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Wang Z, Zhou X, Kong Q, He H, Sun J, Qiu W, Zhang L, Yang M. Extracellular Vesicle Preparation and Analysis: A State-of-the-Art Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401069. [PMID: 38874129 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, research on Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) has gained prominence in the life sciences due to their critical roles in both health and disease states, offering promising applications in disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and complex origins pose significant challenges to their preparation, analysis, and subsequent clinical application. This review is structured to provide an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and various sources of EVs, thereby laying the groundwork for a detailed discussion of contemporary techniques for their preparation and analysis. Particular focus is given to state-of-the-art technologies that employ both microfluidic and non-microfluidic platforms for EV processing. Furthermore, this discourse extends into innovative approaches that incorporate artificial intelligence and cutting-edge electrochemical sensors, with a particular emphasis on single EV analysis. This review proposes current challenges and outlines prospective avenues for future research. The objective is to motivate researchers to innovate and expand methods for the preparation and analysis of EVs, fully unlocking their biomedical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Wang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Qinglong Kong
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, 116033, P. R. China
| | - Huimin He
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wenting Qiu
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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2
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Hayashi A, Hemmi R, Saito Y, Utoh R, Taniguchi T, Yamada M. High-Density Microporous Drainage-Integrating Sheath Flow Generator for Streamlining Microfluidic Cell Sorting Systems. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6764-6773. [PMID: 38619911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been made to develop practical and efficient microfluidic cell and particle sorting systems; however, there are technological limitations in terms of system complexity and low operability. Here, we propose a sheath flow generator that can dramatically simplify operational procedures and enhance the usability of microfluidic cell sorters. The device utilizes an embedded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge with interconnected micropores, which is in direct contact with microchannels and seamlessly integrated into the microfluidic platform. The high-density micropores on the sponge surface facilitated fluid drainage, and the drained fluid was used as the sheath flow for downstream cell sorting processes. To fabricate the integrated device, a new process for sponge-embedded substrates was developed through the accumulation, incorporation, and dissolution of PMMA microparticles as sacrificial porogens. The effects of the microchannel geometry and flow velocity on the sheath flow generation were investigated. Furthermore, an asymmetric lattice-shaped microchannel network for cell/particle sorting was connected to the sheath flow generator in series, and the sorting performances of model particles, blood cells, and spiked tumor cells were investigated. The sheath flow generation technique developed in this study is expected to streamline conventional microfluidic cell-sorting systems as it dramatically improves versatility and operability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Runa Hemmi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuhei Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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3
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Storti F, Bonfadini S, Mangini M, De Luca AC, Criante L. High throughput clogging free microfluidic particle filter by femtosecond laser micromachining. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38687174 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, driven by the needs of industry and medicine, researchers have been investigating how to remove carefully from the main flow microscopic particles or clusters of them. Among all the approaches proposed, crossflow filtration is one of the most attractive as it provides a non-destructive, label-free and in-flow sorting method. In general, the separation performance shows capture and separation efficiencies ranging from 70% up to 100%. However, the maximum flow rate achievable (µL/min) is still orders of magnitude away from those suitable for clinical or industrial applications mainly due to the low stiffness of the materials typically used. In this work, we propose an innovative hydrodynamic-crossflow hybrid filter geometry, buried in a fused silica substrate by means of the femtosecond laser irradiation followed by chemical etching technique. The material high stiffness combined with the accuracy of our manufacturing technique allows the 3D fabrication of non-deformable channels with higher aspect ratio posts, while keeping the overall device dimensions compact. The filter performance has been validated through experiments with both Newtonian (water-based solution of microbeads) and non-Newtonian fluids (blood), achieving separation efficiencies of up to 94% and large particles recovery rates of 100%, even at very high flow rates (mL/h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Storti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvio Bonfadini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Mangini
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", IEOS-Second Unit, National Research Council, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", IEOS-Second Unit, National Research Council, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigino Criante
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
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4
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Chavez-Pineda OG, Rodriguez-Moncayo R, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Guevara-Pantoja PE, Maravillas-Montero JL, Garcia-Cordero JL. Portable platform for leukocyte extraction from blood using sheath-free microfluidic DLD. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2575-2589. [PMID: 38646820 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Leukocyte count is routinely performed for diagnostic purposes and is rapidly emerging as a significant biomarker for a wide array of diseases. Additionally, leukocytes have demonstrated considerable promise in novel cell-based immunotherapies. However, the direct retrieval of leukocytes from whole blood is a significant challenge due to their low abundance compared to erythrocytes. Here, we introduce a microfluidic-based platform that isolates and recovers leukocytes from diluted whole blood in a single step. Our platform utilizes a novel, sheathless method to initially sediment and focus blood cells into a dense stream while flowing through a tubing before entering the microfluidic device. A hexagonal-shaped structure, patterned at the device's inlet, directs all the blood cells against the channel's outer walls. The focused cells are then separated based on their size using the deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) microfluidic technique. We evaluated various parameters that could influence leukocyte separation, including different focusing structures (assessed both computationally and experimentally), the orientation of the tubing-chip interface, the effects of blood sample hematocrit (dilution), and flow rate. Our device demonstrated the ability to isolate leukocytes from diluted blood with a separation efficiency of 100%, a recovery rate of 76%, and a purity of 80%, while maintaining a cell viability of 98%. The device operates for over 30 min at a flow rate of 2 μL min-1. Furthermore, we developed a handheld pressure controller to drive fluid flow, enhancing the operability of our platform outside of central laboratories and enabling near-patient testing. Our platform can be integrated with downstream cell-based assays and analytical methods that require high leukocyte purity (80%), ranging from cell counting to diagnostics and cell culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana G Chavez-Pineda
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rodriguez-Moncayo
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Alan M Gonzalez-Suarez
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Pablo E Guevara-Pantoja
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Jose L Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City14080, Mexico
| | - Jose L Garcia-Cordero
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland.
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5
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Nasir Ahamed NN, Mendiola-Escobedo CA, Perez-Gonzalez VH, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Manipulating the insulating post arrangement in DC-biased AC-iEK devices to improve microparticle separations. Analyst 2024; 149:2469-2479. [PMID: 38516870 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02160b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the advancement of microscale electrokinetic (EK) systems for biomedical and clinical applications, as these systems offer attractive characteristics such as portability, robustness, low sample requirements and short response time. The present work is focused on manipulating the characteristics of the insulating post arrangement in insulator-based EK (iEK) systems for separating a binary mixture of spherical microparticles with same diameter (5.1 μm), same shape, made from the same substrate material and only differing in their zeta potential by ∼14 mV. This study presents a combination of mathematical modeling and experimental separations performed by applying a low-frequency alternating current (AC) voltage in iEK systems with 12 distinct post arrangements. These iEK devices were used to systematically study the effect of three spatial characteristics of the insulating post array on particle separations: the horizontal separation and the vertical separation between posts, and introducing an offset to the posts arrangement. Through normalization of the spatial separation between the insulating posts with respect to particle diameter, guidelines to improve separation resolution for different particle mixtures possessing similar characteristics were successfully identified. The results indicated that by carefully designing the spatial arrangement of the post array, separation resolution values in the range of 1.4-2.8 can be obtained, illustrating the importance and effect of the arrangement of insulating posts on improving particle separations. This study demonstrates that iEK devices, with effectively designed spatial arrangement of the insulating post arrays, have the capabilities to perform discriminatory separations of microparticles of similar characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhet Nihaar Nasir Ahamed
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York, 14623, USA.
| | | | - Victor H Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico.
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York, 14623, USA.
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Wang D, Yang S, Wang N, Guo H, Feng S, Luo Y, Zhao J. A Novel Microfluidic Strategy for Efficient Exosome Separation via Thermally Oxidized Non-Uniform Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) Arrays and Dielectrophoresis (DEP) Synergy. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:174. [PMID: 38667167 PMCID: PMC11048442 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, are saucer-shaped extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by various type of human cells. They are present in virtually all bodily fluids. Owing to their abundant nucleic acid and protein content, exosomes have emerged as promising biomarkers for noninvasive molecular diagnostics. However, the need for exosome separation purification presents tremendous technical challenges due to their minuscule size. In recent years, microfluidic technology has garnered substantial interest as a promising alternative capable of excellent separation performance, reduced reagent consumption, and lower overall device and operation costs. In this context, we hereby propose a novel microfluidic strategy based on thermally oxidized deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) arrays with tapered shapes to enhance separation performance. We have achieved more than 90% purity in both polystyrene nanoparticle and exosome experiments. The use of thermal oxidation also significantly reduces fabrication complexity by avoiding the use of high-precision lithography. Furthermore, in a simulation model, we attempt to integrate the use of dielectrophoresis (DEP) to overcome the size-based nature of DLD and distinguish particles that are close in size but differ in biochemical compositions (e.g., lipoproteins, exomeres, retroviruses). We believe the proposed strategy heralds a versatile and innovative platform poised to enhance exosome analysis across a spectrum of biochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.W.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shijia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.W.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.W.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Han Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.W.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.W.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.W.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (D.W.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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7
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Jiang C, Nie H, Chen M, Shen X, Xu L. Achieving Environmentally-Adaptive and Multifunctional Hydrodynamic Metamaterials through Active Control. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313986. [PMID: 38507727 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
As hydrodynamic metamaterials continue to develop, the inherent limitations of passive-mode metamaterials become increasingly apparent. First, passive devices are typically designed for specific environments and lack the adaptability to environmental changes. Second, their unique functions often rely on intricate structures, or challenging material properties, or a combination of both. These limitations considerably hinder the potential applications of hydrodynamic metamaterials. In this study, an active-mode hydrodynamic metamaterial is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated by incorporating source-and-sink flow-dipoles into the system, enabling active manipulation of the flow field with various functionalities. By adjusting the magnitude and direction of the flow-dipole moment, this device can easily achieve invisibility, flow shielding, and flow enhancing. Furthermore, it is environmentally adaptive and can maintain proper functions in different environments. It is anticipated that this design will significantly enhance tunability and adaptability of hydrodynamic metamaterials in complex and ever-changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Jiang
- The Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Haoran Nie
- The Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengyao Chen
- The Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiangying Shen
- The Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Xu
- The Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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8
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Zhang T, Di Carlo D, Lim CT, Zhou T, Tian G, Tang T, Shen AQ, Li W, Li M, Yang Y, Goda K, Yan R, Lei C, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y. Passive microfluidic devices for cell separation. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108317. [PMID: 38220118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The separation of specific cell populations is instrumental in gaining insights into cellular processes, elucidating disease mechanisms, and advancing applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, diagnostics, and cell therapies. Microfluidic methods for cell separation have propelled the field forward, benefitting from miniaturization, advanced fabrication technologies, a profound understanding of fluid dynamics governing particle separation mechanisms, and a surge in interdisciplinary investigations focused on diverse applications. Cell separation methodologies can be categorized according to their underlying separation mechanisms. Passive microfluidic separation systems rely on channel structures and fluidic rheology, obviating the necessity for external force fields to facilitate label-free cell separation. These passive approaches offer a compelling combination of cost-effectiveness and scalability when compared to active methods that depend on external fields to manipulate cells. This review delves into the extensive utilization of passive microfluidic techniques for cell separation, encompassing various strategies such as filtration, sedimentation, adhesion-based techniques, pinched flow fractionation (PFF), deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), inertial microfluidics, hydrophoresis, viscoelastic microfluidics, and hybrid microfluidics. Besides, the review provides an in-depth discussion concerning cell types, separation markers, and the commercialization of these technologies. Subsequently, it outlines the current challenges faced in the field and presents a forward-looking perspective on potential future developments. This work hopes to aid in facilitating the dissemination of knowledge in cell separation, guiding future research, and informing practical applications across diverse scientific disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tianyuan Zhou
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Guizhong Tian
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China.
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ruopeng Yan
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng Lei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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9
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Shen F, Gao J, Zhang J, Ai M, Gao H, Liu Z. Vortex sorting of rare particles/cells in microcavities: A review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:021504. [PMID: 38571909 PMCID: PMC10987199 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics or lab-on-a-chip technology has shown great potential for the separation of target particles/cells from heterogeneous solutions. Among current separation methods, vortex sorting of particles/cells in microcavities is a highly effective method for trapping and isolating rare target cells, such as circulating tumor cells, from flowing samples. By utilizing fluid forces and inertial particle effects, this passive method offers advantages such as label-free operation, high throughput, and high concentration. This paper reviews the fundamental research on the mechanisms of focusing, trapping, and holding of particles in this method, designs of novel microcavities, as well as its applications. We also summarize the challenges and prospects of this technique with the hope to promote its applications in medical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shen
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Ai
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongkai Gao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaomiao Liu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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10
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Kim H, Kim S, Lim H, Chung AJ. Expanding CAR-T cell immunotherapy horizons through microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1088-1120. [PMID: 38174732 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00622k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, particularly in hematological malignancies. However, their application to solid tumors is limited, and they face challenges in safety, scalability, and cost. To enhance current CAR-T cell therapies, the integration of microfluidic technologies, harnessing their inherent advantages, such as reduced sample consumption, simplicity in operation, cost-effectiveness, automation, and high scalability, has emerged as a powerful solution. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the step-by-step manufacturing process of CAR-T cells, identifies existing difficulties at each production stage, and discusses the successful implementation of microfluidics and related technologies in addressing these challenges. Furthermore, this review investigates the potential of microfluidics-based methodologies in advancing cell-based therapy across various applications, including solid tumors, next-generation CAR constructs, T-cell receptors, and the development of allogeneic "off-the-shelf" CAR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aram J Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- MxT Biotech, 04785 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Chan CW, Wu D, Qiao K, Fong KL, Yang Z, Han Y, Zhang R. Chiral active particles are sensitive reporters to environmental geometry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1406. [PMID: 38365770 PMCID: PMC10873462 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiral active particles (CAPs) are self-propelling particles that break time-reversal symmetry by orbiting or spinning, leading to intriguing behaviors. Here, we examined the dynamics of CAPs moving in 2D lattices of disk obstacles through active Brownian dynamics simulations and granular experiments with grass seeds. We find that the effective diffusivity of the CAPs is sensitive to the structure of the obstacle lattice, a feature absent in achiral active particles. We further studied the transport of CAPs in obstacle arrays under an external field and found a reentrant directional locking effect, which can be used to sort CAPs with different activities. Finally, we demonstrated that parallelogram lattices of obstacles without mirror symmetry can separate clockwise and counter-clockwise CAPs. The mechanisms of the above three novel phenomena are qualitatively explained. As such, our work provides a basis for designing chirality-based tools for single-cell diagnosis and separation, and active particle-based environmental sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Wing Chan
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Daihui Wu
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kaiyao Qiao
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kin Long Fong
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yilong Han
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR.
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12
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Ashkani A, Jafari A, Ghomsheh MJ, Dumas N, Funfschilling D. Enhancing particle focusing: a comparative experimental study of modified square wave and square wave microchannels in lift and Dean vortex regimes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2679. [PMID: 38302543 PMCID: PMC10834497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Serpentine microchannels are known for their effective particle focusing through Dean flow-induced rotational effects, which are used in compact designs for size-dependent focusing in medical diagnostics. This study explores square serpentine microchannels, a geometry that has recently gained prominence in inertial microfluidics, and presents a modification of square wave microchannels for improved particle separation and focusing. The proposed modification incorporates an additional U-shaped unit to convert the square wave microchannel into a non-axisymmetric structure, which enhances the Dean flow and consequently increases the Dean drag force. Extensive experiments were conducted covering a wide range of Reynolds numbers and particle sizes (2.45 µm to 12 µm). The particle concentration capability and streak position dynamics of the two structures were compared in detail. The results indicate that the modified square-wave microchannel exhibits efficient particle separation in the lower part of the Dean vortex-dominated regime. With increasing Reynolds number, the particles are successively focused into two streaks in the lift force-dominated regime and into a single streak in the Dean vortex-dominated regime, in this modified square wave geometry. These streaks have a low standard deviation around a mean value. In the Dean vortex-dominated regime, the location of the particle stream is highly dependent on the particle size, which allows good particle separation. Particle focusing occurs at lower Reynolds numbers in both the lift-dominated and lift/Dean drag-dominated regions than in the square wave microchannel. The innovative serpentine channel is particularly useful for the Dean drag-dominated regime and introduces a unique asymmetry that affects the particle focusing dynamics. The proposed device offers significant advantages in terms of efficiency, parallelization, footprint, and throughput over existing geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ashkani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Jafari
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran.
- ICube, UMR 7357-CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1, Cours des Cigarières, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Mehryar Jannesari Ghomsheh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Norbert Dumas
- ICube, UMR 7357-CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1, Cours des Cigarières, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- ICube, UMR 7357-CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 300 bd Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, France
| | - Denis Funfschilling
- ICube, UMR 7357-CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1, Cours des Cigarières, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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13
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Darko WK, Mangal D, Conrad JC, Palmer JC. Particle dispersion through porous media with heterogeneous attractions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:837-847. [PMID: 38170621 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01166f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Porous media used in many practical applications contain natural spatial variations in composition and surface charge that lead to heterogeneous physicochemical attractions between the media and transported particles. We performed Stokesian dynamics (SD) simulations to examine the effects of heterogeneous attractions on quiescent diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion of particles within geometrically ordered arrays of nanoposts. We find that transport under quiescent conditions occurs by two mechanisms, diffusion through the void space and intermittent hopping between the attractive wells of different nanoposts. As the attraction heterogeneity increases, the latter mechanism becomes dominant, resulting in an increase in the particle trajectory tortuosity, deviations from Gaussian behavior in the particle displacement distributions, and a decrease in the long-time particle diffusivity. Similarly, under flow conditions corresponding to low Péclet number (Pe), increased attraction heterogeneity leads to transient localization near the nanoposts, resulting in a broadening of the particle distribution and enhanced longitudinal dispersion in the direction of flow. At high Pe where advection strongly dominates, however, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is insensitive to attraction heterogeneity and exhibits Taylor-Aris dispersion behavior. Our findings provide insight into how heterogeneous interactions may influence particle transport in complex 3-D porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Kwabena Darko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA.
| | - Deepak Mangal
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Jacinta C Conrad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA.
| | - Jeremy C Palmer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA.
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14
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Jeon H, Lee SH, Shin J, Song K, Ahn N, Park J. Elasto-inertial microfluidic separation of microspheres with submicron resolution at high-throughput. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:15. [PMID: 38264707 PMCID: PMC10803301 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Elasto-inertial microfluidic separation offers many advantages including high throughput and separation resolution. Even though the separation efficiency highly depends on precise control of the flow conditions, no concrete guidelines have been reported yet in elasto-inertial microfluidics. Here, we propose a dimensionless analysis for precise estimation of the microsphere behaviors across the interface of Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids. Reynolds number, modified Weissenberg number, and modified elastic number are used to investigate the balance between inertial and elastic lift forces. Based on the findings, we introduce a new dimensionless number defined as the width of the Newtonian fluid stream divided by microsphere diameter. The proposed dimensionless analysis allows us to predict whether the microspheres migrate across the co-flow interface. The theoretical estimation is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results using 2.1- and 3.2-μm-diameter polystyrene microspheres in a co-flow of water and polyethylene oxide solution. Based on the theoretical estimation, we also realize submicron separation of the microspheres with 2.1 and 2.5 μm in diameter at high throughput, high purity (>95%), and high recovery rate (>97%). The applicability of the proposed method was validated by separation of platelets from similar-sized Escherichia coli (E.coli).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ha Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Shin
- Analytical Engineering Team, Samsung Display Co., Ltd., 181 Samsung-ro, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31454 Republic of Korea
| | - Kicheol Song
- Analytical Engineering Team, Samsung Display Co., Ltd., 181 Samsung-ro, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31454 Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Ahn
- Analytical Engineering Team, Samsung Display Co., Ltd., 181 Samsung-ro, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31454 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
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15
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Pandit P, Kong L, Samuel GL. Design and fabrication of a polydimethylsiloxane device for evaluating the effect of pillar geometry and configuration in the flow separation using deterministic lateral displacement. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1563-1575. [PMID: 38179096 PMCID: PMC10763653 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06431j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The advancement of microfluidics and the manufacturing of microdevices has led to a strategic change in the biomedical industry. The flow through narrow channels and the pillars are placed strategically, leading to the phenomenon of particle separation through deterministic lateral displacement (DLD). In such a phenomenon, the shape, size, location and orientation of the obstacles play an important role. For the first time, particle separation is achieved with DLD modules having high row shift angles of 25°, 30° and 35°, reducing the number of pillars. The significance of circular and triangular micropillars executing deterministic lateral displacement, oriented at different angles, has been investigated, and it is found that the triangular pillars oriented at 75° resulted in better separation compared to the other configurations. In this report, the fabrication, location, orientation of the micropillars and the selection of appropriate process parameters are detailed. The structures are fabricated on silicon wafers using the standard photolithography process followed by the deep reactive ion etching process. These dies are further used to fabricate the polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic chips. These fabricated devices are characterised by their size, structure and quality using 3D microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Further, blood plasma separation is carried out using the devices fabricated in this work, and the particles at the inlet and outlets are evaluated using microscopy and a novel image processing technique, replacing the use of a hemocytometer. The path traced by the particles at different flow conditions is numerically evaluated and validated with experiments. The novel device is capable of separating blood cells from plasma with a recovery factor varying from 44% to 100%. PDMS-PDMS bonding experiments using oxygen and argon plasma have been carried out to evaluate the maximum bond strength and flow velocity in the devices. It is observed that the oxygen plasma results in a bond strength of 0.404 N mm-1, thus a high throughput of 135.34 μL s-1 is achieved using the fabricated device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Pandit
- Manufacturing Engineering Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu 600036 India
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - G L Samuel
- Manufacturing Engineering Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu 600036 India
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16
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Liu S, Chen S, Xiao L, Zhang K, Qi Y, Li H, Cheng Y, Hu Z, Lin C. Unraveling the motion and deformation characteristics of red blood cells in a deterministic lateral displacement device. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107712. [PMID: 38006825 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) device has gained widespread recognition and trusted for filtering blood cells. However, there remains a crucial need to explore the complex interplay between deformable cells and flow within the DLD device to improve its design. This paper presents an approach utilizing a mesoscopic cell-level numerical model based on dissipative particle dynamics to effectively capture this complex phenomenon. To establish the model's credibility, a series of numerical simulations were conducted and the numerical results were validated with nominal experimental data from the literature. These include single cell stretching experiment, comparisons of the morphological characteristics of cells in DLD, and comparison the specific row-shift fraction of DLD required to initiate the zigzag mode. Additionally, we investigate the effect of cell rigidity, which serves as an indicator of cell health, on average flow velocity, trajectory, and asphericity. Moreover, we extend the existing theory of predicting zigzag mode for solid spherical particles to encompass the behavior of red blood cells. To achieve this, we introduce a new concept of effective diameter and demonstrate its applicability in providing highly accurate predictions across a wide range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Lanlan Xiao
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Incubation Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hao Li
- Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Incubation Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Incubation Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zixin Hu
- Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Incubation Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Chensen Lin
- Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Incubation Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, 201399, China.
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17
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Thurgood P, Hawke A, Low LS, Borg A, Peter K, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K. Tube Oscillation Drives Transitory Vortices Across Microfluidic Barriers. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2301427. [PMID: 38161266 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Here, the generation of dynamic vortices across microscale barriers using the tube oscillation mechanism is demonstrated. Using a combination of high-speed imaging and computational flow dynamics, the cyclic formation, expansion, and collapse of vortices are studied. The dynamics of vortices across circular , triangular, and blade-shape barriers are investigated at different tube oscillation frequencies. The formation of an array of synchronous vortices across parallel blade-shaped barriers is demonstrated. The transient flows caused by these dynamic vortex arrays are harnessed for the rapid and efficient mixing of blood samples . A circular barrier scribed with a narrow orifice on its shoulder is used to facilitate the injection of liquid into the microfluidic channel, and its rapid mixing with the main flow through the dynamic vortices generated across the barrier. This approach facilitates the generation of vortices with desirable configurations, sizes, and dynamics in a highly controllable, programmable, and predictable manner while operating at low static flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Adam Hawke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Lee Sheer Low
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Aimee Borg
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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18
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Zhan Q, Liu B, Situ X, Luo Y, Fu T, Wang Y, Xie Z, Ren L, Zhu Y, He W, Ke Z. New insights into the correlations between circulating tumor cells and target organ metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:465. [PMID: 38129401 PMCID: PMC10739776 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-specific metastasis is the primary cause of cancer patient death. The distant metastasis of tumor cells to specific organs depends on both the intrinsic characteristics of the tumor cells and extrinsic factors in their microenvironment. During an intermediate stage of metastasis, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are released into the bloodstream from primary and metastatic tumors. CTCs harboring aggressive or metastatic features can extravasate to remote sites for continuous colonizing growth, leading to further lesions. In the past decade, numerous studies demonstrated that CTCs exhibited huge clinical value including predicting distant metastasis, assessing prognosis and monitoring treatment response et al. Furthermore, increasingly numerous experiments are dedicated to identifying the key molecules on or inside CTCs and exploring how they mediate CTC-related organ-specific metastasis. Based on the above molecules, more and more inhibitors are being developed to target CTCs and being utilized to completely clean CTCs, which should provide promising prospects to administer advanced tumor. Recently, the application of various nanomaterials and microfluidic technologies in CTCs enrichment technology has assisted to improve our deep insights into the phenotypic characteristics and biological functions of CTCs as a potential therapy target, which may pave the way for us to make practical clinical strategies. In the present review, we mainly focus on the role of CTCs being involved in targeted organ metastasis, especially the latest molecular mechanism research and clinical intervention strategies related to CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinru Zhan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Bixia Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Situ
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Tongze Fu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Xie
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Ren
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Weiling He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China.
| | - Zunfu Ke
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
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19
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Porro G, Sarkis R, Obergozo C, Godot L, Amato F, Humbert M, Naveiras O, Guiducci C. MarrowCellDLD: a microfluidic method for label-free retrieval of fragile bone marrow-derived cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22462. [PMID: 38105340 PMCID: PMC10725893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional bone marrow studies have focused primarily on hematopoietic progenitors, leaving limited knowledge about other fragile populations, such as bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) and megakaryocytes. The isolation of these cells is challenging due to rupture susceptibility and large size. We introduce here a label-free cytometry microsystem, MarrowCellDLD, based on deterministic lateral displacement. MarrowCellDLD enables the isolation of large, fragile BM-derived cells based on intrinsic size properties while preserving their viability and functionality. Bone marrow adipocytes, obtained from mouse and human stromal line differentiation, as well as megakaryocytes, from primary human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, were used for validation. Precise micrometer-range separation cutoffs were adapted for each cell type. Cells were sorted directly in culture media, without pre-labeling steps, and with real-time imaging for quality control. At least 106 cells were retrieved intact per sorting round. Our method outperformed two FACS instruments in purity and yield, particularly for large cell size fractions. MarrowCellDLD represents a non-destructive sorting tool for large, fragile BM-derived cells, facilitating the separation of pure populations of BMAds and megakaryocytes to further investigate their physiological and pathological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Porro
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Rita Sarkis
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Clara Obergozo
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Godot
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Amato
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Magali Humbert
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olaia Naveiras
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Hematology Service, Departments of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Carlotta Guiducci
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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20
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Lai KM, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Ho TY. Automated design of a 3D passive microfluidic particle sorter. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:064102. [PMID: 37928799 PMCID: PMC10622173 DOI: 10.1063/5.0169562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic chips that can sort mixtures of cells and other particles have important applications in research and healthcare. However, designing a sorter chip for a given application is a slow and difficult process, especially when we extend the design space from 2D into a 3D scenario. Compared to the 2D scenario, we need to explore more geometries to derive the appropriate design due to the extra dimension. To evaluate sorting performance, the simulation of the particle trajectory is needed. The 3D scenario brings particle trajectory simulation more challenges of runtime and collision handling with irregular obstacle shapes. In this paper, we propose a framework to design a 3D microfluidic particle sorter for a given application with an efficient 3D particle trajectory simulator. The efficient simulator enables us to simulate more samples to ensure the robustness of the sorting performance. Our experimental result shows that the sorter designed by our framework successfully separates the particles with the targeted size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ming Lai
- Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Zhenya Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junchao Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tsung-Yi Ho
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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21
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Zhang J, Tang H, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Mesoscopic simulation of multi-scheme particle separation in deterministic lateral displacement devices using two-piece hybrid pillars. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1711:464434. [PMID: 37837711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Pillar shape exploration in deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) technique holds great promise for developing high-performance microfluidic devices with versatile sorting schemes. A recent innovative design using filter-like micropillars was proposed to improve cell separation, but its significance might be greatly underestimated due to an inaccurate understanding of the underlying mechanism. In this study, we employ mesoscopic hydrodynamic simulations to explore the movement and separation of rigid spherical particles in DLD arrays using various two-piece hybrid (TPH) pillars, where each pillar consists of two individual pieces separated by a tunable inter-piece channel. In comparison with the conventional one-piece pillars, the back piece of TPH-pillars is found to hierarchically tailor the flow profile of the front piece on the basis of the row shift fraction and the inter-piece channel width, resulting in unique tunable multi-scheme separation at low, intermediate, and high row shift fractions, respectively. At the intermediate regime, in particular, the first flow lane that determines the critical separation size could be physically fenced out by the inter-piece channel, and a delicate coupling of hydrodynamic filtration and DLD has been revealed to induce a constant critical size in the whole regime. This work theoretically demonstrates the feasibility and significance of TPH-pillars, which may open up a new direction of the geometry design by exploiting rich multi-piece hybrid structures to expand the versatility of the DLD technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Haoxiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianchuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zunmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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22
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Leggio L, Paternò G, Vivarelli S, Bonasera A, Pignataro B, Iraci N, Arrabito G. Label-free approaches for extracellular vesicle detection. iScience 2023; 26:108105. [PMID: 37867957 PMCID: PMC10589885 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent pivotal mediators in cell-to-cell communication. They are lipid-membranous carriers of several biomolecules, which can be produced by almost all cells. In the current Era of precision medicine, EVs gained growing attention thanks to their potential in both biomarker discovery and nanotherapeutics applications. However, current technical limitations in isolating and/or detecting EVs restrain their standard use in clinics. This review explores all the state-of-the-art analytical technologies which are currently overcoming these issues. On one end, several innovative optical-, electrical-, and spectroscopy-based detection methods represent advantageous label-free methodologies for faster EV detection. On the other end, microfluidics-based lab-on-a-chip tools support EV purification from low-concentrated samples. Altogether, these technologies will strengthen the routine application of EVs in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Greta Paternò
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Vivarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Imaging, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, building 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, building 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, building 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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23
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Beech JP, Ström OE, Turato E, Tegenfeldt JO. Using symmetry to control viscoelastic waves in pillar arrays. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31497-31506. [PMID: 37901264 PMCID: PMC10603618 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Solutions of macromolecules exhibit viscoelastic properties and unlike Newtonian fluids, they may break time-reversal symmetry at low Reynolds numbers resulting in elastic turbulence. Furthermore, under some conditions, instead of the chaotic turbulence, the result is large-scale waves in the form of cyclic spatial and temporal concentration variations, as has been shown for macromolecular DNA flowing in microfluidic pillar arrays. We here demonstrate how altering the symmetry of the individual pillars can be used to influence the symmetry of these waves. We control the extent of instabilities in viscoelastic flow by leveraging the effects of the symmetry of the pillars on the waves, demonstrating suppressed viscoelastic fluctuations with relevance for transport and sorting applications, or conversely opening up for enhanced viscoelasticity-mediated mixing. The onset of waves, which changes flow resistance, occurs at different Deborah numbers for flow in different directions through the array of triangular pillars, thus breaking the symmetry of the flow resistance along the device, opening up for using the occurrence of the waves to construct a fluidic diode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Beech
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Nano-Lund, Lund University PO Box 118 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden +46 46 222 8063
| | - Oskar E Ström
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Nano-Lund, Lund University PO Box 118 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden +46 46 222 8063
| | - Enrico Turato
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Nano-Lund, Lund University PO Box 118 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden +46 46 222 8063
| | - Jonas O Tegenfeldt
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Nano-Lund, Lund University PO Box 118 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden +46 46 222 8063
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24
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Li G, Ji Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Li H, Wang Y, Chi M, Sun H, Zhu H. Multistage microfluidic cell sorting method and chip based on size and stiffness. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115451. [PMID: 37327603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High performance sorting of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood is key to liquid biopsies. Size-based deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) technique is widely used in cell sorting. But conventional microcolumns have poor fluid regulation ability, which limits the sorting performance of DLD. When the size difference between CTCs and leukocytes is small (e.g., less than 3 μm), not only DLD, many size-based separation techniques fail due to low specificity. CTCs have been confirmed to be softer than leukocytes, which could serve as a basis for sorting. In this study, we presented a multistage microfluidic CTCs sorting method, first sorting CTCs using a size-based two-array DLD chip, then purifying CTCs mixed by leukocytes using a stiffness-based cone channel chip, and finally identifying cell types using Raman techniques. The entire CTCs sorting and analysis process was label free, highly pure, high-throughput and efficient. The two-array DLD chip employed a droplet-shaped microcolumn (DMC) developed by optimization design rather than empirical design. Attributed to the excellent fluid regulation capability of DMC, the CTCs sorter system developed by parallelizing four DMC two-array DLD chips was able to process a sample of 2.5 mL per minute with a recovery efficiency of 96.30 ± 2.10% and a purity of 98.25 ± 2.48%. To isolate CTCs mixed dimensionally by leukocytes, a cone channel sorting method and chip were developed based on solid and hydrodynamic coupled analysis. The cone channel chip allowed CTCs to pass through the channel and entrap leukocytes, improving the purity of CTCs mixed by leukocytes by 1.8-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolin Li
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Yongshun Liu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Li
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingbo Chi
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongquan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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25
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Tan Kwan Zen N, Zeming KK, Teo KL, Loberas M, Lee J, Goh CR, Yang DH, Oh S, Hui Hoi Po J, Cool SM, Hou HW, Han J. Scalable mesenchymal stem cell enrichment from bone marrow aspirate using deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) microfluidic sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4313-4323. [PMID: 37702123 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in regenerative medicine has opened new avenues for novel cell therapies using stem cells. Bone marrow aspirate (BMA) is an important source of stromal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Conventional MSC harvesting from BMA relies on archaic centrifugation methods, often leading to poor yield due to osmotic stress, high centrifugation force, convoluted workflow, and long experimental time (∼2-3 hours). To address these issues, we have developed a scalable microfluidic technology based on deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) for MSC isolation. This passive, label-free cell sorting method capitalizes on the morphological differences between MSCs and blood cells (platelets and RBCs) for effective separation using an inverted L-shaped pillar array. To improve throughput, we developed a novel multi-chip DLD system that can process 2.5 mL of raw BMA in 20 ± 5 minutes, achieving a 2-fold increase in MSC recovery compared to centrifugation methods. Taken together, we envision that the developed DLD platform will enable fast and efficient isolation of MSCs from BMA for effective downstream cell therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tan Kwan Zen
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kerwin Kwek Zeming
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
| | - Kim Leng Teo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138668, Singapore
| | - Mavis Loberas
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 119288, Singapore
| | - Jialing Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138668, Singapore
| | - Chin Ren Goh
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
| | - Da Hou Yang
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
| | - Steve Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138668, Singapore
| | - James Hui Hoi Po
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 119288, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 119288, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138668, Singapore
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Han Wei Hou
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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26
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Calero V, Fernández-Mateo R, Morgan H, García-Sánchez P, Ramos A. Low-frequency electrokinetics in a periodic pillar array for particle separation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464240. [PMID: 37544238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) exploits periodic arrays of pillars inside microfluidic channels for high-precision sorting of micro- and nano-particles. Previously we demonstrated how DLD separation can be significantly improved by the addition of AC electrokinetic forces, increasing the tunability of the technique and expanding the range of applications. At high frequencies of the electric field (>1 kHz) the behaviour of such systems is dominated by Dielectrophoresis (DEP), whereas at low frequencies the particle behaviour is much richer and more complex. In this article, we present a detailed numerical analysis of the mechanisms governing particle motion in a DLD micropillar array in the presence of a low-frequency AC electric field. We show how a combination of Electrophoresis (EP) and Concentration-Polarisation Electroosmosis (CPEO) driven wall-particle repulsion account for the observed experimental behaviour of particles, and demonstrate how this complete model can predict conditions that lead to electrically induced deviation of particles much smaller than the critical size of the DLD array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Calero
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain; International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Raúl Fernández-Mateo
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hywel Morgan
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo García-Sánchez
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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27
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Abedini-Nassab R, Sadeghidelouei N, Shields Iv CW. Magnetophoretic circuits: A review of device designs and implementation for precise single-cell manipulation. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1272:341425. [PMID: 37355317 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip tools have played a pivotal role in advancing modern biology and medicine. A key goal in this field is to precisely transport single particles and cells to specific locations on a chip for quantitative analysis. To address this large and growing need, magnetophoretic circuits have been developed in the last decade to manipulate a large number of single bioparticles in a parallel and highly controlled manner. Inspired by electrical circuits, magnetophoretic circuits are composed of passive and active circuit elements to offer commensurate levels of control and automation for transporting individual bioparticles. These specifications make them unique compared to other technologies in addressing crucial bioanalytical applications and answering fundamental questions buried in highly heterogeneous cell populations. In this comprehensive review, we describe key theoretical considerations for manufacturing and simulating magnetophoretic circuits. We provide a detailed tutorial for operating magnetophoretic devices containing different circuit elements (e.g., conductors, diodes, capacitors, and transistors). Finally, we provide a critical comparison of the utility of these devices to other microchip-based platforms for cellular manipulation, and discuss how they may address unmet needs in single-cell biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Abedini-Nassab
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Iran.
| | - Negar Sadeghidelouei
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Iran
| | - C Wyatt Shields Iv
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, United States
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28
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Witkop EM, Van Wassenbergh S, Heideman PD, Sanderson SL. Biomimetic models of fish gill rakers as lateral displacement arrays for particle separation. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:056009. [PMID: 37487501 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acea0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Ram suspension-feeding fish, such as herring, use gill rakers to separate small food particles from large water volumes while swimming forward with an open mouth. The fish gill raker function was tested using 3D-printed conical models and computational fluid dynamics simulations over a range of slot aspect ratios. Our hypothesis predicting the exit of particles based on mass flow rates, dividing streamlines (i.e. stagnation streamlines) at the slots between gill rakers, and particle size was supported by the results of experiments with physical models in a recirculating flume. Particle movement in suspension-feeding fish gill raker models was consistent with the physical principles of lateral displacement arrays ('bump arrays') for microfluidic and mesofluidic separation of particles by size. Although the particles were smaller than the slots between the rakers, the particles skipped over the vortical region that was generated downstream from each raker. The particles 'bumped' on anterior raker surfaces during posterior transport. Experiments in a recirculating flume demonstrate that the shortest distance between the dividing streamline and the raker surface preceding the slot predicts the maximum radius of a particle that will exit the model by passing through the slot. This theoretical maximum radius is analogous to the critical separation radius identified with reference to the stagnation streamlines in microfluidic and mesofluidic devices that use deterministic lateral displacement and sieve-based lateral displacement. These conclusions provide new perspectives and metrics for analyzing cross-flow and cross-step filtration in fish with applications to filtration engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Witkop
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, 540 Landrum Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Departement Biologie, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Paul D Heideman
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, 540 Landrum Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America
| | - S Laurie Sanderson
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, 540 Landrum Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America
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29
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Ebrahimi S, Alishiri M, Pishbin E, Afjoul H, Shamloo A. A curved expansion-contraction microfluidic structure for inertial based separation of circulating tumor cells from blood samples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464200. [PMID: 37429078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The rare presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the bloodstream has made their recording and separation one of the major challenges in the recent decade. Inertia-based microfluidic systems have received more attention in CTCs separation due to their feasibility and low cost. In this research, an inertial microfluidic system is proposed using a curved expansion-contraction array (CEA) microchannel to separate CTCs from white blood cells (WBCs). First, the optimal flow rate of the proposed microfluidic device was determined to maximize the separation efficiency of the target cells (CTCs) from the non-target ones (WBCs). Then, the efficiency and purity of the straight and curved-CEA microchannels were assessed. The experimental results indiated that the proposed system (curved-CEA microchannel) can offer the highest efficiency (-80.31%) and purity (-91.32%) at the flow rate of -7.5 ml/min, exhibiting ∼11.48% increment in the efficiency compared to its straight peer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ebrahimi
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11365-11155, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Mojgan Alishiri
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Esmail Pishbin
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11365-11155, Iran; Bio-microfluidics lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Afjoul
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11365-11155, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11365-11155, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran.
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30
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Esan A, Vanholsbeeck F, Swift S, McGoverin CM. Continuous separation of bacterial cells from large debris using a spiral microfluidic device. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:044104. [PMID: 37576440 PMCID: PMC10415021 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
With the global increase in food exchange, rapid identification and enumeration of bacteria has become crucial for protecting consumers from bacterial contamination. Efficient analysis requires the separation of target particles (e.g., bacterial cells) from food and/or sampling matrices to prevent matrix interference with the detection and analysis of target cells. However, studies on the separation of bacteria-sized particles and defined particles, such as bacterial cells, from heterogeneous debris, such as meat swab suspensions, are limited. In this study, we explore the use of passive-based inertial microfluidics to separate bacterial cells from debris, such as fascia, muscle tissues, and cotton fibers, extracted from ground meat and meat swabs-a novel approach demonstrated for the first time. Our objective is to evaluate the recovery efficiency of bacterial cells from large debris obtained from ground meat and meat swab suspensions using a spiral microfluidic device. In this study, we establish the optimal flow rates and Dean number for continuous bacterial cell and debris separation and a methodology to determine the percentage of debris removed from the sample suspension. Our findings demonstrate an average recovery efficiency of ∼ 80% for bacterial cells separated from debris in meat swab suspensions, while the average recovery efficiency from ground beef suspensions was ∼ 70%. Furthermore, approximately 50% of the debris in the ground meat suspension were separated from bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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31
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Surappa S, Multani P, Parlatan U, Sinawang PD, Kaifi J, Akin D, Demirci U. Integrated "lab-on-a-chip" microfluidic systems for isolation, enrichment, and analysis of cancer biomarkers. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2942-2958. [PMID: 37314731 PMCID: PMC10834032 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liquid biopsy has garnered considerable attention as a complementary clinical tool for the early detection, molecular characterization and monitoring of cancer over the past decade. In contrast to traditional solid biopsy techniques, liquid biopsy offers a less invasive and safer alternative for routine cancer screening. Recent advances in microfluidic technologies have enabled handling of liquid biopsy-derived biomarkers with high sensitivity, throughput, and convenience. The integration of these multi-functional microfluidic technologies into a 'lab-on-a-chip' offers a powerful solution for processing and analyzing samples on a single platform, thereby reducing the complexity, bio-analyte loss and cross-contamination associated with multiple handling and transfer steps in more conventional benchtop workflows. This review critically addresses recent developments in integrated microfluidic technologies for cancer detection, highlighting isolation, enrichment, and analysis strategies for three important sub-types of cancer biomarkers: circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and exosomes. We first discuss the unique characteristics and advantages of the various lab-on-a-chip technologies developed to operate on each biomarker subtype. This is then followed by a discussion on the challenges and opportunities in the field of integrated systems for cancer detection. Ultimately, integrated microfluidic platforms form the core of a new class of point-of-care diagnostic tools by virtue of their ease-of-operation, portability and high sensitivity. Widespread availability of such tools could potentially result in more frequent and convenient screening for early signs of cancer at clinical labs or primary care offices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Surappa
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Priyanka Multani
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ugur Parlatan
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Prima Dewi Sinawang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jussuf Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence for Translational Diagnostics (CCNE-TD), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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32
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Slanina F, Kotrla M. Hydrodynamic approximations for driven dense colloidal mixtures in narrow pores. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:064606. [PMID: 37464715 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.064606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The system of driven dense colloid mixtures is studied in one-, two-, and three-dimensional geometries. We calculate the diffusion coefficients and mobilities for each particle type, including cross-terms, in a hydrodynamic limit, using a mean-field-type approximation. The set of nonlinear diffusion equations are then solved. In one dimension, analytical results are possible. We show that in mixtures, the "Brazil nut" phenomenon, or depletion of larger particles by force of smaller ones, appears quite generically. We calculate the ratchet current and quantify the capability of sorting particles according to their size. We also indicate that the "Brazil nut" effect lies behind the possibility of perfect separation, where large and big particles travel in strictly opposite direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Slanina
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18221 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kotrla
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18221 Praha, Czech Republic
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33
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Kumar T, Harish AV, Etcheverry S, Margulis W, Laurell F, Russom A. Lab-in-a-fiber-based integrated particle separation and counting. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2286-2293. [PMID: 37070926 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An all-fiber integrated device capable of separating and counting particles is presented. A sequence of silica fiber capillaries with various diameters and longitudinal cavities are used to fabricate the component for size-based elasto-inertial passive separation of particles followed by detection in an uninterrupted continuous flow. Experimentally, fluorescent particles of 1 μm and 10 μm sizes are mixed in a visco-elastic fluid and fed into the all-fiber separation component. The particles are sheathed by an elasticity enhancer (PEO - polyethylene oxide) to the side walls. Larger 10 μm particles migrate to the center of the silica capillary due to the combined inertial lift force and elastic force, while the smaller 1 μm particles are unaffected, and exit from a side capillary. A separation efficiency of 100% for the 10 μm and 97% for the 1 μm particles is achieved at a total flow rate of 50 μL min-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time effective inertial-based separation has been demonstrated in circular cross-section microchannels. In the following step, the separated 10 μm particles are routed through another all-fiber component for counting and a counting throughput of ∼1400 particles per min is demonstrated. We anticipate the ability to combine high throughput separation and precise 3D control of particle position for ease of counting will aid in the development of advanced microflow cytometers capable of particle separation and quantification for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kumar
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for life laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.
| | - A V Harish
- Laser Physics, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Etcheverry
- Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Margulis
- Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Laurell
- Laser Physics, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Russom
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for life laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Torres-Castro K, Jarmoshti J, Xiao L, Rane A, Salahi A, Jin L, Li X, Caselli F, Honrado C, Swami NS. Multichannel impedance cytometry downstream of cell separation by deterministic lateral displacement to quantify macrophage enrichment in heterogeneous samples. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201463. [PMID: 37706194 PMCID: PMC10497222 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The integration of on-chip biophysical cytometry downstream of microfluidic enrichment for inline monitoring of phenotypic and separation metrics at single-cell sensitivity can allow for active control of separation and its application to versatile sample sets. We present integration of impedance cytometry downstream of cell separation by deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) for enrichment of activated macrophages from a heterogeneous sample, without the problems of biased sample loss and sample dilution caused by off-chip analysis. This required designs to match cell/particle flow rates from DLD separation into the confined single-cell impedance cytometry stage, the balancing of flow resistances across the separation array width to maintain unidirectionality, and the utilization of co-flowing beads as calibrated internal standards for inline assessment of DLD separation and for impedance data normalization. Using a heterogeneous sample with un-activated and activated macrophages, wherein macrophage polarization during activation causes cell size enlargement, on-chip impedance cytometry is used to validate DLD enrichment of the activated subpopulation at the displaced outlet, based on the multiparametric characteristics of cell size distribution and impedance phase metrics. This hybrid platform can monitor separation of specific subpopulations from cellular samples with wide size distributions, for active operational control and enhanced sample versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres-Castro
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Javad Jarmoshti
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Aditya Rane
- Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Armita Salahi
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Li Jin
- Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Xudong Li
- Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Virginia-22904, USA
| | | | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
| | - Nathan S. Swami
- Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
- Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia-22904, USA
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Roggeveen JV, Stone HA, Kurzthaler C. Transport of a passive scalar in wide channels with surface topography: An asymptotic theory. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35. [PMID: 37073470 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acc8ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We generalize classical dispersion theory for a passive scalar to derive an asymptotic long-time convection-diffusion equation for a solute suspended in a wide, structured channel and subject to a steady low-Reynolds-number shear flow. Our asymptotic theory relies on a domain perturbation approach for small roughness amplitudes of the channel and holds for general surface shapes expandable as a Fourier series. We determine an anisotropic dispersion tensor, which depends on the characteristic wavelengths and amplitude of the surface structure. For surfaces whose corrugations are tilted with respect to the applied flow direction, we find that dispersion along the principal direction (i.e. the principal eigenvector of the dispersion tensor) is at an angle to the main flow direction and becomes enhanced relative to classical Taylor dispersion. In contrast, dispersion perpendicular to it can decrease compared to the short-time diffusivity of the particles. Furthermore, for an arbitrary surface shape represented in terms of a Fourier decomposition, we find that each Fourier mode contributes at leading order a linearly-independent correction to the classical Taylor dispersion diffusion tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Roggeveen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
| | - H A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
| | - C Kurzthaler
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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36
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Lee LM, Klarmann GJ, Haithcock DW, Wang Y, Bhatt KH, Prabhakarpandian B, Pant K, Alvarez LM, Lai E. Label-free enrichment of human adipose-derived stem cells using a continuous microfluidic sorting cascade. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2131-2140. [PMID: 36974599 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human adipose tissue is a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are first prepared by tissue digestion of lipoaspirate. The remaining constituent contains a mixture of ADSCs, other cell types and lysed fragments. We have developed a scalable microfluidic sorter cascade which enabled high-throughput and label-free enrichment of ADSCs prepared from tissue-digested human adipose samples to improve the quality of purified stem cell product. The continuous microfluidic sorter cascade was composed of spiral-shaped inertial and deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) sorters which separated cells based on size difference. The cell count characterization results showed >90% separation efficiency. We also demonstrated that the enriched ADSC sub-population by the microfluidic sorter cascade yielded 6× enhancement of expansion capacity in tissue culture. The incorporation of this microfluidic sorter cascade into ADSC preparation workflow facilitates the generation of transplantation-scale stem cell product. We anticipate our stem cell microfluidic sorter cascade will find a variety of research and clinical applications in tissue engineering and regeneration medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Man Lee
- CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Dr NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, U.S.A.
| | - George J Klarmann
- The Geneva Foundation, 9410 Key West Ave, Rockville, MD 20850, U.S.A
| | - Dustin W Haithcock
- CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Dr NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, U.S.A.
| | - Yi Wang
- Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ketan H Bhatt
- CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Dr NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, U.S.A.
| | | | - Kapil Pant
- CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Dr NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, U.S.A.
| | - Luis M Alvarez
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 4494 Palmer Rd N, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A
| | - Eva Lai
- Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 636 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, U.S.A
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Aghajanloo B, Ejeian F, Frascella F, Marasso SL, Cocuzza M, Tehrani AF, Nasr Esfahani MH, Inglis DW. Pumpless deterministic lateral displacement separation using a paper capillary wick. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2106-2112. [PMID: 36943724 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a passive separation method that separates particles by hydrodynamic size. This label-free method is a promising technique for cell separation because of its high size resolution and insensitivity to flow rate. Development of capillary-driven microfluidic technologies allows microfluidic devices to be operated without any external power for fluid pumping, lowering their total cost and complexity. Herein, we develop and test a DLD-based particle and cell sorting method that is driven entirely by capillary pressure. We show microchip self-filling, flow focusing, flow stability, and capture of separated particles. We achieve separation efficiency of 92% for particle-particle separation and more than 99% efficiency for cell-particle separation. The high performance of driven flow and separation along with simplicity of the operation and setup make it a valuable candidate for point-of-care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Aghajanloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
- DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Simone L Marasso
- DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- CNR-IMEM, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- CNR-IMEM, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - David W Inglis
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Tottori N, Nisisako T. Tunable deterministic lateral displacement of particles flowing through thermo-responsive hydrogel micropillar arrays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4994. [PMID: 36973401 PMCID: PMC10043002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a promising technology that allows for the continuous and the size-based separation of suspended particles at a high resolution through periodically arrayed micropillars. In conventional DLD, the critical diameter (Dc), which determines the migration mode of a particle of a particular size, is fixed by the device geometry. Here, we propose a novel DLD that uses the pillars of a thermo-responsive hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) to flexibly tune the Dc value. Upon heating and cooling, the PNIPAM pillars in the aqueous solution shrink and swell because of their hydrophobic-hydrophilic phase transitions as the temperature varies. Using the PNIPAM pillars confined in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannel, we demonstrate continuous switching of particle (7-μm beads) trajectories (displacement or zigzag mode) by adjusting the Dc through temperature control of the device on a Peltier element. Further, we perform on/off operation of the particle separation (7-μm and 2-μm beads) by adjusting the Dc values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotomo Tottori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takasi Nisisako
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology (FIRST), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R2-9, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
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Bekir M, Sperling M, Muñoz DV, Braksch C, Böker A, Lomadze N, Popescu MN, Santer S. Versatile Microfluidics Separation of Colloids by Combining External Flow with Light-Induced Chemical Activity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300358. [PMID: 36971035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Separation of particles by size, morphology, or material identity is of paramount importance in fields such as filtration or bioanalytics. Up to now separation of particles distinguished solely by surface properties or bulk/surface morphology remains a very challenging process. Here a combination of pressure-driven microfluidic flow and local self-phoresis/osmosis are proposed via the light-induced chemical activity of a photoactive azobenzene-surfactant solution. This process induces a vertical displacement of the sedimented particles, which depends on their size and surface properties . Consequently, different colloidal components experience different regions of the ambient microfluidic shear flow. Accordingly, a simple, versatile method for the separation of such can be achieved by elution times in a sense of particle chromatography. The concepts are illustrated via experimental studies, complemented by theoretical analysis, which include the separation of bulk-porous from bulk-compact colloidal particles and the separation of particles distinguished solely by slight differences in their surface physico-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bekir
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marcel Sperling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniela Vasquez Muñoz
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cevin Braksch
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nino Lomadze
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mihail N Popescu
- Department Theory of Inhomogeneous Condensed Matter, Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Física Teórica, Department Theory of Inhomogeneous Condensed Matter, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080, Apdo. 1065, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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40
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Zhao J, Han Z, Xu C, Li L, Pei H, Song Y, Wang Z, Tang B. Separation and single-cell analysis for free gastric cancer cells in ascites and peritoneal lavages based on microfluidic chips. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104522. [PMID: 36933411 PMCID: PMC10034419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Detecting free cancer cells from ascites and peritoneal lavages is crucial for diagnosing gastric cancer (GC). However, traditional methods are limited for early-stage diagnosis due to their low sensitivity. METHODS A label-free, rapid, and high-throughput technique was developed for separating cancer cells from ascites and peritoneal lavages using an integrated microfluidic device, taking advantage of dean flow fractionation and deterministic lateral displacement. Afterward, separated cells were analyzed using a microfluidic single-cell trapping array chip (SCTA-chip). In situ immunofluorescence for EpCAM, YAP-1, HER-2, CD45 molecular expressions, and Wright-Giemsa staining were performed for cells in SCTA-chips. At last, YAP1 and HER-2 expression in tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. FINDINGS Through integrated microfluidic device, cancer cells were successfully separated from simulated peritoneal lavages containing 1/10,000 cancer cells with recovery rate of 84.8% and purity of 72.4%. Afterward, cancer cells were isolated from 12 patients' ascites samples. Cytological examinations showed cancer cells were efficiently enriched with background cells excluded. Afterwards, separated cells from ascites were analyzed by SCTA-chips, and recognized as cancer cells through EpCAM+/CD45- expression and Wright-Giemsa staining. Interestingly, 8 out of 12 ascites samples showed HER-2+ cancer cells. At last, the results through a serial expression analysis showed that YAP1 and HER-2 have discordant expression during metastasis. INTERPRETATION Microfluidic Chips developed in our study could not only rapidly detect label-free free GC cells in ascites and peritoneal lavages with high-throughput, they could also analyze ascites cancer cells at the single-cell level, improving peritoneal metastasis diagnosis and investigation of therapeutic targets. FUNDING This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (22134004, U1908207, 91859111); Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (ZR2019JQ06); Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province tsqn (201909077); Local Science and Technology Development Fund Guided by the Central Government (YDZX20203700002568); Applied Basic Research Program of Liaoning Province (2022020284-JH2/1013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Zhaojun Han
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Chang Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
| | - Haimeng Pei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Yongxi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China.
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
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Wu J, Fang H, Zhang J, Yan S. Modular microfluidics for life sciences. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:85. [PMID: 36906553 PMCID: PMC10008080 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancement of microfluidics has enabled numerous discoveries and technologies in life sciences. However, due to the lack of industry standards and configurability, the design and fabrication of microfluidic devices require highly skilled technicians. The diversity of microfluidic devices discourages biologists and chemists from applying this technique in their laboratories. Modular microfluidics, which integrates the standardized microfluidic modules into a whole, complex platform, brings the capability of configurability to conventional microfluidics. The exciting features, including portability, on-site deployability, and high customization motivate us to review the state-of-the-art modular microfluidics and discuss future perspectives. In this review, we first introduce the working mechanisms of the basic microfluidic modules and evaluate their feasibility as modular microfluidic components. Next, we explain the connection approaches among these microfluidic modules, and summarize the advantages of modular microfluidics over integrated microfluidics in biological applications. Finally, we discuss the challenge and future perspectives of modular microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Sheng Yan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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42
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Ji G, Kanno Y, Nisisako T. Microfluidic Coupling of Step Emulsification and Deterministic Lateral Displacement for Producing Satellite-Free Droplets and Particles. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:622. [PMID: 36985029 PMCID: PMC10055132 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Step emulsification, which uses a geometry-dependent mechanism for generating uniformly sized droplets, has recently gained considerable attention because of its robustness against flow fluctuations. However, like shear-based droplet generation, step emulsification is susceptible to impurities caused by satellite droplets. Herein, we demonstrate the integration of deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) to separate the main and satellite droplets produced during step emulsification. Step-emulsification nozzles (16 μm deep) in the upstream region of the proposed device were arrayed on the sidewalls of the main channel (91 μm deep). In the downstream region, the DLD micropillars were arrayed periodically with a critical diameter (cut-off value for size-based separation) of 37 μm. When an acrylate monomer and aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution were infused as the dispersed and continuous phases, respectively, the nozzles produced monodisperse main droplets in the dripping regime, with an average diameter of ~60 μm, coefficient of variation (CV) value below 3%, and satellite droplets of ~3 μm. Upon entering the DLD region near the sidewall, these main and satellite droplets were gradually separated through the pillars based on their sizes. Finally, off-chip photopolymerization yielded monodisperse polymeric microspheres with an average diameter of 55 μm and a CV value of 2.9% (n = 202).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchong Ji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanno
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takasi Nisisako
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Hettiarachchi S, Cha H, Ouyang L, Mudugamuwa A, An H, Kijanka G, Kashaninejad N, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Recent microfluidic advances in submicron to nanoparticle manipulation and separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:982-1010. [PMID: 36367456 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00793b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation and separation of submicron and nanoparticles are indispensable in many chemical, biological, medical, and environmental applications. Conventional technologies such as ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography, precipitation and immunoaffinity capture are limited by high cost, low resolution, low purity or the risk of damage to biological particles. Microfluidics can accurately control fluid flow in channels with dimensions of tens of micrometres. Rapid microfluidics advancement has enabled precise sorting and isolating of nanoparticles with better resolution and efficiency than conventional technologies. This paper comprehensively studies the latest progress in microfluidic technology for submicron and nanoparticle manipulation. We first summarise the principles of the traditional techniques for manipulating nanoparticles. Following the classification of microfluidic techniques as active, passive, and hybrid approaches, we elaborate on the physics, device design, working mechanism and applications of each technique. We also compare the merits and demerits of different microfluidic techniques and benchmark them with conventional technologies. Concurrently, we summarise seven standard post-separation detection techniques for nanoparticles. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future perspectives on microfluidic technology for nanoparticle manipulation and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samith Hettiarachchi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Lingxi Ouyang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | | | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Gregor Kijanka
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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Akbarnataj K, Maleki S, Rezaeian M, Haki M, Shamloo A. Novel size-based design of spiral microfluidic devices with elliptic configurations and trapezoidal cross-section for ultra-fast isolation of circulating tumor cells. Talanta 2023; 254:124125. [PMID: 36462283 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Investigation and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been valuable resources for detecting and diagnosing cancer in its early stages. Recently, enumeration and separation of CTCs via microfluidic devices have attracted significant attention due to their low cost and easy setup. In this study, novel microfluidic devices based on size-dependent cell-sorting with a trapezoidal cross-section and elliptic spiral configurations were proposed to reach label-free, ultra-fast CTCs enrichment. Firstly, the possibility and quality of separation in the devices were evaluated via a numerical simulation. Subsequently, these devices were fabricated to investigate the effects of the altering curvature and the trapezoidal cross-section on the isolation of CTCs from the peripheral blood sample at varying flow rates ranging from 0.5 mL/min to 3.5 mL/min. The experimental results indicated that the flow rate of 2.5 mL/min provided the optimal separation efficiency in the proposed devices, which was in fine agreement with the numerical analysis results. In this experiment, the purity values of CTCs between 88% and 90% were achieved, which is an indicator of the high capability of the proposed devices for the isolation and enrichment of CTCs. This strategy is hoped to overcome the limitations of classical affinity-based CTC separation approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Akbarnataj
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Sasan Maleki
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Masoud Rezaeian
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Mohammad Haki
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9161, Iran.
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Chen M, Lin S, Zhou C, Cui D, Haick H, Tang N. From Conventional to Microfluidic: Progress in Extracellular Vesicle Separation and Individual Characterization. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202437. [PMID: 36541411 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles, which contain a wide variety of cargo such as proteins, miRNAs, and lipids. A growing body of evidence suggests that EVs are promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Although the excellent clinical value, their use in personalized healthcare practice is not yet feasible due to their highly heterogeneous nature. Taking the difficulty of isolation and the small size of EVs into account, the characterization of EVs at a single-particle level is both imperative and challenging. In a bid to address this critical point, more research has been directed into a microfluidic platform because of its inherent advantages in sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. This review discusses the biogenesis and heterogeneity of EVs and takes a broad view of state-of-the-art advances in microfluidics-based EV research, including not only EV separation, but also the single EV characterization of biophysical detection and biochemical analysis. To highlight the advantages of microfluidic techniques, conventional technologies are included for comparison. The current status of artificial intelligence (AI) for single EV characterization is then presented. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of microfluidics and its combination with AI applications in single EV characterization are also discussed. In the foreseeable future, recent breakthroughs in microfluidic platforms are expected to pave the way for single EV analysis and improve applications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ning Tang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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Lu N, Tay HM, Petchakup C, He L, Gong L, Maw KK, Leong SY, Lok WW, Ong HB, Guo R, Li KHH, Hou HW. Label-free microfluidic cell sorting and detection for rapid blood analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1226-1257. [PMID: 36655549 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00904h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood tests are considered as standard clinical procedures to screen for markers of diseases and health conditions. However, the complex cellular background (>99.9% RBCs) and biomolecular composition often pose significant technical challenges for accurate blood analysis. An emerging approach for point-of-care blood diagnostics is utilizing "label-free" microfluidic technologies that rely on intrinsic cell properties for blood fractionation and disease detection without any antibody binding. A growing body of clinical evidence has also reported that cellular dysfunction and their biophysical phenotypes are complementary to standard hematoanalyzer analysis (complete blood count) and can provide a more comprehensive health profiling. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in microfluidic label-free separation of different blood cell components including circulating tumor cells, leukocytes, platelets and nanoscale extracellular vesicles. Label-free single cell analysis of intrinsic cell morphology, spectrochemical properties, dielectric parameters and biophysical characteristics as novel blood-based biomarkers will also be presented. Next, we will highlight research efforts that combine label-free microfluidics with machine learning approaches to enhance detection sensitivity and specificity in clinical studies, as well as innovative microfluidic solutions which are capable of fully integrated and label-free blood cell sorting and analysis. Lastly, we will envisage the current challenges and future outlook of label-free microfluidics platforms for high throughput multi-dimensional blood cell analysis to identify non-traditional circulating biomarkers for clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 65 Nanyang Drive, Block N3, 637460, Singapore
| | - Hui Min Tay
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Chayakorn Petchakup
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Linwei He
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Lingyan Gong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Kay Khine Maw
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Sheng Yuan Leong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Wan Wei Lok
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hong Boon Ong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Ruya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - King Ho Holden Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 65 Nanyang Drive, Block N3, 637460, Singapore
| | - Han Wei Hou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 65 Nanyang Drive, Block N3, 637460, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
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Xu WM, Li A, Chen JJ, Sun EJ. Research Development on Exosome Separation Technology. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:25-34. [PMID: 36040494 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are special extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, which are of great significance in the basic research of life science and clinical application and has become a hot research field with rapid development in recent 10 years. Therefore, the isolation and separation of exosomes is particularly important for the research and application of exosomes. This paper aims to review the research progress of exosome isolation and separation methods in recent years, including ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size‑exclusion chromatography, precipitation, immunomagnetic bead capture method, aptamer-based isolation, and isolation methods based on microfluidic technology. It is generally accepted that most of the existing methods have limitations, for example, ultracentrifugation is time-consuming and laborious, and immunomagnetic bead capture method and aptamer-based separation method have small sample processing capacity and high cost. As a result, we also introduce some common situations in which two or more methods are combined for use. Finally, the separation and isolation methods including all those presented in this review were compared and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Xiongchu Avenue, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ao Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Xiongchu Avenue, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Jun Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Xiongchu Avenue, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - En-Jie Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Xiongchu Avenue, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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Matsuura K, Takata K. Blood Cell Separation Using Polypropylene-Based Microfluidic Devices Based on Deterministic Lateral Displacement. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14020238. [PMID: 36837938 PMCID: PMC9960998 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian blood cell separation methods contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of animal and human diseases. Microfluidic deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) devices can sort cells based on their particle diameter. We developed microfluidic DLD devices with poly(propylene)-based resin and used them to separate bovine and human red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) without electric devices. To determine the critical cut-off diameter (Dc) of these devices, we used immunobeads with a diameter of 1-20 μm. The Dc values of the microfluidic DLD devices for the immunobeads in the experiments were similar to the calculated Dc values (8-10 μm). Results from bovine blood cell separation experiments suggest that lymphocytes and neutrophils can be separated from diluted, whole blood. Human RBCs were occasionally observed in the left outlet where larger particles with diameters closer to the Dc value were collected. Based on the Dc values, human neutrophils were sorted to the left outlet, whereas lymphocytes were observed in both outlets. Although microfluidic channel optimization is required for the concentration of sorted cells, the microfluidic DLD device prepared with a poly(propylene)-based resin has the potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuura
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Koji Takata
- Life Materials Development Section, Human Life Technology Research Institute, Toyama Industrial Technology Research and Development Center, Nanto 939-1503, Japan
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Copy Number Variations as Determinants of Colorectal Tumor Progression in Liquid Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021738. [PMID: 36675253 PMCID: PMC9866722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, increasing evidence has shown that copy number variations (CNVs) play an important role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Colorectal adenomas are highly prevalent lesions, but only 5% of these adenomas ever progress to carcinoma. This review summarizes the different CNVs associated with adenoma-carcinoma CRC progression and with CRC staging. Characterization of CNVs in circulating free-RNA and in blood-derived exosomes augers well with the potential of using such assays for patient management and early detection of metastasis. To overcome the limitations related to tissue biopsies and tumor heterogeneity, using CNVs to characterize tumor-derived materials in biofluids provides less invasive sampling methods and a sample that collectively represents multiple tumor sites in heterogeneous samples. Liquid biopsies provide a source of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), tumor-derived exosomes (TDE), circulating free RNA, and non-coding RNA. This review provides an overview of the current diagnostic and predictive models from liquid biopsies.
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50
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Shen Z, Plouraboué F, Lintuvuori JS, Zhang H, Abbasi M, Misbah C. Anomalous Diffusion of Deformable Particles in a Honeycomb Network. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:014001. [PMID: 36669217 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.014001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transport of deformable particles in a honeycomb network is studied numerically. It is shown that the particle deformability has a strong impact on their distribution in the network. For sufficiently soft particles, we observe a short memory behavior from one bifurcation to the next, and the overall behavior consists in a random partition of particles, exhibiting a diffusionlike transport. On the contrary, stiff enough particles undergo a biased distribution whereby they follow a deterministic partition at bifurcations, due to long memory. This leads to a lateral ballistic drift in the network at small concentration and anomalous superdiffusion at larger concentration, even though the network is ordered. A further increase of concentration enhances particle-particle interactions which shorten the memory effect, turning the particle anomalous diffusion into a classical diffusion. We expect the drifting and diffusive regime transition to be generic for deformable particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyi Shen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA (UMR 5798), F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Franck Plouraboué
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, IMFT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Juho S Lintuvuori
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA (UMR 5798), F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Hengdi Zhang
- Shenzhen Sibionics Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mehdi Abbasi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Chaouqi Misbah
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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