1
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Lu J, Yan S, Xue Z. Biosynthesis and functions of triterpenoids in cereals. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00211-X. [PMID: 38788922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triterpenoids are versatile secondary metabolites with a diverse array of physiological activities, possessing valuable pharmacological effects and influencing the growth and development of plants. As more triterpenoids in cereals are unearthed and characterized, their biological roles in plant growth and development are gaining recognition. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides an overview of the structures, biosynthetic pathways, and diverse biological functions of triterpenoids identified in cereals. Our goal is to establish a basis for further exploration of triterpenoids with novel structures and functional activities in cereals, and to facilitate the potential application of triterpenoids in grain breeding, thus accelerating the development of superior grain varieties. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THE REVIEW This review consolidates information on various triterpenoid skeletons and derivatives found in cereals, and summarizes the pivotal enzyme genes involved, including oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and other triterpenoid modifying enzymes like cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, and acyltransferase. Triterpenoid-modifying enzymes exhibit specificity towards catalytic sites within triterpenoid skeletons, generating a diverse array of functional triterpenoid derivatives. Furthermore, triterpenoids have been shown to significantly impact the nutritional value, yield, disease resistance, and stress response of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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2
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Li FR, Wang Q, Pan X, Xu HM, Dong LB. Discovery, Structure, and Engineering of a cis-Geranylfarnesyl Diphosphate Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202401669. [PMID: 38651244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
cis-Prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) catalyze the sequential head-to-tail condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to allylic diphosphates, producing mixed E-Z prenyl diphosphates of varying lengths; however, the specific enzymes synthesizing cis-C25 prenyl diphosphates have not been identified. Herein, we present the discovery and characterization of a cis-geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase (ScGFPPS) from Streptomyces clavuligerus. This enzyme demonstrates high catalytic proficiency in generating six distinct cis-polyisoprenoids, including three C25 and three C20 variants. We determined the crystal structure of ScGFPPS. Additionally, we unveil the crystal structure of nerylneryl diphosphate synthase (NNPS), known for synthesizing an all-cis-C20 polyisoprenoid. Comparative structural analysis of ScGFPPS and NNPS has identified key differences that influence product specificity. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified eight single mutations that significantly refine the selectivity of ScGFPPS for cis-polyisoprenoids. Our findings not only expand the functional spectrum of cis-PTs but also provide a structural comparison strategy in cis-PTs engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xingming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Hui-Min Xu
- The Public Laboratory Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
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3
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Wu X, Yang Z, Song C, Bu M, Li W, Duan J, Yang GF, Zhang A. Hydroxamate-Containing Bisphosphonates as Fosmidomycin Analogues: Design, Synthesis, and Proherbicide Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7684-7693. [PMID: 38532701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin (FOS) is a natural product inhibiting the DXR enzyme in the MEP pathway and has stimulated interest for finding more suitable FOS analogues. Herein, two series of FOS analogue hydroxamate-containing bisphosphonates as proherbicides were designed, with bisphosphonate replacing the phosphonic unit in FOS while retaining the hydroxamate (BPF series) or replacing it with retro-hydroxamate (BPRF series). The BPF series were synthesized through a three-step reaction sequence including Michael addition of vinylidenebisphosphonate, N-acylation, and deprotection, and the BPRF series were synthesized with a retro-Claisen condensation incorporated into the reaction sequence. Evaluation on model plants demonstrated several compounds having considerable herbicidal activities, and in particular, compound 8m exhibited multifold activity enhancement as compared to the control FOS. The proherbicide properties were comparatively validated. Furthermore, DXR enzyme assay, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate rescue, and molecular docking verified 8m to be a promising proherbicide candidate targeting the DXR enzyme. In addition, 8m also displayed good antimalarial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zili Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Chunlin Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Mengwei Bu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jiang Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Aidong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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4
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Lin JL, Chen L, Wu WK, Guo XX, Yu CH, Xu M, Nie GB, Dun JL, Li Y, Xu B, Wang LJ, Chen XY, Gao W, Huang JQ. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a hierarchical transcriptional regulatory network of terpenoid biosynthesis in cotton secretory glandular cells. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1990-2003. [PMID: 37849250 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants can synthesize a wide range of terpenoids in response to various environmental cues. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms governing terpenoid biosynthesis at the cellular level remain largely elusive. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to comprehensively characterize the transcriptome profile of cotton leaves and established a hierarchical transcriptional network regulating cell-specific terpenoid production. We observed substantial expression levels of genes associated with the biosynthesis of both volatile terpenes (such as β-caryophyllene and β-myrcene) and non-volatile gossypol-type terpenoids in secretory glandular cells. Moreover, two novel transcription factors, namely GoHSFA4a and GoNAC42, are identified to function downstream of the Gossypium PIGMENT GLAND FORMATION genes. Both transcription factors could directly regulate the expression of terpenoid biosynthetic genes in secretory glandular cells in response to developmental and environmental stimuli. For convenient retrieval of the single-cell RNA sequencing data generated in this study, we developed a user-friendly web server . Our findings not only offer valuable insights into the precise regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis genes in cotton leaves but also provide potential targets for cotton breeding endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Longxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, Collaborative Innovation, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gui-Bin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun-Ling Dun
- Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baofu Xu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Wei Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Henan 475004, China.
| | - Jin-Quan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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5
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Li Z, Zhang L, Xu K, Jiang Y, Du J, Zhang X, Meng LH, Wu Q, Du L, Li X, Hu Y, Xie Z, Jiang X, Tang YJ, Wu R, Guo RT, Li S. Molecular insights into the catalytic promiscuity of a bacterial diterpene synthase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4001. [PMID: 37414771 PMCID: PMC10325987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diterpene synthase VenA is responsible for assembling venezuelaene A with a unique 5-5-6-7 tetracyclic skeleton from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. VenA also demonstrates substrate promiscuity by accepting geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate as alternative substrates. Herein, we report the crystal structures of VenA in both apo form and holo form in complex with a trinuclear magnesium cluster and pyrophosphate group. Functional and structural investigations on the atypical 115DSFVSD120 motif of VenA, versus the canonical Asp-rich motif of DDXX(X)D/E, reveal that the absent second Asp of canonical motif is functionally replaced by Ser116 and Gln83, together with bioinformatics analysis identifying a hidden subclass of type I microbial terpene synthases. Further structural analysis, multiscale computational simulations, and structure-directed mutagenesis provide significant mechanistic insights into the substrate selectivity and catalytic promiscuity of VenA. Finally, VenA is semi-rationally engineered into a sesterterpene synthase to recognize the larger substrate geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Kangwei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Jieke Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ling-Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Qile Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Yuechan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Xukai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China.
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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6
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Aberle B, Kowalczyk D, Massini S, Egler-Kemmerer AN, Gergel S, Hammer SC, Hauer B. Methylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Engineered Methyltransferases To Generate Non-natural Terpenoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301601. [PMID: 36997338 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are built from isoprene building blocks and have numerous biological functions. Selective late-stage modification of their carbon scaffold has the potential to optimize or transform their biological activities. However, the synthesis of terpenoids with a non-natural carbon scaffold is often a challenging endeavor because of the complexity of these molecules. Herein we report the identification and engineering of (S)-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent sterol methyltransferases for selective C-methylation of linear terpenoids. The engineered enzyme catalyzes selective methylation of unactivated alkenes in mono-, sesqui- and diterpenoids to produce C11 , C16 and C21 derivatives. Preparative conversion and product isolation reveals that this biocatalyst performs C-C bond formation with high chemo- and regioselectivity. The alkene methylation most likely proceeds via a carbocation intermediate and regioselective deprotonation. This method opens new avenues for modifying the carbon scaffold of alkenes in general and terpenoids in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Aberle
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Massini
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander-N Egler-Kemmerer
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gergel
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan C Hammer
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Yang Z, Wang K, Liu S, Li X, Wang H, Wang L, Zhang H, Yu H. Identification and functional analysis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase genes in the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:16. [PMID: 37335595 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The juvenile hormone (JH) plays a vital role in the regulation of a number of physiological processes, including development, reproduction, and ovarian maturation. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IPPI) is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of JH. In this study, we identified an isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase protein from Bemisia tabaci and named it BtabIPPI. The open reading frame (ORF) of BtabIPPI is 768 bp and encodes a protein of 255 amino acids that contains a conserved domain of the Nudix family. The temporal and spatial expression profiles showed that BtabIPPI was highly expressed in the female adults.RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of BtabIPPI reduced JH titers and the relative expression of vitellogenin receptor (VgR) and JH signaling pathway genes, resulting in a dramatic reduction in fecundity and hatchability. These results indicate that the BtabIPPI gene plays an important role in the female fecundity of B. tabaci. This study will broaden our understanding of the function of IPPI in regulating insect reproduction and provide a theoretical basis for targeting IPPI for pest control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Yang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Shunxiao Liu
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agrarian Technology and Natural Resources, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy 40021, Ukraine
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Liuhao Wang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
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8
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Grant PS, Meyrelles R, Gajsek O, Niederacher G, Maryasin B, Maulide N. Biomimetic Cationic Cyclopropanation Enables an Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 6,8-Cycloeudesmanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5855-5863. [PMID: 36854118 PMCID: PMC10021018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Cationic cyclopropanation involves the γ-elimination at carbocations to form a new σ-C-C bond through proton loss. While exceedingly rare in bulk solution, it is recognized as one of the main biosynthetic cyclopropanation pathways. Despite the rich history of bioinspired synthetic chemistry, cationic cyclopropanation has not been appropriated for the synthetic toolbox, likely due to the preference of carbocations to undergo competing E1 β-elimination pathways. Here, we present an in-depth synthetic and computational study of cationic cyclopropanation, focusing on the 6,8-cycloeudesmanes as a platform for this investigation. We were able to apply biomimetic cationic cyclopropanation to the synthesis of several 6,8-cycloeudesmanes and non-natural analogues─in doing so, we showcase the power of this transformation in the preparation of complex cyclopropanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Grant
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ricardo Meyrelles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Oliver Gajsek
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gerhard Niederacher
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Boris Maryasin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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9
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Wang Z, Nelson DR, Zhang J, Wan X, Peters RJ. Plant (di)terpenoid evolution: from pigments to hormones and beyond. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:452-469. [PMID: 36472136 PMCID: PMC9945934 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2014-2022.Diterpenoid biosynthesis in plants builds on the necessary production of (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) for photosynthetic pigment production, with diterpenoid biosynthesis arising very early in land plant evolution, enabling stockpiling of the extensive arsenal of (di)terpenoid natural products currently observed in this kingdom. This review will build upon that previously published in the Annual Review of Plant Biology, with a stronger focus on enzyme structure-function relationships, as well as additional insights into the evolution of (di)terpenoid metabolism since generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.,Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA.
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10
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Abstract
![]()
The triterpenoid
natural products have played an important role
in understanding mechanistic models of human diseases. These natural
products are diverse, but many have been characterized as reactive
oxygen species (ROS) modulators. ROS can regulate cell survival and
function, which ultimately affects biological processes leading to
disease. The triterpenoids offer an untapped source of creativity
to generate tool compounds with high selectivity to regulate ROS.
This brief Review highlights the diverse complexity by which these
secondary metabolites induce many cell death modalities (apoptosis,
autophagy, ferroptosis, etc.) that can affect various complex cell
signaling pathways through ROS and ultimately lead to evading or accelerating
cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Lousiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lucinda Boyd
- Department of Chemistry, Lousiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, Lousiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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11
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Movahedi A, Wei H, Pucker B, Ghaderi-Zefrehei M, Rasouli F, Kiani-Pouya A, Jiang T, Zhuge Q, Yang L, Zhou X. Isoprenoid biosynthesis regulation in poplars by methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonic acid pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968780. [PMID: 36247639 PMCID: PMC9562105 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It is critical to develop plant isoprenoid production when dealing with human-demanded industries such as flavoring, aroma, pigment, pharmaceuticals, and biomass used for biofuels. The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA) plant pathways contribute to the dynamic production of isoprenoid compounds. Still, the cross-talk between MVA and MEP in isoprenoid biosynthesis is not quite recognized. Regarding the rate-limiting steps in the MEP pathway through catalyzing 1-deoxy-D-xylulose5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and also the rate-limiting step in the MVA pathway through catalyzing 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), the characterization and function of HMGR from Populus trichocarpa (PtHMGR) were analyzed. The results indicated that PtHMGR overexpressors (OEs) displayed various MEP and MVA-related gene expressions compared to NT poplars. The overexpression of PtDXR upregulated MEP-related genes and downregulated MVA-related genes. The overexpression of PtDXR and PtHMGR affected the isoprenoid production involved in both MVA and MEP pathways. Here, results illustrated that the PtHMGR and PtDXR play significant roles in regulating MEP and MVA-related genes and derived isoprenoids. This study clarifies cross-talk between MVA and MEP pathways. It demonstrates the key functions of HMGR and DXR in this cross-talk, which significantly contribute to regulate isoprenoid biosynthesis in poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Movahedi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Boas Pucker
- Institute of Plant Biology and BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Fatemeh Rasouli
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ali Kiani-Pouya
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Zhuge,
| | - Liming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Liming Yang,
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Xiaohong Zhou,
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12
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Ma S, Mandalapu D, Wang S, Zhang Q. Biosynthesis of cyclopropane in natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:926-945. [PMID: 34860231 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2012 to 2021Cyclopropane attracts wide interests in the fields of synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry, and chemical biology because of its unique structural and chemical properties. This structural motif is widespread in natural products, and is usually essential for biological activities. Nature has evolved diverse strategies to access this structural motif, and increasing knowledge of the enzymes forming cyclopropane (i.e., cyclopropanases) has been revealed over the last two decades. Here, the scientific literature from the last two decades relating to cyclopropane biosynthesis is summarized, and the enzymatic cyclopropanations, according to reaction mechanism, which can be grouped into two major pathways according to whether the reaction involves an exogenous C1 unit from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or not, is discussed. The reactions can further be classified based on the key intermediates required prior to cyclopropane formation, which can be carbocations, carbanions, or carbon radicals. Besides the general biosynthetic pathways of the cyclopropane-containing natural products, particular emphasis is placed on the mechanism and engineering of the enzymes required for forming this unique structure motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suze Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | | | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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13
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Zeng T, Li JW, Zhou L, Xu ZZ, Li JJ, Hu H, Luo J, Zheng RR, Wang YY, Wang CY. Transcriptional Responses and GCMS Analysis for the Biosynthesis of Pyrethrins and Volatile Terpenes in Tanacetum coccineum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313005. [PMID: 34884809 PMCID: PMC8657971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pyrethrins have been widely used as natural pesticides due to their low mammalian toxicity and environmental friendliness. Previous studies have mainly focused on Tanacetumcinerariifolium, which contains high levels of pyrethrins and volatile terpenes that play significant roles in plant defense and pollination. However, there is little information on T. coccineum due to its lower pyrethrin content and low commercial value. In this study, we measured the transcriptome and metabolites of the leaves (L), flower buds (S1), and fully blossomed flowers (S4) of T. coccineum. The results show that the expression of pyrethrins and precursor terpene backbone genes was low in the leaves, and then rapidly increased in the S1 stage before decreasing again in the S4 stage. The results also show that pyrethrins primarily accumulated at the S4 stage. However, the content of volatile terpenes was consistently low. This perhaps suggests that, despite T. coccineum and T. cinerariifolium having similar gene expression patterns and accumulation of pyrethrins, T. coccineum attracts pollinators via its large and colorful flowers rather than via inefficient and metabolically expensive volatile terpenes, as in T. cinerariifolium. This is the first instance of de novo transcriptome sequencing reported for T. coccineum. The present results could provide insights into pyrethrin biosynthetic pathways and will be helpful for further understanding how plants balance the cost–benefit relationship between plant defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zeng
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jia-Wen Li
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Li Zhou
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Zhi-Zhuo Xu
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Hao Hu
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Jing Luo
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Ri-Ru Zheng
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Gerasymenko I, Sheludko YV, Navarro Fuertes I, Schmidts V, Steinel L, Haumann E, Warzecha H. Engineering of a Plant Isoprenyl Diphosphate Synthase for Development of Irregular Coupling Activity. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100465. [PMID: 34672410 PMCID: PMC9297866 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We performed mutagenesis on a regular isoprenyl diphosphate synthase (IDS), neryl diphosphate synthase from Solanum lycopersicum (SlNPPS), that has a structurally related analogue performing non‐head‐to‐tail coupling of two dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) units, lavandulyl diphosphate synthase from Lavandula x intermedia (LiLPPS). Wild‐type SlNPPS catalyses regular coupling of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and DMAPP in cis‐orientation resulting in the formation of neryl diphosphate. However, if the enzyme is fed with DMAPP only, it is able to catalyse the coupling of two DMAPP units and synthesizes two irregular monoterpene diphosphates; their structures were elucidated by the NMR analysis of their dephosphorylation products. One of the alcohols is lavandulol. The second compound is the trans‐isomer of planococcol, the first example of an irregular cyclobutane monoterpene with this stereochemical configuration. The irregular activity of SlNPPS constitutes 0.4 % of its regular activity and is revealed only if the enzyme is supplied with DMAPP in the absence of IPP. The exchange of asparagine 88 for histidine considerably enhanced the non‐head‐to‐tail coupling. While still only observed in the absence of IPP, irregular activity of the mutant reaches 13.1 % of its regular activity. The obtained results prove that regular IDS are promising starting points for protein engineering aiming at the development of irregular activities and leading to novel monoterpene structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Gerasymenko
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yuriy V Sheludko
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ismael Navarro Fuertes
- Ecología y Protección Agrícola SL, Pol. Ind. Ciutat de Carlet, 46240, Carlet, Valencia, Spain
| | - Volker Schmidts
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lara Steinel
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Haumann
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heribert Warzecha
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Dudley QM, Cai YM, Kallam K, Debreyne H, Carrasco Lopez JA, Patron NJ. Biofoundry-assisted expression and characterization of plant proteins. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2021; 6:ysab029. [PMID: 34693026 PMCID: PMC8529701 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many goals in synthetic biology, including the elucidation and refactoring of biosynthetic pathways and the engineering of regulatory circuits and networks, require knowledge of protein function. In plants, the prevalence of large gene families means it can be particularly challenging to link specific functions to individual proteins. However, protein characterization has remained a technical bottleneck, often requiring significant effort to optimize expression and purification protocols. To leverage the ability of biofoundries to accelerate design-built-test-learn cycles, we present a workflow for automated DNA assembly and cell-free expression of plant proteins that accelerates optimization and enables rapid screening of enzyme activity. First, we developed a phytobrick-compatible Golden Gate DNA assembly toolbox containing plasmid acceptors for cell-free expression using Escherichia coli or wheat germ lysates as well as a set of N- and C-terminal tag parts for detection, purification and improved expression/folding. We next optimized automated assembly of miniaturized cell-free reactions using an acoustic liquid handling platform and then compared tag configurations to identify those that increase expression. We additionally developed a luciferase-based system for rapid quantification that requires a minimal 11-amino acid tag and demonstrate facile removal of tags following synthesis. Finally, we show that several functional assays can be performed with cell-free protein synthesis reactions without the need for protein purification. Together, the combination of automated assembly of DNA parts and cell-free expression reactions should significantly increase the throughput of experiments to test and understand plant protein function and enable the direct reuse of DNA parts in downstream plant engineering workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Dudley
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | - Yao-Min Cai
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | - Kalyani Kallam
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | - Hubert Debreyne
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | | | - Nicola J Patron
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
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16
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Shukla V, Runthala A, Rajput VS, Chandrasai PD, Tripathi A, Phulara SC. Computational and synthetic biology approaches for the biosynthesis of antiviral and anticancer terpenoids from Bacillus subtilis. Med Chem 2021; 18:307-322. [PMID: 34254925 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210712211557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in medicinal research have identified several antiviral and anticancer terpenoids that are usually deployed as a source of flavor, fragrances and pharmaceuticals. Under the current COVID-19 pandemic conditions, natural therapeutics with least side effects are the need of the hour to save the patients, especially, which are pre-affected with other medical complications. Although, plants are the major sources of terpenoids; however, for the environmental concerns, the global interest has shifted to the biocatalytic production of molecules from microbial sources. The gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a suitable host in this regard due to its GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status, ease in genetic manipulations and wide industrial acceptability. The B. subtilis synthesizes its terpenoid molecules from 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) pathway, a common route in almost all microbial strains. Here, we summarize the computational and synthetic biology approaches to improve the production of terpenoid-based therapeutics from B. subtilis by utilizing DXP pathway. We focus on the in-silico approaches for screening the functionally improved enzyme-variants of the two crucial enzymes namely, the DXP synthase (DXS) and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS). The approaches for engineering the active sites are subsequently explained. It will be helpful to construct the functionally improved enzymes for the high-yield production of terpenoid-based anticancer and antiviral metabolites, which would help to reduce the cost and improve the availability of such therapeutics for the humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Ashish Runthala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur-522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Potla Durthi Chandrasai
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal-506004, Telangana, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Suresh Chandra Phulara
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur-522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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17
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Kim BS, Huh MD, Roh H. The Complete Genome of Nocardia seriolae MH196537 and Intra-Species Level as Analyzed by Comparative Genomics Based on Random Forest Algorithm. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2391-2399. [PMID: 33904975 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nocardiosis is a major problem affecting fish that are farmed in seacages as well as freshwater fish; therefore, deciphering the bacteriological features of Nocardia seriolae is crucial. In particular, a number of studies over the past two years have reported the genome sequence of N. seriolae, and a comparative genomics approach is expected to yield valuable information on its epidemiological characteristics. The purpose of this study was to perform whole-genome sequence analysis of N. seriolae MH196537 from the Japanese eel and to investigate the significant differences noted between strains isolated from freshwater fish and marine fish by using Random Forest, a reliable machine learning algorithm. The Pacbio platform was employed to sequence the MH196537 strain, and genomic information from the other 16 strains was used for comparative analyses. All coding sequences of the 17 strains were categorized in RASTtk Sub-systems. The MH196537 strain had one contig, and it shared a high average nucleotide identity (ANI) with the freshwater strains (0.9994 - 0.9999) rather than the seawater strains (0.9985 - 0.9994). Moreover, 22 RASTtk subsystems carried a different number of genes from each N. seriolae. The fatty acids, lipids, and isoprenoids subsystem showed the highest mean decrease in the Gini index of over 1.5. Interestingly, freshwater strains were found to harbor all of the genes for both the mevalonate (MVA) and non-mevalonate pathways (MEP), whereas only the MEP existed in strains from diseased marine fish. Considering the differences in the byproducts of isoprenoids from the different pathways, it is likely that this will affect host-pathogen interactions; therefore, harboring the different pathways for the synthesis of isoprenoids could be an important pathogenic factor of N. seriolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Seong Kim
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Do Huh
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeongJin Roh
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, Republic of Korea.
- Pathogens and Disease Transfer, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway.
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18
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Pandreka A, Chaya PS, Kumar A, Aarthy T, Mulani FA, Bhagyashree DD, B SH, Jennifer C, Ponnusamy S, Nagegowda D, Thulasiram HV. Limonoid biosynthesis 3: Functional characterization of crucial genes involved in neem limonoid biosynthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112669. [PMID: 33524856 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica L.) is well known for its medicinal, agricultural, and pesticidal applications since ages. The secondary metabolites, limonoids, confer these biological properties, wherein over 150 different limonoids have been reported from neem. To understand limonoid biosynthesis, we analyzed tissue-specific (kernel, pericarp, leaves, and flower) transcriptome that resulted in the identification of one farnesyl diphosphate synthase (AiFDS), one squalene synthase (AiSQS), three squalene epoxidases (AiSQE1, AiSQE2, and AiSQE3), two triterpene synthases (AiTTS1 and AiTTS2), cycloartenol synthase (AiCAS), two cytochrome P450 reductases, and ten cytochrome P450 systems. Comparative tissue-expression analysis indicated that AiFDS, AiSQS, AiSQE3, and AiTTS1 are expressed higher in the kernel than in the other tissues. Heterologously expressed recombinant AiTTS1 produced tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol as the sole product. Expression profile data, phylogeny with triterpene synthases from Meliaceae and Rutaceae families, real-time PCR of different tissues, and transient transformation revealed the involvement of tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol synthase (AiTTS1) in limonoid biosynthesis. Further, mutagenesis studies of AiTTS1 indicated that Y125 and F260 are probably involved in stabilization of dammarenyl cation. A 2.6-fold increase in production of tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol was observed when AiSQE1 was co-expressed with mutant AiTTS1 in a yeast system. Furthermore, we functionally characterized the highly expressed cytochrome P450 reductases and cycloartenol synthase. This study helps in further analysis and identification of genes involved in limonoid biosynthesis in Meliaceae/Rutaceae and their production in a metabolically tractable heterologous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Pandreka
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Patil S Chaya
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Thiagarayaselvam Aarthy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Fayaj A Mulani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Date D Bhagyashree
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Shilpashree H B
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
| | - Cheruvathur Jennifer
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Sudha Ponnusamy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Dinesh Nagegowda
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
| | - Hirekodathakallu V Thulasiram
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
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19
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Kajiura H, Yoshizawa T, Tokumoto Y, Suzuki N, Takeno S, Takeno KJ, Yamashita T, Tanaka SI, Kaneko Y, Fujiyama K, Matsumura H, Nakazawa Y. Structure-function studies of ultrahigh molecular weight isoprenes provide key insights into their biosynthesis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:215. [PMID: 33594248 PMCID: PMC7887238 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Some plant trans-1,4-prenyltransferases (TPTs) produce ultrahigh molecular weight trans-1,4-polyisoprene (TPI) with a molecular weight of over 1.0 million. Although plant-derived TPI has been utilized in various industries, its biosynthesis and physiological function(s) are unclear. Here, we identified three novel Eucommia ulmoides TPT isoforms—EuTPT1, 3, and 5, which synthesized TPI in vitro without other components. Crystal structure analysis of EuTPT3 revealed a dimeric architecture with a central hydrophobic tunnel. Mutation of Cys94 and Ala95 on the central hydrophobic tunnel no longer synthesizd TPI, indicating that Cys94 and Ala95 were essential for forming the dimeric architecture of ultralong-chain TPTs and TPI biosynthesis. A spatiotemporal analysis of the physiological function of TPI in E. ulmoides suggested that it is involved in seed development and maturation. Thus, our analysis provides functional and mechanistic insights into TPI biosynthesis and uncovers biological roles of TPI in plants. Kajiura and Yoshizawa et al. identify three new prenyltransferases in the tree Eucommia ulmoides that synthesize exceptionally high molecular weight trans-1,4-polyisoprene (TPI). Through crystal structure and mutational analyses, they identify key residues required for TPI synthesis and reveal its functional importance in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokumoto
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Shinya Takeno
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Kanokwan Jumtee Takeno
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamashita
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kaneko
- Yeast Genetic Resources Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Nakazawa
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan. .,Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan.
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Harms V, Kirschning A, Dickschat JS. Nature-driven approaches to non-natural terpene analogues. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1080-1097. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reactions catalysed by terpene synthases belong to the most complex and fascinating cascade-type transformations in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Harms
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
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21
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Novel rearranged acetophenone derivatives possessing diverse architectures from the leaves of Melicope ptelefolia. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Liu W, Zhang Z, Zhu W, Ren Z, Jia L, Li W, Ma Z. Evolutionary Conservation and Divergence of Genes Encoding 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Synthase in the Allotetraploid Cotton Species Gossypium hirsutum. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050412. [PMID: 31058869 PMCID: PMC6562921 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization is important for the speciation and subsequent evolution of many plant species. Analyses of the duplicated genes produced via polyploidization events may clarify the origin and evolution of gene families. During terpene biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (HMGS) functions as a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. In this study, we first identified a total of 53 HMGS genes in 23 land plant species, while no HMGS genes were detected in three green algae species. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that plant HMGS genes may have originated from a common ancestral gene before clustering in different branches during the divergence of plant lineages. Then, we detected six HMGS genes in the allotetraploid cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum), which was twice that of the two diploid cotton species (Gossypium raimondii and Gossypium arboreum). The comparison of gene structures and phylogenetic analysis of HMGS genes revealed conserved evolution during polyploidization in Gossypium. Moreover, the expression patterns indicated that six GhHMGS genes were expressed in all tested tissues, with most genes considerably expressed in the roots, and they were responsive to various phytohormone treatments and abiotic stresses. The sequence and expression divergence of duplicated genes in G. hirsutum implied the sub-functionalization of GhHMGS1A and GhHMGS1D as well as GhHMGS3A and GhHMGS3D, whereas it implied the pseudogenization of GhHMGS2A and GhHMGS2D. Collectively, our study unraveled the evolutionary history of HMGS genes in green plants and from diploid to allotetraploid in cotton and illustrated the different evolutionary fates of duplicated HMGS genes resulting from polyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Wei Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zhongying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Lin Jia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Zongbin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Vattekkatte A, Garms S, Brandt W, Boland W. Enhanced structural diversity in terpenoid biosynthesis: enzymes, substrates and cofactors. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:348-362. [PMID: 29296983 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enormous diversity of terpenes found in nature is generated by enzymes known as terpene synthases, or cyclases. Some are also known for their ability to convert a single substrate into multiple products. This review comprises monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases that are multiproduct in nature along with the regulation factors that can alter the product specificity of multiproduct terpene synthases without genetic mutations. Variations in specific assay conditions with focus on shifts in product specificity based on change in metal cofactors, assay pH and substrate geometry are described. Alterations in these simple cellular conditions provide the organism with enhanced chemodiversity without investing into new enzymatic architecture. This versatility to modulate product diversity grants organisms, especially immobile ones like plants with access to an enhanced defensive repertoire by simply altering cofactors, pH level and substrate geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abith Vattekkatte
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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24
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Li B, Li L, Peng Z, Liu D, Si L, Wang J, Yuan B, Huang J, Proksch P, Lin W. Harzianoic acids A and B, new natural scaffolds with inhibitory effects against hepatitis C virus. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:560-567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kempinski C, Jiang Z, Zinck G, Sato SJ, Ge Z, Clemente TE, Chappell J. Engineering linear, branched-chain triterpene metabolism in monocots. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:373-385. [PMID: 29979490 PMCID: PMC6335073 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are thirty-carbon compounds derived from the universal five-carbon prenyl precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Normally, triterpenes are synthesized via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway operating in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes where DMAPP is condensed with two IPPs to yield farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by FPP synthase (FPS). Squalene synthase (SQS) condenses two molecules of FPP to generate the symmetrical product squalene, the first committed precursor to sterols and most other triterpenes. In the green algae Botryococcus braunii, two FPP molecules can also be condensed in an asymmetric manner yielding the more highly branched triterpene, botryococcene. Botryococcene is an attractive molecule because of its potential as a biofuel and petrochemical feedstock. Because B. braunii, the only native host for botryococcene biosynthesis, is difficult to grow, there have been efforts to move botryococcene biosynthesis into organisms more amenable to large-scale production. Here, we report the genetic engineering of the model monocot, Brachypodium distachyon, for botryococcene biosynthesis and accumulation. A subcellular targeting strategy was used, directing the enzymes (botryococcene synthase [BS] and FPS) to either the cytosol or the plastid. High titres of botryococcene (>1 mg/g FW in T0 mature plants) were obtained using the cytosolic-targeting strategy. Plastid-targeted BS + FPS lines accumulated botryococcene (albeit in lesser amounts than the cytosolic BS + FPS lines), but they showed a detrimental phenotype dependent on plastid-targeted FPS, and could not proliferate and survive to set seed under phototrophic conditions. These results highlight intriguing differences in isoprenoid metabolism between dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Zuodong Jiang
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Soil and Crop SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Garrett Zinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Shirley J. Sato
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | | | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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26
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Lao YM, Jin H, Zhou J, Zhang HJ, Zhu XS, Cai ZH. A Novel Hydrolytic Activity of Tri-Functional Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase in Haematococcus pluvialis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2536-2548. [PMID: 30137453 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) precursor, which is supplied by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates (IPPs) into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Using IPP and DMAPP as substrates, a tri-functional HpGGPPS was identified in this study to promiscuously synthesize allylic prenyl pyrophosphates (PPPs), e.g. C10 geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), C15 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and C20 GGPP. Intriguingly, HpGGPPS can utilize GPP or FPP as a single substrate to synthesize GGPP by hydrolyzing the allylic PPP substrate into C5 IPP. Transcription of HpGGPPS and key carotenogenesis genes, morphological transformation, and carotenoid biosynthesis were differentially induced by environmental stresses, while HpGGPPS's products were low in vivo, implying that most of PPP flux had been shunted into carotenoid biosynthesis. Hydrolyzing allylic PPP intermediates into C5 building blocks by promiscuous HpGGPPS may be a fail safe for carotenoid accumulation against environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Min Lao
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huai Jin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Shan Zhu
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Hua Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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27
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Aarthy T, Mulani FA, Pandreka A, Kumar A, Nandikol SS, Haldar S, Thulasiram HV. Tracing the biosynthetic origin of limonoids and their functional groups through stable isotope labeling and inhibition in neem tree (Azadirachta indica) cell suspension. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:230. [PMID: 30314459 PMCID: PMC6186041 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neem tree serves as a cornucopia for triterpenoids called limonoids that are of profound interest to humans due to their diverse biological activities. However, the biosynthetic pathway that plant employs for the production of limonoids remains unexplored for this wonder tree. RESULTS Herein, we report the tracing of limonoid biosynthetic pathway through feeding experiments using 13C isotopologues of glucose in neem cell suspension. Growth and development specific limonoid spectrum of neem seedling and time dependent limonoid biosynthetic characteristics of cell lines were established. Further to understand the role of mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways in limonoid biosynthesis, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)- tandem mass spectrometry based structure-fragment relationship developed for limonoids and their isotopologues have been utilized. Analyses of labeled limonoid extract lead to the identification of signature isoprenoid units involved in azadirachtin and other limonoid biosynthesis, which are found to be formed through mevalonate pathway. This was further confirmed by treatment of cell suspension with mevinolin, a specific inhibitor for MVA pathway, which resulted in drastic decrease in limonoid levels whereas their biosynthesis was unaffected with fosmidomycin mediated plastidial methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway inhibition. This was also conspicuous, as the expression level of genes encoding for the rate-limiting enzyme of MVA pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) was comparatively higher to that of deoxyxylulose-phosphate synthase (DXS) of MEP pathway in different tissues and also in the in vitro grown cells. Thus, this study will give a comprehensive understanding of limonoid biosynthetic pathway with differential contribution of MVA and MEP pathways. CONCLUSIONS Limonoid biosynthesis of neem tree and cell lines have been unraveled through comparative quantification of limonoids with that of neem tree and through 13C limonoid isotopologues analysis. The undifferentiated cell lines of neem suspension produced a spectrum of C-seco limonoids, similar to parental tissue, kernel. Azadirachtin, a C-seco limonoid is produced in young tender leaves of plant whereas in the hard mature leaves of tree, ring intact limonoid nimocinol accumulates in high level. Furthermore, mevalonate pathway exclusively contributes for isoprene units of limonoids as evidenced through stable isotope labeling and no complementation of MEP pathway was observed with mevalonate pathway dysfunction, using chemical inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiagarayaselvam Aarthy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AnusandhanBhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001 India
| | - Fayaj A. Mulani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AnusandhanBhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001 India
| | - Avinash Pandreka
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AnusandhanBhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001 India
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AnusandhanBhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001 India
| | - Sharvani S. Nandikol
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AnusandhanBhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001 India
| | - Saikat Haldar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AnusandhanBhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001 India
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007 India
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Hattan JI, Shindo K, Sasaki T, Ohno F, Tokuda H, Ishikawa K, Misawa N. Identification of novel sesquiterpene synthase genes that mediate the biosynthesis of valerianol, which was an unknown ingredient of tea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12474. [PMID: 30127518 PMCID: PMC6102311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven cDNA clones encoding terpene synthases (TPSs), their structures closely related to each other, were isolated from the flower of Camellia hiemalis (‘Kantsubaki’). Their putative TPS proteins were phylogenetically positioned in a sole clade with the TPSs of other Camellia species. The obtained Tps genes, one of which was designated ChTps1 (ChTps1a), were introduced into mevalonate-pathway-engineered Escherichia coli, which carried the genes for utilizing acetoacetate as a substrate, and cultured in a medium including lithium acetoacetate. Volatile products generated in the E. coli cells transformed with ChTps1 were purified from the cell suspension culture, and analyzed by NMR. Consequently, the predominant product with ChTPS1 was identified as valerianol, indicating that the ChTps1 gene codes for valerianol synthase. This is the first report on a gene that can mediate the synthesis of valerianol. We next synthesized a Tps ortholog encoding ChTPS1variant R477H (named CsiTPS8), whose sequence had been isolated from a tea tree (Camellia sinensis), carried out similar culture experiment with the E. coli transformant including CsiTps8, and consequently found valerianol production equally. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of several teas revealed that valerianol had been an unknown ingredient in green tea and black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Hattan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sasaki
- Industrial Research Institute of Ishikawa, 2-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8203, Japan
| | - Fumina Ohno
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Harukuni Tokuda
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Clinical R&D, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishikawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda-shi, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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Volatile diterpene emission by two Mediterranean Cistaceae shrubs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6855. [PMID: 29717178 PMCID: PMC5931525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25056-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean vegetation emits a wide range of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) among which isoprenoids present quantitatively the most important compound class. Here, we investigated the isoprenoid emission from two Mediterranean Cistaceae shrubs, Halimium halimifolium and Cistus ladanifer, under controlled and natural conditions, respectively. For the first time, diurnal emission patterns of the diterpene kaurene were detected in real-time by Proton-Transfer-Reaction-Time-of-Flight-Mass-Spectrometer. Kaurene emissions were strongly variable among H. halimifolium plants, ranging from 0.01 ± 0.003 to 0.06 ± 0.01 nmol m−2 s−1 in low and high emitting individuals, respectively. They were in the same order of magnitude as monoterpene (0.01 ± 0.01 to 0.11 ± 0.04 nmol m−2 s−1) and sesquiterpene (0.01 ± 0.01 to 0.52 nmol m−2 s−1) emission rates. Comparable range and variability was found for C. ladanifer under natural conditions. Labelling with 13C-pyruvate suggested that emitted kaurene was not derived from de novo biosynthesis. The high kaurene content in leaves, the weak relationship with ecophysiological parameters and the tendency of higher emissions with increasing temperatures in the field indicate an emission from storage pools. This study highlights significant emissions of kaurene from two Mediterranean shrub species, indicating that the release of diterpenes into the atmosphere should probably deserve more attention in the future.
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Koehn J, Magallanes ES, Peters BJ, Beuning CN, Haase AA, Zhu MJ, Rithner CD, Crick DC, Crans DC. A Synthetic Isoprenoid Lipoquinone, Menaquinone-2, Adopts a Folded Conformation in Solution and at a Model Membrane Interface. J Org Chem 2018; 83:275-288. [PMID: 29168636 PMCID: PMC5759649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinones (naphthoquinones, MK) are isoprenoids that play key roles in the respiratory electron transport system of some prokaryotes by shuttling electrons between membrane-bound protein complexes acting as electron acceptors and donors. Menaquinone-2 (MK-2), a truncated MK, was synthesized, and the studies presented herein characterize the conformational and chemical properties of the hydrophobic MK-2 molecule. Using 2D NMR spectroscopy, we established for the first time that MK-2 has a folded conformation defined by the isoprenyl side-chain folding back over the napthoquinone in a U-shape, which depends on the specific environmental conditions found in different solvents. We used molecular mechanics to illustrate conformations found by the NMR experiments. The measured redox potentials of MK-2 differed in three organic solvents, where MK-2 was most easily reduced in DMSO, which may suggest a combination of solvent effect (presumably in part because of differences in dielectric constants) and/or conformational differences of MK-2 in different organic solvents. Furthermore, MK-2 was found to associate with the interface of model membranes represented by Langmuir phospholipid monolayers and Aerosol-OT (AOT) reverse micelles. MK-2 adopts a slightly different U-shaped conformation within reverse micelles compared to within solution, which is in sharp contrast to the extended conformations illustrated in literature for MKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan
T. Koehn
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Estela S. Magallanes
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Peters
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Cheryle N. Beuning
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Allison A. Haase
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michelle J. Zhu
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Christopher D. Rithner
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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32
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Andrade P, Caudepón D, Altabella T, Arró M, Ferrer A, Manzano D. Complex interplays between phytosterols and plastid development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1387708. [PMID: 28990832 PMCID: PMC5703248 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1387708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids comprise the largest class of natural compounds and are found in all kinds of organisms. In plants, they participate in both primary and specialized metabolism, playing essential roles in nearly all aspects of growth and development. The enormous diversity of this family of compounds is extensively exploited for biotechnological and biomedical applications as biomaterials, biofuels or drugs. Despite their variety of structures, all isoprenoids derive from the common C5 precursor isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). Plants synthesize IPP through two different metabolic pathways, the mevalonic acid (MVA) and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways that operate in the cytosol-RE and plastids, respectively. MEP-derived isoprenoids include important compounds for chloroplast function and as such, knock-out mutant plants affected in different steps of this pathway display important alterations in plastid structure. These alterations often lead to albino phenotypes and lethality at seedling stage. MVA knock-out mutant plants show, on the contrary, lethal phenotypes already exhibited at the gametophyte or embryo developmental stage. However, the recent characterization of conditional knock-down mutant plants of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), a central enzyme in cytosolic and mitochondrial isoprenoid biosynthesis, revealed an unexpected role of this pathway in chloroplast development and plastidial isoprenoid metabolism in post-embryonic stages. Upon FPS silencing, chloroplast structure is severely altered, together with a strong reduction in the levels of MEP pathway-derived major end products. This phenotype is associated to misregulation of genes involved in stress responses predominantly belonging to JA and Fe homeostasis pathways. Transcriptomic experiments and analysis of recent literature indicate that sterols are the cause of the observed alterations through an as yet undiscovered mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Andrade
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caudepón
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Manzano
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Lee JS, Pan JJ, Ramamoorthy G, Poulter CD. Structure–Function Studies of Artemisia tridentata Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase and Chrysanthemyl Diphosphate Synthase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Morphogenesis. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14556-14567. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Scott Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jian-Jung Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Gurusankar Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Abstract
![]()
The
year 2017 marks the twentieth anniversary of terpenoid cyclase
structural biology: a trio of terpenoid cyclase structures reported
together in 1997 were the first to set the foundation for understanding
the enzymes largely responsible for the exquisite chemodiversity of
more than 80000 terpenoid natural products. Terpenoid cyclases catalyze
the most complex chemical reactions in biology, in that more than
half of the substrate carbon atoms undergo changes in bonding and
hybridization during a single enzyme-catalyzed cyclization reaction.
The past two decades have witnessed structural, functional, and computational
studies illuminating the modes of substrate activation that initiate
the cyclization cascade, the management and manipulation of high-energy
carbocation intermediates that propagate the cyclization cascade,
and the chemical strategies that terminate the cyclization cascade.
The role of the terpenoid cyclase as a template for catalysis is paramount
to its function, and protein engineering can be used to reprogram
the cyclization cascade to generate alternative and commercially important
products. Here, I review key advances in terpenoid cyclase structural
and chemical biology, focusing mainly on terpenoid cyclases and related
prenyltransferases for which X-ray crystal structures have informed
and advanced our understanding of enzyme structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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35
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Wu H, Hsung RP, Tang Y. Total Syntheses of (±)-Rhodonoids C, D, E, F, and G and Ranhuadujuanine B. Org Lett 2017; 19:3505-3507. [PMID: 28604000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the divergent, biosynthetically inspired syntheses of (±)-rhodonoids C-G and (±)-ranhuadujuanine B. The key steps of the syntheses include the construction of the chromene unit through a formal oxa-[3 + 3] annulation and a biomimetic acid-catalyzed ring cyclization. Cationic [2 + 2] cycloaddition is accomplished to form the cyclobutane core of (±)-rhodonoids E and F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Richard P Hsung
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Yu Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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36
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Engineering a chimeric acid-stable α-amylase-glucoamylase (Amy-Glu) for one step starch saccharification. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:274-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Frank
- Center for Integrated Protein
Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein
Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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38
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Ye L, Lv X, Yu H. Engineering microbes for isoprene production. Metab Eng 2016; 38:125-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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Isoprenoid-Based Biofuels: Homologous Expression and Heterologous Expression in Prokaryotes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5730-40. [PMID: 27422837 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01192-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enthusiasm for mining advanced biofuels from microbial hosts has increased remarkably in recent years. Isoprenoids are one of the highly diverse groups of secondary metabolites and are foreseen as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels. Most of the prokaryotes synthesize their isoprenoid backbone via the deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate pathway from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate, whereas eukaryotes synthesize isoprenoids via the mevalonate pathway from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Microorganisms do not accumulate isoprenoids in large quantities naturally, which restricts their application for fuel purposes. Various metabolic engineering efforts have been utilized to overcome the limitations associated with their natural and nonnatural production. The introduction of heterologous pathways/genes and overexpression of endogenous/homologous genes have shown a remarkable increase in isoprenoid yield and substrate utilization in microbial hosts. Such modifications in the hosts' genomes have enabled researchers to develop commercially competent microbial strains for isoprenoid-based biofuel production utilizing a vast array of substrates. The present minireview briefly discusses the recent advancement in metabolic engineering efforts in prokaryotic hosts for the production of isoprenoid-based biofuels, with an emphasis on endogenous, homologous, and heterologous expression strategies.
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40
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Ramamoorthy G, Phan RM, Poulter CD. Synthesis and Enzymatic Studies of Isoprenoid Thiolo Bisubstrate Analogues. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5093-100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M. Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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41
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Hattan JI, Shindo K, Ito T, Shibuya Y, Watanabe A, Tagaki C, Ohno F, Sasaki T, Ishii J, Kondo A, Misawa N. Identification of a novel hedycaryol synthase gene isolated from Camellia brevistyla flowers and floral scent of Camellia cultivars. PLANTA 2016; 243:959-72. [PMID: 26744017 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel terpene synthase (Tps) gene isolated from Camellia brevistyla was identified as hedycaryol synthase, which was shown to be expressed specifically in flowers. Camellia plants are very popular because they bloom in winter when other plants seldom flower. Many ornamental cultivars of Camellia have been bred mainly in Japan, although the fragrance of their flowers has not been studied extensively. We analyzed floral scents of several Camellia cultivars by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and found that Camellia brevistyla produced various sesquiterpenes in addition to monoterpenes, whereas Camellia japonica and its cross-lines produced only monoterpenes, including linalool as the main product. From a flower of C. brevistyla, we isolated one cDNA encoding a terpene synthase (TPS) comprised of 554 amino acids, which was phylogenetically positioned to a sole gene clade. The cDNA, designated CbTps1, was expressed in mevalonate-pathway-engineered Escherichia coli, which carried the Streptomyces mevalonate-pathway gene cluster in addition to the acetoacetate-CoA ligase gene. A terpene product was purified from recombinant E. coli cultured with lithium acetoacetate, and analyzed by (1)H-nulcear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-NMR) and GC-MS. It was shown that a sesquiterpene hedycaryol was produced, because (1)H-NMR signals of the purified product were very broad, and elemol, a thermal rearrangement product from hedycaryol, was identified by GC-MS analysis. Spectroscopic data of elemol were also determined. These results indicated that the CbTps1 gene encodes hedycaryol synthase. Expression analysis of CbTps1 showed that it was expressed specifically in flowers, and hedycaryol is likely to be one of the terpenes that attract insects for pollination of C. brevistyla. A linalool synthase gene, which was isolated from a flower of Camellia saluenensis, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Hattan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Yurica Shibuya
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Arisa Watanabe
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Chie Tagaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Fumina Ohno
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sasaki
- Industrial Research Institute of Ishikawa, 2-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8203, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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42
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King JR, Edgar S, Qiao K, Stephanopoulos G. Accessing Nature's diversity through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27081481 PMCID: PMC4813638 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7311.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this perspective, we highlight recent examples and trends in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology that demonstrate the synthetic potential of enzyme and pathway engineering for natural product discovery. In doing so, we introduce natural paradigms of secondary metabolism whereby simple carbon substrates are combined into complex molecules through “scaffold diversification”, and subsequent “derivatization” of these scaffolds is used to synthesize distinct complex natural products. We provide examples in which modern pathway engineering efforts including combinatorial biosynthesis and biological retrosynthesis can be coupled to directed enzyme evolution and rational enzyme engineering to allow access to the “privileged” chemical space of natural products in industry-proven microbes. Finally, we forecast the potential to produce natural product-like discovery platforms in biological systems that are amenable to single-step discovery, validation, and synthesis for streamlined discovery and production of biologically active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R King
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven Edgar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kangjian Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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43
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Liu M, Chen CC, Chen L, Xiao X, Zheng Y, Huang JW, Liu W, Ko TP, Cheng YS, Feng X, Oldfield E, Guo RT, Ma Y. Structure and Function of a "Head-to-Middle" Prenyltransferase: Lavandulyl Diphosphate Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4721-4. [PMID: 26922900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report the first X-ray structure of the unique "head-to-middle" monoterpene synthase, lavandulyl diphosphate synthase (LPPS). LPPS catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to form lavandulyl diphosphate, a precursor to the fragrance lavandulol. The structure is similar to that of the bacterial cis-prenyl synthase, undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), and contains an allylic site (S1) in which DMAPP ionizes and a second site (S2) which houses the DMAPP nucleophile. Both S-thiolo-dimethylallyl diphosphate and S-thiolo-isopentenyl diphosphate bind intact to S2, but are cleaved to (thio)diphosphate, in S1. His78 (Asn in UPPS) is essential for catalysis and is proposed to facilitate diphosphate release in S1, while the P1 phosphate in S2 abstracts a proton from the lavandulyl carbocation to form the LPP product. The results are of interest since they provide the first structure and structure-based mechanism of this unusual prenyl synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiansha Xiao
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- AsiaPac Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Shan Cheng
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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44
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Liu M, Chen C, Chen L, Xiao X, Zheng Y, Huang J, Liu W, Ko T, Cheng Y, Feng X, Oldfield E, Guo R, Ma Y. Structure and Function of a “Head‐to‐Middle” Prenyltransferase: Lavandulyl Diphosphate Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Liu
- College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Chun‐Chi Chen
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Xiansha Xiao
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 China
| | | | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Tzu‐Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Ya‐Shan Cheng
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Rey‐Ting Guo
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 China
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45
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Zhou JY, Yuan J, Li X, Ning YF, Dai CC. Endophytic Bacterium-Triggered Reactive Oxygen Species Directly Increase Oxygenous Sesquiterpenoid Content and Diversity in Atractylodes lancea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1577-1585. [PMID: 26712554 PMCID: PMC4771314 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03434-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenous terpenoids are active components of many medicinal plants. However, current studies that have focused on enzymatic oxidation reactions cannot comprehensively clarify the mechanisms of oxygenous terpenoid synthesis and diversity. This study shows that an endophytic bacterium can trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that directly increase oxygenous sesquiterpenoid content and diversity in Atractylodes lancea. A. lancea is a famous but endangered Chinese medicinal plant that contains abundant oxygenous sesquiterpenoids. Geo-authentic A. lancea produces a wider range and a greater abundance of oxygenous sesquiterpenoids than the cultivated herb. Our previous studies have shown the mechanisms behind endophytic promotion of the production of sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbon scaffolds; however, how endophytes promote the formation of oxygenous sesquiterpenoids and their diversity is unclear. After colonization by Pseudomonas fluorescens ALEB7B, oxidative burst and oxygenous sesquiterpenoid accumulation in A. lancea occur synchronously. Treatment with exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or singlet oxygen induces oxidative burst and promotes oxygenous sesquiterpenoid accumulation in planta. Conversely, pretreatment of plantlets with the ROS scavenger ascorbic acid significantly inhibits the oxidative burst and oxygenous sesquiterpenoid accumulation induced by P. fluorescens ALEB7B. Further in vitro oxidation experiments show that several oxygenous sesquiterpenoids can be obtained from direct oxidation caused by H2O2 or singlet oxygen. In summary, this study demonstrates that endophytic bacterium-triggered ROS can directly oxidize oxygen-free sesquiterpenoids and increase the oxygenous sesquiterpenoid content and diversity in A. lancea, providing a novel explanation of the mechanisms of oxygenous terpenoid synthesis in planta and an essential complementarity to enzymatic oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Li
- Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center Rice Improvement, Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ning
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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46
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Jurado AR, Huang CS, Zhang X, Zhou ZH, Tong L. Structure and substrate selectivity of the 750-kDa α6β6 holoenzyme of geranyl-CoA carboxylase. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8986. [PMID: 26593090 PMCID: PMC4673880 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Geranyl-CoA carboxylase (GCC) is essential for the growth of Pseudomonas organisms with geranic acid as the sole carbon source. GCC has the same domain organization and shares strong sequence conservation with the related biotin-dependent carboxylases 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) and propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). Here we report the crystal structure of the 750-kDa α6β6 holoenzyme of GCC, which is similar to MCC but strikingly different from PCC. The structures provide evidence in support of two distinct lineages of biotin-dependent acyl-CoA carboxylases, one carboxylating the α carbon of a saturated organic acid and the other carboxylating the γ carbon of an α-β unsaturated acid. Structural differences in the active site region of GCC and MCC explain their distinct substrate preferences. Especially, a glycine residue in GCC is replaced by phenylalanine in MCC, which blocks access by the larger geranyl-CoA substrate. Mutation of this residue in the two enzymes can change their substrate preferences. The structures of the biotin-dependent carboxylases have revealed details of their function. Here, the authors describe the first structure of Pseudomonas geranyl-CoA carboxylase, and compare it with the previously characterised homologous 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Jurado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Christine S Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Pandreka A, Dandekar DS, Haldar S, Uttara V, Vijayshree SG, Mulani FA, Aarthy T, Thulasiram HV. Triterpenoid profiling and functional characterization of the initial genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis in neem (Azadirachta indica). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:214. [PMID: 26335498 PMCID: PMC4559364 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is one of the richest sources of skeletally diverse triterpenoids and they are well-known for their broad-spectrum pharmacological and insecticidal properties. However, the abundance of Neem triterpenoids varies among the tissues. Here, we delineate quantitative profiling of fifteen major triterpenoids across various tissues including developmental stages of kernel and pericarp, flower, leaf, stem and bark using UPLC-ESI(+)-HRMS based profiling. Transcriptome analysis was used to identify the initial genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Based on transcriptome analysis, two short-chain prenyltransferases and squalene synthase (AiSQS) were cloned and functionally characterized. RESULTS Quantitative profiling revealed differential abundance of both total and individual triterpenoid content across various tissues. RNA from tissues with high triterpenoid content (fruit, flower and leaf) were pooled to generate 79.08 million paired-end reads using Illumina GA ΙΙ platform. 41,140 transcripts were generated by d e novo assembly. Transcriptome annotation led to the identification of the putative genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Two short-chain prenyltransferases, geranyl diphosphate synthase (AiGDS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (AiFDS) and squalene synthase (AiSQS) were cloned and functionally characterized using transcriptome data. RT-PCR studies indicated five-fold and ten-fold higher relative expression level of AiSQS in fruits as compared to leaves and flowers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Triterpenoid profiling indicated that there is tissue specific variation in their abundance. The mature seed kernel and initial stages of pericarp were found to contain the highest amount of limonoids. Furthermore, a wide diversity of triterpenoids, especially C-seco triterpenoids were observed in kernel as compared to the other tissues. Pericarp, flower and leaf contained mainly ring-intact triterpenoids. The initial genes such as AiGDS, AiFDS and AiSQS involved in the isoprenoids biosynthesis have been functionally characterized. The expression levels of AiFDS and AiSQS were found to be in correlation with the total triterpenoid content in individual tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Pandreka
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Devdutta S Dandekar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Saikat Haldar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Vairagkar Uttara
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Shinde G Vijayshree
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Fayaj A Mulani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Thiagarayaselvam Aarthy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Hirekodathakallu V Thulasiram
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
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48
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Heider SAE, Wendisch VF. Engineering microbial cell factories: Metabolic engineering ofCorynebacterium glutamicumwith a focus on non-natural products. Biotechnol J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Srivastava PL, Daramwar PP, Krithika R, Pandreka A, Shankar SS, Thulasiram HV. Functional Characterization of Novel Sesquiterpene Synthases from Indian Sandalwood, Santalum album. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10095. [PMID: 25976282 PMCID: PMC4432371 DOI: 10.1038/srep10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian Sandalwood, Santalum album L. is highly valued for its fragrant heartwood oil and is dominated by a blend of sesquiterpenes. Sesquiterpenes are formed through cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by metal dependent terpene cyclases. This report describes the cloning and functional characterization of five genes, which encode two sesquisabinene synthases (SaSQS1, SaSQS2), bisabolene synthase (SaBS), santalene synthase (SaSS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (SaFDS) using the transcriptome sequencing of S. album. Using Illumina next generation sequencing, 33.32 million high quality raw reads were generated, which were assembled into 84,094 unigenes with an average length of 494.17 bp. Based on the transcriptome sequencing, five sesquiterpene synthases SaFDS, SaSQS1, SaSQS2, SaBS and SaSS involved in the biosynthesis of FPP, sesquisabinene, β-bisabolene and santalenes, respectively, were cloned and functionally characterized. Novel sesquiterpene synthases (SaSQS1 and SaSQS2) were characterized as isoforms of sesquisabinene synthase with varying kinetic parameters and expression levels. Furthermore, the feasibility of microbial production of sesquisabinene from both the unigenes, SaSQS1 and SaSQS2 in non-optimized bacterial cell for the preparative scale production of sesquisabinene has been demonstrated. These results may pave the way for in vivo production of sandalwood sesquiterpenes in genetically tractable heterologous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Lal Srivastava
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune. 411008
| | - Pankaj P Daramwar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune. 411008
| | - Ramakrishnan Krithika
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune. 411008
| | - Avinash Pandreka
- 1] Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune. 411008 [2] CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi. 110007
| | - S Shiva Shankar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune. 411008
| | - Hirekodathakallu V Thulasiram
- 1] Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune. 411008 [2] CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi. 110007
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50
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. How cyclobutanes are assembled in nature--insights from quantum chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:5042-50. [PMID: 24710596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic production of cyclobutanes leads to many complex natural products. Recently, theoretical work employing quantum chemical calculations has shed light on many of the details of cyclobutane-formation, in particular, for terpene natural products. Specific insights and general principles derived from these theoretical studies are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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