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Liang T, Wu D, Ning X, Shan L, Yuan Z, Cai H, Sheng Z, He X. Large-scale kinetic simulations of colliding plasmas within a hohlraum of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:035207. [PMID: 38632725 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.035207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The National Ignition Facility has recently achieved successful burning plasma and ignition using the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) approach. However, there are still many fundamental physics phenomena that are not well understood, including the kinetic processes in the hohlraum. Shan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 195001 (2018)0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.120.195001] utilized the energy spectra of neutrons to investigate the kinetic colliding plasma in a hohlraum of indirect drive ICF. However, due to the typical large spatial-temporal scales, this experiment could not be well simulated by using available codes at that time. Utilizing our advanced high-order implicit PIC code, LAPINS, we were able to successfully reproduce the experiment on a large scale of both spatial and temporal dimensions, in which the original computational scale was increased by approximately seven to eight orders of magnitude. Not only is the validity of the explanation of the experiment confirmed by our simulations, i.e., the abnormally large width of neutron spectra comes from beam-target nuclear fusions, but also a different physical insight into the source of energetic deuterium ions is provided. The acceleration of deuterium ions can be categorized into two components: one is propelled by a sheath electric field created by the charge separation at the onset, while the other is a result of the reflection of the potential of the shock wave. The robustness of the acceleration mechanism is analyzed with varying initial conditions, e.g., temperatures, drifting velocity, and ion components. This paper might serve as a reference for benchmark simulations of upcoming simulation codes and may be relevant for future research on mixtures and entropy increments at plasma interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liang
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas and School of Physics and Astronomy, and Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ning
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lianqiang Shan
- National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zongqiang Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Hongbo Cai
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhengmao Sheng
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiantu He
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Bernstein V, Bekkerman A, Kolodney E. Gradual weakening down to complete disappearance of the velocity correlated cluster emission effect in keV collisions of C60 with light metallic targets: Microscopic insights via molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054705. [PMID: 38341692 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The so-called velocity correlated cluster emission (VCCE) effect is the recently reported emission of large clusters with nearly the same velocity from an atomically heavy target (such as coinage metals) following a single C60- impact at the keV kinetic energy range. The effect was observed to get weaker for a meaningfully lighter target (Al) down to its complete disappearance for C60-Be impact. Microscopic insight into the subpicosecond evolution and thermalization of the impact induced energy spike (driving the effect) is achieved using molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that the weakening of the VCCE effect for aluminum (toward its complete disappearance for Be) is due to ultrafast decay of the atomic number density within the spike nanovolume, thus not enabling the buildup of sufficient subsurface pressure as required for driving the correlated emission. For the Be target, an extremely rapid decay of nearly 90% of the initial density within 200 fs from impact is observed. This finding provides further support for the conclusion that the emission of the velocity correlated clusters as observed for the heavier targets takes place within an ultra-short time window of only a few hundreds of femtoseconds, roughly extending from 200 to 500 fs from impact. The lower bound is dictated by the requirement for a relatively slow rate of decay of number density, enabling the buildup of a sufficiently intense pressure spike. The upper bound is dictated by the cooling rate of the spike (still maintaining an extremely high temperature of kT ≥ 1 eV, as experimentally observed) and the onset of the evolution of the impact crater.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bernstein
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - A Bekkerman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - E Kolodney
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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3
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Hu Q, Chen L, Yi R, Chen B, Jin G. Design of transient front-end signal digitizer for x-ray detector in laser inertial confinement fusion facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:013506. [PMID: 38214590 DOI: 10.1063/5.0175460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
In a laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facility, an x-ray diode (XRD) detector is mainly used for precise measurement of black cavity radiation flow. The rapid rising time of the XRD detector and the intricate radiation environment of the ICF facility have posed new requirements for the bandwidth and anti-interference performance of signal digitization technologies. The standards are tough for the current recording system to meet. In this paper, based on the anti-interference of digital signals in the radiation field of the ICF facility, we have designed an XRD detector specific transient front-end signal digitizer (TFSD). The digitizer may be put together for consistent shielding in the radiation field since its size matches that of the XRD detector. The test results show that the TFSD has a higher signal input bandwidth than the existing recording method, considerably reduces the effect of pulse radiation field on signal recording, and significantly boosts the accuracy of recording and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lian Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Rongqing Yi
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Baolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ge Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230026, China
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4
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Dorchies F, Ta Phuoc K, Lecherbourg L. Nonequilibrium warm dense matter investigated with laser-plasma-based XANES down to the femtosecond. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:054301. [PMID: 37720412 PMCID: PMC10505070 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of laser-plasma-based x-ray sources is discussed, with a view to carrying out time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, down to the femtosecond timescale. A review of recent experiments performed by our team is presented. They concern the study of the nonequilibrium transition of metals from solid to the warm dense regime, which imposes specific constraints (the sample being destroyed after each shot). Particular attention is paid to the description of experimental devices and methodologies. Two main types of x-ray sources are compared, respectively, based on the emission of a hot plasma, and on the betatron radiation from relativistic electrons accelerated by laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Dorchies
- Université, Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - K. Ta Phuoc
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UMR 7639, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
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5
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Nguyen QLD, Simoni J, Dorney KM, Shi X, Ellis JL, Brooks NJ, Hickstein DD, Grennell AG, Yazdi S, Campbell EEB, Tan LZ, Prendergast D, Daligault J, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Direct Observation of Enhanced Electron-Phonon Coupling in Copper Nanoparticles in the Warm-Dense Matter Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:085101. [PMID: 37683150 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.085101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Warm dense matter (WDM) represents a highly excited state that lies at the intersection of solids, plasmas, and liquids and that cannot be described by equilibrium theories. The transient nature of this state when created in a laboratory, as well as the difficulties in probing the strongly coupled interactions between the electrons and the ions, make it challenging to develop a complete understanding of matter in this regime. In this work, by exciting isolated ∼8 nm copper nanoparticles with a femtosecond laser below the ablation threshold, we create uniformly excited WDM. Using photoelectron spectroscopy, we measure the instantaneous electron temperature and extract the electron-ion coupling of the nanoparticle as it undergoes a solid-to-WDM phase transition. By comparing with state-of-the-art theories, we confirm that the superheated nanoparticles lie at the boundary between hot solids and plasmas, with associated strong electron-ion coupling. This is evidenced both by a fast energy loss of electrons to ions, and a strong modulation of the electron temperature induced by strong acoustic breathing modes that change the nanoparticle volume. This work demonstrates a new route for experimental exploration of the exotic properties of WDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh L D Nguyen
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jacopo Simoni
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xun Shi
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Nathan J Brooks
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories Inc., 4775 Walnut St #102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Amanda G Grennell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309 80309, USA
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Eleanor E B Campbell
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Liang Z Tan
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David Prendergast
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jerome Daligault
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories Inc., 4775 Walnut St #102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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6
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Wetta N, Pain JC. Average-atom Ziman resistivity calculations in expanded metallic plasmas: Effect of mean ionization definition. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:015205. [PMID: 37583234 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.015205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
We present calculations of electrical resistivity for expanded boron, aluminum, titanium, and copper plasmas using the Ziman formulation in the framework of the average-atom model. Our results are compared to experimental data, as well as to other theoretical calculations, relying on the Ziman and Kubo-Greenwood formulations, and based on average-atom models or quantum-molecular-dynamics simulations. The impact of the definition of ionization, paying particular attention to the consistency between the definition and the perfect free electron gas assumption made in the formalism, is discussed. We propose a definition of the mean ionization generalizing to expanded plasmas the idea initially put forward for dense plasmas, consisting in dropping the contribution of quasibound states from the ionization due to continuum ones. It is shown that our recommendation for the calculation of the quasibound density of states provides the best agreement with measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Christophe Pain
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
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7
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A Comprehensive Review on Amplification of Laser Pulses via Stimulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Plasmas. PLASMA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/plasma5040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for high-intensity lasers has grown ever since the invention of lasers in 1960, owing to their applications in the fields of inertial confinement fusion, plasma-based relativistic particle accelerators, complex X-ray and gamma-ray sources, and laboratory astrophysics. To create such high-intensity lasers, free-running lasers were either Q-switched or mode-locked to increase the peak power to the gigawatt range. Later, chirped pulse amplification was developed, allowing the generation of peak power up to 1012 W. However, the next generation of high-intensity lasers might not be able to be driven by the solid-state technology alone as they are already operating close to their damage thresholds. In this scenario, concepts of amplification based on plasmas has the potential to revolutionize the laser industry, as plasma is already a broken-down medium, and hence does not pose any problems related to the damage thresholds. On the other hand, there are many other aspects that need to be addressed before developing technologies based on plasma-based amplification, and they are being investigated via theoretical and numerical methods and supported by several experiments. In this report, we review the prospects of employing plasma as the medium of amplification by utilising stimulated scattering techniques, such as the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) techniques, to modulate high-power laser pulses, which would possibly be the key to the next generation of high-power lasers. The 1980s saw the commencement of research in this field, and possibilities of obtaining high peak powers were verified theoretically with the help of numerical calculations and simulations. The extent of amplification by these stimulated scattering schemes are limited by a number of instabilities such as forward Raman scattering (FRS), filamentation, etc., and here, magnetised plasma played an important role in counteracting these parasitic effects. The current research combines all these factors to experimentally realise a large-scale plasma-based amplifier, which can impact the high-energy laser industry in the near future.
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8
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Sherlock M, Michel P. Absorption and Transport Effects Induced in Plasmas by the Interaction of Electrons with Laser Speckles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:215001. [PMID: 36461965 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.215001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We show that the ponderomotive force associated with laser speckles can scatter electrons in a laser-produced plasma in a manner similar to Coulomb scattering. Analytic expressions for the effective collision rates are given. The electron-speckle collisions become important at high laser intensity or during filamentation, affecting both long- and short-pulse laser intensity regimes. As an example, we find that the effective collision rate in the laser-overlap region of hohlraums on the National Ignition Facility is expected to exceed the Coulomb collision rate by 1 order of magnitude, leading to a fundamental change to the electron transport properties. At the high intensities characteristic of short-pulse laser-plasma interactions (I≳10^{17} W cm^{-2}), the scattering is strong enough to cause the direct absorption of laser energy, generating hot electrons with energy scaling as E≈1.44(I/10^{18} W cm^{-2})^{1/2} MeV, close to experimentally observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sherlock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94551, United States
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94551, United States
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9
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Gao J, Sheng L, Duan B, Wang X, Hei D, Chen H. Three-dimensional iterative reconstruction of pulsed radiation sources using spherical harmonic decomposition. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113551. [PMID: 36461445 DOI: 10.1063/5.0105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Neutron and x-ray imaging are essential ways to diagnose a pulsed radiation source. The three-dimensional (3D) intensity distribution reconstructed from two-dimensional (2D) radiation images can significantly promote research regarding the generation and variation mechanisms of pulsed radiation sources. Only a few (≤5) projected images at one moment are available due to the difficulty in building imaging systems for high-radiation-intensity and short-pulsed sources. The reconstruction of a 3D source with a minimal number of 2D images is an ill-posed problem that leads to severe structural distortions and artifacts of the image reconstructed by conventional algorithms. In this paper, we present an iterative method to reconstruct a 3D source using spherical harmonic decomposition. Our algorithm improves the representation ability of spherical harmonic decomposition for 3D sources by enlarging the order of the expansion, which is limited in current analytical reconstruction algorithms. Prior knowledge of the source can be included to obtain a reasonable solution. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the reconstructed image quality of the iterative algorithm is better than that of the analytical algorithm. The iterative method can suppress the effect of noise in the integral projection image and has better robustness and adaptability than the analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China
| | - Baojun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Shanghai Jiangbolong Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Dongwei Hei
- State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China
| | - Huaibi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Chen Q, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Ma J, He Z, Wang Z. Initiator enhancement of mandrel degradation for ICF target fabrication. iScience 2022; 25:104733. [PMID: 35880049 PMCID: PMC9307930 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-α-methylstyrene (PAMS), as an ideal mandrel material used in the fabrication of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets, its efficient degradation is the key to the quality of targets. However, there is a great challenge to achieve enhanced degradation. Here, we proposed the strategy to optimize the degradation of PAMS microspheres using di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) as a degradation initiator. Experimentally, monodisperse PAMS microspheres with DTBP were controllably prepared by a microfluidic-based microencapsulation technique. Thermogravimetric results show that DTBP largely decreases the initial degradation temperature from 550 K to 450 K, which effectively promotes the thermal degradation of PAMS microspheres. Theoretically, DTBP can reduce the activation energy of degradation. Moreover, the potential energy surfaces were used to describe the degradation process at the atomic level. Our work brings a new direction for the study of mandrel degradation in ICF targets fabrication, and also provides a valuable reference for solving the pollution of waste plastics. Di-tert-butyl peroxide enhances the thermal degradation performance of mandrel Di-tert-butyl peroxide decreases the degradation activation energy of mandrel Thermogravimetric study and DFT calculation prove the enhanced degradation
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhanwen Zhang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental-friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhibing He
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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11
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Li C, Zhang C, Yang L, Guo F. Silicon-on-Insulator Optical Waveguide Pressure Sensor Based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1321. [PMID: 36014243 PMCID: PMC9414920 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
At present, there are few methods to measure optical pressure using MEMS. However, due to its high precision and fast response, a ridge waveguide pressure sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is designed in this paper. Through the design and optimization of each component of the structure, the sensitivity of the pressure sensor was 2.2 × 10-3 W/kPa and the linearity was 5.9 × 10-3. The sensor had a good performance and small volume, which can be used in the field of light pressure measurement and other fields that required the measurement small pressures, such as the biomedicine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Fangtong Guo
- Peking University Founder Technology College, Beijing 065000, China
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12
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Jin R, Jurek Z, Santra R, Son SK. Plasma environmental effects in the atomic structure for simulating x-ray free-electron-laser-heated solid-density matter. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:015206. [PMID: 35974549 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.015206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High energy density (HED) matter exists extensively in the Universe, and it can be created with extreme conditions in laboratory facilities such as x-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL). In HED matter, the electronic structure of individual atomic ions is influenced by a dense plasma environment, and one of the most significant phenomena is the ionization potential depression (IPD). Incorporation of the IPD effects is of great importance in accurate modeling of dense plasmas. All theoretical treatments of IPD so far have been based on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium, but its validity is questionable in ultrafast formation dynamics of dense plasmas, particularly when interacting with intense XFEL pulses. A treatment of transient IPD, based on an electronic-structure calculation of an atom in the presence of a plasma environment described by classical particles, has recently been proposed [Phys. Rev. E 103, 023203 (2021)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.103.023203], but its application to and impact on plasma dynamics simulations have not been investigated yet. In this work, we extend XMDYN, a hybrid quantum-classical approach combining Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics, by incorporating the proposed IPD treatment into plasma dynamics simulations. We demonstrate the importance of the IPD effects in theoretical modeling of aluminum dense plasmas by comparing two XMDYN simulations: one with electronic-structure calculations of isolated atoms (without IPD) and the other with those of atoms embedded in a plasma (with IPD). At equilibrium, the mean charge obtained in the plasma simulation with IPD is in good agreement with the full quantum-mechanical average-atom model. The present approach promises to be a reliable tool to simulate the creation and nonequilibrium evolution of dense plasmas induced by ultraintense and ultrashort XFEL pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jin
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestrasse 9-11, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sang-Kil Son
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Feng QS, Aboushelbaya R, von der Leyen MW, Spiers BT, Paddock RW, Ouatu I, Timmis R, Wang RHW, Cao LH, Liu ZJ, Zheng CY, He XT, Norreys PA. Suprathermal electrons from the anti-Stokes Langmuir decay instability cascade. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:045208. [PMID: 35590581 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.045208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of parametric instabilities has played a crucial role in understanding energy transfer to plasma and, with that, the development of key applications such as inertial confinement fusion. When the densities are between 0.11n_{c}≲n_{e}≲0.14n_{c} and the electron temperature is in inertial confinement fusion-relevant temperatures, anomalous hot electrons with kinetic energies above 100keV are generated. Here a new electron acceleration mechanism-the anti-Stokes Langmuir decay instability cascade of forward stimulated Raman scattering-is investigated. This mechanism potentially explains anomalous energetic electron generation in indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion experiments, it also provides a new way of accelerating electrons to higher energy for applications such as novel x-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q S Feng
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Aboushelbaya
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M W von der Leyen
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B T Spiers
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R W Paddock
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - I Ouatu
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Timmis
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R H W Wang
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L H Cao
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Z J Liu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - C Y Zheng
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - X T He
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - P A Norreys
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- John Adams Institute, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
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14
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Mo M, Tang M, Chen Z, Peterson JR, Shen X, Baldwin JK, Frost M, Kozina M, Reid A, Wang Y, E J, Descamps A, Ofori-Okai BK, Li R, Luo SN, Wang X, Glenzer S. Ultrafast visualization of incipient plasticity in dynamically compressed matter. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1055. [PMID: 35217665 PMCID: PMC8881594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity is ubiquitous and plays a critical role in material deformation and damage; it inherently involves the atomistic length scale and picosecond time scale. A fundamental understanding of the elastic-plastic deformation transition, in particular, incipient plasticity, has been a grand challenge in high-pressure and high-strain-rate environments, impeded largely by experimental limitations on spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we report femtosecond MeV electron diffraction measurements visualizing the three-dimensional (3D) response of single-crystal aluminum to the ultrafast laser-induced compression. We capture lattice transitioning from a purely elastic to a plastically relaxed state within 5 ps, after reaching an elastic limit of ~25 GPa. Our results allow the direct determination of dislocation nucleation and transport that constitute the underlying defect kinetics of incipient plasticity. Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations show good agreement with the experiment and provide an atomic-level description of the dislocation-mediated plasticity. Understanding incipient plasticity has been experimentally limited by spatial and temporal resolution. Here the authors report ultra-fast, in situ electron diffraction measurement of dislocation defect dynamics in the early stage of plastic deformation in Al under laser-driven compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianzhen Mo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Minxue Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Zhijiang Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - J Ryan Peterson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Physics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - John Kevin Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Mungo Frost
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mike Kozina
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alexander Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.,Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Juncheng E
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Adrien Descamps
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Renkai Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sheng-Nian Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, P. R. China.
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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15
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Edwards MR, Munirov VR, Singh A, Fasano NM, Kur E, Lemos N, Mikhailova JM, Wurtele JS, Michel P. Holographic Plasma Lenses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:065003. [PMID: 35213202 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A hologram fully encodes a three-dimensional light field by imprinting the interference between the field and a reference beam in a recording medium. Here we show that two collinear pump lasers with different foci overlapped in a gas jet produce a holographic plasma lens capable of focusing or collimating a probe laser at intensities several orders-of-magnitude higher than the limits of a nonionized optic. We outline the theory of these diffractive plasma lenses and present simulations for two plasma mechanisms that allow their construction: spatially varying ionization and ponderomotively driven ion-density fluctuations. Damage-resistant plasma optics are necessary for manipulating high-intensity light, and divergence control of high-intensity pulses-provided by holographic plasma lenses-will be a critical component of high-power plasma-based lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V R Munirov
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Singh
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N M Fasano
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - E Kur
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - J S Wurtele
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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16
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Woolsey N. Self-heating plasmas offer hope for energy from fusion. Nature 2022; 601:514-515. [PMID: 35082426 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-00124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Obtaining a burning plasma is a critical step towards self-sustaining fusion energy1. A burning plasma is one in which the fusion reactions themselves are the primary source of heating in the plasma, which is necessary to sustain and propagate the burn, enabling high energy gain. After decades of fusion research, here we achieve a burning-plasma state in the laboratory. These experiments were conducted at the US National Ignition Facility, a laser facility delivering up to 1.9 megajoules of energy in pulses with peak powers up to 500 terawatts. We use the lasers to generate X-rays in a radiation cavity to indirectly drive a fuel-containing capsule via the X-ray ablation pressure, which results in the implosion process compressing and heating the fuel via mechanical work. The burning-plasma state was created using a strategy to increase the spatial scale of the capsule2,3 through two different implosion concepts4-7. These experiments show fusion self-heating in excess of the mechanical work injected into the implosions, satisfying several burning-plasma metrics3,8. Additionally, we describe a subset of experiments that appear to have crossed the static self-heating boundary, where fusion heating surpasses the energy losses from radiation and conduction. These results provide an opportunity to study α-particle-dominated plasmas and burning-plasma physics in the laboratory.
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18
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Kolodney E, Armon E, Bekkerman A, Bernstein V, Tsipinyuk B. Velocity correlated emission of secondary clusters by a single surface impact of a polyatomic ion: A new mechanism of clusters emission and subpicosecond probing of extreme spike conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19634-19658. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00145d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emission of secondary clusters off clean solid surfaces following impact of a projectile ion at kiloelectronvolt (keV) kinetic energies is important from both the practical and fundamental points of view....
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19
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Controlled Preparation of PAMS Hollow Core Microcapsules with High Uniformity and Its Application in the Production of GDP Fuel Capsules for ICF Engineering. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Grolleau A, Dorchies F, Jourdain N, Ta Phuoc K, Gautier J, Mahieu B, Renaudin P, Recoules V, Martinez P, Lecherbourg L. Femtosecond Resolution of the Nonballistic Electron Energy Transport in Warm Dense Copper. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:275901. [PMID: 35061440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.275901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast electron energy transport is investigated in laser-heated warm dense copper in a high flux regime (2.5±0.7×10^{13} W/cm^{2} absorbed). The dynamics of the electron temperature is retrieved from femtosecond time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy near the Cu L3 edge. A characteristic time of ∼1 ps is observed for the increase in the average temperature in a 100 nm thick sample. Data are well reproduced by two-temperature hydrodynamic simulations, which support energy transport dominated by thermal conduction rather than ballistic electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grolleau
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - F Dorchies
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - N Jourdain
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - K Ta Phuoc
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS UMR 7639, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - J Gautier
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS UMR 7639, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - B Mahieu
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS UMR 7639, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - P Martinez
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - L Lecherbourg
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS UMR 7639, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
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21
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Yang S, Liu Z, Ma X, Wang Q, Wang Z, Wang Y, Qiu L, Zhao W. Interferometric microscope with a confocal focusing for inner surface defect detection of ICF capsule. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38924-38938. [PMID: 34808935 DOI: 10.1364/oe.444117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inner surface defects of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule are a key factor leading to ignition failure; however, there are still no effective and non-destructive detection methods available. To solve this problem, we propose the first interferometric microscope with confocal focusing (CFIM). CFIM first uses confocal technology to achieve accurate axial positioning of both capsule and the camera, thereby ensuring that the inner surface of the capsule is precisely and clearly imaged at the camera. Then, phase-shifting interferometry based on a short-coherence source and a spherical reference is applied to obtain inner defects result from null inner surface interferograms. In addition, in-situ focusing is realized by the axial adjustment of camera, but not by the capsule, to ensure that the outer defects and the fake inner defects caused by it have the same pixel coordinates, thereby solving the confusion of fake inner defects. The comparative experimental results of the CFIM and the scanning electron microscope (destructive detection) prove the feasibility of the proposed method. With unique precision confocal focusing and in-situ focusing ability, CFIM provides the first approach for non-destructive detection of inner surface defects of ICF capsule to the best of our knowledge.
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22
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Zan X, Lin C, Hou Y, Yuan J. Local field correction to ionization potential depression of ions in warm or hot dense matter. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:025203. [PMID: 34525605 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.025203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An analytical self-consistent approach was recently established to predict the ionization potential depression (IPD) in multicomponent dense plasmas, which is achieved by considering the self-energy of ions and electrons within the quantum statistical theory. In order to explicitly account for the exchange-correlation effect of electrons, we incorporate the effective static approximation of local field correction (LFC) within our IPD framework through the connection of dynamical structure factor. The effective static approximation poses an accurate description for the asymptotic large wave number behavior with the recently developed machine learning representation of static LFC induced from the path-integral Monte Carlo data. Our calculation shows that the introduction of static LFC through dynamical structure factor brings a nontrivial influence on IPD at warm/hot dense matter conditions. The correlation effect within static LFC could provide up to 20% correction to free-electron contribution of IPD in the strong coupling and degeneracy regime. Furthermore, a new screening factor is obtained from the density distribution of free electrons calculated within the average-atom model, with which excellent agreements are observed with other methods and experiments at warm/hot dense matter conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zan
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Lin
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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23
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Goyon C, Edwards MR, Chapman T, Divol L, Lemos N, Williams GJ, Mariscal DA, Turnbull D, Hansen AM, Michel P. Slow and Fast Light in Plasma Using Optical Wave Mixing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:205001. [PMID: 34110194 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Slow and fast light, or large changes in the group velocity of light, have been observed in a range of optical media, but the fine optical control necessary to induce an observable effect has not been achieved in a plasma. Here, we describe how the ion-acoustic response in a fully ionized plasma can produce large and measurable changes in the group velocity of light. We show the first experimental demonstration of slow and fast light in a plasma, measuring group velocities between 0.12c and -0.34c.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M R Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Chapman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G J Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - A M Hansen
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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24
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Jourdain N, Lecherbourg L, Recoules V, Renaudin P, Dorchies F. Ultrafast Thermal Melting in Nonequilibrium Warm Dense Copper. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:065001. [PMID: 33635705 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.065001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics of the loss of crystalline periodicity is investigated in femtosecond laser heated warm dense copper, by the original use of x-ray absorption near-edge specific structures just above the L3 edge. The characteristic time is observed near 1 ps, for specific energy density ranging from 1 to 5 MJ/kg, using ps-resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The overall experimental data are well reproduced with two-temperature hydrodynamic simulations, supporting a thermal phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jourdain
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - L Lecherbourg
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - F Dorchies
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
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25
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Jin R, Abdullah MM, Jurek Z, Santra R, Son SK. Transient ionization potential depression in nonthermal dense plasmas at high x-ray intensity. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:023203. [PMID: 33735970 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.023203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The advent of x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), which provide intense ultrashort x-ray pulses, has brought a new way of creating and analyzing hot and warm dense plasmas in the laboratory. Because of the ultrashort pulse duration, the XFEL-produced plasma will be out of equilibrium at the beginning, and even the electronic subsystem may not reach thermal equilibrium while interacting with a femtosecond timescale pulse. In the dense plasma, the ionization potential depression (IPD) induced by the plasma environment plays a crucial role for understanding and modeling microscopic dynamical processes. However, all theoretical approaches for IPD have been based on local thermal equilibrium (LTE), and it has been controversial to use LTE IPD models for the nonthermal situation. In this work, we propose a non-LTE (NLTE) approach to calculate the IPD effect by combining a quantum-mechanical electronic-structure calculation and a classical molecular dynamics simulation. This hybrid approach enables us to investigate the time evolution of ionization potentials and IPDs during and after the interaction with XFEL pulses, without the limitation of the LTE assumption. In our NLTE approach, the transient IPD values are presented as distributions evolving with time, which cannot be captured by conventional LTE-based models. The time-integrated ionization potential values are in good agreement with benchmark experimental data on solid-density aluminum plasma and other theoretical predictions based on LTE. The present work is promising to provide critical insights into nonequilibrium dynamics of dense plasma formation and thermalization induced by XFEL pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jin
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sang-Kil Son
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Wetta N, Pain JC. Consistent approach for electrical resistivity within Ziman's theory from solid state to hot dense plasma: Application to aluminum. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:053209. [PMID: 33327124 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.053209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The approach presented in this work allows a consistent calculation of electrical conductivity of dense matter from the solid state to the hot plasma using the same procedure, consisting in dropping elastic scattering contributions to solid's and liquid's structure factors in the framework of the Ziman theory. The solid's structure factor was computed using a multiphonon expansion. The elastic part is the zero-phonon term and corresponds to Bragg peaks, thermally damped by Debye-Waller attenuation factors. For the liquid, a similar elastic contribution to the structure factor results from a long-range order persisting during the characteristic electron-ion scattering time. All the quantities required for the calculation of the resistivities are obtained from our average-atom model, including the total hypernetted-chain structure factor used from the liquid state to the plasma. No interpolation between two limiting structure factors is required. We derive the correction to apply to the resistivity in order to account for the transient long-range order in the liquid and show that it improves considerably the agreement with quantum-molecular dynamics simulations and experimental aluminum's isochoric and isobaric conductivities. Our results suggest that the long-range order in liquid aluminum could be a slightly compressed fcc one. Two series of ultrafast experiments performed on aluminum were also considered, the first one by Milchberg et al. using short laser pulses and the second one by Sperling et al. involving x-ray heating and carried out on the Linac Coherent Light Source facility. Our attempts to explain the latter assuming an initial liquid state at an ion temperature much smaller than the electron one suggest that the actual initial state before main heating is neither perfectly solid nor a normal liquid.
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27
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Yan T, Wang K, Zang Z, Lu A, Hu X, Chen N, Zhang H, Liu C, Liu D. Detailed investigation of the iterative analysis for inertial confinement fusion target characterization. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:10880-10886. [PMID: 33361908 DOI: 10.1364/ao.409026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The iterative algorithm based on optical path difference and ray deflection (IAORD) is investigated in detail, and an advanced version (AIAORD) is proposed to obtain the refractive indices of the shell and the ice layer of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target simultaneously. The concept of the fixed-point iteration is introduced in the advanced algorithm, and it is found that the right choice of the combination of the input values and the characteristic curves is the key to ensure convergence in the iteration. The test uncertainties of the index measurement are analyzed by simulations, and they show that the uncertainties of the refractive indices of the shell and ice layer are 9.94% and 1.20%, respectively. Characteristic curves of typical ICF targets are studied, from which we conclude that AIAORD is versatile and suitable for the applications with any two unknown target parameters to be solved.
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28
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Thomas J, Joshi HC, Kumar A, Philip R. Observation of ion acceleration in nanosecond laser generated plasma on a nickel thin film under rear ablation geometry. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:043205. [PMID: 33212696 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.043205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this article we report acceleration observed for the ions produced in a 50-nm-thick nickel film coated on a quartz substrate, under nanosecond laser ablation, in the rear ablation geometry. A detailed study with varying background pressure and laser energy is done. Spectroscopic study including spectroscopic time of flight (STOF) measurements of ionic and other neutral transitions from the plasma has been undertaken. The STOF spectra recorded for ionic transition clearly show an enhancement in the velocity of the slow component as the background pressure increases. In addition, a large asymmetric spectral broadening in the 712.22-nm neutral line is observed, which increases with background pressure. While these observations have similarity to some of the reported studies on the acceleration of ionic species through double-layer formation, the electric fields calculated from the measured acceleration appear to be anomalously higher, and a double-layer concept seems to be inadequate. Moreover, the large asymmetry observed in the neutral line profile is indicative of microelectric fields present inside the laser produced plasma plume, which may play a role in the continuous acceleration of the ions. Interestingly, this asymmetry in spectral broadening exhibits temporal and spatial dependence, which indicates that significant electric field is present in the plasma plume even for longer duration and larger distance from the target. These spectroscopic observations of acceleration have also been complemented by triple Langmuir probe measurements. To the best of our information, such observations regarding large ion acceleration for the rather low laser intensities as used in this experiment have not been reported in literature so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinto Thomas
- Institute For Plasma Research,HBNI, Bhat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382428, India
| | - Hem Chandra Joshi
- Institute For Plasma Research,HBNI, Bhat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382428, India
| | - Ajai Kumar
- Institute For Plasma Research,HBNI, Bhat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382428, India
| | - Reji Philip
- Raman Research Institute, C.V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080, India
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29
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Moore AS, Meezan NB, Milovich J, Johnson S, Heredia R, Baumann TF, Biener M, Bhandarkar SD, Chen H, Divol L, Izumi N, Nikroo A, Baker K, Jones O, Landen OL, Hsing WW, Moody JD, Thomas CA, Lahmann B, Williams J, Alfonso N, Schoff ME. Foam-lined hohlraum, inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:051201. [PMID: 33327093 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to study hohlraums lined with a 20-mg/cc 400-μm-thick Ta_{2}O_{5} aerogel at full scale (hohlraum diameter = 6.72 mm) are reported. Driven with a 1.6-MJ, 450-TW laser pulse, the performance of the foam liner is diagnosed using implosion hot-spot symmetry measurements of the high-density carbon (HDC) capsule and measurement of inner beam propagation through a thin-wall 8-μm Au window in the hohlraum. Results show an improved capsule performance due to laser energy deposition further inside the hohlraum, leading to a modest increase in x-ray drive and reduced preheat due to changes in the x-ray spectrum when the foam liner is included. In addition, the outer cone bubble uniformity is improved, but the predicted improvement in inner beam propagation to improve symmetry control is not realized for this foam thickness and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Heredia
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T F Baumann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S D Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C A Thomas
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Williams
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - N Alfonso
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - M E Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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30
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Lee JW, Kang G, Kim M, Kim M, Park SH, Kwon S, Yang S, Cho BI. Femtosecond soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of warm dense matter at the PAL-XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:953-958. [PMID: 33566003 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752000524x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron laser pulse-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements on warm dense copper are presented. The incident X-ray pulse energies were measured with a detector assembly consisting of a photocathode membrane and microchannel plates, and the transmitted energies were measured simultaneously with a photodiode detector. The precision of the absorption measurements was evaluated. For a warm dense copper foil irradiated by an intense femtosecond laser pulse, the enhanced X-ray absorption below the L3-edge, followed by the rapid evolution of highly excited Fermi liquid within a picosecond, were successfully measured. This result demonstrates a unique capability to study femtosecond non-equilibrium electron-hole dynamics in extreme states of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Lee
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongbo Kang
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Han Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonnam Kwon
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyeok Yang
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ick Cho
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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31
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Fu ZG, Wang Z, Mo C, Li D, Li W, Lu Y, Kang W, He XT, Zhang P. Stopping power of hot dense deuterium-tritium plasmas mixed with impurities to charged particles. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:053209. [PMID: 32575272 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.053209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the stopping power of deuterium-tritium (DT) plasmas mixed with impurities to the injected charged particles. Based on the Brown-Preston-Singleton model, the analytical expression for the change ratio of stopping power (denoted by η) induced by impurities in DT plasmas is developed, in which both classical short-distance collision part and quantum correction contribution are purely linear response to the impurity concentration ξ_{X}, while the classical long-range collision brings about higher-order nonlinear response to ξ_{X}. Furthermore, the expression for change ratio of deposition depth (denoted by χ) of charged particles induced by impurities in DT plasmas is also derived. As applications, we systemically investigated the energy loss of α particles deposited into a hot dense DT plasma mixed with impurity X(X=C, Si, Ge), where the temperature and density of DT are smaller than 10 keV and 500 g/cm^{3} and the concentration of Xξ_{X} is less than 5%. The numerical results suggest that (i) for the case of C mixed into DT, both change ratios of stopping power and deposition depth of α particles (i.e., η and χ) are linear response to the concentration of C ξ_{C}; (ii) for the case of Si mixed into DT, the second-order nonlinear response of η and χ to ξ_{Si} cannot be ignored when the densities of DT are larger than 200 g/cm^{3}; and (iii) for the case of Ge mixed into DT, the second- and third-order nonlinear response of η and χ to ξ_{Ge} are very remarkable because of the higher ionization degree and heavier atomic mass of Ge. The formulas and findings in this work may be helpful to the research of internal confinement fusion (ICF) related implosion physics and may provide useful theoretical guidance and data for the design of ICF target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guo Fu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chongjie Mo
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dafang Li
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Weijie Li
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yong Lu
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Kang
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xian-Tu He
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.,HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China.,HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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32
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Ma X, Qiu L, Wang Y, Lu M, Zhao W. High-precision laser differential confocal measurement method for multi-geometric parameters of inner and outer spherical surfaces of laser fusion capsules. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:9913-9928. [PMID: 32225591 DOI: 10.1364/oe.387201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose a well-integrated, high-efficiency, high-precision, and non-destructive differential confocal measurement method for the multi-geometric parameters of the inner and outer spherical surfaces of laser fusion capsules. Based on the laser differential confocal measurement system with high tomography fixed-focus ability and high spatial resolution, the proposed method is used to perform the fixed-focus trigger measurement of the outer vertex, the inner vertex, and the spherical center of the capsule. From the rotation measurement around the Y-axis and the transposition measurement around the Z-axis, the inner and outer diameters, the three-dimensional inner and outer profiles, the shell thickness uniformity, and the shell non-concentricity of the capsule are measured with high precision and no damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method to achieve the high-precision measurement for the multi-geometric parameters of the capsule inner and outer spherical surfaces with the same instrument.
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33
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Stimulated Brillouin scattering of backward stimulated Raman scattering. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3492. [PMID: 32103045 PMCID: PMC7044175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rescattering of backward stimulated Raman scattering (BSRS) by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is found in the high electron density region by relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell simulation and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, where the BSRS is in the regime of absolute instability and dominates in all the scatterings. Both one dimension (1D) Vlasov simulation and two dimension (2D) PIC simulation have been given to verify that there exists SBS of BSRS in the regime of absolute instability for BSRS. The SBS of BSRS will be even stronger than forward stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) and SBS in regime of absolute instability for BSRS. Thus, besides Langmuir decay instability and laser energy absorption, the SBS of BSRS is also an important saturation mechanism of BSRS in high electron density region.
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34
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Dorrer C, Hill EM, Zuegel JD. High-energy parametric amplification of spectrally incoherent broadband pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:451-471. [PMID: 32118971 DOI: 10.1364/oe.28.000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study and demonstrate the efficient parametric amplification of spectrally incoherent broadband nanosecond pulses to high energies. Signals composed of mutually incoherent monochromatic lines or amplified spontaneous emission are amplified in a sequence of optical parametric amplifiers pumped at 526.5 nm, with the last amplifier set in a collinear geometry. This configuration results in 70% conversion efficiency from the pump to the combined signal and idler, with a combined energy reaching 400 mJ and an optical spectrum extending over 60 nm around 1053 nm. The spatial, spectral, and temporal properties of the amplified waves are investigated. The demonstrated high conversion efficiency, spectral incoherence, and large bandwidth open the way to a new generation of high-energy, solid-state laser drivers that mitigate laser-plasma instabilities and laser-beam imprint via enhanced spectral bandwidth.
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35
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X-ray Spectroscopies of High Energy Density Matter Created with X-ray Free Electron Lasers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent progress in the development of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) allows for the delivery of over 1011 high-energy photons to solid-density samples in a femtosecond time scale. The corresponding peak brightness of XFEL induces a nonlinear response of matter in a short-wavelength regime. The absorption of an XFEL pulse in a solid also results in the creation of high energy density (HED) matter. The electronic structure and related fundamental properties of such HED matter can be investigated with the control of XFEL and various X-ray spectroscopic techniques. These experimental data provide unique opportunities to benchmark theories and models for extreme conditions and to guide further advances. In this article, the current progress in spectroscopic studies on intense XFEL–matter interactions and HED matter are reviewed, and future research opportunities are discussed.
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36
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Larder B, Gericke DO, Richardson S, Mabey P, White TG, Gregori G. Fast nonadiabatic dynamics of many-body quantum systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw1634. [PMID: 31803829 PMCID: PMC6874487 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modeling many-body quantum systems with strong interactions is one of the core challenges of modern physics. A range of methods has been developed to approach this task, each with its own idiosyncrasies, approximations, and realm of applicability. However, there remain many problems that are intractable for existing methods. In particular, many approaches face a huge computational barrier when modeling large numbers of coupled electrons and ions at finite temperature. Here, we address this shortfall with a new approach to modeling many-body quantum systems. On the basis of the Bohmian trajectory formalism, our new method treats the full particle dynamics with a considerable increase in computational speed. As a result, we are able to perform large-scale simulations of coupled electron-ion systems without using the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Larder
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - D. O. Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - S. Richardson
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, UK
| | - P. Mabey
- LULI–CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - T. G. White
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - G. Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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37
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Ma Q, Dai J, Kang D, Murillo MS, Hou Y, Zhao Z, Yuan J. Extremely Low Electron-ion Temperature Relaxation Rates in Warm Dense Hydrogen: Interplay between Quantum Electrons and Coupled Ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:015001. [PMID: 31012692 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical and computational modeling of nonequilibrium processes in warm dense matter represents a significant challenge. The electron-ion relaxation process in warm dense hydrogen is investigated here by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics using the constrained electron force field (CEFF) method. CEFF evolves wave packets that incorporate dynamic quantum diffraction that obviates the Coulomb catastrophe. Predictions from this model reveal temperature relaxation times as much as three times longer than prior molecular dynamics results based on quantum statistical potentials. Through analyses of energy distributions and mean free paths, this result can be traced to delocalization. Finally, an improved GMS [Gericke, Murillo, and Schlanges, Phys. Rev. E 78, 025401 (2008)PRESCM1539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.78.025401] model is proposed, in which the Coulomb logarithms are in good agreement with CEFF results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Dai
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Kang
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, P. R. China
| | - M S Murillo
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, P. R. China
| | - Zengxiu Zhao
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, P. R. China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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38
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Ding YH, White AJ, Hu SX, Certik O, Collins LA. Ab Initio Studies on the Stopping Power of Warm Dense Matter with Time-Dependent Orbital-Free Density Functional Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:145001. [PMID: 30339443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.145001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic transport properties of warm dense matter, such as electrical or thermal conductivities and nonadiabatic stopping power, are of particular interest to geophysics, planetary science, astrophysics, and inertial confinement fusion (ICF). One example is the α-particle stopping power of dense deuterium-tritium (DT) plasmas, which must be precisely known for current small-margin ICF target designs to ignite. We have developed a time-dependent orbital-free density functional theory (TD-OF-DFT) method for ab initio investigations of the charged-particle stopping power of warm dense matter. Our current dependent TD-OF-DFT calculations have reproduced the recently well-characterized stopping power experiment in warm dense beryllium. For α-particle stopping in warm and solid-density DT plasmas, the ab initio TD-OF-DFT simulations show a lower stopping power up to ∼25% in comparison with three stopping-power models often used in the high-energy-density physics community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Ding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A J White
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - O Certik
- Computational and Computer Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L A Collins
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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39
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McBride EE, White TG, Descamps A, Fletcher LB, Appel K, Condamine FP, Curry CB, Dallari F, Funk S, Galtier E, Gamboa EJ, Gauthier M, Goede S, Kim JB, Lee HJ, Ofori-Okai BK, Oliver M, Rigby A, Schoenwaelder C, Sun P, Tschentscher T, Witte BBL, Zastrau U, Gregori G, Nagler B, Hastings J, Glenzer SH, Monaco G. Setup for meV-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering measurements and X-ray diffraction at the Matter in Extreme Conditions endstation at the Linac Coherent Light Source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10F104. [PMID: 30399942 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a setup for performing inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction measurements at the Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) endstation of the Linac Coherent Light Source. This technique is capable of performing high-, meV-resolution measurements of dynamic ion features in both crystalline and non-crystalline materials. A four-bounce silicon (533) monochromator was used in conjunction with three silicon (533) diced crystal analyzers to provide an energy resolution of ∼50 meV over a range of ∼500 meV in single shot measurements. In addition to the instrument resolution function, we demonstrate the measurement of longitudinal acoustic phonon modes in polycrystalline diamond. Furthermore, this setup may be combined with the high intensity laser drivers available at MEC to create warm dense matter and subsequently measure ion acoustic modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T G White
- University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, Nevada 89506, USA
| | - A Descamps
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K Appel
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - F P Condamine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, LULI, UMR 7605, Case 128, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - C B Curry
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - F Dallari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, via Sommarive 14, Povo 38123, TN, Italy
| | - S Funk
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Galtier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - M Gauthier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Goede
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J B Kim
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H J Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B K Ofori-Okai
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Oliver
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A Rigby
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - C Schoenwaelder
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Sun
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Th Tschentscher
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - B B L Witte
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B Nagler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Hastings
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Monaco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, via Sommarive 14, Povo 38123, TN, Italy
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40
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Zhao H, Li Z, Yang D, Jiang X, Liu Y, Wang F, Zhou W, Yan Y, He J, Li S, Guo L, Peng X, Xu T, Liu S, Wang F, Yang J, Jiang S, Zheng W, Zhang B, Ding Y. Implementation of ultraviolet Thomson scattering on SG-III laser facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093505. [PMID: 30278718 DOI: 10.1063/1.5046837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An ultraviolet Thomson-scattering system has been designed and implemented on the Shenguang-III laser facility, a 48-beam, 3ω (351 nm), 180 kJ-level laser driver for high energy density physics and inertial confinement fusion researches. The 4ω (263.3 nm) probe beam of the Thomson-scattering system is injected from the north pole (top) of the target chamber, with an assistant beam-pointing monitor to achieve high pointing accuracy. The Thomson-scattered light is collected by a double-Cassegrain optical transmission system, which provides an achromatic image over a wide wavelength range of 200-800 nm. A novel on-line alignment method is developed and applied to the diagnostic system, ensuring a volumetric positioning accuracy of ∼30 μm for the scattering volume. An online calibration is also conducted to provide the wavelength benchmark and the spectral resolution of the system. This Thomson-scattering system has been tested in a complicated experimental environment with gas-filled hohlraums, and a high-quality ion feature of the scattered light has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Yan
- Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Xian, Shanxi 710068, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua He
- Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Xian, Shanxi 710068, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanwei Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshi Peng
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenye Liu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoen Jiang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanguo Zheng
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohan Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkun Ding
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, People's Republic of China
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41
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Mo MZ, Chen Z, Li RK, Dunning M, Witte BBL, Baldwin JK, Fletcher LB, Kim JB, Ng A, Redmer R, Reid AH, Shekhar P, Shen XZ, Shen M, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Tsui YY, Wang YQ, Zheng Q, Wang XJ, Glenzer SH. Heterogeneous to homogeneous melting transition visualized with ultrafast electron diffraction. Science 2018; 360:1451-1455. [PMID: 29954977 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast laser excitation of matters leads to nonequilibrium states with complex solid-liquid phase-transition dynamics. We used electron diffraction at mega-electron volt energies to visualize the ultrafast melting of gold on the atomic scale length. For energy densities approaching the irreversible melting regime, we first observed heterogeneous melting on time scales of 100 to 1000 picoseconds, transitioning to homogeneous melting that occurs catastrophically within 10 to 20 picoseconds at higher energy densities. We showed evidence for the heterogeneous coexistence of solid and liquid. We determined the ion and electron temperature evolution and found superheated conditions. Our results constrain the electron-ion coupling rate, determine the Debye temperature, and reveal the melting sensitivity to nucleation seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Mo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Z Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - R K Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - M Dunning
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - B B L Witte
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.,Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - J K Baldwin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - J B Kim
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - A Ng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - R Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - A H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - P Shekhar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - X Z Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - M Shen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - K Sokolowski-Tinten
- Faculty of Physics and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Y Y Tsui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Y Q Wang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Q Zheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - X J Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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42
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Bates JW, Myatt JF, Shaw JG, Follett RK, Weaver JL, Lehmberg RH, Obenschain SP. Mitigation of cross-beam energy transfer in inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas with enhanced laser bandwidth. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:061202. [PMID: 30011586 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) is a significant energy-loss mechanism in directly driven inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) targets. One strategy for mitigating CBET is to increase the bandwidth of the laser light, thereby disrupting the resonant three-wave interactions that underlie this nonlinear scattering process. Here, we report on numerical simulations performed with the wave-based code lpse that show a significant reduction in CBET for bandwidths of 2-5 THz (corresponding to a normalized bandwidth of 0.2%-0.6% at a laser wavelength of 351nm) under realistic plasma conditions. Such bandwidths are beyond those available with current high-energy lasers used for ICF, but could be achieved using stimulated rotation Raman scattering in diatomic gases like nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Bates
- Plasma Physics Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - J F Myatt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G1H9
| | - J G Shaw
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R K Follett
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J L Weaver
- Plasma Physics Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - R H Lehmberg
- Plasma Physics Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S P Obenschain
- Plasma Physics Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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43
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Lehmann G, Spatschek KH. Plasma-based polarizer and waveplate at large laser intensity. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:063201. [PMID: 30011484 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.063201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A plasma photonic crystal consists of a plasma density grating which is created in underdense plasma by counterpropagating laser beams. When a high-power laser pulse impinges the crystal, it might be reflected or transmitted. So far only one type of pulse polarization, namely the so-called s wave (or TE mode) was investigated (when the electric field vector is perpendicular to the plane of incidence). Here, when investigating also so-called p waves (or TM modes, where the magnetic field vector is perpendicular to the plane of incidence), it is detected that the transmission and reflection properties of the plasma photonic crystal depend on polarization. A simple analytic model of the crystal allows one to make precise predictions. The first conclusion is that in some operational regime the crystal can act as a plasma polarizer for high-intensity laser pulses. Also, differences in phase velocities for grazing incidence between s and p polarization are found. Thus, secondly, the crystal can be utilized as a waveplate, e.g., transforming linearly polarized laser light into circular polarization. All these processes extend to laser intensities beyond the damage intensities of so far used solid state devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lehmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K H Spatschek
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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44
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Li S, Wang Y, Wang Q, Ma X, Wang L, Zhao W, Zhang X. Rapid measurement and compensation method of eccentricity in automatic profile measurement of the ICF capsule. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:3761-3769. [PMID: 29791339 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new measurement and compensation method for the eccentricity of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule, which combines computer vision and the laser differential confocal method to align the capsule in rotation measurement. This technique measures the eccentricity of the capsule by obtaining the sub-pixel profile with a moment-based algorithm, then performs the preliminary alignment by the two-dimensional adjustment. Next, we use the laser differential confocal sensor to measure the height data of the equatorial surface of the capsule by turning it around, then obtain and compensate the remaining eccentricity ultimately. This method is a non-contact, automatic, rapid, high-precision measurement and compensation technique of eccentricity for the capsule. Theoretical analyses and preliminary experiments indicate that the maximum measurement range of eccentricity of this proposed method is 1.8 mm for the capsule with a diameter of 1 mm, and it could eliminate the eccentricity to less than 0.5 μm in 30 s.
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45
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Curtis A, Calvi C, Tinsley J, Hollinger R, Kaymak V, Pukhov A, Wang S, Rockwood A, Wang Y, Shlyaptsev VN, Rocca JJ. Micro-scale fusion in dense relativistic nanowire array plasmas. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29540753 PMCID: PMC5852030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear fusion is regularly created in spherical plasma compressions driven by multi-kilojoule pulses from the world's largest lasers. Here we demonstrate a dense fusion environment created by irradiating arrays of deuterated nanostructures with joule-level pulses from a compact ultrafast laser. The irradiation of ordered deuterated polyethylene nanowires arrays with femtosecond pulses of relativistic intensity creates ultra-high energy density plasmas in which deuterons (D) are accelerated up to MeV energies, efficiently driving D-D fusion reactions and ultrafast neutron bursts. We measure up to 2 × 106 fusion neutrons per joule, an increase of about 500 times with respect to flat solid targets, a record yield for joule-level lasers. Moreover, in accordance with simulation predictions, we observe a rapid increase in neutron yield with laser pulse energy. The results will impact nuclear science and high energy density research and can lead to bright ultrafast quasi-monoenergetic neutron point sources for imaging and materials studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden Curtis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Nevada National Security Site, Las Vegas, NV, 89030, USA
| | - Chase Calvi
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - James Tinsley
- Nevada National Security Site, Las Vegas, NV, 89030, USA
| | - Reed Hollinger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Vural Kaymak
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Pukhov
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shoujun Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alex Rockwood
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Vyacheslav N Shlyaptsev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jorge J Rocca
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA. .,Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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46
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Vorberger J, Chapman DA. Quantum theory for the dynamic structure factor in correlated two-component systems in nonequilibrium: Application to x-ray scattering. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:013203. [PMID: 29448372 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.013203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantum theory for the dynamic structure factors in nonequilibrium, correlated, two-component systems such as plasmas or warm dense matter. The polarization function, which is needed as the input for the calculation of the structure factors, is calculated in nonequilibrium based on a perturbation expansion in the interaction strength. To make our theory applicable for x-ray scattering, a generalized Chihara decomposition for the total electron structure factor in nonequilibrium is derived. Examples are given and the influence of correlations and exchange on the structure and the x-ray-scattering spectrum are discussed for a model nonequilibrium distribution, as often encountered during laser heating of materials, as well as for two-temperature systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vorberger
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - D A Chapman
- AWE plc, Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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47
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Moses EI. The National Ignition Facility: Status and Progress Towards Fusion Ignition. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst12-1t1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. I. Moses
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94450;
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48
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Moses EI. The National Ignition Facility and the Promise of Inertial Fusion Energy. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst11-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. I. Moses
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, U.S.A.94451
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49
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Haan SW, Salmonson JD, Clark DS, Ho DD, Hammel BA, Callahan DA, Cerjan CJ, Edwards MJ, Hatchett SP, Landen OL, Lindl JD, MacGowan BJ, Marinak MM, Munro DH, Robey HF, Spears BK, Suter LJ, Town RP, Weber SV, Wilson DC. NIF Ignition Target Requirements, Margins, and Uncertainties: Status February 2010. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst10-3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. D. Salmonson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. S. Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. D. Ho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - B. A. Hammel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. A. Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - C. J. Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. J. Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. P. Hatchett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - O. L. Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. D. Lindl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - B. J. MacGowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. M. Marinak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. H. Munro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - H. F. Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - B. K. Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - L. J. Suter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. P. Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. V. Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. C. Wilson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
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50
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Turnbull D, Goyon C, Kemp GE, Pollock BB, Mariscal D, Divol L, Ross JS, Patankar S, Moody JD, Michel P. Refractive Index Seen by a Probe Beam Interacting with a Laser-Plasma System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:015001. [PMID: 28106452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the first complete set of measurements of a laser-plasma optical system's refractive index, as seen by a second probe laser beam, as a function of the relative wavelength shift between the two laser beams. Both the imaginary and real refractive index components are found to be in good agreement with linear theory using plasma parameters measured by optical Thomson scattering and interferometry; the former is in contrast to previous work and has implications for crossed-beam energy transfer in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion, and the latter is measured for the first time. The data include the first demonstration of a laser-plasma polarizer with 85%-87% extinction for the particular laser and plasma parameters used in this experiment, complementing the existing suite of high-power, tunable, and ultrafast plasma-based photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Turnbull
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Patankar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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