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Bishop M, SheikhBahei S. Brainstem astrocytes regulate breathing and may affect arousal state in rats. Physiol Behav 2024; 275:114457. [PMID: 38184289 PMCID: PMC10853942 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Variations in arousal levels can impact respiratory patterns. The mechanisms by which breathing behaviors can influence arousal state is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of astrocytes in the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) in modulating arousal states via breathing in adult conscious rats. Using viral vector tools, we selectively interfered with astrocytic signaling in the preBötC. Rats with inhibited astrocytic signaling exhibited slower breathing rates and behaviors indicative of a calmer state, whereas enhanced purinergic signaling in preBötC astrocytes led to faster breathing and heightened arousal. Our findings reveal a key role for an astrocyte-mediated mechanism in the preBötC that influences both respiratory behaviors and higher-order brain functions like arousal, suggesting a bidirectional link between breathing behaviors and mental states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Bishop
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Shahriar SheikhBahei
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA.
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2
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Fink L, Simola J, Tavano A, Lange E, Wallot S, Laeng B. From pre-processing to advanced dynamic modeling of pupil data. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:1376-1412. [PMID: 37351785 PMCID: PMC10991010 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The pupil of the eye provides a rich source of information for cognitive scientists, as it can index a variety of bodily states (e.g., arousal, fatigue) and cognitive processes (e.g., attention, decision-making). As pupillometry becomes a more accessible and popular methodology, researchers have proposed a variety of techniques for analyzing pupil data. Here, we focus on time series-based, signal-to-signal approaches that enable one to relate dynamic changes in pupil size over time with dynamic changes in a stimulus time series, continuous behavioral outcome measures, or other participants' pupil traces. We first introduce pupillometry, its neural underpinnings, and the relation between pupil measurements and other oculomotor behaviors (e.g., blinks, saccades), to stress the importance of understanding what is being measured and what can be inferred from changes in pupillary activity. Next, we discuss possible pre-processing steps, and the contexts in which they may be necessary. Finally, we turn to signal-to-signal analytic techniques, including regression-based approaches, dynamic time-warping, phase clustering, detrended fluctuation analysis, and recurrence quantification analysis. Assumptions of these techniques, and examples of the scientific questions each can address, are outlined, with references to key papers and software packages. Additionally, we provide a detailed code tutorial that steps through the key examples and figures in this paper. Ultimately, we contend that the insights gained from pupillometry are constrained by the analysis techniques used, and that signal-to-signal approaches offer a means to generate novel scientific insights by taking into account understudied spectro-temporal relationships between the pupil signal and other signals of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Fink
- Department of Music, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Grüneburgweg 14, 60322, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behavior, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Jaana Simola
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Education, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Tavano
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elke Lange
- Department of Music, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Grüneburgweg 14, 60322, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wallot
- Department of Literature, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Sustainability Education and Psychologyy, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary studies in Rhythm, Time, and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Bishop M, SheikhBahei S. Brainstem astrocytes regulate breathing and may affect arousal state in rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559604. [PMID: 37841850 PMCID: PMC10576258 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Variations in arousal levels can impact respiratory patterns. However, whether changes in breathing behaviors can influence arousal state is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of astrocytes in the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) in modulating arousal states via breathing in adult conscious rats. Using viral vector tools, we selectively interfered with astrocytic signaling in the preBötC. Rats with inhibited astrocytic signaling exhibited slower breathing rates and behaviors indicative of a calmer state, whereas enhanced purinergic signaling in preBötC astrocytes led to faster breathing and heightened arousal. Our findings reveal a key role for astrocyte-mediated mechanism in the preBötC that influences both respiratory behaviors and higher-order brain functions like arousal, suggesting a bidirectional link between breathing behaviors and mental states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Bishop
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Shahriar SheikhBahei
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
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4
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Ireton KE, Xing X, Kim K, Weiner JC, Jacobi AA, Grover A, Foote M, Ota Y, Berman R, Hanks T, Hell JW. Regulation of the Ca 2+ Channel Ca V1.2 Supports Spatial Memory and Its Flexibility and LTD. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5559-5573. [PMID: 37419689 PMCID: PMC10376936 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1521-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread release of norepinephrine (NE) throughout the forebrain fosters learning and memory via adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The β2 AR and its downstream effectors, the trimeric stimulatory Gs-protein, adenylyl cyclase (AC), and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), form a unique signaling complex with the L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) CaV1.2. Phosphorylation of CaV1.2 by PKA on Ser1928 is required for the upregulation of Ca2+ influx on β2 AR stimulation and long-term potentiation induced by prolonged theta-tetanus (PTT-LTP) but not LTP induced by two 1-s-long 100-Hz tetani. However, the function of Ser1928 phosphorylation in vivo is unknown. Here, we show that S1928A knock-in (KI) mice of both sexes, which lack PTT-LTP, express deficiencies during initial consolidation of spatial memory. Especially striking is the effect of this mutation on cognitive flexibility as tested by reversal learning. Mechanistically, long-term depression (LTD) has been implicated in reversal learning. It is abrogated in male and female S1928A knock-in mice and by β2 AR antagonists and peptides that displace β2 AR from CaV1.2. This work identifies CaV1.2 as a critical molecular locus that regulates synaptic plasticity, spatial memory and its reversal, and LTD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that phosphorylation of the Ca2+ channel CaV1.2 on Ser1928 is important for consolidation of spatial memory and especially its reversal, and long-term depression (LTD). Identification of Ser1928 as critical for LTD and reversal learning supports the model that LTD underlies flexibility of reference memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Ireton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Xiaoming Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Karam Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Justin C Weiner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Ariel A Jacobi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Aarushi Grover
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Molly Foote
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Yusuke Ota
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Robert Berman
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Timothy Hanks
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8636
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Plini ERG, Melnychuk MC, Harkin A, Dahl MJ, McAuslan M, Kühn S, Boyle RT, Whelan R, Andrews R, Düzel S, Drewelies J, Wagner GG, Lindenberger U, Norman K, Robertson IH, Dockree PM. Dietary Tyrosine Intake (FFQ) Is Associated with Locus Coeruleus, Attention and Grey Matter Maintenance: An MRI Structural Study on 398 Healthy Individuals of the Berlin Aging Study-II. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:1174-1187. [PMID: 38151868 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-2005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It is documented that low protein and amino-acid dietary intake is related to poorer cognitive health and increased risk of dementia. Degradation of the neuromodulatory pathways, (comprising the cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic and noradrenergic systems) is observed in neurodegenerative diseases and impairs the proper biosynthesis of key neuromodulators from micro-nutrients and amino acids. How these micro-nutrients are linked to neuromodulatory pathways in healthy adults is less studied. The Locus Coeruleus-Noradrenergic System (LC-NA) is the earliest subcortical structure affected in Alzheimer's disease, showing marked neurodegeneration, but is also sensitive for age-related changes. The LC-NA system is critical for supporting attention and cognitive control, functions that are enhanced both by tyrosine administration and chronic tyrosine intake. The purpose of this study was to 1) investigate whether the dietary intake of tyrosine, the key precursor for noradrenaline (NA), is related to LC signal intensity 2) whether LC mediates the reported association between tyrosine intake and higher cognitive performance (measured with Trail Making Test - TMT), and 3) whether LC signal intensity relates to an objective measure of brain maintenance (BrainPAD). METHODS The analyses included 398 3T MRIs of healthy participants from the Berlin Aging Study II to investigate the relationship between LC signal intensity and habitual dietary tyrosine intake-daily average (HD-Tyr-IDA - measured with Food Frequency Questionnaire - FFQ). As a control procedure, the same analyses were repeated on other main seeds of the neuromodulators' subcortical system (Dorsal and Medial Raphe, Ventral Tegmental Area and Nucleus Basalis of Meynert). In the same way, the relationships between the five nuclei and BrainPAD were tested. RESULTS Results show that HD-Tyr-IDA is positively associated with LC signal intensity. Similarly, LC disproportionally relates to better brain maintenance (BrainPAD). Mediation analyses reveal that only LC, relative to the other nuclei tested, mediates the relationship between HD-Tyr-IDA I and performance in the TMT and between HD-Tyr-IDA and BrainPAD. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence linking tyrosine intake with LC-NA system signal intensity and its correlation with neuropsychological performance. This study strengthens the role of diet for maintaining brain and cognitive health and supports the noradrenergic theory of cognitive reserve. Within this framework, adequate tyrosine intake might increase the resilience of LC-NA system functioning, by preventing degeneration and supporting noradrenergic metabolism required for LC function and neuropsychological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R G Plini
- Emanuele RG Plini, Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Lloyd Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland,
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6
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Xu L, Yang X, Peng Z, Song T, Wang L, Dai C, Xu M, Shao Y, Lv J. Modafinil ameliorates the decline in pronunciation-related working memory caused by 36-h acute total sleep deprivation: an ERP study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 192:107625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Schroder HS, Iturra-Mena AM, Breiger M, Linton SR, Robble MA, Kangas B, Bergman J, Nickels S, Vitaliano G, Der-Avakian A, Barnes SA, Carlezon WA, Pizzagalli DA. Error-related Alpha Suppression: Scalp Topography and (Lack of) Modulation by Modafinil. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:864-876. [PMID: 35195725 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Errors in performance trigger cognitive and neural changes that are implemented to adaptively adjust to fluctuating demands. Error-related alpha suppression (ERAS)-which refers to decreased power in the alpha frequency band after an incorrect response-is thought to reflect cognitive arousal after errors. Much of this work has been correlational, however, and there are no direct investigations into its pharmacological sensitivity. In Study 1 (n = 61), we evaluated the presence and scalp distribution of ERAS in a novel flanker task specifically developed for cross-species assessments. Using this same task in Study 2 (n = 26), which had a placebo-controlled within-subject design, we evaluated the sensitivity of ERAS to placebo (0 mg), low (100 mg), and high (200 mg) doses of modafinil, a wakefulness promoting agent. Consistent with previous work, ERAS was maximal at parieto-occipital recording sites in both studies. In Study 2, modafinil did not have strong effects on ERAS (a significant Accuracy × Dose interaction emerged, but drug-placebo differences did not reach statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons and was absent after controlling for accuracy rate). ERAS was correlated with accuracy rates in both studies. Thus, modafinil did not impact ERAS as hypothesized, and findings indicate ERAS may reflect an orienting response to infrequent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Schroder
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,University of Michigan Medical School
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian Kangas
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jack Bergman
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Omoluabi T, Torraville SE, Maziar A, Ghosh A, Power KD, Reinhardt C, Harley CW, Yuan Q. Novelty-like activation of locus coeruleus protects against deleterious human pretangle tau effects while stress-inducing activation worsens its effects. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12231. [PMID: 35005208 PMCID: PMC8719346 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The earliest abnormality associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of persistently phosphorylated pretangle tau in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. LC neuron numbers and fiber density are positive predictors of cognition prior to death. Using an animal model of LC pretangle tau, we ask if LC activity patterns influence the sequelae of pretangle tau. We seeded LC neurons with a pretangle human tau gene. We provided daily novelty- or stress-associated optogenetic activation patterns to LC neurons for 6 weeks in mid-adulthood and, subsequently, probed cognitive and anatomical changes. Prior LC phasic stimulation prevented spatial and olfactory discrimination deficits and preserved LC axonal density. A stress-associated activation pattern increased indices of anxiety and depression, did not improve cognition, and worsened LC neuronal health. These results argue that variations in environmental experiences associated with differing LC activity patterns may account for individual susceptibility to development of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamunotonye Omoluabi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Sarah E. Torraville
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Aida Maziar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Abhinaba Ghosh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Kyron D. Power
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Camila Reinhardt
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Carolyn W. Harley
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of ScienceMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Qi Yuan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
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Hama T, Koeda M, Ikeda Y, Tateno A, Kawara T, Suzuki H, Okubo Y. Modafinil Decreased Thalamic Activation in Auditory Emotional Processing: A Randomized Controlled Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. J NIPPON MED SCH 2021; 88:485-495. [PMID: 33692297 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2021_88-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modafinil improves wakefulness and attention, is approved in Japan for treatment of narcolepsy, and was reported to be effective for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, it was reported to induce emotional instability, including mania, depression, and suicidal ideation. Such side effects may be related to changes in cognitive behavior caused by the effects of modafinil on emotional recognition. However, the effects of modafinil on the neural basis of emotional processing have not been fully verified. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of modafinil on the neural basis of auditory emotional processing. METHODS This study adopted a placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design. Data from 14 participants were analyzed. The effects of modafinil on cerebral activation and task performance during an emotional judgement task were analyzed. RESULTS Task accuracy decreased significantly and response time of emotional judgement was significantly delayed by modafinil, as compared with placebo. Right thalamic activation in auditory emotional processing was significantly less in the modafinil condition than in the placebo condition. In addition, reduction of right thalamic activation by modafinil was positively correlated with accuracy of emotional judgement. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that modafinil acts on the right thalamus and changes behavior and brain function associated with auditory emotional processing. These results indicate that modafinil might change emotional recognition by reducing emotional activation related to social communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School.,Faculty of Health Science Technology, Bunkyo Gakuin University.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences
| | - Michihiko Koeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Yumiko Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Amane Tateno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Tokuhiro Kawara
- Faculty of Health Science Technology, Bunkyo Gakuin University
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Yoshiro Okubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
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Bellato A, Arora I, Kochhar P, Ropar D, Hollis C, Groom MJ. Heart Rate Variability in Children and Adolescents with Autism, ADHD and Co-occurring Autism and ADHD, During Passive and Active Experimental Conditions. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:4679-4691. [PMID: 34716841 PMCID: PMC9556357 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite overlaps in clinical symptomatology, autism and ADHD may be associated with opposite autonomic arousal profiles which might partly explain altered cognitive and global functioning. We investigated autonomic arousal in 106 children/adolescents with autism, ADHD, co-occurring autism/ADHD, and neurotypical controls. Heart rate variability was recorded during resting-state, a 'passive' auditory oddball task and an 'active' response conflict task. Autistic children showed hyper-arousal during the active task, while those with ADHD showed hypo-arousal during resting-state and the passive task. Irrespective of diagnosis, children characterised by hyper-arousal showed more severe autistic symptomatology, increased anxiety and reduced global functioning than those displaying hypo-arousal, suggesting the importance of considering individual autonomic arousal profiles for differential diagnosis of autism/ADHD and when developing personalised interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bellato
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Iti Arora
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Puja Kochhar
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Temple House, Mill Hill Lane, Derby, DE23 6SA, UK
| | - Danielle Ropar
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chris Hollis
- Mental Health & Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR MindTech Medtech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Madeleine J Groom
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK. .,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.
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11
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Plini ERG, O’Hanlon E, Boyle R, Sibilia F, Rikhye G, Kenney J, Whelan R, Melnychuk MC, Robertson IH, Dockree PM. Examining the Role of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus for Predicting Attention and Brain Maintenance in Healthy Old Age and Disease: An MRI Structural Study for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Cells 2021; 10:1829. [PMID: 34359997 PMCID: PMC8306442 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic theory of Cognitive Reserve (Robertson, 2013-2014) postulates that the upregulation of the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system (LC-NA) originating in the brainstem might facilitate cortical networks involved in attention, and protracted activation of this system throughout the lifespan may enhance cognitive stimulation contributing to reserve. To test the above-mentioned theory, a study was conducted on a sample of 686 participants (395 controls, 156 mild cognitive impairment, 135 Alzheimer's disease) investigating the relationship between LC volume, attentional performance and a biological index of brain maintenance (BrainPAD-an objective measure, which compares an individual's structural brain health, reflected by their voxel-wise grey matter density, to the state typically expected at that individual's age). Further analyses were carried out on reserve indices including education and occupational attainment. Volumetric variation across groups was also explored along with gender differences. Control analyses on the serotoninergic (5-HT), dopaminergic (DA) and cholinergic (Ach) systems were contrasted with the noradrenergic (NA) hypothesis. The antithetic relationships were also tested across the neuromodulatory subcortical systems. Results supported by Bayesian modelling showed that LC volume disproportionately predicted higher attentional performance as well as biological brain maintenance across the three groups. These findings lend support to the role of the noradrenergic system as a key mediator underpinning the neuropsychology of reserve, and they suggest that early prevention strategies focused on the noradrenergic system (e.g., cognitive-attentive training, physical exercise, pharmacological and dietary interventions) may yield important clinical benefits to mitigate cognitive impairment with age and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele R. G. Plini
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Llyod Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland; (E.O.); (R.B.); (G.R.); (J.K.); (M.C.M.); (I.H.R.); (P.M.D.)
| | - Erik O’Hanlon
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Llyod Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland; (E.O.); (R.B.); (G.R.); (J.K.); (M.C.M.); (I.H.R.); (P.M.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Hospital Rd, Beaumont, 9QRH+4F Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, 8QV3+99 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rory Boyle
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Llyod Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland; (E.O.); (R.B.); (G.R.); (J.K.); (M.C.M.); (I.H.R.); (P.M.D.)
| | - Francesca Sibilia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, 8QV3+99 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Gaia Rikhye
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Llyod Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland; (E.O.); (R.B.); (G.R.); (J.K.); (M.C.M.); (I.H.R.); (P.M.D.)
| | - Joanne Kenney
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Llyod Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland; (E.O.); (R.B.); (G.R.); (J.K.); (M.C.M.); (I.H.R.); (P.M.D.)
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Lloyd Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Michael C. Melnychuk
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Llyod Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland; (E.O.); (R.B.); (G.R.); (J.K.); (M.C.M.); (I.H.R.); (P.M.D.)
| | - Ian H. Robertson
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Llyod Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland; (E.O.); (R.B.); (G.R.); (J.K.); (M.C.M.); (I.H.R.); (P.M.D.)
- Department of Psychology, Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Lloyd Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Paul M. Dockree
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Llyod Building, 42A Pearse St, 8PVX+GJ Dublin, Ireland; (E.O.); (R.B.); (G.R.); (J.K.); (M.C.M.); (I.H.R.); (P.M.D.)
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12
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Cruces-Solis H, Nissen W, Ferger B, Arban R. Whole-brain signatures of functional connectivity after bidirectional modulation of the dopaminergic system in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:108246. [PMID: 32771528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
While neuropsychiatric drugs influence neural activity across multiple brain regions, the current understanding of their mechanism of action derives from studies that investigate an influence of a given drug onto a pre-selected and small number of brain regions. To understand how neuropsychiatric drugs affect coordinated activity across brain regions and to detect the brain regions most relevant to pharmacological action in an unbiased way, studies that assess brain-wide neuronal activity are paramount. Here, we used whole-brain immunostaining of the neuronal activity marker cFOS, and graph theory to generate brain-wide maps of neuronal activity upon pharmacological challenges. We generated brain-wide maps 2.5 h after treatment of the atypical dopamine transporter inhibitor modafinil (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) or the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor tetrabenazine (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg). Modafinil increased the number of cFOS positive neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, modafinil significantly reduced functional connectivity across the entire brain. Graph theory analysis revealed that modafinil decreased the node degree of cortical and subcortical regions at the three doses tested, followed by a reduction in global efficiency. Simultaneously, we identified highly interconnected hub regions that emerge exclusively upon modafinil treatment. These regions were the mediodorsal thalamus, periaqueductal gray, subiculum, and rhomboid nucleus. On the other hand, while tetrabenazine had mild effects on cFOS counts, it reduced functional connectivity across the entire brain, cortical node degree, and global efficiency. As hub regions, we identified the substantia innominata and ventral pallidum. Our results uncovered novel mechanisms of action at a brain-wide scale for modafinil and tetrabenazine. Our analytical approach offers a tool to characterize signatures of whole-brain functional connectivity for drug candidates and to identify potential undesired effects at a mesoscopic scale. Additionally, it offers a guide towards targeted experiments on newly identified hub regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cruces-Solis
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach Riß, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Nissen
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach Riß, Germany
| | - Boris Ferger
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach Riß, Germany
| | - Roberto Arban
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach Riß, Germany.
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13
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Kelberman M, Keilholz S, Weinshenker D. What's That (Blue) Spot on my MRI? Multimodal Neuroimaging of the Locus Coeruleus in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:583421. [PMID: 33122996 PMCID: PMC7573566 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.583421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) has long been underappreciated for its role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and other neurodegenerative disorders. While AD and PD are distinct in clinical presentation, both are characterized by prodromal protein aggregation in the LC, late-stage degeneration of the LC, and comorbid conditions indicative of LC dysfunction. Many of these early studies were limited to post-mortem histological techniques due to the LC’s small size and location deep in the brainstem. Thus, there is a growing interest in utilizing in vivo imaging of the LC as a predictor of preclinical neurodegenerative processes and biomarker of disease progression. Simultaneously, neuroimaging in animal models of neurodegenerative disease holds promise for identifying early alterations to LC circuits, but has thus far been underutilized. While still in its infancy, a handful of studies have reported effects of single gene mutations and pathology on LC function in disease using various neuroimaging techniques. Furthermore, combining imaging and optogenetics or chemogenetics allows for interrogation of network connectivity in response to changes in LC activity. The purpose of this article is twofold: (1) to review what magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have revealed about LC dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease and its potential as a biomarker in humans, and (2) to explore how animal models can be used to test hypotheses derived from clinical data and establish a mechanistic framework to inform LC-focused therapeutic interventions to alleviate symptoms and impede disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kelberman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shella Keilholz
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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14
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Roberts CA, Jones A, Sumnall H, Gage SH, Montgomery C. How effective are pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults? A series of meta-analyses of cognitive performance during acute administration of modafinil, methylphenidate and D-amphetamine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 38:40-62. [PMID: 32709551 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modafinil, methyphenidate (MPH) and d-amphetamine (d-amph) are putative cognitive enhancers. However, efficacy of cognitive enhancement has yet to be fully established. We examined cognitive performance in healthy non-sleep-deprived adults following modafinil, MPH, or d-amph vs placebo in 3 meta-analyses, using subgroup analysis by cognitive domain; executive functions (updating, switching, inhibitory control, access to semantic/long term memory), spatial working memory, recall, selective attention, and sustained attention. We adhered to PRISMA. We identified k = 47 studies for analysis; k = 14 studies (64 effect sizes) for modafinil, k = 24 studies (47 effect sizes) for Methylphenidate, and k = 10 (27 effect sizes) for d-amph. There was an overall effect of modafinil (SMD=0.12, p=.01). Modafinil improved memory updating (SMD=0.28, p=.03). There was an overall effect of MPH (SMD=0.21, p=.0004) driven by improvements in recall (SMD=0.43, p=.0002), sustained attention (SMD=0.42, p=.0004), and inhibitory control (SMD=0.27, p=.03). There were no effects for d-amph. MPH and modafinil show enhancing effects in specific sub-domains of cognition. However, data with these stimulants is far from positive if we consider that effects are small, in experiments that do not accurately reflect their actual use in the wider population. There is a user perception that these drugs are effective cognitive enhancers, but this is not supported by the evidence so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Roberts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Sumnall
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne H Gage
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine Montgomery
- Department of Psychology, John Moores Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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15
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Trógolo MA, Morera LP, Castellano E, Spontón C, Medrano LA. Work engagement and burnout: real, redundant, or both? A further examination using a bifactor modelling approach. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2020.1801642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario A. Trógolo
- Healthy Organizations Institute, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luis P. Morera
- Healthy Organizations Institute, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Spontón
- Healthy Organizations Institute, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
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16
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Tsapakis EM, Preti A, Mintzas MD, Fountoulakis KN. Adjunctive treatment with psychostimulants and stimulant-like drugs for resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Spectr 2020; 26:1-12. [PMID: 32641179 DOI: 10.1017/s109285292000156x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is considered to be the most difficult to treat phase of bipolar disorder as patients experience residual symptoms causing long-term disability. This work aims to explore the role of add-on stimulant and stimulant-like medication in resistant bipolar depression patients. METHODS Systematic review of add-on stimulants and stimulant-like drugs in resistant bipolar depression by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Analysis was performed using the random-effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated with Cochran's Q and I2 statistics. RESULTS Six randomized controlled trials of add-on modafinil, armodafinil, and lisdexamphetamine (LDX) (n = 813) vs placebo (n = 815) in the treatment of resistant bipolar depression were included. These drugs were more likely to induce remission from an episode of resistant bipolar depression (relative risk [RR] = 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.77; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome = 16). Moreover, they did not induce more dropouts than placebo (RR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.91-1.18), nor did they increase the risk of adverse effects (53/772 vs 41/771) at the end of treatment (RR = 1.30; 95% CI: 0.81-2.10; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome = 62). Suicidality and manic switch were not affected by active treatment. Heterogeneity was low (Cochran's Q: P > .05), but sometimes with a large CI. CONCLUSIONS LDX, modafinil, and armodafinil seem to offer a reasonably well-tolerated and safe treatment in resistant bipolar depression. Treatment guidelines should, therefore, be revised to include these medications earlier in the therapeutic algorithm for resistant acute bipolar depression. Further research is, however, necessary for the elucidation of the clinical usefulness of these and other similar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Maria Tsapakis
- Agios Charalambos Mental Health Clinic, Heraklion, Greece
- First Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonio Preti
- Genneruxi Medical Center, Cagliari, Italy
- Center for Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- Third Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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17
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Sagheddu C, Pintori N, Kalaba P, Dragačević V, Piras G, Lubec J, Simola N, De Luca MA, Lubec G, Pistis M. Neurophysiological and Neurochemical Effects of the Putative Cognitive Enhancer ( S)-CE-123 on Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine System. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050779. [PMID: 32443397 PMCID: PMC7277835 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments for cognitive impairments associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or narcolepsy, aim at modulating extracellular dopamine levels in the brain. CE-123 (5-((benzhydrylsulfinyl)methyl) thiazole) is a novel modafinil analog with improved specificity and efficacy for dopamine transporter inhibition that improves cognitive and motivational processes in experimental animals. We studied the neuropharmacological and behavioral effects of the S-enantiomer of CE-123 ((S)-CE-123) and R-modafinil in cognitive- and reward-related brain areas of adult male rats. In vivo single unit recordings in anesthetized animals showed that (S)-CE-123, but not R-modafinil, dose-dependently (1.25 to 10 mg/kg i.v.) reduced firing of pyramidal neurons in the infralimbic/prelimbic (IL/PrL) cortex. Neither compound the affected firing activity of ventral tegmental area dopamine cells. In freely moving animals, (S)-CE-123 (10 mg/kg i.p.) increased extracellular dopamine levels in the IL/PrL, with different patterns when compared to R-modafinil (10 mg/kg i.p.); in the nucleus accumbens shell, a low and transitory increase of dopamine was observed only after (S)-CE-123. Neither (S)-CE-123 nor R-modafinil initiated the emission of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations, a behavioral marker of positive affect and drug-mediated reward. Our data support previous reports of the procognitive effects of (S)-CE-123, and show a minor impact on reward-related dopaminergic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.S.); (N.P.); (G.P.); (N.S.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Nicholas Pintori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.S.); (N.P.); (G.P.); (N.S.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (P.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Vladimir Dragačević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (P.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Gessica Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.S.); (N.P.); (G.P.); (N.S.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Jana Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.S.); (N.P.); (G.P.); (N.S.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.S.); (N.P.); (G.P.); (N.S.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (M.P.); Tel.: +43-(0)-6622420-0 (G.L.); +39-070-675-4324 (M.P.)
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.S.); (N.P.); (G.P.); (N.S.); (M.A.D.L.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Section of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (M.P.); Tel.: +43-(0)-6622420-0 (G.L.); +39-070-675-4324 (M.P.)
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18
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A Review of US Army Research Contributing to Cognitive Enhancement in Military Contexts. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-020-00167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Maric V, Ramanathan D, Mishra J. Respiratory regulation & interactions with neuro-cognitive circuitry. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:95-106. [PMID: 32027875 PMCID: PMC10092293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly being recognized that active control of breathing - a key aspect of ancient Vedic meditative practices, can relieve stress and anxiety and improve cognition. However, the underlying mechanisms of respiratory modulation of neurophysiology are just beginning to be elucidated. Research shows that brainstem circuits involved in the motor control of respiration receive input from and can directly modulate activity in subcortical circuits, affecting emotion and arousal. Meanwhile, brain regions involved in the sensory aspects of respiration, such as the olfactory bulb, are like-wise linked with wide-spread brain oscillations; and perturbing olfactory bulb activity can significantly affect both mood and cognition. Thus, via both motor and sensory pathways, there are clear mechanisms by which brain activity is entrained to the respiratory cycle. Here, we review evidence gathered across multiple species demonstrating the links between respiration, entrainment of brain activity and functional relevance for affecting mood and cognition. We also discuss further linkages with cardiac rhythms, and the potential translational implications for biorhythm monitoring and regulation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojislav Maric
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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20
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Turner M, Anderson DE, Bartels P, Nieves-Cintron M, Coleman AM, Henderson PB, Man KNM, Tseng PY, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Bers DM, Navedo MF, Horne MC, Ames JB, Hell JW. α-Actinin-1 promotes activity of the L-type Ca 2+ channel Ca v 1.2. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102622. [PMID: 31985069 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The L-type Ca2+ channel CaV 1.2 governs gene expression, cardiac contraction, and neuronal activity. Binding of α-actinin to the IQ motif of CaV 1.2 supports its surface localization and postsynaptic targeting in neurons. We report a bi-functional mechanism that restricts CaV 1.2 activity to its target sites. We solved separate NMR structures of the IQ motif (residues 1,646-1,664) bound to α-actinin-1 and to apo-calmodulin (apoCaM). The CaV 1.2 K1647A and Y1649A mutations, which impair α-actinin-1 but not apoCaM binding, but not the F1658A and K1662E mutations, which impair apoCaM but not α-actinin-1 binding, decreased single-channel open probability, gating charge movement, and its coupling to channel opening. Thus, α-actinin recruits CaV 1.2 to defined surface regions and simultaneously boosts its open probability so that CaV 1.2 is mostly active when appropriately localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David E Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter Bartels
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrea M Coleman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter B Henderson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kwun Nok Mimi Man
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pang-Yen Tseng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Donald M Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mary C Horne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James B Ames
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Sousa A, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of the cognitive enhancer modafinil: Relevant clinical and forensic aspects. Subst Abus 2020; 41:155-173. [PMID: 31951804 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2019.1700584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modafinil is a nonamphetamine nootropic drug with an increasingly therapeutic interest due to its different sites of action and behavioral effects in comparison to cocaine or amphetamine. A review of modafinil (and of its prodrug adrafinil and its R-enantiomer armodafinil) chemical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, toxicological, clinical and forensic aspects was performed, aiming to better understand possible health problems associated to its unconscious and unruled use. Modafinil is a racemate metabolized mainly in the liver into its inactive acid and sulfone metabolites, which undergo primarily renal excretion. Although not fully clarified, major effects seem to be associated to inhibition of dopamine reuptake and modulation of several other neurochemical pathways, namely noradrenergic, serotoninergic, orexinergic, histaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic. Due its wake-promoting effects, modafinil is used for the treatment of daily sleepiness associated to narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea and shift work sleep disorder. Its psychotropic and cognitive effects are also attractive in several other pathologies and conditions that affect sleep structure, induce fatigue and lethargy, and impair cognitive abilities. Additionally, in health subjects, including students, modafinil is being used off-label to overcome sleepiness, increase concentration and improve cognitive potential. The most common adverse effects associated to modafinil intake are headache, insomnia, anxiety, diarrhea, dry mouth and raise in blood pressure and heart rate. Infrequently, severe dermatologic effects in children, including maculopapular and morbilliform rash, erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome have been reported. Intoxication and dependence associated to modafinil are uncommon. Further research on effects and health implications of modafinil and its analogs is steel needed to create evidence-based policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sousa
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.,UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Bellato A, Arora I, Hollis C, Groom MJ. Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:182-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Moral decision making under modafinil: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover fMRI study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2747-2759. [PMID: 31037409 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Modafinil is increasingly used by healthy humans as a neuroenhancer in order to improve cognitive functioning. Research on the effects of modafinil on cognition yielded most consistent findings for complex tasks relying on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). OBJECTIVES The present randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study aimed to investigate the effect of a single dose of modafinil (200 mg) on everyday moral decision making and its neural correlates, which have been linked to the ventro- and dorsomedial PFC. METHODS Healthy male study participants were presented with short stories describing everyday moral or neutral dilemmas. Each moral dilemma required a decision between a personal desire and a moral standard, while the neutral dilemmas required decisions between two personal desires. The participants underwent this task twice, once under the influence of modafinil and once under placebo. Brain activity associated with the processing of the dilemmas was assessed by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS For the processing of moral vs. neutral dilemmas, activations were found in a network of brain regions linked to social cognitive processes including, among others, the bilateral medial PFC, the insula, and the precuneus. Modafinil was found to increase the number of moral decisions and had no effect on brain activity associated with dilemma processing. Exploratory analyses revealed reduced response-locked activity in the dorsomedial PFC for moral compared to neutral dilemmas under modafinil, but not under placebo. CONCLUSIONS The results are discussed in terms of altered predictions of others' emotional states under modafinil, possibly due to higher processing efficiency.
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Nir T, Or-Borichev A, Izraitel E, Hendler T, Lerner Y, Matot I. Transient subcortical functional connectivity upon emergence from propofol sedation in human male volunteers: evidence for active emergence. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:298-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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Molinari E, Oto M, Waterston A, Fullerton N. Modafinil in the rehabilitation of a patient with post-surgical posterior fossa syndrome: a lesson to be learned? CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2019; 6:11. [PMID: 31428435 PMCID: PMC6694614 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-019-0105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of the cerebellum may present with motor, cognitive, behavioral and affective symptoms. There is a growing interest in developing neuroanatomical models of symptoms generation that involve the cerebellum and the cerebello-cortical connections. We describe an exciting first case report of successful use of Modafinil in an adult patient with post-operative posterior fossa syndrome. Following resection of a melanoma metastasis in the cerebellum the patient developed striking affective and behavioral symptoms in the form of withdrawn flat mood and disengagement. This neurobehavioral presentation severely impacted on his quality of life, independence, and ability to engage in the neuro-rehabilitative program. Pharmacological treatment with Modafinil ameliorated these emotional and behavioral aspects, and also fatigue. Treatment with Modafinil hence affected recovery and outcome for the patient. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a successful pharmacological intervention in an adult with post-surgical posterior fossa syndrome and negative neurobehavioral presentation. Our findings illustrate the variability of the presentation of post-operative posterior fossa syndrome in adults, and the importance of delivering targeted treatment to maximize the benefits of neurorehabilitation. The manuscript highlights the following points: 1. post-operative consequences currently under the wide umbrella of posterior fossa syndrome, can indeed manifest in adults; 2. a wide spectrum of neurobehavioral symptoms can occur, including a presentation with predominantly negative features; 3. the type of neurobehavioral presentation should guide the treatment choice with particular consideration of drugs that potentially modulate the cerebello-frontal connections; 4. Modafinil can be a candidate for effective treatment in presentations with predominantly negative behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Molinari
- 1Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF UK.,2College of MVLS, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Maria Oto
- Scottish Epilepsy Centre, 20 St Kenneth Drive, Glasgow, G51 4QD UK
| | - Ashita Waterston
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaton West of Scotland Cancer Centre, 1053 Great Western Rd, Glasgow, G12 0YN UK
| | - Natasha Fullerton
- 5Department of Neuroradiology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF UK
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Bast N, Banaschewski T, Dziobek I, Brandeis D, Poustka L, Freitag CM. Pupil Dilation Progression Modulates Aberrant Social Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2019; 12:1680-1692. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain and Institute of PsychologyHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyPsychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Göttingen, Medical University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt Germany
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Isabella SL, Urbain C, Cheyne JA, Cheyne D. Pupillary responses and reaction times index different cognitive processes in a combined Go/Switch incidental learning task. Neuropsychologia 2019; 127:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cheng C, Kaldy Z, Blaser E. Focused attention predicts visual working memory performance in 13-month-old infants: A pupillometric study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100616. [PMID: 30769261 PMCID: PMC6555424 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention turns looking, into seeing. Yet, little developmental research has examined the interface of attention and visual working memory (VWM), where what is seen is maintained for use in ongoing visual tasks. Using the task-evoked pupil response - a sensitive, real-time, involuntary measure of focused attention that has been shown to correlate with VWM performance in adults and older children - we examined the relationship between focused attention and VWM in 13-month-olds. We used a Delayed Match Retrieval paradigm, to test infants' VWM for object-location bindings - what went where - while recording anticipatory gaze responses and pupil dilation. We found that infants with greater focused attention during memory encoding showed significantly better memory performance. As well, trials that ended in a correct response had significantly greater pupil response during memory encoding than incorrect trials. Taken together, this shows that pupillometry can be used as a measure of focused attention in infants, and a means to identify those individuals, or moments, where cognitive effort is maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- University of Massachusetts Boston, United States
| | - Zsuzsa Kaldy
- University of Massachusetts Boston, United States
| | - Erik Blaser
- University of Massachusetts Boston, United States.
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Feng ZX, Dong H, Qu WM, Zhang W. Oral Delivered Dexmedetomidine Promotes and Consolidates Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep via Sleep-Wake Regulation Systems in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1196. [PMID: 30568589 PMCID: PMC6290063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α2-adrenergic agonist, is widely used in clinical anesthesia and ICU sedation. Recent studies have found that dexmedetomidine-induced sedation resembles the recovery sleep that follows sleep deprivation, but whether orally delivered dexmedetomidine can be a candidate for the treatment of insomnia remains unclear. In this study, we estimated the sedative effects of orally delivered dexmedetomidine by spontaneous locomotor activity (LMA), and then evaluated the hypnotic effects of dexmedetomidine on sleep–wake profiles during the dark and light phase using electroencephalography/electromyogram (EEG/EMG), respectively. Using c-Fos staining, we explored the effects of dexmedetomidine on the cerebral cortex and the sub-cortical sleep–wake regulation systems. The results showed that orally delivered dexmedetomidine at 2 h into the dark cycle reduced LMA and wakefulness in a dose-dependent manner, which was consistent with the increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep). However, dexmedetomidine also induced a rebound in LMA, wake and rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) in the later stage. In addition, orally delivered dexmedetomidine 100 μg/kg at 2 h into the light cycle shortened the latency to NREM sleep and increased the duration of NREM sleep for 6 h, while decreased REM sleep for 6 h. Sleep architecture analysis showed that dexmedetomidine stabilized the sleep structure during the light phase by decreasing sleep–wake transition and increasing long-term NREM sleep (durations of 1024–2024 s and >2024 s) while reducing short-term wakefulness (duration of 4–16 s). Unlike the classic hypnotic diazepam, dexmedetomidine also increased the delta power in the EEG spectra of NREM sleep, especially at the frequency of 1.75–3.25 Hz, while ranges of 0.5–1.0 Hz were decreased. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that orally delivered dexmedetomidine 100 μg/kg at 2 h into the dark cycle decreased c-Fos expression in the cerebral cortex and sub-cortical arousal systems, while it increased c-Fos expression in the neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. These results indicate that orally delivered dexmedetomidine can induce sedative and hypnotic effects by exciting the sleep-promoting nucleus and inhibiting the wake-promoting areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xin Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Szabo ST, Thorpy MJ, Mayer G, Peever JH, Kilduff TS. Neurobiological and immunogenetic aspects of narcolepsy: Implications for pharmacotherapy. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 43:23-36. [PMID: 30503715 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy are common symptoms of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder associated with the loss of hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons. Although only a few drugs have received regulatory approval for narcolepsy to date, treatment involves diverse medications that affect multiple biochemical targets and neural circuits. Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy for the following classes of drugs as narcolepsy treatments: alerting medications (amphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil/armodafinil, solriamfetol [JZP-110]), antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), sodium oxybate, and the H3-receptor inverse agonist/antagonist pitolisant. Enhanced catecholamine availability and regulation of locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) neuron activity is likely central to the therapeutic activity of most of these compounds. LC NE neurons are integral to sleep/wake regulation and muscle tone; reduced excitatory input to the LC due to compromise of Hcrt/orexin neurons (likely due to autoimmune factors) results in LC NE dysregulation and contributes to narcolepsy/cataplexy symptoms. Agents that increase catecholamines and/or LC activity may mitigate EDS and cataplexy by elevating NE regulation of GABAergic inputs from the amygdala. Consequently, novel medications and treatment strategies aimed at preserving and/or modulating Hcrt/orexin-LC circuit integrity are warranted in narcolepsy/cataplexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Szabo
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | - John H Peever
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Patriarchi T, Buonarati OR, Hell JW. Postsynaptic localization and regulation of AMPA receptors and Cav1.2 by β2 adrenergic receptor/PKA and Ca 2+/CaMKII signaling. EMBO J 2018; 37:e99771. [PMID: 30249603 PMCID: PMC6187224 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The synapse transmits, processes, and stores data within its tiny space. Effective and specific signaling requires precise alignment of the relevant components. This review examines current insights into mechanisms of AMPAR and NMDAR localization by PSD-95 and their spatial distribution at postsynaptic sites to illuminate the structural and functional framework of postsynaptic signaling. It subsequently delineates how β2 adrenergic receptor (β2 AR) signaling via adenylyl cyclase and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase PKA is organized within nanodomains. Here, we discuss targeting of β2 AR, adenylyl cyclase, and PKA to defined signaling complexes at postsynaptic sites, i.e., AMPARs and the L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2, and other subcellular surface localizations, the role of A kinase anchor proteins, the physiological relevance of the spatial restriction of corresponding signaling, and their interplay with signal transduction by the Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent kinase CaMKII How localized and specific signaling by cAMP occurs is a central cellular question. The dendritic spine constitutes an ideal paradigm for elucidating the dimensions of spatially restricted signaling because of their small size and defined protein composition.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/physiology
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/genetics
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Humans
- Receptors, AMPA/genetics
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Synapses/genetics
- Synapses/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Patriarchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Vodovar D, Duchêne A, Wimberley C, Leroy C, Pottier G, Dauvilliers Y, Giaume C, Lin JS, Mouthon F, Tournier N, Charvériat M. Cortico-Amygdala-Striatal Activation by Modafinil/Flecainide Combination. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:687-696. [PMID: 29635319 PMCID: PMC6031015 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Modafinil, a nonamphetaminic wake-promoting compound, is prescribed as first line therapy in narcolepsy, an invalidating disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. Although its mode of action remains incompletely known, recent studies indicated that modafinil modulates astroglial connexin-based gap junctional communication as administration of a low dose of flecainide, an astroglial connexin inhibitor, enhanced the wake-promoting and procognitive activity of modafinil in rodents and healthy volunteers. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in glucose cerebral metabolism in rodents, induced by the combination of modafinil+flecainide low dose (called THN102). Methods The impact of THN102 on brain glucose metabolism was noninvasively investigated using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose Positron Emission Tomography imaging in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Animals were injected with vehicle, flecainide, modafinil, or THN102 and further injected with 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose followed by 60-minute Positron Emission Tomography acquisition. 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose Positron Emission Tomography images were coregistered to a rat brain template and normalized from the total brain Positron Emission Tomography signal. Voxel-to-voxel analysis was performed using SPM8 software. Comparison of brain glucose metabolism between groups was then performed. Results THN102 significantly increased regional brain glucose metabolism as it resulted in large clusters of 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake localized in the cortex, striatum, and amygdala compared with control or drugs administered alone. These regions, highly involved in the regulation of sleep-wake cycle, emotions, and cognitive functions were hence quantitatively modulated by THN102. Conclusion Data presented here provide the first evidence of a regional brain activation induced by THN102, currently being tested in a phase II clinical trial in narcoleptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Vodovar
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | | | - Catriona Wimberley
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Claire Leroy
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Géraldine Pottier
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Centre for Narcolepsy, CHU Montpellier, INSERM, France
| | - Christian Giaume
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Laboratory WAKING, CRNL-INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292-UCBL, Lyon, France
| | | | - Nicolas Tournier
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
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Altered brainstem responses to modafinil in schizophrenia: implications for adjunctive treatment of cognition. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:58. [PMID: 29507283 PMCID: PMC5838154 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate pro-cognitive drugs for schizophrenia targeting several neurochemical systems have consistently failed to demonstrate robust efficacy. It remains untested whether concurrent antipsychotic medications exert pharmacodynamic interactions that mitigate pro-cognitive action in patients. We used functional MRI (fMRI) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject crossover test of single-dose modafinil effects in 27 medicated schizophrenia patients, interrogating brainstem regions where catecholamine systems arise to innervate the cortex, to link cellular and systems-level models of cognitive control. Modafinil effects were evaluated both within this patient group and compared to a healthy subject group. Modafinil modulated activity in the locus coeruleus (LC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the patient group. However, compared to the healthy comparison group, these effects were altered as a function of task demands: the control-independent drug effect on deactivation was relatively attenuated (shallower) in the LC and exaggerated (deeper) in the VTA; in contrast, again compared to the comparison group, the control-related drug effects on positive activation were attenuated in LC, VTA and the cortical cognitive control network. These altered effects in the LC and VTA were significantly and specifically associated with the degree of antagonism of alpha-2 adrenergic and dopamine-2 receptors, respectively, by concurrently prescribed antipsychotics. These sources of evidence suggest interacting effects on catecholamine neurons of chronic antipsychotic treatment, which respectively increase and decrease sustained neuronal activity in LC and VTA. This is the first direct evidence in a clinical population to suggest that antipsychotic medications alter catecholamine neuronal activity to mitigate pro-cognitive drug action on cortical circuits.
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Kristofova M, Aher YD, Ilic M, Radoman B, Kalaba P, Dragacevic V, Aher NY, Leban J, Korz V, Zanon L, Neuhaus W, Wieder M, Langer T, Urban E, Sitte HH, Hoeger H, Lubec G, Aradska J. A daily single dose of a novel modafinil analogue CE-123 improves memory acquisition and memory retrieval. Behav Brain Res 2018; 343:83-94. [PMID: 29410048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors have been shown to improve cognitive parameters in various tasks and animal models. We recently reported a series of modafinil analogues, of which the most promising, 5-((benzhydrylsulfinyl)methyl) thiazole (CE-123), was selected for further development. The present study aims to characterize pharmacological properties of CE-123 and to investigate the potential to enhance memory performance in a rat model. In vitro transporter assays were performed in cells expressing human transporters. CE-123 blocked uptake of [3H] dopamine (IC50 = 4.606 μM) while effects on serotonin (SERT) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) were negligible. Blood-brain barrier and pharmacokinetic studies showed that the compound reached the brain and lower elimination than R-modafinil. The Pro-cognitive effect was evaluated in a spatial hole-board task in male Sprague-Dawley rats and CE-123 enhances memory acquisition and memory retrieval, represented by significantly increased reference memory indices and shortened latency. Since DAT blockers can be considered as indirect dopamine receptor agonists, western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of dopamine receptors D1R, D2R and D5R and DAT in the synaptosomal fraction of hippocampal subregions CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG). CE-123 administration in rats increased total DAT levels and D1R protein levels were significantly increased in CA1 and CA3 in treated/trained groups. The increase of D5R was observed in DG only. Dopamine receptors, particularly D1R, seem to play a role in mediating CE-123-induced memory enhancement. Dopamine reuptake inhibition by CE-123 may represent a novel and improved stimulant therapeutic for impairments of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kristofova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yogesh D Aher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marija Ilic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojana Radoman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Dragacevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nilima Y Aher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Leban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Korz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Zanon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Competence Center Health and Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Wieder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Hoeger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Himberg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jana Aradska
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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35
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Bast N, Poustka L, Freitag CM. The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system as pacemaker of attention - a developmental mechanism of derailed attentional function in autism spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:115-125. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; University Hospital; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Deutschordenstraße 50 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Medical Faculty Mannheim; Central Institute of Mental Health; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Medical Faculty Mannheim; Central Institute of Mental Health; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Göttingen; Medical University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; University Hospital; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Deutschordenstraße 50 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Magnetic resonance imaging of the human locus coeruleus: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:325-355. [PMID: 29107830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC), the major origin of noradrenergic modulation of the central nervous system, innervates extensive areas throughout the brain and is implicated in a variety of autonomic and cognitive functions. Alterations in the LC-noradrenergic system have been associated with healthy ageing and neuropsychiatric disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and depression. The last decade has seen advances in imaging the structure and function of the LC, and this paper systematically reviews the methodology and outcomes of sixty-nine structural and functional MRI studies of the LC in humans. Structural MRI studies consistently showed lower LC signal intensity and volume in clinical groups compared to healthy controls. Within functional studies, the LC was activated by a variety of tasks/stimuli and had functional connectivity to a range of brain regions. However, reported functional LC location coordinates were widely distributed compared to previously published neuroanatomical locations. Methodological and demographic factors potentially contributing to these differences are discussed, together with recommendations to optimize the reliability and validity of future LC imaging studies.
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Treatment Associated Changes of Functional Connectivity of Midbrain/Brainstem Nuclei in Major Depressive Disorder. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8675. [PMID: 28819132 PMCID: PMC5561091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies demonstrated an abnormally coordinated network functioning in Major Depression Disorder (MDD) during rest. The main monoamine-producing nuclei within midbrain/brainstem are functionally integrated within these specific networks. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of these nuclei in 45 MDD patients and differences between patients receiving two different classes of antidepressant drugs. Patients showed reduced RSFC from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and stronger RSFC to the left amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Patients treated with antidepressants influencing noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission showed different RSFC from locus coeruleus to DLPFC compared to patients treated with antidepressants influencing serotonergic neurotransmission only. In the opposite contrast patients showed stronger RSFC from dorsal raphe to posterior brain regions. Enhanced VTA-RSFC to amygdala as a central region of the salience network may indicate an over‐attribution of the affective salience to internally-oriented processes. Significant correlation between decreased VTA-dACC functional connectivity and the BDI-II somatic symptoms indicates an association with diminished volition and behavioral activation in MDD. The observed differences in the FC of the midbrain/brainstem nuclei between two classes of antidepressants suggest differential neural effects of SSRIs and SNRIs.
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Ikeda Y, Funayama T, Tateno A, Fukayama H, Okubo Y, Suzuki H. Modafinil enhances alerting-related brain activity in attention networks. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2077-2089. [PMID: 28374089 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Modafinil is a wake-promoting agent and has been reported to be effective in improving attention in patients with attentional disturbance. However, neural substrates underlying the modafinil effects on attention are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES We employed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with the attention network test (ANT) task in healthy adults and examined which networks of attention are mainly affected by modafinil and which neural substrates are responsible for the drug effects. METHODS We used a randomized placebo-controlled within-subjects cross-over design. Twenty-three healthy adults participated in two series of an fMRI study, taking either a placebo or modafinil. The participants performed the ANT task, which is designed to measure three distinct attentional networks, alerting, orienting, and executive control, during the fMRI scanning. The effects of modafinil on behavioral performance and regional brain activity were analyzed. RESULTS We found that modafinil enhanced alerting performance and showed greater alerting network activity in the left middle and inferior occipital gyri as compared with the placebo. The brain activations in the occipital regions were positively correlated with alerting performance. CONCLUSIONS Modafinil enhanced alerting performance and increased activation in the occipital lobe in the alerting network possibly relevant to noradrenergic activity during the ANT task. The present study may provide a rationale for the treatment of patients with distinct symptoms of impaired attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takuya Funayama
- Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Amane Tateno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Fukayama
- Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Okubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
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Shanmugasundaram B, Aher YD, Aradska J, Ilic M, Daba Feyissa D, Kalaba P, Aher NY, Dragacevic V, Saber Marouf B, Langer T, Sitte HH, Hoeger H, Lubec G, Korz V. R-Modafinil exerts weak effects on spatial memory acquisition and dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28644892 PMCID: PMC5482457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modafinil is a wake promoting drug approved for clinical use and also has cognitive enhancing properties. Its enantiomer R-Modafinil (R-MO) is not well studied in regard to cognitive enhancing properties. Hence we studied its effect in a spatial memory paradigm and its possible effects on dentate gyrus long-term potentiation (DG-LTP). Clinically relevant doses of R-MO, vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or saline were administered for three days during the hole-board test and in in vivo DG-LTP. Synaptic levels of dopamine receptors D1R, D2R, dopamine transporter (DAT), and its phosphorylated form (ph-DAT) in DG tissue 4 h after LTP induction were quantified by western blot analysis. Monoamine reuptake and release assays were performed by using transfected HEK-293 cells. Possible neurotoxic side effects on general behaviour were also studied. R-MO at both doses significantly enhanced spatial reference memory during the last training session and during memory retrieval compared to DMSO vehicle but not when compared to saline treated rats. Similarly, R-MO rescues DG-LTP from impairing effects of DMSO. DMSO reduced memory performance and LTP magnitude when compared to saline treated groups. The synaptic DR1 levels in R-MO groups were significantly decreased compared to DMSO group but were comparable with saline treated animals. We found no effect of R-MO in neurotoxicity tests. Thus, our results support the notion that LTP-like synaptic plasticity processes could be one of the factors contributing to the cognitive enhancing effects of spatial memory traces. D1R may play an important regulatory role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogesh D. Aher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Aradska
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marija Ilic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nilima Y. Aher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Dragacevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Babak Saber Marouf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald H. Sitte
- Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Addiction Research and Science, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Hoeger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Himberg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Neuroproteomics Laboratory, Science Park, Bratislava, Slowakia
- * E-mail: (GL); (VK)
| | - Volker Korz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (GL); (VK)
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Schmidt A, Müller F, Dolder PC, Schmid Y, Zanchi D, Liechti ME, Borgwardt S. Comparative Effects of Methylphenidate, Modafinil, and MDMA on Response Inhibition Neural Networks in Healthy Subjects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:712-720. [PMID: 28525569 PMCID: PMC5581485 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and modafinil are increasingly used by healthy people for cognitive enhancement purposes, whereas the acute effect of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) on cognitive functioning in healthy subjects remains unclear. This study directly compared the acute effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on the neural mechanisms underlying response inhibition in healthy subjects. METHODS Using a double-blind, within-subject, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, methylphenidate, modafinil, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine were administrated to 21 healthy subjects while performing a go/no-go event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging task to assess brain activation during motor response inhibition. RESULTS Relative to placebo, methylphenidate and modafinil but not 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine improved inhibitory performance. Methylphenidate significantly increased activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, middle/superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, presupplementary motor area, and anterior cingulate cortex compared with placebo. Methylphenidate also induced significantly higher activation in the anterior cingulate cortex and presupplementary motor area and relative to modafinil. Relative to placebo, modafinil significantly increased activation in the right middle frontal gyrus and superior/inferior parietal lobule, while 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine significantly increased activation in the right middle/inferior frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobule. CONCLUSIONS Direct comparison of methylphenidate, modafinil, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine revealed broad recruitment of fronto-parietal regions but specific effects of methylphenidate on middle/superior temporal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and presupplementary motor area activation, suggesting dissociable modulations of response inhibition networks and potentially the superiority of methylphenidate in the enhancement of cognitive performance in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Schmidt, Dr Müller, Mr Zanchi, and Dr Borgwardt); Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Basel and Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Mr Dolder, Dr Schmid, and Dr Liechti).,Correspondence: André Schmidt, PhD, University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein Strasse 27, 4012 Basel, Switzerland ()
| | - Felix Müller
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Schmidt, Dr Müller, Mr Zanchi, and Dr Borgwardt); Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Basel and Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Mr Dolder, Dr Schmid, and Dr Liechti)
| | - Patrick C Dolder
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Schmidt, Dr Müller, Mr Zanchi, and Dr Borgwardt); Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Basel and Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Mr Dolder, Dr Schmid, and Dr Liechti)
| | - Yasmin Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Schmidt, Dr Müller, Mr Zanchi, and Dr Borgwardt); Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Basel and Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Mr Dolder, Dr Schmid, and Dr Liechti)
| | - Davide Zanchi
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Schmidt, Dr Müller, Mr Zanchi, and Dr Borgwardt); Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Basel and Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Mr Dolder, Dr Schmid, and Dr Liechti)
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Schmidt, Dr Müller, Mr Zanchi, and Dr Borgwardt); Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Basel and Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Mr Dolder, Dr Schmid, and Dr Liechti)
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Schmidt, Dr Müller, Mr Zanchi, and Dr Borgwardt); Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Basel and Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Mr Dolder, Dr Schmid, and Dr Liechti)
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Bellebaum C, Kuchinke L, Roser P. Modafinil alters decision making based on feedback history - a randomized placebo-controlled double blind study in humans. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:243-249. [PMID: 27649777 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116668591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Modafinil is becoming increasingly popular as a cognitive enhancer. Research on the effects of modafinil on cognitive function have yielded mixed results, with negative findings for simple memory and attention tasks and enhancing effects for more complex tasks. In the present study we examined whether modafinil, due to its known effect on the dopamine level in the striatum, alters feedback-related choice behaviour. We applied a task that separately tests the choice of previously rewarded behaviours (approach) and avoidance of previously punished behaviours. 18 participants received a single dose of 200 mg modafinil. Their performance was compared to a group of 22 participants who received placebo in a double-blind design. Modafinil but not placebo induced a significant bias towards approach behaviour as compared to the frequency of avoidance behaviour. General attention, overall feedback-based acquisition of choice behaviour and reaction times in high vs low conflict choices were not significantly affected by modafinil. This finding suggests that modafinil has a specific effect on dopamine-mediated choice behaviour based on the history of feedback, while a contribution of noradrenaline is also conceivable. The described change in decision making cannot be considered as cognitive enhancement, but might rather have detrimental effects on decisions in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bellebaum
- 1 Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Kuchinke
- 2 Experimental Psychology & Methods, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,3 Methodology and Evaluation, International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrik Roser
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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42
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The neural basis of intergroup threat effect on social attention. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41062. [PMID: 28120864 PMCID: PMC5264403 DOI: 10.1038/srep41062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous gaze-cuing studies found that intergroup threat is one of the modulators of gaze cuing. These findings indicate that intergroup threat would gate social attention by activating a network resembling that is thought to be involved in drawing or/and holding attention. The present study tested this hypothesis using a gaze-cuing task in which a particular in-group participants observed threatening out-group and nonthreatening out-group gazes, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. As expected, greater gaze cuing effect only emerged for threatening out-group when the in-group participants only felt inergroup threat from that out-group. Behaviorally, we found intergroup threatening out-group gazes did not draw attention faster than nonthreatening in-group gazes does. However, participants took more time to suppress the influence of the gaze direction of threatening out-group gazes, compared to nonthreatening in-group gazes, in the incongruent condition, which means intergroup threatening gaze holds attention longer than nonthreatening gaze does. Imaging results demonstrated that threatening cues recruited a fronto-parietal network, previously implicated in holding attention and execution functions. Our results, therefore, suggest that the mechanisms underpinning gaze cuing evolved to be sensitive to intergroup threatening stimuli, possibly because it is hard to disengage from such intergroup threatening cues once they are detected.
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Qian H, Patriarchi T, Price JL, Matt L, Lee B, Nieves-Cintrón M, Buonarati OR, Chowdhury D, Nanou E, Nystoriak MA, Catterall WA, Poomvanicha M, Hofmann F, Navedo MF, Hell JW. Phosphorylation of Ser1928 mediates the enhanced activity of the L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 by the β2-adrenergic receptor in neurons. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/463/eaaf9659. [PMID: 28119465 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf9659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 controls multiple functions throughout the body including heart rate and neuronal excitability. It is a key mediator of fight-or-flight stress responses triggered by a signaling pathway involving β-adrenergic receptors (βARs), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and protein kinase A (PKA). PKA readily phosphorylates Ser1928 in Cav1.2 in vitro and in vivo, including in rodents and humans. However, S1928A knock-in (KI) mice have normal PKA-mediated L-type channel regulation in the heart, indicating that Ser1928 is not required for regulation of cardiac Cav1.2 by PKA in this tissue. We report that augmentation of L-type currents by PKA in neurons was absent in S1928A KI mice. Furthermore, S1928A KI mice failed to induce long-term potentiation in response to prolonged theta-tetanus (PTT-LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity that requires Cav1.2 and enhancement of its activity by the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR)-cAMP-PKA cascade. Thus, there is an unexpected dichotomy in the control of Cav1.2 by PKA in cardiomyocytes and hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8636, USA
| | - Jennifer L Price
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8636, USA
| | - Lucas Matt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8636, USA
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8636, USA
| | | | - Olivia R Buonarati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8636, USA
| | | | - Evanthia Nanou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | - Matthew A Nystoriak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8636, USA
| | - William A Catterall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | - Montatip Poomvanicha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, D-80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Hofmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, D-80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8636, USA.
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8636, USA
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A locus coeruleus-norepinephrine account of individual differences in working memory capacity and attention control. Psychon Bull Rev 2017; 24:1282-1311. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kaldy Z, Giserman I, Carter AS, Blaser E. The Mechanisms Underlying the ASD Advantage in Visual Search. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:1513-27. [PMID: 24091470 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are faster or more successful than typically developing control participants at various visual-attentional tasks (for reviews, see Dakin and Frith in Neuron 48:497-507, 2005; Simmons et al. in Vis Res 49:2705-2739, 2009). This "ASD advantage" was first identified in the domain of visual search by Plaisted et al. (J Child Psychol Psychiatry 39:777-783, 1998). Here we survey the findings of visual search studies from the past 15 years that contrasted the performance of individuals with and without ASD. Although there are some minor caveats, the overall consensus is that-across development and a broad range of symptom severity-individuals with ASD reliably outperform controls on visual search. The etiology of the ASD advantage has not been formally specified, but has been commonly attributed to 'enhanced perceptual discrimination', a superior ability to visually discriminate between targets and distractors in such tasks (e.g. O'Riordan in Cognition 77:81-96, 2000). As well, there is considerable evidence for impairments of the attentional network in ASD (for a review, see Keehn et al. in J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37:164-183, 2013). We discuss some recent results from our laboratory that support an attentional, rather than perceptual explanation for the ASD advantage in visual search. We speculate that this new conceptualization may offer a better understanding of some of the behavioral symptoms associated with ASD, such as over-focusing and restricted interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Kaldy
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Ivy Giserman
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Alice S Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Erik Blaser
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) demonstrate increased susceptibility to interfering effects of anxiety on cognitive control; although under certain conditions adults with MDD are able to compensate for these effects. The brain mechanisms that may facilitate the ability to compensate for anxiety either via the recruitment of additional cognitive resources or via the regulation of interference from anxiety remain largely unknown. To clarify these mechanisms, we examined the effects of anxiety on brain activity and amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity in adults diagnosed with MDD. METHOD A total of 22 unmedicated adults with MDD and 18 healthy controls (HCs) performed the Tower of London task under conditions designed to induce anxiety, while undergoing a functional magnetic resonance imaging assessment. RESULTS During the easy condition, the MDD group demonstrated equivalent planning accuracy, longer planning times, elevated amygdala activity and left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) hyperactivity relative to HCs. Anxiety mediated observed group differences in planning times, as well as differences in amygdala activation, which subsequently mediated observed differences in RLPFC activation. During the easy condition, the MDD group also demonstrated increased negative amygdala-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) connectivity which correlated with improved planning accuracy. During the hard condition, HCs demonstrated greater DLPFC activation and stronger negative amygdala-DLPFC connectivity, which was unrelated to planning accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that persons with MDD compensate for anxiety-related limbic activation during low-load cognitive tasks by recruiting additional RLPFC activation and through increased inhibitory amygdala-DLPFC communication. Targeting these neural mechanisms directly may improve cognitive functioning in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P. Jones
- Corresponding Author: Neil P. Jones, Address:
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic; 3811 O'Hara St.; Pittsburgh PA
15216, USA, , Phone: 412.383.5431, Fax:
412.383.5426
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Abstract
A suite of recent studies has reported positive genetic correlations between autism risk and measures of mental ability. These findings indicate that alleles for autism overlap broadly with alleles for high intelligence, which appears paradoxical given that autism is characterized, overall, by below-average IQ. This paradox can be resolved under the hypothesis that autism etiology commonly involves enhanced, but imbalanced, components of intelligence. This hypothesis is supported by convergent evidence showing that autism and high IQ share a diverse set of convergent correlates, including large brain size, fast brain growth, increased sensory and visual-spatial abilities, enhanced synaptic functions, increased attentional focus, high socioeconomic status, more deliberative decision-making, profession and occupational interests in engineering and physical sciences, and high levels of positive assortative mating. These findings help to provide an evolutionary basis to understanding autism risk as underlain in part by dysregulation of intelligence, a core human-specific adaptation. In turn, integration of studies on intelligence with studies of autism should provide novel insights into the neurological and genetic causes of high mental abilities, with important implications for cognitive enhancement, artificial intelligence, the relationship of autism with schizophrenia, and the treatment of both autism and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Human Evolutionary Studies Program, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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48
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Patriarchi T, Qian H, Di Biase V, Malik ZA, Chowdhury D, Price JL, Hammes EA, Buonarati OR, Westenbroek RE, Catterall WA, Hofmann F, Xiang YK, Murphy GG, Chen CY, Navedo MF, Hell JW. Phosphorylation of Cav1.2 on S1928 uncouples the L-type Ca2+ channel from the β2 adrenergic receptor. EMBO J 2016; 35:1330-45. [PMID: 27103070 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonist-triggered downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors (ARs) constitutes vital negative feedback to prevent cellular overexcitation. Here, we report a novel downregulation of β2AR signaling highly specific for Cav1.2. We find that β2-AR binding to Cav1.2 residues 1923-1942 is required for β-adrenergic regulation of Cav1.2. Despite the prominence of PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Cav1.2 S1928 within the newly identified β2AR binding site, its physiological function has so far escaped identification. We show that phosphorylation of S1928 displaces the β2AR from Cav1.2 upon β-adrenergic stimulation rendering Cav1.2 refractory for several minutes from further β-adrenergic stimulation. This effect is lost in S1928A knock-in mice. Although AMPARs are clustered at postsynaptic sites like Cav1.2, β2AR association with and regulation of AMPARs do not show such dissociation. Accordingly, displacement of the β2AR from Cav1.2 is a uniquely specific desensitization mechanism of Cav1.2 regulation by highly localized β2AR/cAMP/PKA/S1928 signaling. The physiological implications of this mechanism are underscored by our finding that LTP induced by prolonged theta tetanus (PTT-LTP) depends on Cav1.2 and its regulation by channel-associated β2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Zulfiquar A Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Price
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erik A Hammes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Franz Hofmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chao-Ye Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Sustained Modafinil Treatment Effects on Control-Related Gamma Oscillatory Power in Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1231-40. [PMID: 26329382 PMCID: PMC4793107 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Control-related cognitive processes such as rule selection and maintenance are associated with cortical oscillations in the gamma range, and modulated by catecholamine neurotransmission. Control-related gamma power is impaired in schizophrenia, and an understudied treatment target. It remains unknown whether pro-catecholamine pharmacological agents augment control-related gamma oscillations in schizophrenia. We tested the effects of 4-week fixed-dose daily adjunctive modafinil (MOD) 200 mg, in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups design. Twenty-seven stable schizophrenia patients performed a cognitive control task during EEG, at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment. EEG data underwent time-frequency decomposition with Morlet wavelets to determine power of 4-80 Hz oscillations. The modafinil group (n=14), relative to placebo group (n=13), exhibited enhanced oscillatory power associated with high-control rule selection in the gamma range after treatment, with additional effects during rule maintenance in gamma and sub-gamma ranges. MOD-treated patients who exhibited improved task performance with treatment also showed greater treatment-related delay period gamma compared with MOD-treated patients without improved performance. This is the first evidence in schizophrenia of augmentation of cognition-related gamma oscillations by an FDA-approved agent with therapeutic potential. Gamma oscillations represent a novel treatment target in this disorder, and modulation of catecholamine signaling may represent a viable strategy at this target.
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Köhler S, Bär KJ, Wagner G. Differential involvement of brainstem noradrenergic and midbrain dopaminergic nuclei in cognitive control. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:2305-18. [PMID: 26970351 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the parietal cortex, and the thalamus are central cortical nodes in a network underlying cognitive control. However, the role of catecholamine producing midbrain and brainstem structures has rarely been addressed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We hypothesized differential activation patterns in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)/substantia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC) with respect to the degree of cognitive control during a Stroop task in healthy subjects. Forty-five healthy subjects were investigated by the manual version of the Stroop task in an event-related fMRI design. We observed significant BOLD activation of both the SN/VTA and LC during the Stroop interference condition (incongruent vs. congruent condition). LC, but not SN/VTA activation significantly correlated with the Stroop interference. Interestingly, a significant linear decrease in BOLD activation during the incongruent condition during the experiment was mainly observed in the fronto-cingulo-striatal network, but not in SN/VTA and LC. Using psychophysiological (PPI) analyses, a significant functional connectivity during cognitive control was observed between SN/VTA and the nigrostriatal/mesolimbic dopaminergic system. For the LC, distinct functional connectivity pattern was observed mainly to the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC. Both regions revealed significant functional connectivity to the dACC, parietal and occipital regions. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that functional activation patterns in the SN/VTA and the LC are modulated by different demands of cognitive control. In addition, these nuclei exhibit distinguishable functional connectivity patterns to cortical brain networks. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2305-2318, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Brain and Body Research Group Jena, University Hospital Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Karl-Jürgen Bär
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Brain and Body Research Group Jena, University Hospital Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Gerd Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Brain and Body Research Group Jena, University Hospital Jena, 07743, Germany
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