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Pohl A, Stockey RG, Dai X, Yohler R, Le Hir G, Hülse D, Brayard A, Finnegan S, Ridgwell A. Why the Early Paleozoic was intrinsically prone to marine extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg7679. [PMID: 37647393 PMCID: PMC10468122 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The geological record of marine animal biodiversity reflects the interplay between changing rates of speciation versus extinction. Compared to mass extinctions, background extinctions have received little attention. To disentangle the different contributions of global climate state, continental configuration, and atmospheric oxygen concentration (pO2) to variations in background extinction rates, we drive an animal physiological model with the environmental outputs from an Earth system model across intervals spanning the past 541 million years. We find that climate and continental configuration combined to make extinction susceptibility an order of magnitude higher during the Early Paleozoic than during the rest of the Phanerozoic, consistent with extinction rates derived from paleontological databases. The high extinction susceptibility arises in the model from the limited geographical range of marine organisms. It stands even when assuming present-day pO2, suggesting that increasing oxygenation through the Paleozoic is not necessary to explain why extinction rates apparently declined with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pohl
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Richard G. Stockey
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Xu Dai
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ryan Yohler
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Guillaume Le Hir
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominik Hülse
- Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Arnaud Brayard
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Seth Finnegan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andy Ridgwell
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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2
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Huang C, Li ZX. Why supercontinents became shorter lived as the Earth evolved. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00051-8. [PMID: 36739241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Periodic assembly and break-up of supercontinents since at least two billion years ago (Ga), dubbed the supercontinent cycle, provides the first-order tectonic control on the evolution of the Earth System including episodic orogenic events, mineralization, the formation and closure of oceans and superoceans, and even the evolution of life. However, the lifespan of the supercontinents appears to decrease with time, from ∼300 million years (Myr) for Nuna/Columbia, to 200-250 Myr for Rodinia and ∼150 Myr for the youngest supercontinent Pangaea. To understand what caused such a secular decrease in supercontinental lifespan, we conduct 3-D geodynamic modeling using realistic tectonic settings. The results show that the yield stress of newly formed orogens during the assembly of a supercontinent provides the dominant control on the lifespan of the supercontinent, implying that the yield stress of young orogens becomes lower with time. We hypothesize that the decreasing mantle temperature due to Earth's secular cooling might have caused new orogens to become weaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Huang
- Earth Dynamics Research Group, the Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Zheng-Xiang Li
- Earth Dynamics Research Group, the Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
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3
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Brée B, Condamine FL, Guinot G. Combining palaeontological and neontological data shows a delayed diversification burst of carcharhiniform sharks likely mediated by environmental change. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21906. [PMID: 36535995 PMCID: PMC9763247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating deep-time species-level diversification processes remains challenging. Both the fossil record and molecular phylogenies allow the estimation of speciation and extinction rates, but each type of data may still provide an incomplete picture of diversification dynamics. Here, we combine species-level palaeontological (fossil occurrences) and neontological (molecular phylogenies) data to estimate deep-time diversity dynamics through process-based birth-death models for Carcharhiniformes, the most speciose shark order today. Despite their abundant fossil record dating back to the Middle Jurassic, only a small fraction of extant carcharhiniform species is recorded as fossils, which impedes relying only on the fossil record to study their recent diversification. Combining fossil and phylogenetic data, we recover a complex evolutionary history for carcharhiniforms, exemplified by several variations in diversification rates with an early low diversity period followed by a Cenozoic radiation. We further reveal a burst of diversification in the last 30 million years, which is partially recorded with fossil data only. We also find that reef expansion and temperature change can explain variations in speciation and extinction through time. These results pinpoint the primordial importance of these environmental variables in the evolution of marine clades. Our study also highlights the benefit of combining the fossil record with phylogenetic data to address macroevolutionary questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Brée
- grid.462058.d0000 0001 2188 7059Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- grid.462058.d0000 0001 2188 7059Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Guinot
- grid.462058.d0000 0001 2188 7059Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
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4
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Continental configuration controls ocean oxygenation during the Phanerozoic. Nature 2022; 608:523-527. [PMID: 35978129 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The early evolutionary and much of the extinction history of marine animals is thought to be driven by changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations ([O2]) in the ocean1-3. In turn, [O2] is widely assumed to be dominated by the geological history of atmospheric oxygen (pO2)4,5. Here, by contrast, we show by means of a series of Earth system model experiments how continental rearrangement during the Phanerozoic Eon drives profound variations in ocean oxygenation and induces a fundamental decoupling in time between upper-ocean and benthic [O2]. We further identify the presence of state transitions in the global ocean circulation, which lead to extensive deep-ocean anoxia developing in the early Phanerozoic even under modern pO2. Our finding that ocean oxygenation oscillates over stable thousand-year (kyr) periods also provides a causal mechanism that might explain elevated rates of metazoan radiation and extinction during the early Palaeozoic Era6. The absence, in our modelling, of any simple correlation between global climate and ocean ventilation, and the occurrence of profound variations in ocean oxygenation independent of atmospheric pO2, presents a challenge to the interpretation of marine redox proxies, but also points to a hitherto unrecognized role for continental configuration in the evolution of the biosphere.
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5
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Pohl A, Wong Hearing T, Franc A, Sepulchre P, Scotese CR. Dataset of Phanerozoic continental climate and Köppen–Geiger climate classes. Data Brief 2022; 43:108424. [PMID: 35845094 PMCID: PMC9278035 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes a suite of global climate model output files that provide continental climatic conditions (monthly temperatures, precipitation, evaporation, precipitation minus evaporation balance, runoff) together with the calculated Köppen–Geiger climate classes and topography, for 28 evenly spaced time slices through the Phanerozoic (Cambrian to Quaternary, 540 Ma to 0 Ma). Climatic variables were simulated with the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model (FOAM), using a recent set of open-access continental reconstructions with paleotopography and recent atmospheric CO2 and solar luminosity estimates. FOAM is a general circulation model frequently used in paleoclimate studies, especially in the Palaeozoic. Köppen–Geiger climate classes were calculated based on simulated temperature and precipitation fields using Wong Hearing et al.’s [1] implementation of Peel et al.’s [2] updated classification. This dataset provides a unique window onto changing continental climate throughout the Phanerozoic that accounts for the simultaneous evolution of paleogeography (continental configuration and topography), atmospheric composition and greenhouse gas forcing, and solar luminosity.
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6
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Cermeño P, García-Comas C, Pohl A, Williams S, Benton MJ, Chaudhary C, Le Gland G, Müller RD, Ridgwell A, Vallina SM. Post-extinction recovery of the Phanerozoic oceans and biodiversity hotspots. Nature 2022; 607:507-511. [PMID: 35831505 PMCID: PMC9300466 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fossil record of marine invertebrates has long fuelled the debate as to whether or not there are limits to global diversity in the sea1-5. Ecological theory states that, as diversity grows and ecological niches are filled, the strengthening of biological interactions imposes limits on diversity6,7. However, the extent to which biological interactions have constrained the growth of diversity over evolutionary time remains an open question1-5,8-11. Here we present a regional diversification model that reproduces the main Phanerozoic eon trends in the global diversity of marine invertebrates after imposing mass extinctions. We find that the dynamics of global diversity are best described by a diversification model that operates widely within the exponential growth regime of a logistic function. A spatially resolved analysis of the ratio of diversity to carrying capacity reveals that less than 2% of the global flooded continental area throughout the Phanerozoic exhibits diversity levels approaching ecological saturation. We attribute the overall increase in global diversity during the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras to the development of diversity hotspots under prolonged conditions of Earth system stability and maximum continental fragmentation. We call this the 'diversity hotspots hypothesis', which we propose as a non-mutually exclusive alternative to the hypothesis that the Mesozoic marine revolution led this macroevolutionary trend12,13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cermeño
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carmen García-Comas
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alexandre Pohl
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282, UBFC/CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Simon Williams
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Chhaya Chaudhary
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Guillaume Le Gland
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Dietmar Müller
- EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andy Ridgwell
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sergio M Vallina
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gijón, Spain
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7
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Meckler AN, Sexton PF, Piasecki AM, Leutert TJ, Marquardt J, Ziegler M, Agterhuis T, Lourens LJ, Rae JWB, Barnet J, Tripati A, Bernasconi SM. Cenozoic evolution of deep ocean temperature from clumped isotope thermometry. Science 2022; 377:86-90. [PMID: 35771913 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing past climate states is crucial for understanding the future consequences of ongoing greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we revisit the benchmark time series for deep ocean temperature across the past 65 million years using clumped isotope thermometry. Our temperature estimates from the deep Atlantic Ocean are overall much warmer compared with oxygen isotope-based reconstructions, highlighting the likely influence of changes in deep ocean pH and/or seawater oxygen isotope composition on classical oxygen isotope records of the Cenozoic. In addition, our data reveal previously unrecognized large swings in deep ocean temperature during early Eocene acute greenhouse warmth. Our results call for a reassessment of the Cenozoic history of ocean temperatures to achieve a more accurate understanding of the nature of climatic responses to tectonic events and variable greenhouse forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Meckler
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - P F Sexton
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - A M Piasecki
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - T J Leutert
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - J Marquardt
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Ziegler
- Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - T Agterhuis
- Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - L J Lourens
- Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J W B Rae
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - J Barnet
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - A Tripati
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Science, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, American Indian Studies Center, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S M Bernasconi
- Department of Earth Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Vilacís B, Hayek JN, Stotz IL, Bunge HP, Friedrich AM, Carena S, Clark S. Evidence for active upper mantle flow in the Atlantic and Indo-Australian realms since the Upper Jurassic from hiatus maps and spreading rate changes. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 478:20210764. [PMID: 35756875 PMCID: PMC9199074 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histories of large-scale horizontal and vertical lithosphere motion hold important information on mantle convection. Here, we compare continent-scale hiatus maps as a proxy for mantle flow induced dynamic topography and plate motion variations in the Atlantic and Indo-Australian realms since the Upper Jurassic, finding they frequently correlate, except when plate boundary forces may play a significant role. This correlation agrees with descriptions of asthenosphere flow beneath tectonic plates in terms of Poiseuille/Couette flow, as it explicitly relates plate motion changes, induced by evolving basal shear forces, to non-isostatic vertical motion of the lithosphere. Our analysis reveals a timescale, on the order of a geological series, between the occurrence of continent-scale hiatus and plate motion changes. This is consistent with the presence of a weak upper mantle. It also shows a spatial scale for interregional hiatus, on the order of 2000-3000 km in diameter, which can be linked by fluid dynamic analysis to active upper mantle flow regions. Our results suggest future studies should pursue large-scale horizontal and vertical lithosphere motion in combination, to track the expressions of past mantle flow. Such studies would provide powerful constraints for adjoint-based geodynamic inverse models of past mantle convection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Vilacís
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, Munich 80333 Germany
| | - Jorge N Hayek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, Munich 80333 Germany
| | - Ingo L Stotz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, Munich 80333 Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Bunge
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, Munich 80333 Germany
| | - Anke M Friedrich
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, Munich 80333 Germany
| | - Sara Carena
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, Munich 80333 Germany
| | - Stuart Clark
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Minerals and Energy Res. Eng., Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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9
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Papadomanolaki NM, Sluijs A, Slomp CP. Eutrophication and Deoxygenation Forcing of Marginal Marine Organic Carbon Burial During the PETM. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 2022; 37:e2021PA004232. [PMID: 35910591 PMCID: PMC9310739 DOI: 10.1029/2021pa004232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is recognized globally by a negative excursion in stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in sedimentary records, termed the carbon isotope excursion (CIE). Based on the CIE, the cause, duration, and mechanisms of recovery of the event have been assessed. Here, we focus on the role of increased organic carbon burial on continental margins as a key driver of CO2 drawdown and global exogenic δ13C during the recovery phase. Using new and previously published sediment proxy data, we show evidence for widespread enhanced primary production, low oxygen waters, and high organic carbon (Corg) burial in marginal and restricted environments throughout the δ13C excursion. With a new biogeochemical box model for deep and marginal environments, we show that increased phosphorus availability and water column stratification on continental margins can explain the increased Corg burial during the PETM. Deoxygenation and recycling of phosphorus relative to Corg were relatively mild, compared to modern day anoxic marine systems. Our model reproduces the conditions reconstructed by field data, resulting in a burial of 6,000 Pg across the PETM, in excess of late Paleocene burial, and ∼3,300 Pg C for the critical first 40 kyr of the recovery, primarily located on continental margins. This value is consistent with prior data and model estimates (∼2,000-3,000 Pg C). To reproduce global exogenic δ13C patterns, this Corg burial implies an injection of 5,000-10,000 Pg C during the first ∼100-150 kyr of the PETM, depending on the source's δ13C (-11‰ to -55‰).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M. Papadomanolaki
- Department of Earth SciencesFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Appy Sluijs
- Department of Earth SciencesFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline P. Slomp
- Department of Earth SciencesFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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10
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Running across the Silurian/Devonian Boundary along Northern Gondwana: A Conodont Perspective. GEOSCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Silurian/Devonian boundary, Lower Devonian Series and Lochkovian Stage was formally placed in 1977 at Klonk, in the Czech Republic, at the first appearance of the graptolite Uncinatograptus uniformis uniformis (Přibyl). However, since then, correlation of this limit has been often hampered in carbonate facies where graptolites are uncommon or totally absent. A large calcareous deposition occurred at the Silurian/Devonian boundary along the northern and peri-Gondwana margin, thus representing an ideal location to select and test a possible additional biostratigraphic marker of the limit among conodonts. The first appearance of Caudicriodus hesperius almost simultaneously at the base of the Devonian in Bohemia, the Carnic Alps, Sardinia, Morocco and elsewhere indicates that this taxon is the conodont that best approximates the beginning of the Period. The first or last appearance of other species (e.g., Ozarkodina confluens, Zieglerodina klonkensis, Z. remscheidensis and Caudicriodus woschmidti) may help to recognise the boundary as well.
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11
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Takamiya H, Kouduka M, Suzuki Y. The Deep Rocky Biosphere: New Geomicrobiological Insights and Prospects. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:785743. [PMID: 34917063 PMCID: PMC8670094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocks that react with liquid water are widespread but spatiotemporally limited throughout the solar system, except for Earth. Rock-forming minerals with high iron content and accessory minerals with high amounts of radioactive elements are essential to support rock-hosted microbial life by supplying organics, molecular hydrogen, and/or oxidants. Recent technological advances have broadened our understanding of the rocky biosphere, where microbial inhabitation appears to be difficult without nutrient and energy inputs from minerals. In particular, microbial proliferation in igneous rock basements has been revealed using innovative geomicrobiological techniques. These recent findings have dramatically changed our perspective on the nature and the extent of microbial life in the rocky biosphere, microbial interactions with minerals, and the influence of external factors on habitability. This study aimed to gather information from scientific and/or technological innovations, such as omics-based and single-cell level characterizations, targeting deep rocky habitats of organisms with minimal dependence on photosynthesis. By synthesizing pieces of rock-hosted life, we can explore the evo-phylogeny and ecophysiology of microbial life on Earth and the life’s potential on other planetary bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Takamiya
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kouduka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Yohey Suzuki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
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12
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Daher H, Arbic BK, Williams JG, Ansong JK, Boggs DH, Müller M, Schindelegger M, Austermann J, Cornuelle BD, Crawford EB, Fringer OB, Lau HCP, Lock SJ, Maloof AC, Menemenlis D, Mitrovica JX, Green JAM, Huber M. Long-Term Earth-Moon Evolution With High-Level Orbit and Ocean Tide Models. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2021; 126:e2021JE006875. [PMID: 35846556 PMCID: PMC9285098 DOI: 10.1029/2021je006875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tides and Earth-Moon system evolution are coupled over geological time. Tidal energy dissipation on Earth slows E a r t h ' s rotation rate, increases obliquity, lunar orbit semi-major axis and eccentricity, and decreases lunar inclination. Tidal and core-mantle boundary dissipation within the Moon decrease inclination, eccentricity and semi-major axis. Here we integrate the Earth-Moon system backwards for 4.5 Ga with orbital dynamics and explicit ocean tide models that are "high-level" (i.e., not idealized). To account for uncertain plate tectonic histories, we employ Monte Carlo simulations, with tidal energy dissipation rates (normalized relative to astronomical forcing parameters) randomly selected from ocean tide simulations with modern ocean basin geometry and with 55, 116, and 252 Ma reconstructed basin paleogeometries. The normalized dissipation rates depend upon basin geometry and E a r t h ' s rotation rate. Faster Earth rotation generally yields lower normalized dissipation rates. The Monte Carlo results provide a spread of possible early values for the Earth-Moon system parameters. Of consequence for ocean circulation and climate, absolute (un-normalized) ocean tidal energy dissipation rates on the early Earth may have exceeded t o d a y ' s rate due to a closer Moon. Prior to ∼ 3 Ga , evolution of inclination and eccentricity is dominated by tidal and core-mantle boundary dissipation within the Moon, which yield high lunar orbit inclinations in the early Earth-Moon system. A drawback for our results is that the semi-major axis does not collapse to near-zero values at 4.5 Ga, as indicated by most lunar formation models. Additional processes, missing from our current efforts, are discussed as topics for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houraa Daher
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Brian K. Arbic
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Institut des Géosciences de L'Environnement (IGE)GrenobleFrance
- Laboratoire des Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiale (LEGOS)ToulouseFrance
| | - James G. Williams
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Joseph K. Ansong
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of GhanaAccraGhana
| | - Dale H. Boggs
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Bruce D. Cornuelle
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Eliana B. Crawford
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Swift NavigationSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of PhysicsKenyon CollegeGambierOHUSA
| | - Oliver B. Fringer
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Harriet C. P. Lau
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Simon J. Lock
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Adam C. Maloof
- Department of GeosciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | | | - Jerry X. Mitrovica
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Matthew Huber
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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13
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Influence of historical changes in tropical reef habitat on the diversification of coral reef fishes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20731. [PMID: 34671048 PMCID: PMC8528860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Past environmental changes are expected to have profoundly impacted diversity dynamics through time. While some previous studies showed an association between past climate changes or tectonic events and important shifts in lineage diversification, it is only recently that past environmental changes have been explicitly integrated in diversification models to test their influence on diversification rates. Here, we used a global reconstruction of tropical reef habitat dynamics during the Cenozoic and phylogenetic diversification models to test the influence of (i) major geological events, (ii) reef habitat fragmentation and (iii) reef area on the diversification of 9 major clades of tropical reef fish (Acanthuridae, Balistoidea, Carangoidea, Chaetodontidae, Haemulinae, Holocentridae, Labridae, Pomacentridae and Sparidae). The diversification models revealed a weak association between paleo-habitat changes and diversification dynamics. Specifically, the fragmentation of tropical reef habitats over the Cenozoic was found to be a driver of tropical reef fish diversification for 2 clades. However, overall, our approach did not allow the identification of striking associations between diversification dynamics and paleo-habitat fragmentation in contrast with theoretical model's predictions.
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14
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A global phylogeny of turtles reveals a burst of climate-associated diversification on continental margins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2012215118. [PMID: 33558231 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012215118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Living turtles are characterized by extraordinarily low species diversity given their age. The clade's extensive fossil record indicates that climate and biogeography may have played important roles in determining their diversity. We investigated this hypothesis by collecting a molecular dataset for 591 individual turtles that, together, represent 80% of all turtle species, including representatives of all families and 98% of genera, and used it to jointly estimate phylogeny and divergence times. We found that the turtle tree is characterized by relatively constant diversification (speciation minus extinction) punctuated by a single threefold increase. We also found that this shift is temporally and geographically associated with newly emerged continental margins that appeared during the Eocene-Oligocene transition about 30 million years before present. In apparent contrast, the fossil record from this time period contains evidence for a major, but regional, extinction event. These seemingly discordant findings appear to be driven by a common global process: global cooling and drying at the time of the Eocene-Oligocene transition. This climatic shift led to aridification that drove extinctions in important fossil-bearing areas, while simultaneously exposing new continental margin habitat that subsequently allowed for a burst of speciation associated with these newly exploitable ecological opportunities.
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15
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Landwehrs J, Feulner G, Petri S, Sames B, Wagreich M. Investigating Mesozoic Climate Trends and Sensitivities With a Large Ensemble of Climate Model Simulations. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 2021; 36:e2020PA004134. [PMID: 34240008 PMCID: PMC8251552 DOI: 10.1029/2020pa004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Mesozoic era (∼252 to 66 million years ago) was a key interval in Earth's evolution toward its modern state, witnessing the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea and significant biotic innovations like the early evolution of mammals. Plate tectonic dynamics drove a fundamental climatic transition from the early Mesozoic supercontinent toward the Late Cretaceous fragmented continental configuration. Here, key aspects of Mesozoic long-term environmental changes are assessed in a climate model ensemble framework. We analyze so far the most extended ensemble of equilibrium climate states simulated for evolving Mesozoic boundary conditions covering the period from 255 to 60 Ma in 5 Myr timesteps. Global mean temperatures are generally found to be elevated above the present and exhibit a baseline warming trend driven by rising sea levels and increasing solar luminosity. Warm (Triassic and mid-Cretaceous) and cool (Jurassic and end-Cretaceous) anomalies result from pCO2 changes indicated by different reconstructions. Seasonal and zonal temperature contrasts as well as continental aridity show an overall decrease from the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. Meridional temperature gradients are reduced at higher global temperatures and less land area in the high latitudes. With systematic sensitivity experiments, the influence of paleogeography, sea level, vegetation patterns, pCO2, solar luminosity, and orbital configuration on these trends is investigated. For example, long-term seasonality trends are driven by paleogeography, but orbital cycles could have had similar-scale effects on shorter timescales. Global mean temperatures, continental humidity, and meridional temperature gradients are, however, also strongly affected by pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Landwehrs
- Department of GeologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Earth System AnalysisPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchMember of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | - Georg Feulner
- Earth System AnalysisPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchMember of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | - Stefan Petri
- Earth System AnalysisPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchMember of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
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16
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Komar N, Zeebe RE. Reconciling atmospheric CO 2, weathering, and calcite compensation depth across the Cenozoic. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd4876. [PMID: 33523943 PMCID: PMC10671158 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Cenozoic era (66 to 0 million years) is marked by long-term aberrations in carbon cycling and large climatic shifts, some of which challenge the current understanding of carbon cycle dynamics. Here, we investigate possible mechanisms responsible for the observed long-term trends by using a novel approach that features a full-fledged ocean carbonate chemistry model. Using a compilation of pCO2, pH, and calcite compensation depth (CCD) observational evidence and a suite of simulations, we reconcile long-term Cenozoic climate and CCD trends. We show that the CCD response was decoupled from changes in silicate and carbonate weathering rates, challenging the continental uplift hypothesis. The two dominant mechanisms for decoupling are shelf-basin carbonate burial fractionation combined with proliferation of pelagic calcifiers. The temperature effect on remineralization rates of marine organic matter also plays a critical role in controlling the carbon cycle dynamics, especially during the warmer periods of the Cenozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Komar
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Richard E Zeebe
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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17
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Hayek JN, Vilacís B, Bunge HP, Friedrich AM, Carena S, Vibe Y. Continent-scale Hiatus Maps for the Atlantic Realm and Australia since the Upper Jurassic and links to mantle flow induced dynamic topography. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20200390. [PMID: 33223939 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interregional geological maps hold important information for geodynamic models. Here, we use such maps to visualize major conformable and unconformable contacts at interregional scales and at the level of geologic series from the Upper Jurassic onward across North and South America, Europe, Africa and Australia. We extract hiatus information from these paleogeological maps, which we plot in a paleogeographical reference frame to link the maps to the plate and plume modes of mantle convection. We assume that interregional patterns of hiatus surfaces are proxy records of continent-scale mantle-induced vertical motion of the lithosphere. We find significant differences in the distribution of hiatus across and between continents at the timescale of geologic series, that is ten to a few tens of millions of years (Myrs). This is smaller than the mantle transit time, which, as the timescale of convection, is about 100-200 Myrs. Our results imply that different timescales for convection and topography in convective support must be an integral component of time-dependent geodynamic Earth models, consistent with the presence of a weaker upper mantle relative to the lower mantle. Additional geological constraints together with interregional geological maps at the resolution of stages (1-2 Myrs), are needed to assist in future geodynamic interpretations of interregional geologic hiatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Nicolas Hayek
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Berta Vilacís
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Bunge
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Anke M Friedrich
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Carena
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Yulia Vibe
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Theresienstraße 41 and Luisenstraße 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
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18
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A possible link between coral reef success, crustose coralline algae and the evolution of herbivory. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17748. [PMID: 33082388 PMCID: PMC7575568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustose coralline red algae (CCA) play a key role in the consolidation of many modern tropical coral reefs. It is unclear, however, if their function as reef consolidators was equally pronounced in the geological past. Using a comprehensive database on ancient reefs, we show a strong correlation between the presence of CCA and the formation of true coral reefs throughout the last 150 Ma. We investigated if repeated breakdowns in the potential capacity of CCA to spur reef development were associated with sea level, ocean temperature, CO2 concentration, CCA species diversity, and/or the evolution of major herbivore groups. Model results show that the correlation between the occurrence of CCA and the development of true coral reefs increased with CCA diversity and cooler ocean temperatures while the diversification of herbivores had a transient negative effect. The evolution of novel herbivore groups compromised the interaction between CCA and true reef growth at least three times in the investigated time interval. These crises have been overcome by morphological adaptations of CCA.
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19
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Marine Os isotopic evidence for multiple volcanic episodes during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 1b. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12601. [PMID: 32724064 PMCID: PMC7387342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aptian-Albian boundary is marked by one of the major oceanic perturbations during the Cretaceous, called Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 1b. Extensive volcanic episodes at the Southern Kerguelen Plateau has been suggested as the trigger of OAE1b, but compelling evidence remains lacking. Here, we reconstructed the temporal variations of marine Os isotopic ratios across the Aptian-Albian boundary in the Tethyan and Pacific pelagic sedimentary records to elucidate the causal links between OAE1b, the biotic turnover, and volcanic episodes. Our new Os isotopic records show two negative spikes that correlate with a period of planktonic foraminiferal turnover across the Aptian-Albian boundary during OAE1b and suggest multiple submarine volcanic events. By comparing our Os isotopic profile with carbon isotopic compositions of carbonate, CaCO3 content, and the relative abundances of agglutinated foraminifera, we conclude that ocean acidification caused by the massive release of CO2 through extensive volcanic episodes could have promoted the major planktonic foraminiferal turnover during OAE1b.
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20
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Klages JP, Salzmann U, Bickert T, Hillenbrand CD, Gohl K, Kuhn G, Bohaty SM, Titschack J, Müller J, Frederichs T, Bauersachs T, Ehrmann W, van de Flierdt T, Pereira PS, Larter RD, Lohmann G, Niezgodzki I, Uenzelmann-Neben G, Zundel M, Spiegel C, Mark C, Chew D, Francis JE, Nehrke G, Schwarz F, Smith JA, Freudenthal T, Esper O, Pälike H, Ronge TA, Dziadek R. Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak Cretaceous warmth. Nature 2020; 580:81-86. [PMID: 32238944 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mid-Cretaceous period was one of the warmest intervals of the past 140 million years1-5, driven by atmospheric carbon dioxide levels of around 1,000 parts per million by volume6. In the near absence of proximal geological records from south of the Antarctic Circle, it is disputed whether polar ice could exist under such environmental conditions. Here we use a sedimentary sequence recovered from the West Antarctic shelf-the southernmost Cretaceous record reported so far-and show that a temperate lowland rainforest environment existed at a palaeolatitude of about 82° S during the Turonian-Santonian age (92 to 83 million years ago). This record contains an intact 3-metre-long network of in situ fossil roots embedded in a mudstone matrix containing diverse pollen and spores. A climate model simulation shows that the reconstructed temperate climate at this high latitude requires a combination of both atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of 1,120-1,680 parts per million by volume and a vegetated land surface without major Antarctic glaciation, highlighting the important cooling effect exerted by ice albedo under high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann P Klages
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Salzmann
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Torsten Bickert
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Gohl
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gerhard Kuhn
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Steven M Bohaty
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jürgen Titschack
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Marine Research Department, Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Juliane Müller
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.,MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Frederichs
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Werner Ehrmann
- Institute for Geophysics and Geology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina van de Flierdt
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patric Simões Pereira
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gerrit Lohmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.,MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Igor Niezgodzki
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.,ING PAN-Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Biogeosystem Modelling Laboratory, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Chris Mark
- Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Chew
- Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gernot Nehrke
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Florian Schwarz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Tim Freudenthal
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Oliver Esper
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Heiko Pälike
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ronge
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ricarda Dziadek
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
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21
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A record of seafloor methane seepage across the last 150 million years. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2562. [PMID: 32054937 PMCID: PMC7018728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seafloor methane seepage is a significant source of carbon in the marine environment. The processes and temporal patterns of seafloor methane seepage over multi-million-year time scales are still poorly understood. The microbial oxidation of methane can store carbon in sediments through precipitation of carbonate minerals, thus providing a record of past methane emission. In this study, we compiled data on methane-derived carbonates to build a proxy time series of methane emission over the last 150 My and statistically compared it with the main hypothesised geological controllers of methane emission. We quantitatively demonstrate that variations in sea level and organic carbon burial are the dominant controls on methane leakage since the Early Cretaceous. Sea level controls methane seepage variations by imposing smooth trends on timescales in the order of tens of My. Organic carbon burial is affected by the same cyclicities, and instantaneously controls methane release because of the geologically rapid generation of biogenic methane. Both the identified fundamental (26–27 My) and higher (12 My) cyclicities relate to global phenomena. Temporal correlation analysis supports the evidence that modern expansion of hypoxic areas and its effect on organic carbon burial may lead to higher seawater methane concentrations over the coming centuries.
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22
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Gaboriau T, Albouy C, Descombes P, Mouillot D, Pellissier L, Leprieur F. Ecological constraints coupled with deep-time habitat dynamics predict the latitudinal diversity gradient in reef fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191506. [PMID: 31530148 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a spatially explicit model of diversification based on palaeohabitat to explore the predictions of four major hypotheses potentially explaining the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), namely, the 'time-area', 'tropical niche conservatism', 'ecological limits' and 'evolutionary speed' hypotheses. We compare simulation outputs to observed diversity gradients in the global reef fish fauna. Our simulations show that these hypotheses are non-mutually exclusive and that their relative influence depends on the time scale considered. Simulations suggest that reef habitat dynamics produced the LDG during deep geological time, while ecological constraints shaped the modern LDG, with a strong influence of the reduction in the latitudinal extent of tropical reefs during the Neogene. Overall, this study illustrates how mechanistic models in ecology and evolution can provide a temporal and spatial understanding of the role of speciation, extinction and dispersal in generating biodiversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Gaboriau
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Albouy
- IFREMER, Unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Patrice Descombes
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Leprieur
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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23
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Núñez R, Barro-Cañamero A, Minno MC, Fernández DM, Hausmann A. The herophile species group of Calisto (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae : Satyrinae), new taxa and historical biogeography. INVERTEBR SYST 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/is18048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The genus Calisto is endemic tothe West Indiesand the only representative there of the Satyrinae. Here wereconstruct the evolutionary relationshipsof the herophile group and describe five new species from Cuba: Calisto gundlachi sp. nov., Calisto siguanensis sp. nov., Calisto disjunctus sp. nov., Calisto sharkeyae sp. nov. and Calisto lastrai sp. nov.We employ one mitochondrial and four nuclear markers to assess the phylogenetic position, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approaches, of the new taxa. Our phylogenetic trees yielded two strongly supported main clades with four of the new species included within them and C. sharkeyae as sister group to the rest of the major main clade. We conduct time-divergence estimations and ancestral area reconstructions using BEAST and BioGeoBEARS. The group originated 12.15 million years ago during the middle Miocene in north-eastern Cuba, Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa Massif. After 6 million years of in situ evolution most lineages started to colonise other Cuban territories and the Bahamas. This scenario is consistent with key geological events, including the closure of the western Havana–Matanzas channel 8–6 million years ago, the uplift of the Sierra Maestra 6–5 million years ago, and the land connections among Cuban regions during the Miocene–Pleistocene sea level drops. Dispersal and vicariance processes may have occurred, with populations surviving floodings on the major and minor mountain ranges, which remained as ‘islands’.
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:03690F79-F938-42A0-B234-4A228D5C1913
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24
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Pontarp M, Bunnefeld L, Cabral JS, Etienne RS, Fritz SA, Gillespie R, Graham CH, Hagen O, Hartig F, Huang S, Jansson R, Maliet O, Münkemüller T, Pellissier L, Rangel TF, Storch D, Wiegand T, Hurlbert AH. The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient: Novel Understanding through Mechanistic Eco-evolutionary Models. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 34:211-223. [PMID: 30591209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most widely studied patterns in ecology, yet no consensus has been reached about its underlying causes. We argue that the reasons for this are the verbal nature of existing hypotheses, the failure to mechanistically link interacting ecological and evolutionary processes to the LDG, and the fact that empirical patterns are often consistent with multiple explanations. To address this issue, we synthesize current LDG hypotheses, uncovering their eco-evolutionary mechanisms, hidden assumptions, and commonalities. Furthermore, we propose mechanistic eco-evolutionary modeling and an inferential approach that makes use of geographic, phylogenetic, and trait-based patterns to assess the relative importance of different processes for generating the LDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Pontarp
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lynsey Bunnefeld
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology (CCTB), University of Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 32, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne A Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rosemary Gillespie
- Environmental Science, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Oskar Hagen
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60327, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland Jansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Odile Maliet
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tamara Münkemüller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d'ÉcologieAlpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thiago F Rangel
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - David Storch
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 110 00 Praha 1, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modeling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Allen H Hurlbert
- Department of Biology and Curriculum in Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Batenburg SJ, Voigt S, Friedrich O, Osborne AH, Bornemann A, Klein T, Pérez-Díaz L, Frank M. Major intensification of Atlantic overturning circulation at the onset of Paleogene greenhouse warmth. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4954. [PMID: 30470783 PMCID: PMC6251870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During the Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic the Earth experienced prolonged climatic cooling most likely caused by decreasing volcanic activity and atmospheric CO2 levels. However, the causes and mechanisms of subsequent major global warming culminating in the late Paleocene to Eocene greenhouse climate remain enigmatic. We present deep and intermediate water Nd-isotope records from the North and South Atlantic to decipher the control of the opening Atlantic Ocean on ocean circulation and its linkages to the evolution of global climate. The marked convergence of Nd-isotope signatures 59 million years ago indicates a major intensification of deep-water exchange between the North and South Atlantic, which coincided with the turning point of deep-water temperatures towards early Paleogene warming. We propose that this intensification of Atlantic overturning circulation in concert with increased atmospheric CO2 from continental rifting marked a climatic tipping point contributing to a more efficient distribution of heat over the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Batenburg
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany. .,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK.
| | - S Voigt
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - O Friedrich
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234-236, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A H Osborne
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, Kiel, 24148, Germany
| | - A Bornemann
- Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Klein
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - L Pérez-Díaz
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - M Frank
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, Kiel, 24148, Germany
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Evidence for Basement Reactivation during the Opening of the Labrador Sea from the Makkovik Province, Labrador, Canada: Insights from Field Data and Numerical Models. GEOSCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8080308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The onshore exposures adjacent to modern, offshore passive continental margins may preserve evidence of deformation from the pre-, syn-, and post-rift phases of continental breakup that allow us to investigate the processes associated with and controlling rifting and breakup. Here, we characterize onshore brittle deformation and pre-rift basement metamorphic mineral fabric from onshore Labrador in Eastern Canada in the Palaeoproterozoic Aillik Domain of the Makkovik Province. Stress inversion (1) was applied to these data and then compared to (2) numerical models of hybrid slip and dilation tendency, (3) independent calculations of the regional geopotential stress field, and (4) analyses of palaeo-stress in proximal regions from previous work. The stress inversion shows well-constrained extensional deformation perpendicular to the passive margin, likely related to pre-breakup rifting in the proto-Labrador Sea. Hybrid slip and dilatation analysis indicates that inherited basement structures were likely oriented in a favorable orientation to be reactivated during rifting. Reconstructed geopotential stresses illuminate changes of the ambient stress field over time and confirm the present paleo-stress estimates. The new results and numerical models provide a consistent picture of the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic lithospheric stress field evolution in the Labrador Sea region. The proto-Labrador Sea region was characterized by a persistent E–W (coast-perpendicular) extensional stress regime, which we interpret as the pre-breakup continental rifting that finally led to continental breakup. Later, the ridge push of the Labrador Sea spreading ridge maintained this general direction of extension. We see indications for anti-clockwise rotation of the direction of extension along some of the passive margins. However, extreme persistent N–S-oriented extension as indicated by studies further north in West Greenland cannot be confirmed.
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Abstract
On greater than million year timescales, carbon in the ocean-atmosphere-biosphere system is controlled by geologic inputs of CO2 through volcanic and metamorphic degassing. High atmospheric CO2 and warm climates in the Cretaceous have been attributed to enhanced volcanic emissions of CO2 through more rapid spreading at mid-ocean ridges and, in particular, to a global flare-up in continental arc volcanism. Here, we show that global flare-ups in continental arc magmatism also enhance the global flux of nutrients into the ocean through production of windblown ash. We show that up to 75% of Si, Fe and P is leached from windblown ash during and shortly after deposition, with soluble Si, Fe and P inputs from ash alone in the Cretaceous being higher than the combined input of dust and rivers today. Ash-derived nutrient inputs may have increased the efficiency of biological productivity and organic carbon preservation in the Cretaceous, possibly explaining why the carbon isotopic signature of Cretaceous seawater was high. Variations in volcanic activity, particularly continental arcs, have the potential of profoundly altering carbon cycling at the Earth’s surface by increasing inputs of CO2 and ash-borne nutrients, which together enhance biological productivity and burial of organic carbon, generating an abundance of hydrocarbon source rocks.
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Realistic Paleobathymetry of the Cenomanian–Turonian (94 Ma) Boundary Global Ocean. GEOSCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zircon evidence for incorporation of terrigenous sediments into the magma source of continental basalts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:178. [PMID: 29317729 PMCID: PMC5760614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustal components may be incorporated into continental basalts by either shallow contamination or deep mixing. While the former proceeds at crustal depths with common preservation of refractory minerals, the latter occurs at mantle depths with rare survival of relict minerals. Discrimination between the two mechanisms has great bearing to subcontinental mantle geochemistry. Here we report the occurrence of relict zircons in Cenozoic continental basalts from eastern China. A combined study of zircon U-Pb ages and geochemistry indicates that detrital zircons were carried by terrigenous sediments into a subcontinental subduction zone, where the zircon were transferred by fluids into the magma sources of continental basalts. The basalts were sampled from three petrotectonic units with distinct differences in their magmatic and metamorphic ages, making the crustal contamination discernible. The terrigenous sediments were carried by the subducting oceanic crust into the asthenospheric mantle, producing both soluble and insoluble materials at the slab-mantle interface. These materials were served as metasomatic agents to react with the overlying mantle wedge peridotite, generating a kind of ultramafic metasomatites that contain the relict zircons. Therefore, the occurrence of relict zircons in continental basalts indicates that this refractory mineral can survive extreme temperature-pressure conditions in the asthenospheric mantle.
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Pellissier L, Heine C, Rosauer DF, Albouy C. Are global hotspots of endemic richness shaped by plate tectonics? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Cermeño P, Benton MJ, Paz Ó, Vérard C. Trophic and tectonic limits to the global increase of marine invertebrate diversity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15969. [PMID: 29162866 PMCID: PMC5698323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine invertebrate fossil record provides the most comprehensive history of how the diversity of animal life has evolved through time. One of the main features of this record is a modest rise in diversity over nearly a half-billion years. The long-standing view is that ecological interactions such as resource competition and predation set upper limits to global diversity, which, in the absence of external perturbations, is maintained indefinitely at equilibrium. However, the effect of mechanisms associated with the history of the seafloor, and their influence on the creation and destruction of marine benthic habitats, has not been explored. Here we use statistical methods for causal inference to investigate the drivers of marine invertebrate diversity dynamics through the Phanerozoic. We find that diversity dynamics responded to secular variations in marine food supply, substantiating the idea that global species richness is regulated by resource availability. Once diversity was corrected for changes in food resource availability, its dynamics were causally linked to the age of the subducting oceanic crust. We suggest that the time elapsed between the formation (at mid-ocean ridges) and destruction (at subduction zones) of ocean basins influences the diversity dynamics of marine invertebrates and may have contributed to constrain their diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cermeño
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michael J Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Óscar Paz
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Vérard
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE), University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, 66, CH-1211, Genève/GE, Switzerland
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Abstract
Macrostratigraphy is the study and statistical analysis of sediment packages that formed continuously at a specified scale of temporal resolution and that are bound by gaps recognizable at that same scale. The temporal ranges of gap-bound packages, compiled separately for different geographic locations, permit area-weighted, survivorship-based measures of rock quantity and spatio-temporal environmental continuity to be measured. Analytical basin fill models suggest that the parameters controlling sedimentation and sequence stratigraphic architecture, such as base level and sediment supply, can be detected quantitatively by macrostratigraphy.Macrostratigraphic analysis of the marine sedimentary rock record in the United States at a temporal resolution of ~106 years reproduces most of the well-known Sloss sequences, but it also identifies two prominent megasequences, the Paleozoic and Modern megasequences, which are separated by a Permian-Triassic discontinuity and Phanerozoic minimum in rock quantity. Many short- and long-term features of the macroevolutionary history of marine animals are reproduced by macrostratigraphy, including 1) many patterns in genus richness, 2) patterns in rates of genus extinction and, to a lesser degree, rates of origination, and 3) patterns of extinction selectivity and the shifting relative richness of Sepkoski's Paleozoic and Modern evolutionary faunas. The extent to which macrostratigraphy reproduces the macroevolutionary history of marine animals transcends what is expected by geologically-controlled sampling biases. Instead, the processes which control the spatio-temporal dynamics of shelf sedimentation, including expansions and contractions of shallow epicontinental seas, have probably exerted a consistent influence on the macroevolutionary history of marine animals. Exploring the common cause hypothesis by putting fossils back into rocks and rocks into a new quantitative framework for physical environmental change holds considerable promise for paleobiology.
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Krissansen-Totton J, Catling DC. Constraining climate sensitivity and continental versus seafloor weathering using an inverse geological carbon cycle model. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15423. [PMID: 28530231 PMCID: PMC5458154 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative influences of tectonics, continental weathering and seafloor weathering in controlling the geological carbon cycle are unknown. Here we develop a new carbon cycle model that explicitly captures the kinetics of seafloor weathering to investigate carbon fluxes and the evolution of atmospheric CO2 and ocean pH since 100 Myr ago. We compare model outputs to proxy data, and rigorously constrain model parameters using Bayesian inverse methods. Assuming our forward model is an accurate representation of the carbon cycle, to fit proxies the temperature dependence of continental weathering must be weaker than commonly assumed. We find that 15–31 °C (1σ) surface warming is required to double the continental weathering flux, versus 3–10 °C in previous work. In addition, continental weatherability has increased 1.7–3.3 times since 100 Myr ago, demanding explanation by uplift and sea-level changes. The average Earth system climate sensitivity is K (1σ) per CO2 doubling, which is notably higher than fast-feedback estimates. These conclusions are robust to assumptions about outgassing, modern fluxes and seafloor weathering kinetics. The influence of tectonics, continental weathering, and seafloor weathering in the geological carbon cycle remain unclear. Here, the authors develop a new carbon cycle model and, through comparison with proxy data, critically evaluate the influence of these components on carbon fluxes since 100 Ma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Krissansen-Totton
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences/Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1310, USA
| | - David C Catling
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences/Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1310, USA
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Groeneveld J, Henderiks J, Renema W, McHugh CM, De Vleeschouwer D, Christensen BA, Fulthorpe CS, Reuning L, Gallagher SJ, Bogus K, Auer G, Ishiwa T. Australian shelf sediments reveal shifts in Miocene Southern Hemisphere westerlies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602567. [PMID: 28508066 PMCID: PMC5425240 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Global climate underwent a major reorganization when the Antarctic ice sheet expanded ~14 million years ago (Ma) (1). This event affected global atmospheric circulation, including the strength and position of the westerlies and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and, therefore, precipitation patterns (2-5). We present new shallow-marine sediment records from the continental shelf of Australia (International Ocean Discovery Program Sites U1459 and U1464) providing the first empirical evidence linking high-latitude cooling around Antarctica to climate change in the (sub)tropics during the Miocene. We show that Western Australia was arid during most of the Middle Miocene. Southwest Australia became wetter during the Late Miocene, creating a climate gradient with the arid interior, whereas northwest Australia remained arid throughout. Precipitation and river runoff in southwest Australia gradually increased from 12 to 8 Ma, which we relate to a northward migration or intensification of the westerlies possibly due to increased sea ice in the Southern Ocean (5). Abrupt aridification indicates that the westerlies shifted back to a position south of Australia after 8 Ma. Our midlatitude Southern Hemisphere data are consistent with the inference that expansion of sea ice around Antarctica resulted in a northward movement of the westerlies. In turn, this may have pushed tropical atmospheric circulation and the ITCZ northward, shifting the main precipitation belt over large parts of Southeast Asia (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Groeneveld
- MARUM–Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jorijntje Henderiks
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Willem Renema
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M. McHugh
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College (City University of New York), 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - David De Vleeschouwer
- MARUM–Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Beth A. Christensen
- Environmental Studies, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue SCB 201, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
| | - Craig S. Fulthorpe
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road (R2200), Austin, TX 78758–4445, USA
| | - Lars Reuning
- Energy and Mineral Resources Group (EMR), Geological Institute Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen University, Wuellnerstrasse, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Gallagher
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kara Bogus
- International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, TX 77845–9547, USA
| | - Gerald Auer
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 26, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Takeshige Ishiwa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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Rowley DB, Forte AM, Rowan CJ, Glišović P, Moucha R, Grand SP, Simmons NA. Kinematics and dynamics of the East Pacific Rise linked to a stable, deep-mantle upwelling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601107. [PMID: 28028535 PMCID: PMC5182052 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Earth's tectonic plates are generally considered to be driven largely by negative buoyancy associated with subduction of oceanic lithosphere. In this context, mid-ocean ridges (MORs) are passive plate boundaries whose divergence accommodates flow driven by subduction of oceanic slabs at trenches. We show that over the past 80 million years (My), the East Pacific Rise (EPR), Earth's dominant MOR, has been characterized by limited ridge-perpendicular migration and persistent, asymmetric ridge accretion that are anomalous relative to other MORs. We reconstruct the subduction-related buoyancy fluxes of plates on either side of the EPR. The general expectation is that greater slab pull should correlate with faster plate motion and faster spreading at the EPR. Moreover, asymmetry in slab pull on either side of the EPR should correlate with either ridge migration or enhanced plate velocity in the direction of greater slab pull. Based on our analysis, none of the expected correlations are evident. This implies that other forces significantly contribute to EPR behavior. We explain these observations using mantle flow calculations based on globally integrated buoyancy distributions that require core-mantle boundary heat flux of up to 20 TW. The time-dependent mantle flow predictions yield a long-lived deep-seated upwelling that has its highest radial velocity under the EPR and is inferred to control its observed kinematics. The mantle-wide upwelling beneath the EPR drives horizontal components of asthenospheric flows beneath the plates that are similarly asymmetric but faster than the overlying surface plates, thereby contributing to plate motions through viscous tractions in the Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Rowley
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alessandro M. Forte
- GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher J. Rowan
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Geology, Kent State University, 221 McGilvrey Hall, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Petar Glišović
- GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Robert Moucha
- Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Stephen P. Grand
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nathan A. Simmons
- Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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Tracking the spatiotemporal variations of statistically independent components involving enrichment of rare-earth elements in deep-sea sediments. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29603. [PMID: 27444949 PMCID: PMC4957207 DOI: 10.1038/srep29603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea sediments have attracted much attention as a promising resource for rare-earth elements and yttrium (REY). In this study, we show statistically independent components characterising REY-enrichment in the abyssal ocean that are decoded by Independent Component Analysis of a multi-elemental dataset of 3,968 bulk sediment samples from 101 sites in the Pacific and Indian oceans. This study for the first time reconstructs the spatiotemporal variations of the geochemical signatures, including hydrothermal, hydrogenous, and biogenic calcium phosphate components that were closely involved in the formation of REY-rich mud over the past 65 million years. An underlying key factor of significant REY-enrichment is a sufficiently low sedimentation rate that enables the mud to accumulate REY from seawater. In the early Cenozoic, a remarkably small supply of aeolian dust, compared with any other time and region, facilitated the deposition of very high-grade REY-rich mud in the South Pacific. This indicates an important link between the genesis of the seafloor mineral resources and Earth’s dynamic phenomena such as climate change and plate tectonics.
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Boschman LM, van Hinsbergen DJJ. On the enigmatic birth of the Pacific Plate within the Panthalassa Ocean. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600022. [PMID: 29713683 PMCID: PMC5919776 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The oceanic Pacific Plate started forming in Early Jurassic time within the vast Panthalassa Ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangea, and contains the oldest lithosphere that can directly constrain the geodynamic history of the circum-Pangean Earth. We show that the geometry of the oldest marine magnetic anomalies of the Pacific Plate attests to a unique plate kinematic event that sparked the plate's birth at virtually a point location, surrounded by the Izanagi, Farallon, and Phoenix Plates. We reconstruct the unstable triple junction that caused the plate reorganization, which led to the birth of the Pacific Plate, and present a model of the plate tectonic configuration that preconditioned this event. We show that a stable but migrating triple junction involving the gradual cessation of intraoceanic Panthalassa subduction culminated in the formation of an unstable transform-transform-transform triple junction. The consequent plate boundary reorganization resulted in the formation of a stable triangular three-ridge system from which the nascent Pacific Plate expanded. We link the birth of the Pacific Plate to the regional termination of intra-Panthalassa subduction. Remnants thereof have been identified in the deep lower mantle of which the locations may provide paleolongitudinal control on the absolute location of the early Pacific Plate. Our results constitute an essential step in unraveling the plate tectonic evolution of "Thalassa Incognita" that comprises the comprehensive Panthalassa Ocean surrounding Pangea.
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Leprieur F, Descombes P, Gaboriau T, Cowman PF, Parravicini V, Kulbicki M, Melián CJ, de Santana CN, Heine C, Mouillot D, Bellwood DR, Pellissier L. Plate tectonics drive tropical reef biodiversity dynamics. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11461. [PMID: 27151103 PMCID: PMC4859061 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cretaceous breakup of Gondwana strongly modified the global distribution of shallow tropical seas reshaping the geographic configuration of marine basins. However, the links between tropical reef availability, plate tectonic processes and marine biodiversity distribution patterns are still unknown. Here, we show that a spatial diversification model constrained by absolute plate motions for the past 140 million years predicts the emergence and movement of diversity hotspots on tropical reefs. The spatial dynamics of tropical reefs explains marine fauna diversification in the Tethyan Ocean during the Cretaceous and early Cenozoic, and identifies an eastward movement of ancestral marine lineages towards the Indo-Australian Archipelago in the Miocene. A mechanistic model based only on habitat-driven diversification and dispersal yields realistic predictions of current biodiversity patterns for both corals and fishes. As in terrestrial systems, we demonstrate that plate tectonics played a major role in driving tropical marine shallow reef biodiversity dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Leprieur
- UMR MARBEC, (CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, UM), cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Descombes
- University of Fribourg, Unit of Ecology & Evolution, Ch. du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Théo Gaboriau
- UMR MARBEC, (CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, UM), cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Peter F. Cowman
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem St, New Haven, Connecticut 16 06511, USA
| | - Valeriano Parravicini
- CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, LABEX ‘CORAIL', University of Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
- CESAB-FRB, Immeuble Henri Poincaré, Domaine du Petit Arbois, FR-13857 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Michel Kulbicki
- Institut pour la Recherche en Développement, UR UMR "Entropie" -Labex Corail- Université de Perpignan, 66000 Perpignan, France
| | - Carlos J. Melián
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Charles N. de Santana
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heine
- EarthByte Group, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David Mouillot
- UMR MARBEC, (CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, UM), cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier, France
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - David R. Bellwood
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- University of Fribourg, Unit of Ecology & Evolution, Ch. du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
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Dutton A, Carlson AE, Long AJ, Milne GA, Clark PU, DeConto R, Horton BP, Rahmstorf S, Raymo ME. SEA-LEVEL RISE. Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods. Science 2015; 349:aaa4019. [PMID: 26160951 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary studies of geologic archives have ushered in a new era of deciphering magnitudes, rates, and sources of sea-level rise from polar ice-sheet loss during past warm periods. Accounting for glacial isostatic processes helps to reconcile spatial variability in peak sea level during marine isotope stages 5e and 11, when the global mean reached 6 to 9 meters and 6 to 13 meters higher than present, respectively. Dynamic topography introduces large uncertainties on longer time scales, precluding robust sea-level estimates for intervals such as the Pliocene. Present climate is warming to a level associated with significant polar ice-sheet loss in the past. Here, we outline advances and challenges involved in constraining ice-sheet sensitivity to climate change with use of paleo-sea level records.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dutton
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida,Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - A E Carlson
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - A J Long
- Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - G A Milne
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - P U Clark
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - R DeConto
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - B P Horton
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - S Rahmstorf
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - M E Raymo
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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Liu FGR, Tsaur SC, Huang HT. Biogeography of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in East and Southeast Asia. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev056. [PMID: 26078303 PMCID: PMC4535568 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The causes of high biological diversity in biodiversity hotspots have long been a major subject of study in conservation biology. To investigate this matter, we conducted a phylogeographic study of five Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) species from East and Southeast Asia: Drosophila albomicans Duda, D. formosana Duda, D. immigrans Sturtevant, D. melanogaster Meigen, and D. simulans Sturtevant. We collected 185 samples from 28 localities in eight countries. From each collected individual, we sequenced the autosomal extra sex comb gene (esc) and seven mitochondrial genes, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate-reductase dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4), ND4L, tRNA-His, tRNA-Pro, tRNA-Thr, partial ND5, and partial ND6. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum- likelihood and Bayesian methods revealed interesting population structure and identified the existence of two distinct D. formosana lineages (Southeast Asian and Taiwanese populations). Genetic differentiation among groups of D. immigrans suggests the possibility of endemic speciation in Taiwan. In contrast, D. melanogaster remained one extensively large population throughout East and Southeast Asia, including nearby islets. A molecular clock was used to estimate divergence times, which were compared with past geographical events to infer evolutionary scenarios. Our findings suggest that interglacial periods may have caused population isolation, thus enhancing population differentiation more strongly for some of the Drosophila species. The population structure of each Drosophila species in East and Southeast Asia has been influenced by past geographic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Guo Robert Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chern Tsaur
- Division of Preparatory Programs for Overseas Chinese Students, National Taiwan Normal University, Linkou, New Taipei City 24449, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hsiao-Ting Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this work
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Seawater Incursion Events in a Cretaceous Paleo-lake Revealed by Specific Marine Biological Markers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9508. [PMID: 25946976 PMCID: PMC4423240 DOI: 10.1038/srep09508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many large paleo-lakes in North China were formed after the Triassic Era. Seawater incursion events (SWIEs) in these lakes have been extensively discussed in the literature, yet lack reliable methodology and solid evidence, which are essential for reconstructing and confirming SWIEs. The present study employs specific marine biological markers (24-n-propyl and 24-isopropyl cholestanes) to trace SWIEs in a dated core taken from the Songliao Basin (SLB). Two SWIEs were identified. The first SWIE from 91.37 to 89.00 Ma, was continuous and variable but not strong, while the second SWIE from 84.72 to 83.72 Ma was episodic and strong. SWIEs caused high total organic carbon (TOC) and negative δ13Corg values in the sediments, which were interpreted as an indication of high productivity in the lake, due to the enhancement of nutrient supplies as well as high levels of aqueous CO2, due to the mixing of alkaline seawater and acidic lake water. The SWIEs in SLB were controlled by regional tectonic activity and eustatic variation. Movement direction changes of the Izanagi/Kula Plate in 90 Ma and 84 Ma created faults and triggered SWIEs. A high sea level, from 90 to 84 Ma, also facilitated the occurrence of SWIEs in SLB.
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Abstract
The formation of the Isthmus of Panama, which linked North and South America, is key to understanding the biodiversity, oceanography, atmosphere, and climate in the region. Despite its importance across multiple disciplines, the timing of formation and emergence of the Isthmus and the biological patterns it created have been controversial. Here, we analyze molecular and fossil data, including terrestrial and marine organisms, to show that biotic migrations across the Isthmus of Panama began several million years earlier than commonly assumed. An earlier evolution of the Isthmus has broad implications for the mechanisms driving global climate (e.g., Pleistocene glaciations, thermohaline circulation) as well as the rich biodiversity of the Americas. The linking of North and South America by the Isthmus of Panama had major impacts on global climate, oceanic and atmospheric currents, and biodiversity, yet the timing of this critical event remains contentious. The Isthmus is traditionally understood to have fully closed by ca. 3.5 million years ago (Ma), and this date has been used as a benchmark for oceanographic, climatic, and evolutionary research, but recent evidence suggests a more complex geological formation. Here, we analyze both molecular and fossil data to evaluate the tempo of biotic exchange across the Americas in light of geological evidence. We demonstrate significant waves of dispersal of terrestrial organisms at approximately ca. 20 and 6 Ma and corresponding events separating marine organisms in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at ca. 23 and 7 Ma. The direction of dispersal and their rates were symmetrical until the last ca. 6 Ma, when northern migration of South American lineages increased significantly. Variability among taxa in their timing of dispersal or vicariance across the Isthmus is not explained by the ecological factors tested in these analyses, including biome type, dispersal ability, and elevation preference. Migration was therefore not generally regulated by intrinsic traits but more likely reflects the presence of emergent terrain several millions of years earlier than commonly assumed. These results indicate that the dramatic biotic turnover associated with the Great American Biotic Interchange was a long and complex process that began as early as the Oligocene–Miocene transition.
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Abstract
Enabled by recently gained understanding of deep-seated and surficial Earth processes, a convergence of views between geophysics and sedimentary geology has been quietly taking place over the past several decades. Surface topography resulting from lithospheric memory, retained at various temporal and spatial scales, has become the connective link between these two methodologically diverse geoscience disciplines. Ideas leading to the hypothesis of plate tectonics originated largely with an oceanic focus, where dynamic and mostly horizontal movements of the crust could be envisioned. But when these notions were applied to the landscapes of the supposedly rigid plate interiors, there was less success in explaining the observed anomalies in terrestrial topography. Solid-Earth geophysics has now reached a developmental stage where vertical movements can be measured and modeled at meaningful scales and the deep-seated structures can be imaged with increasing resolution. Concurrently, there have been advances in quantifying mechanical properties of the lithosphere (the solid outer skin of Earth, usually defined to include both the crust and the solid but elastic upper mantle above the asthenosphere). The lithosphere acts as the intermediary that transfers the effects of mantle dynamics to the surface. These developments have allowed us to better understand the previously puzzling topographic features of plate interiors and continental margins. On the sedimentary geology side, new quantitative modeling techniques and holistic approaches to integrating source-to-sink sedimentary systems have led to clearer understanding of basin evolution and sediment budgets that allow the reconstruction of missing sedimentary records and past geological landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bilal U Haq
- National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA. Sorbonne, Pierre & Marie Curie University, and CNRS, UMR 7193, ISTeP, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Lewis DS, Sperling FAH, Nakahara S, Cotton AM, Kawahara AY, Condamine FL. Role of
C
aribbean Islands in the diversification and biogeography of Neotropical
H
eraclides
swallowtails. Cladistics 2014; 31:291-314. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Delano S. Lewis
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- The Office of Research and Grants and the Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Department Northern Caribbean University Manchester Road Mandeville Jamaica WI
| | - Felix A. H. Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Shinichi Nakahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Adam M. Cotton
- 86/2 Moo 5, Ban Hua Tung, Tambon Nong Kwai Amphoe Hang Dong Chiang Mai 50230 Thailand
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- CNRS UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique) Route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
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Sulphide oxidation and carbonate dissolution as a source of CO2 over geological timescales. Nature 2014; 507:346-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Climate trends on timescales of 10s to 100s of millions of years are controlled by changes in solar luminosity, continent distribution, and atmosphere composition. Plate tectonics affect geography, but also atmosphere composition through volcanic degassing of CO2 at subduction zones and midocean ridges. So far, such degassing estimates were based on reconstructions of ocean floor production for the last 150 My and indirectly, through sea level inversion before 150 My. Here we quantitatively estimate CO2 degassing by reconstructing lithosphere subduction evolution, using recent advances in combining global plate reconstructions and present-day structure of the mantle. First, we estimate that since the Triassic (250-200 My) until the present, the total paleosubduction-zone length reached up to ∼200% of the present-day value. Comparing our subduction-zone lengths with previously reconstructed ocean-crust production rates over the past 140 My suggests average global subduction rates have been constant, ∼6 cm/y: Higher ocean-crust production is associated with longer total subduction length. We compute a strontium isotope record based on subduction-zone length, which agrees well with geological records supporting the validity of our approach: The total subduction-zone length is proportional to the summed arc and ridge volcanic CO2 production and thereby to global volcanic degassing at plate boundaries. We therefore use our degassing curve as input for the GEOCARBSULF model to estimate atmospheric CO2 levels since the Triassic. Our calculated CO2 levels for the mid Mesozoic differ from previous modeling results and are more consistent with available proxy data.
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Bagley JC, Johnson JB. Phylogeography and biogeography of the lower Central American Neotropics: diversification between two continents and between two seas. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:767-90. [PMID: 24495219 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lower Central America (LCA) provides a geologically complex and dynamic, richly biodiverse model for studying the recent assembly and diversification of a Neotropical biota. Here, we review the growing literature of LCA phylogeography studies and their contribution to understanding the origins, assembly, and diversification of the LCA biota against the backdrop of regional geologic and climatic history, and previous biogeographical inquiry. Studies to date reveal that phylogeographical signal within taxa of differing distributions reflects a diversity of patterns and processes rivalling the complexities of LCA landscapes themselves. Even so, phylogeography is providing novel insights into regional diversification (e.g. cryptic lineage divergences), and general evolutionary patterns are emerging. Congruent multi-taxon phylogeographic breaks are found across the Nicaraguan depression, Chorotega volcanic front, western and central Panama, and the Darién isthmus, indicating that a potentially shared history of responses to regional-scale (e.g. geological) processes has shaped the genetic diversity of LCA communities. By contrast, other species show unique demographic histories in response to overriding historical events, including no phylogeographic structure at all. These low-structure or incongruent patterns provide some evidence for a role of local, ecological factors (e.g. long-distance dispersal and gene flow in plants and bats) in shaping LCA communities. Temporally, comparative phylogeographical structuring reflects Pliocene-Pleistocene dispersal and vicariance events consistent with the timeline of emergence of the LCA isthmus and its major physiographic features, e.g. cordilleras. We emphasise the need to improve biogeographic inferences in LCA through in-depth comparative phylogeography projects capitalising on the latest statistical phylogeographical methods. While meeting the challenges of reconstructing the biogeographical history of this complex region, phylogeographers should also take up the critical service to society of applying their work to the conservation of its fascinating biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Bagley
- Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 401 WIDB (Widtsoe Building), Provo, UT, 84602, U.S.A
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O’Neill C, Lenardic A, Condie KC. Earth's punctuated tectonic evolution: cause and effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1144/sp389.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeaks in the Precambrian preserved crustal record are associated with major volcanic, tectonic and climatic events. These include addition of juvenile continental crust, voluminous high-temperature volcanism, massive mantle depletion, widespread orogeny and mineralization, large apparent polar wander velocity spikes, and subsequent palaeomagnetic intensity increases. These events impinge on the glaciation record, atmospheric and ocean chemistry, and on the rise of oxygen. Here we summarize and assess a number of geodynamic models that have been proposed to explain the observed episodicity in the Precambrian record. We find that episodic behaviour from nonlinear slab-driven models best explains the observed record. Examples of such slab-driven systems include mantle avalanches or episodic subduction. In these cases, rapid descent of slabs into the mantle drives fast plate motions and convergence at the surface. This is accompanied by large-scale upwellings of deep hot mantle, which contribute to voluminous volcanism. Further modelling will determine the relative importance of each mechanism, and reinforce the fundamental contribution of the mantle to the evolution of Earth's surface systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. O’Neill
- CCFS ARC Centre of Excellence, GEMOC, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Sagoo N, Valdes P, Flecker R, Gregoire LJ. The Early Eocene equable climate problem: can perturbations of climate model parameters identify possible solutions? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20130123. [PMID: 24043872 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Geological data for the Early Eocene (56-47.8 Ma) indicate extensive global warming, with very warm temperatures at both poles. However, despite numerous attempts to simulate this warmth, there are remarkable data-model differences in the prediction of these polar surface temperatures, resulting in the so-called 'equable climate problem'. In this paper, for the first time an ensemble with a perturbed climate-sensitive model parameters approach has been applied to modelling the Early Eocene climate. We performed more than 100 simulations with perturbed physics parameters, and identified two simulations that have an optimal fit with the proxy data. We have simulated the warmth of the Early Eocene at 560 ppmv CO2, which is a much lower CO2 level than many other models. We investigate the changes in atmospheric circulation, cloud properties and ocean circulation that are common to these simulations and how they differ from the remaining simulations in order to understand what mechanisms contribute to the polar warming. The parameter set from one of the optimal Early Eocene simulations also produces a favourable fit for the last glacial maximum boundary climate and outperforms the control parameter set for the present day. Although this does not 'prove' that this model is correct, it is very encouraging that there is a parameter set that creates a climate model able to simulate well very different palaeoclimates and the present-day climate. Interestingly, to achieve the great warmth of the Early Eocene this version of the model does not have a strong future climate change Charney climate sensitivity. It produces a Charney climate sensitivity of 2.7(°)C, whereas the mean value of the 18 models in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) is 3.26(°)C±0.69(°)C. Thus, this value is within the range and below the mean of the models included in the AR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjit Sagoo
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, , University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
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Evidence for a rapid release of carbon at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15908-13. [PMID: 24043840 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309188110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and associated carbon isotope excursion (CIE) are often touted as the best geologic analog for the current anthropogenic rise in pCO2. However, a causal mechanism for the PETM CIE remains unidentified because of large uncertainties in the duration of the CIE's onset. Here, we report on a sequence of rhythmic sedimentary couplets comprising the Paleocene/Eocene Marlboro Clay (Salisbury Embayment). These couplets have corresponding δ(18)O cycles that imply a climatic origin. Seasonal insolation is the only regular climate cycle that can plausibly account for δ(18)O amplitudes and layer counts. High-resolution stable isotope records show 3.5‰ δ(13)C decrease over 13 couplets defining the CIE onset, which requires a large, instantaneous release of (13)C-depleted carbon. During the CIE, a clear δ(13)C gradient developed on the shelf with the largest excursions in shallowest waters, indicating atmospheric δ(13)C decreased by ~20‰. Our observations and revised release rate are consistent with an atmospheric perturbation of 3,000-gigatons of carbon (GtC).
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