, A-1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Jandl
- Department of Forest Ecology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape – BFW, Seckendorff-Gudent Weg 8, A-1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Andreas Schindlbacher
- Department of Forest Ecology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape – BFW, Seckendorff-Gudent Weg 8, A-1131 Vienna, Austria
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Joo E, Hussain MZ, Zeri M, Masters MD, Miller JN, Gomez-Casanovas N, DeLucia EH, Bernacchi CJ. The influence of drought and heat stress on long-term carbon fluxes of bioenergy crops grown in the Midwestern USA. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1928-1940. [PMID: 27043723 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perennial grasses are promising feedstocks for bioenergy production in the Midwestern USA. Few experiments have addressed how drought influences their carbon fluxes and storage. This study provides a direct comparison of ecosystem-scale measurements of carbon fluxes associated with miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), restored native prairie and maize (Zea mays)/soybean (Glycine max) ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of a naturally occurring drought during 2012 on key components of the carbon cycle and plant development relative to non-extreme years. The perennials reached full maturity 3-5 years after establishment. Miscanthus had the highest gross primary production (GPP) and lowest net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in 2012 followed by similar values for switchgrass and prairie, and the row crops had the lowest GPP and highest NEE. A post-drought effect was observed for miscanthus. Over the duration of the experiment, perennial ecosystems were carbon sinks, as indicated by negative net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), while maize/soybean was a net carbon source. Our observations suggest that perennial ecosystems, and in particular miscanthus, can provide a high yield and a large potential for CO2 fixation even during drought, although drought may negatively influence carbon uptake in the following year, questioning the long-term consequence of its maintained productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Joo
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Energy Bioscience Institute - Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mir Zaman Hussain
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corner, MI, 49060, USA
| | - Marcelo Zeri
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), 12.247-016, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael D Masters
- Energy Bioscience Institute - Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jesse N Miller
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Energy Bioscience Institute - Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nuria Gomez-Casanovas
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Energy Bioscience Institute - Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Evan H DeLucia
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Energy Bioscience Institute - Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Energy Bioscience Institute - Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Gong C, Bai J, Wang J, Zhou Y, Kang T, Wang J, Hu C, Guo H, Chen P, Xie P, Li Y. Carbon Storage Patterns of Caragana korshinskii in Areas of Reduced Environmental Moisture on the Loess Plateau, China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28883. [PMID: 27412432 PMCID: PMC4944161 DOI: 10.1038/srep28883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Precipitation patterns are influenced by climate change and profoundly alter the carbon sequestration potential of ecosystems. Carbon uptake by shrubbery alone accounts for approximately one-third of the total carbon sink; however, whether such uptake is altered by reduced precipitation is unclear. In this study, five experimental sites characterised by gradual reductions in precipitation from south to north across the Loess Plateau were used to evaluate the Caragana korshinskii’s functional and physiological features, particularly its carbon fixation capacity, as well as the relationships among these features. We found the improved net CO2 assimilation rates and inhibited transpiration at the north leaf were caused by lower canopy stomatal conductance, which enhanced the instantaneous water use efficiency and promoted plant biomass as well as carbon accumulation. Regional-scale precipitation reductions over a certain range triggered a distinct increase in the shrub’s organic carbon storage with an inevitable decrease in the soil’s organic carbon storage. Our results confirm C. korshinskii is the optimal dominant species for the reconstruction of fragile dryland ecosystems. The patterns of organic carbon storage associated with this shrub occurred mostly in the soil at wetter sites, and in the branches and leaves at drier sites across the arid and semi-arid region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Juan Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yulu Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tai Kang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Congxia Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peilei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Pei Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Battaglini L, Bovolenta S, Gusmeroli F, Salvador S, Sturaro E. Environmental Sustainability of Alpine Livestock Farms. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bhattacharya SS, Kim KH, Das S, Uchimiya M, Jeon BH, Kwon E, Szulejko JE. A review on the role of organic inputs in maintaining the soil carbon pool of the terrestrial ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 167:214-227. [PMID: 26686074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the numerous sources of greenhouse gases, emissions of CO2 are considerably affected by changes in the extent and type of land use, e.g., intensive agriculture, deforestation, urbanization, soil erosion, or wetland drainage. As a feasible option to control emissions from the terrestrial ecosystems, the scientific community has explored the possibility of enhancing soil carbon (C) storage capacity. Thus, restoration of damaged lands through conservation tillage, crop rotation, cover cropping, reforestation, sub-soiling of compacted lands, sustainable water management practices, and organic manuring are the major antidotes against attenuation of soil organic C (SOC) stocks. In this research, we focused on the effect of various man-made activities on soil biotic organics (e.g., green-, farm-yard manure, and composts) to understand how C fluxes from various sources contribute to the establishment of a new equilibrium in the terrestrial ecosystems. Although such inputs substitute a portion of chemical fertilizers, they all undergo activities that augment the rate and extent of decay to deplete the SOC bank. Here, we provide perspectives on the balancing factors that control the mineralization rate of organic matter. Our arguments are placed in the background of different land use types and their impacts on forests, agriculture, urbanization, soil erosion, and wetland destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Subhasish Das
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - Minori Uchimiya
- USDA-ARS 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Byong Hun Jeon
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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50
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Bastos A, Janssens IA, Gouveia CM, Trigo RM, Ciais P, Chevallier F, Peñuelas J, Rödenbeck C, Piao S, Friedlingstein P, Running SW. European land CO2 sink influenced by NAO and East-Atlantic Pattern coupling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10315. [PMID: 26777730 PMCID: PMC4735626 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale climate patterns control variability in the global carbon sink. In Europe, the North-Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) influences vegetation activity, however the East-Atlantic (EA) pattern is known to modulate NAO strength and location. Using observation-driven and modelled data sets, we show that multi-annual variability patterns of European Net Biome Productivity (NBP) are linked to anomalies in heat and water transport controlled by the NAO-EA interplay. Enhanced NBP occurs when NAO and EA are both in negative phase, associated with cool summers with wet soils which enhance photosynthesis. During anti-phase periods, NBP is reduced through distinct impacts of climate anomalies in photosynthesis and respiration. The predominance of anti-phase years in the early 2000s may explain the European-wide reduction of carbon uptake during this period, reported in previous studies. Results show that improving the capability of simulating atmospheric circulation patterns may better constrain regional carbon sink variability in coupled carbon-climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bastos
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Célia M. Gouveia
- Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Ricardo M. Trigo
- Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Shilong Piao
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Steven W. Running
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
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