1
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Ge G, Zhang JR, Wang SY, Wei M, Ji Y, Duan S, Ueda K, Hua W. Mapping Hydrogen Positions along the Proton Transfer Pathway in an Organic Crystal by Computational X-ray Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6051-6061. [PMID: 38819966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding proton transfer (PT) dynamics in condensed phases is crucial in chemistry. We computed a 2D map of N 1s X-ray photoelectron/absorption spectroscopy (XPS/XAS) for an organic donor-acceptor salt crystal against two varying N-H distances to track proton motions. Our results provide a continuous spectroscopic mapping of O-H···N↔O-··· H+-N processes via hydrogen bonds at both nitrogens, demonstrating the sensitivity of N 1s transient XPS/XAS to hydrogen positions and PT. By reducing the O-H length at N1 by only 0.2 Å, we achieved excellent theory-experiment agreement in both XPS and XAS. Our study highlights the challenge in refining proton positions in experimental crystal structures by periodic geometry optimizations and proposes an alternative scaled snapshot protocol as a more effective approach. This work provides valuable insights into X-ray spectra for correlated PT dynamics in complex crystals, benefiting future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Ge
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Rong Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Minrui Wei
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfei Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Sai Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Weijie Hua
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
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2
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Žugec I, Tetenoire A, Muzas AS, Zhang Y, Jiang B, Alducin M, Juaristi JI. Understanding the Photoinduced Desorption and Oxidation of CO on Ru(0001) Using a Neural Network Potential Energy Surface. JACS AU 2024; 4:1997-2004. [PMID: 38818055 PMCID: PMC11134377 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The study of ultrafast photoinduced dynamics of adsorbates on metal surfaces requires thorough investigation of laser-excited electrons and, in many cases, the highly excited surface lattice. While ab initio molecular dynamics with electronic friction and thermostats (Te, Tl)-AIMDEF addresses such complex modeling, it imposes severe computational costs, hindering quantitative comparison with experimental desorption probabilities. In order to bypass this limitation, we utilize the embedded atom neural network method to construct a potential energy surface (PES) for the coadsorption of CO and O on Ru(0001). Our results demonstrate that this PES not only reproduces the short-time ab initio dynamics but is also able to yield statistically significant data for long lasting trajectories that correlate well with experimental findings. Furthermore, the analysis of the laser-induced dynamics reveals the existence of a dynamic trapping state that acts as a precursor for CO desorption, and it is not observed under thermal conditions. Altogether, our results validate the underlying theoretical framework, providing robust support for the description of not only the photoinduced desorption but also the oxidation of CO in terms of nonequilibrated but thermal hot electrons and phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Žugec
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Auguste Tetenoire
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alberto S. Muzas
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología, Facultad de Química, UPV/EHU, Apartado 1072, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Yaolong Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry Department of Chemical
Physics, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry Department of Chemical
Physics, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Maite Alducin
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J. Iñaki Juaristi
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología, Facultad de Química, UPV/EHU, Apartado 1072, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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3
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Orlandi GL. Absolute and non-invasive determination of the electron bunch length in a free electron laser using a bunch compressor monitor. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6319. [PMID: 38491040 PMCID: PMC10943132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In a linac driven Free Electron Laser (FEL), the shot-to-shot and non-invasive monitoring of the electron bunch length is normally ensured by Bunch Compressor Monitors (BCMs). The bunch-length dependent signal of a BCM results from the detection and integration-over a given frequency band-of the temporal coherent enhancement of the radiation spectral energy emitted by the electron beam while experiencing a longitudinal compression. In this work, we present a method that permits to express the relative variation of the bunch length as a function of the relative statistical fluctuations of the BCM and charge signals. Furthermore, in the case of a BCM equipped with two detectors simultaneously operating in two distinct wavelength bands, the method permits an absolute determination of the electron bunch length. The proposed method is beneficial to a FEL. Thanks to it, the machine compression feedback can be tuned against the absolute measurement of the bunch length rather than a bunch-length dependent signal. In a CW-superconducting-linac driven FEL, it can offer the precious opportunity to implement a fully non-invasive and absolute diagnostics of the bunch length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Orlandi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland.
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4
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Freibert A, Mendive-Tapia D, Huse N, Vendrell O. Time-Dependent Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering of Pyrazine at the Nitrogen K-Edge: A Quantum Dynamics Approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2167-2180. [PMID: 38315564 PMCID: PMC10938531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
We calculate resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectra of pyrazine at the nitrogen K-edge in the time domain including wavepacket dynamics in both the valence and core-excited state manifolds. Upon resonant excitation, we observe ultrafast non-adiabatic population transfer between core-excited states within the core-hole lifetime, leading to molecular symmetry distortions. Importantly, our time-domain approach inherently contains the ability to manipulate the dynamics of this process by detuning the excitation energy, which effectively shortens the scattering duration. We also explore the impact of pulsed incident X-ray radiation, which provides a foundation for state-of-the-art time-resolved experiments with coherent pulsed light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Freibert
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Mendive-Tapia
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Lee C, Kassier GH, Miller RJD. High bunch charge low-energy electron streak diffraction. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:024309. [PMID: 38595978 PMCID: PMC11003762 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
For time-resolved diffraction studies of irreversible structural dynamics upon photoexcitation, there are constraints on the number of perturbation cycles due to thermal effects and accumulated strain, which impact the degree of crystal order and spatial resolution. This problem is exasperated for surface studies that are more prone to disordering and defect formation. Ultrafast electron diffraction studies of these systems, with the conventional stroboscopic pump-probe protocol, require repetitive measurements on well-prepared diffraction samples to acquire and average signals above background in the dynamic range of interest from few tens to hundreds of picoseconds. Here, we present ultrafast streaked low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) that demands, in principle, only a single excitation per nominal data acquisition timeframe. By exploiting the space-time correlation characteristics of the streaking method and high-charge 2 keV electron bunches in the transmission geometry, we demonstrate about one order of magnitude reduction in the accumulated number of the excitation cycles and total electron dose, and 48% decrease in the root mean square error of the model fit residual compared to the conventional time-scanning measurement. We believe that our results demonstrate a viable alternative method with higher sensitivity to that of nanotip-based ultrafast LEED studies relying on a few electrons per a single excitation, to access to all classes of structural dynamics to provide an atomic level view of surface processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiwon Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Günther H. Kassier
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. J. Dwayne Miller
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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6
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Bettoni S, Orlandi GL, Salomone F, Boiger R, Ischebeck R, Xue R, Mostacci A. Machine learning based longitudinal virtual diagnostics at SwissFEL. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:015110. [PMID: 38236086 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The bunch length in a linac driven Free Electron Laser (FEL) is a major parameter to be characterized to optimize the final accelerator performance. In linear machines, this observable is typically determined from the beam imaged on a screen located downstream of a Transverse Deflecting Structure (TDS) used to impinge a time dependent kick along the longitudinal coordinate of the beam. This measurement is typically performed during the machine setup and only sporadically to check the beam duration, but it cannot be continuously repeated because it is time consuming and invasive. A non-invasive method to determine the electron bunch length has already been presented in the past. This method is based on the analysis of the synchrotron radiation light spot emitted by the bunch passing through a magnetic chicane, provided that the energy chirp impinged on the bunch by the upstream radio frequency structures is known. In order to overcome a systematic discrepancy affecting the synchrotron radiation monitor based results compared to the absolute TDS based ones, we implemented and optimized a machine learning approach to predict the bunch length downstream of the two SwissFEL compression stages-from about 10 fs up to about 2 ps-as well as the beam longitudinal profile at the first one.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bettoni
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - G L Orlandi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - F Salomone
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R Boiger
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R Ischebeck
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R Xue
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A Mostacci
- Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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7
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Kumar P, Kuramochi H, Takeuchi S, Tahara T. Photoexcited Plasmon-Driven Ultrafast Dynamics of the Adsorbate Probed by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Surface-Enhanced Time-Domain Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2845-2853. [PMID: 36916655 PMCID: PMC10042161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles have high potential in light-harvesting applications by transferring absorbed photon energy to the adsorbates. However, photoexcited plasmon-driven ultrafast dynamics of the adsorbate on metal nanoparticles have not been clearly understood. We studied ultrafast plasmon-driven processes of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE) adsorbed on gold nanoparticle assemblies (GNAs) using time-resolved surface-enhanced impulsive stimulated Raman spectroscopy (TR-SE-ISRS). After photoexciting the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band of the GNAs, we measured femtosecond time-resolved surface-enhanced Raman spectra of the adsorbate, which exhibited transient bleach in the Raman signal and following biphasic recovery that proceeds on the time scale of a few tens of picoseconds. The TR-SE-ISRS data were analyzed with singular value decomposition, and the obtained species-associated Raman spectra indicated that photoexcitation of the LSPR band alters chemical interaction between BPE and the GNAs on an ultrafast time scale; initial steady-state BPE is recovered through a precursor state that has weaker interaction with the GNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Kumar
- Molecular
Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast
Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center
for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kuramochi
- Molecular
Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast
Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center
for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeuchi
- Molecular
Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast
Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center
for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tahei Tahara
- Molecular
Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast
Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center
for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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8
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Element- and enantiomer-selective visualization of molecular motion in real-time. Nat Commun 2023; 14:386. [PMID: 36693825 PMCID: PMC9873934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast optical-domain spectroscopies allow to monitor in real time the motion of nuclei in molecules. Achieving element-selectivity had to await the advent of time resolved X-ray spectroscopy, which is now commonly carried at X-ray free electron lasers. However, detecting light element that are commonly encountered in organic molecules, remained elusive due to the need to work under vacuum. Here, we present an impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS) pump/carbon K-edge absorption probe investigation, which allowed observation of the low-frequency vibrational modes involving specific selected carbon atoms in the Ibuprofen RS dimer. Remarkably, by controlling the probe light polarization we can preferentially access the enantiomer of the dimer to which the carbon atoms belong.
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9
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Schreck S, Diesen E, Dell'Angela M, Liu C, Weston M, Capotondi F, Ogasawara H, LaRue J, Costantini R, Beye M, Miedema PS, Halldin Stenlid J, Gladh J, Liu B, Wang HY, Perakis F, Cavalca F, Koroidov S, Amann P, Pedersoli E, Naumenko D, Nikolov I, Raimondi L, Abild-Pedersen F, Heinz TF, Voss J, Luntz AC, Nilsson A. Atom-Specific Probing of Electron Dynamics in an Atomic Adsorbate by Time-Resolved X-Ray Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:276001. [PMID: 36638285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.276001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The electronic excitation occurring on adsorbates at ultrafast timescales from optical lasers that initiate surface chemical reactions is still an open question. Here, we report the ultrafast temporal evolution of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of a simple well-known adsorbate prototype system, namely carbon (C) atoms adsorbed on a nickel [Ni(100)] surface, following intense laser optical pumping at 400 nm. We observe ultrafast (∼100 fs) changes in both XAS and XES showing clear signatures of the formation of a hot electron-hole pair distribution on the adsorbate. This is followed by slower changes on a few picoseconds timescale, shown to be consistent with thermalization of the complete C/Ni system. Density functional theory spectrum simulations support this interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schreck
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Diesen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jerry LaRue
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Roberto Costantini
- CNR-IOM, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martin Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Piter S Miedema
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jörgen Gladh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filippo Cavalca
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Amann
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Denys Naumenko
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivaylo Nikolov
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Raimondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tony F Heinz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Johannes Voss
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alan C Luntz
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Kim YY, Khubbutdinov R, Carnis J, Kim S, Nam D, Nam I, Kim G, Shim CH, Yang H, Cho M, Min CK, Kim C, Kang HS, Vartanyants IA. Statistical analysis of hard X-ray radiation at the PAL-XFEL facility performed by Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1465-1479. [PMID: 36345755 PMCID: PMC9641567 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry experiment based on second-order correlations was performed at the PAL-XFEL facility. The statistical properties of the X-ray radiation were studied within this experiment. Measurements were performed at the NCI beamline at 10 keV photon energy under various operation conditions: self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), SASE with a monochromator, and self-seeding regimes at 120 pC, 180 pC and 200 pC electron bunch charge. Statistical analysis showed short average pulse duration from 6 fs to 9 fs depending on the operational conditions. A high spatial degree of coherence of about 70-80% was determined in the spatial domain for the SASE beams with the monochromator and self-seeding regime of operation. The obtained values describe the statistical properties of the beams generated at the PAL-XFEL facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yong Kim
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruslan Khubbutdinov
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jerome Carnis
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewoong Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyuk Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyujin Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hyun Shim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeryong Yang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghoon Cho
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changbum Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Kang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ivan A. Vartanyants
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Grinter DC, Thornton G. Structure and reactivity of model CeO 2surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:253001. [PMID: 35287117 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5d89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a key component in many industrial heterogeneous catalysts, the surface structure and reactivity of ceria, CeO2, has attracted a lot of attention. In this topical review we discuss some of the approaches taken to form a deeper understanding of the surface physics and chemistry of this important and interesting material. In particular, we focus on the preparation of ultrathin ceria films, nanostructures and supported metal nanoparticles. Cutting-edge microscopic and spectroscopic experimental techniques are highlighted which can probe the behaviour of oxygen species and atomic defects on these model surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Grinter
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Thornton
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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12
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Rodrigues GLS, Diesen E, Voss J, Norman P, Pettersson LGM. Simulations of x-ray absorption spectra for CO desorbing from Ru(0001) with transition-potential and time-dependent density functional theory approaches. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2022; 9:014101. [PMID: 35071691 PMCID: PMC8759799 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The desorption of a carbon monoxide molecule from a Ru(0001) surface was studied by means of X-ray Absorption Spectra (XAS) computed with Transition Potential (TP-DFT) and Time Dependent (TD-DFT) DFT methods. By unraveling the evolution of the CO electronic structure upon desorption, we observed that at 2.3 Å from the surface, the CO molecule has already predominantly gas-phase character. While C 1s XAS is quite insensitive to changes in the C-O bond length, the O 1s excitation is very sensitive with the π* coming down in energy upon CO bond stretching, which competes with the increase in orbital energy due to the repulsive interaction with the metallic surface. We show in a systematic way that the TP-DFT method can describe the XAS rather well at the endpoints (chemisorbed and gas phase) but is affected by artificial charge transfer and/or incorrect spin treatment in the transition region in cases like CO, where there are low-lying π* orbitals and large exchange interactions between the core 1s and valence-acceptor π* orbitals. As an alternative, we demonstrate by comparing with experimental data that a linear response approach using TD-DFT employing common exchange-correlation functionals and finite-size clusters can yield a good description of the spectral evolution of the 1s → π* transition with correct spin and gas-to-chemisorbed chemical shifts in good agreement with experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L. S. Rodrigues
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Diesen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Johannes Voss
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Patrick Norman
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars G. M. Pettersson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Matsuda I, Kubota Y. Recent Progress in Spectroscopies Using Soft X-ray Free-electron Lasers. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Matsuda
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Trans-scale Quantum Science Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuya Kubota
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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14
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Diesen E, Wang HY, Schreck S, Weston M, Ogasawara H, LaRue J, Perakis F, Dell'Angela M, Capotondi F, Giannessi L, Pedersoli E, Naumenko D, Nikolov I, Raimondi L, Spezzani C, Beye M, Cavalca F, Liu B, Gladh J, Koroidov S, Miedema PS, Costantini R, Heinz TF, Abild-Pedersen F, Voss J, Luntz AC, Nilsson A. Ultrafast Adsorbate Excitation Probed with Subpicosecond-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:016802. [PMID: 34270277 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.016802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We use a pump-probe scheme to measure the time evolution of the C K-edge x-ray absorption spectrum from CO/Ru(0001) after excitation by an ultrashort high-intensity optical laser pulse. Because of the short duration of the x-ray probe pulse and precise control of the pulse delay, the excitation-induced dynamics during the first picosecond after the pump can be resolved with unprecedented time resolution. By comparing with density functional theory spectrum calculations, we find high excitation of the internal stretch and frustrated rotation modes occurring within 200 fs of laser excitation, as well as thermalization of the system in the picosecond regime. The ∼100 fs initial excitation of these CO vibrational modes is not readily rationalized by traditional theories of nonadiabatic coupling of adsorbates to metal surfaces, e.g., electronic frictions based on first order electron-phonon coupling or transient population of adsorbate resonances. We suggest that coupling of the adsorbate to nonthermalized electron-hole pairs is responsible for the ultrafast initial excitation of the modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Diesen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Schreck
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jerry LaRue
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Flavio Capotondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Giannessi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Denys Naumenko
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivaylo Nikolov
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Raimondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Spezzani
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martin Beye
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Filippo Cavalca
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Gladh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piter S Miedema
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Roberto Costantini
- CNR-IOM, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tony F Heinz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Johannes Voss
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alan C Luntz
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Bergmann U, Kern J, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Yachandra VK, Yano J. Using X-ray free-electron lasers for spectroscopy of molecular catalysts and metalloenzymes. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2021; 3:264-282. [PMID: 34212130 PMCID: PMC8245202 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-021-00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable selective pathways of charge and spin transfer, bond breaking/making and the formation of new molecules. Mapping the electronic structural changes at the metal sites during the reactions gives a unique mechanistic insight that has been difficult to obtain to date. The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enables powerful new probes of electronic structure dynamics to advance our understanding of metalloenzymes. The ultrashort, intense and tunable XFEL pulses enable X-ray spectroscopic studies of metalloenzymes, molecular catalysts and chemical reactions, under functional conditions and in real time. In this Technical Review, we describe the current state of the art of X-ray spectroscopy studies at XFELs and highlight some new techniques currently under development. With more XFEL facilities starting operation and more in the planning or construction phase, new capabilities are expected, including high repetition rate, better XFEL pulse control and advanced instrumentation. For the first time, it will be possible to make real-time molecular movies of metalloenzymes and catalysts in solution, while chemical reactions are taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Besley NA. Modeling of the spectroscopy of core electrons with density functional theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham UK
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17
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Dong S, Hu J, Xia S, Wang B, Wang Z, Wang T, Chen W, Ren Z, Fan H, Dai D, Cheng J, Yang X, Zhou C. Origin of the Adsorption-State-Dependent Photoactivity of Methanol on TiO 2(110). ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shucai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Binli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, P. R. China
| | - Tianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zefeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Dongxu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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18
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Wagstaffe M, Wenthaus L, Dominguez-Castro A, Chung S, Lana Semione GD, Palutke S, Mercurio G, Dziarzhytski S, Redlin H, Klemke N, Yang Y, Frauenheim T, Dominguez A, Kärtner F, Rubio A, Wurth W, Stierle A, Noei H. Ultrafast Real-Time Dynamics of CO Oxidation over an Oxide Photocatalyst. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Wenthaus
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | | | - Simon Chung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik Universität Hamburg, Hamburg D-20355, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Harald Redlin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| | - Nicolai Klemke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - Yudong Yang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Material Science (BCCMS), Bremen D-28359, Germany
- Computational Science and Applied Research Institute (CSAR), Shenzhen 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center (CSRC), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Adriel Dominguez
- Bremen Center for Computational Material Science (BCCMS), Bremen D-28359, Germany
- Computational Science and Applied Research Institute (CSAR), Shenzhen 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center (CSRC), Beijing 100193, China
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Franz Kärtner
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York 10010, United States
| | - Wilfried Wurth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik Universität Hamburg, Hamburg D-20355, Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik Universität Hamburg, Hamburg D-20355, Germany
| | - Heshmat Noei
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
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19
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Humphries OS, Marjoribanks RS, van den Berg QY, Galtier EC, Kasim MF, Lee HJ, Miscampbell AJF, Nagler B, Royle R, Wark JS, Vinko SM. Probing the Electronic Structure of Warm Dense Nickel via Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:195001. [PMID: 33216608 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.195001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of bright free-electron lasers (FEL) has revolutionized our ability to create and study matter in the high-energy-density (HED) regime. Current diagnostic techniques have been successful in yielding information on fundamental thermodynamic plasma properties, but provide only limited or indirect information on the detailed quantum structure of these systems, and on how it is affected by ionization dynamics. Here we show how the valence electronic structure of solid-density nickel, heated to temperatures of around 10 of eV on femtosecond timescales, can be probed by single-shot resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Linac Coherent Light Source FEL. The RIXS spectrum provides a wealth of information on the HED system that goes well beyond what can be extracted from x-ray absorption or emission spectroscopy alone, and is particularly well suited to time-resolved studies of electronic-structure dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Humphries
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R S Marjoribanks
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Q Y van den Berg
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E C Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M F Kasim
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - H J Lee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A J F Miscampbell
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B Nagler
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Royle
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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20
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Dziarzhytski S, Biednov M, Dicke B, Wang A, Miedema PS, Engel RY, Schunck JO, Redlin H, Weigelt H, Siewert F, Behrens C, Sinha M, Schulte A, Grimm-Lebsanft B, Chiuzbăian SG, Wurth W, Beye M, Rübhausen M, Brenner G. The TRIXS end-station for femtosecond time-resolved resonant inelastic x-ray scattering experiments at the soft x-ray free-electron laser FLASH. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:054301. [PMID: 32953941 PMCID: PMC7498279 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present the experimental end-station TRIXS dedicated to time-resolved soft x-ray resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments on solid samples at the free-electron laser FLASH. Using monochromatized ultrashort femtosecond XUV/soft x-ray photon pulses in combination with a synchronized optical laser in a pump-probe scheme, the TRIXS setup allows measuring sub-picosecond time-resolved high-resolution RIXS spectra in the energy range from 35 eV to 210 eV, thus spanning the M-edge (M1 and M2,3) absorption resonances of 3d transition metals and N4,5-edges of rare earth elements. A Kirkpatrick-Baez refocusing mirror system at the first branch of the plane grating monochromator beamline (PG1) provides a focus of (6 × 6) μm2 (FWHM) at the sample. The RIXS spectrometer reaches an energy resolution of 35-160 meV over the entire spectral range. The optical laser system based on a chirped pulse optical parametric amplifier provides approximately 100 fs (FWHM) long photon pulses at the fundamental wavelength of 800 nm and a fluence of 120 mJ/cm2 at a sample for optical pump-XUV probe measurements. Furthermore, optical frequency conversion enables experiments at 400 nm or 267 nm with a fluence of 80 and 30 mJ/cm2, respectively. Some of the first (pump-probe) RIXS spectra measured with this setup are shown. The measured time resolution for time-resolved RIXS measurements has been characterized as 287 fs (FWHM) for the used energy resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Biednov
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - B. Dicke
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - A. Wang
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS (UMR 7614), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | - H. Redlin
- DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - H. Weigelt
- DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - F. Siewert
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, Department Optics and Beamlines, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Behrens
- DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - M. Sinha
- DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - A. Schulte
- DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - B. Grimm-Lebsanft
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - S. G. Chiuzbăian
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS (UMR 7614), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - W. Wurth
- DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - M. Beye
- DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - M. Rübhausen
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - G. Brenner
- DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
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21
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Wang HY, Schreck S, Weston M, Liu C, Ogasawara H, LaRue J, Perakis F, Dell'Angela M, Capotondi F, Giannessi L, Pedersoli E, Naumenko D, Nikolov I, Raimondi L, Spezzani C, Beye M, Cavalca F, Liu B, Gladh J, Koroidov S, Miedema PS, Costantini R, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A. Time-resolved observation of transient precursor state of CO on Ru(0001) using carbon K-edge spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2677-2684. [PMID: 31531435 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The transient dynamics of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules on a Ru(0001) surface following femtosecond optical laser pump excitation has been studied by monitoring changes in the unoccupied electronic structure using an ultrafast X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) probe. The particular symmetry of perpendicularly chemisorbed CO on the surface is exploited to investigate how the molecular orientation changes with time by varying the polarization of the FEL pulses. The time evolution of spectral features corresponding to the desorption precursor state was well distinguished due to the narrow line-width of the C K-edge in the X-ray absorption (XA) spectrum, illustrating that CO molecules in the precursor state rotated freely and resided on the surface for several picoseconds. Most of the CO molecules trapped in the precursor state ultimately cooled back down to the chemisorbed state, while we estimate that ∼14.5 ± 4.9% of the molecules in the precursor state desorbed into the gas phase. It was also observed that chemisorbed CO molecules diffused over the metal surface from on-top sites toward highly coordinated sites. In addition, a new "vibrationally hot precursor" state was identified in the polarization-dependent XA spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Simon Schreck
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jerry LaRue
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Flavio Capotondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 - km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Giannessi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 - km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 - km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Denys Naumenko
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 - km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivaylo Nikolov
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 - km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Raimondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 - km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Spezzani
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 - km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martin Beye
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Filippo Cavalca
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jörgen Gladh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Piter S Miedema
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Roberto Costantini
- CNR-IOM, SS 14 - km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy and Physics Department, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lars G M Pettersson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Guo Q, Zhou C, Ma Z, Yang X. Fundamentals of TiO 2 Photocatalysis: Concepts, Mechanisms, and Challenges. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901997. [PMID: 31423680 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has been widely applied in various areas, such as solar cells, water splitting, and pollutant degradation. Therefore, the photochemical mechanisms and basic principles of photocatalysis, especially TiO2 photocatalysis, have been extensively investigated by various surface science methods in the last decade, aiming to provide important information for TiO2 photocatalysis under real environmental conditions. Recent progress that provides fundamental insights into TiO2 photocatalysis at a molecular level is highlighted. Insights into the structures of TiO2 and the basic principles of TiO2 photocatalysis are discussed first, which provides the basic concepts of TiO2 photocatalysis. Following this, details of the photochemistry of three important molecules (oxygen, water, methanol) on the model TiO2 surfaces are presented, in an attempt to unravel the relationship between charge/energy transfer and bond breaking/forming in TiO2 photocatalysis. Lastly, challenges and opportunities of the mechanistic studies of TiO2 photocatalysis at the molecular level are discussed briefly, as well as possible photocatalysis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuanyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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23
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Lee SJ, Titus CJ, Alonso Mori R, Baker ML, Bennett DA, Cho HM, Doriese WB, Fowler JW, Gaffney KJ, Gallo A, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Jang H, Joe YI, Kenney CJ, Knight J, Kroll T, Lee JS, Li D, Lu D, Marks R, Minitti MP, Morgan KM, Ogasawara H, O'Neil GC, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Sokaras D, Ullom JN, Weng TC, Williams C, Young BA, Swetz DS, Irwin KD, Nordlund D. Soft X-ray spectroscopy with transition-edge sensors at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:113101. [PMID: 31779391 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present results obtained with a new soft X-ray spectrometer based on transition-edge sensors (TESs) composed of Mo/Cu bilayers coupled to bismuth absorbers. This spectrometer simultaneously provides excellent energy resolution, high detection efficiency, and broadband spectral coverage. The new spectrometer is optimized for incident X-ray energies below 2 keV. Each pixel serves as both a highly sensitive calorimeter and an X-ray absorber with near unity quantum efficiency. We have commissioned this 240-pixel TES spectrometer at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1 (BL 10-1) and used it to probe the local electronic structure of sample materials with unprecedented sensitivity in the soft X-ray regime. As mounted, the TES spectrometer has a maximum detection solid angle of 2 × 10-3 sr. The energy resolution of all pixels combined is 1.5 eV full width at half maximum at 500 eV. We describe the performance of the TES spectrometer in terms of its energy resolution and count-rate capability and demonstrate its utility as a high throughput detector for synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy. Results from initial X-ray emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments obtained with the spectrometer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jun Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hsiao-Mei Cho
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joseph W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alessandro Gallo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Johnathon D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hoyoung Jang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Young Il Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Jason Knight
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jun-Sik Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dale Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Donghui Lu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ronald Marks
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Michael P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kelsey M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Galen C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Carl D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Joel N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Betty A Young
- Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kent D Irwin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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24
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Guo Q, Ma Z, Zhou C, Ren Z, Yang X. Single Molecule Photocatalysis on TiO2 Surfaces. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11020-11041. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zefeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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25
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Ruberti M. Onset of ionic coherence and ultrafast charge dynamics in attosecond molecular ionisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17584-17604. [PMID: 31372608 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Here is presented a fully ab initio theoretical framework for simulating the correlated many-electron dynamics occurring during and emerging from molecular ionisation by attosecond laser pulses. This is based on the time-dependent (TD) version of the B-spline restricted correlation space (RCS)-algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC) method, with the full description of the photoelectron and inclusion of electron correlation effects, such as shakeup processes and inter-channel couplings. The nature of the ultrafast charge dynamics in the molecular ion is elucidated by quantitatively predicting the degree of electronic coherence and eigenstate content of the prepared molecular cationic state, beyond the commonly used sudden approximation. The results presented here for the acetylene and ethylene molecules show that even in the high photon energy regime the simulated hole dynamics is quantitatively different from the prediction of the sudden approximation. Moreover, for high-bandwidth ionising pulse, the residual interaction between the cation, in highly-excited shake-up states, and the emitted slow photoelectron gives rise to a loss of coherence in the ionic system which can persist for the first few femtoseconds after ionisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruberti
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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26
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Spiering P, Shakouri K, Behler J, Kroes GJ, Meyer J. Orbital-Dependent Electronic Friction Significantly Affects the Description of Reactive Scattering of N 2 from Ru(0001). J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2957-2962. [PMID: 31088059 PMCID: PMC6558642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electron-hole pair (ehp) excitation is thought to substantially affect the dynamics of molecules on metal surfaces, but it is not clear whether this can be better addressed by orbital-dependent friction (ODF) or the local density friction approximation (LDFA). We investigate the effect of ehp excitation on the dissociative chemisorption of N2 on and its inelastic scattering from Ru(0001), which is the benchmark system of highly activated dissociation, with these two different models. ODF is in better agreement with the best experimental estimates for the reaction probabilities than LDFA, yields results for vibrational excitation in better agreement with experiment, but slightly overestimates the translational energy loss during scattering. N2 on Ru(0001) is thus the first system for which the ODF and LDFA approaches are shown to yield substantially different results for easily accessible experimental observables, including reaction probabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Spiering
- Gorlaeus Laberatories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Khosrow Shakouri
- Gorlaeus Laberatories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Behler
- Universität Göttingen , Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Theoretische Chemie, Tammannstr. 6 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Kroes
- Gorlaeus Laberatories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Meyer
- Gorlaeus Laberatories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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27
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Ruberti M. Restricted Correlation Space B-Spline ADC Approach to Molecular Ionization: Theory and Applications to Total Photoionization Cross-Sections. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:3635-3653. [PMID: 31136172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein is presented a new approach to the ab initio algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC) schemes for the polarization propagator, which is explicitly designed to accurately and efficiently describe molecular ionization. The restricted correlation space (RCS) version of the ADC methods up to second order of perturbation theory is derived via the intermediate state representation (ISR) and implemented in the multicenter B-spline basis set for the electronic continuum. Remarkably a general close-coupling structure of the RCS-ADC many-electron wave function, connecting the N-particle to the ( N - 1)-particle ADC intermediate states, emerges naturally as a nontrivial result of the RCS ansatz. Moreover, the introduced RCS-ADC schemes prove to be particularly manageable from a computational point of view, overcoming the practical limitations of the conventional ADC approaches. The quality of the new RCS-ADC( n) approaches is verified by performing a series of total photoionization cross-section calculations on a test set of molecules. The excellent agreement of the results with existing accurate benchmarks demonstrates that the RCS versions of the ADC schemes are optimal and quantitatively accurate methods for studying multichannel molecular photoionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruberti
- Department of Physics , Imperial College London , Prince Consort Road , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
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28
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Wernet P. Chemical interactions and dynamics with femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy and the role of X-ray free-electron lasers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170464. [PMID: 30929622 PMCID: PMC6452048 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers with intense, tuneable and short-pulse X-ray radiation are transformative tools for the investigation of transition-metal complexes and metalloproteins. This becomes apparent in particular when combining the experimental observables from X-ray spectroscopy with modern theoretical tools for calculations of electronic structures and X-ray spectra from first principles. The combination gives new insights into how charge and spin densities change in chemical reactions and how they determine reactivity. This is demonstrated for the investigations of structural dynamics with metal K-edge absorption spectroscopy, spin states in excited-state dynamics with metal 3p-3d exchange interactions, the frontier-orbital interactions in dissociation and substitution reactions with metal-specific X-ray spectroscopy, and studies of metal oxidation states with femtosecond pulses for 'probe-before-destroy' spectroscopy. The role of X-ray free-electron lasers is addressed with thoughts about how they enable 'bringing back together' different aspects of the same problem and this is thought to go beyond a conventional review paper where these aspects are formulated in italic font type in a prequel, an interlude and in a sequel. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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29
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Abraham B, Nowak S, Weninger C, Armenta R, Defever J, Day D, Carini G, Nakahara K, Gallo A, Nelson S, Nordlund D, Kroll T, Hunter MS, van Driel T, Zhu D, Weng TC, Alonso-Mori R, Sokaras D. A high-throughput energy-dispersive tender X-ray spectrometer for shot-to-shot sulfur measurements. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:629-634. [PMID: 31074425 PMCID: PMC6510194 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519002431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An X-ray emission spectrometer that can detect the sulfur Kα emission lines with large throughput and a high energy resolution is presented. The instrument is based on a large d-spacing perfect Bragg analyzer that diffracts the sulfur Kα emission at close to backscattering angles. This facilitates the application of efficient concepts routinely employed in hard X-ray spectrometers towards the tender X-ray regime. The instrument described in this work is based on an energy-dispersive von Hamos geometry that is well suited for photon-in photon-out spectroscopy at X-ray free-electron laser and synchrotron sources. Comparison of its performance with previously used instrumentation is presented through measurements using sulfur-containing species performed at the LCLS. It is shown that the overall signal intensity is increased by a factor of ∼15. Implementation of this approach in the design of a tender X-ray spectroscopy endstation for LCLS-II is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baxter Abraham
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stanislaw Nowak
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Clemens Weninger
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Rebecca Armenta
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jim Defever
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - David Day
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Kazutaka Nakahara
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alessandro Gallo
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Silke Nelson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Mark S. Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tim van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
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30
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Abstract
A review that summarizes the most recent technological developments in the field of ultrafast structural dynamics with focus on the use of ultrashort X-ray and electron pulses follows. Atomistic views of chemical processes and phase transformations have long been the exclusive domain of computer simulators. The advent of femtosecond (fs) hard X-ray and fs-electron diffraction techniques made it possible to bring such a level of scrutiny to the experimental area. The following review article provides a summary of the main ultrafast techniques that enabled the generation of atomically resolved movies utilizing ultrashort X-ray and electron pulses. Recent advances are discussed with emphasis on synchrotron-based methods, tabletop fs-X-ray plasma sources, ultrabright fs-electron diffractometers, and timing techniques developed to further improve the temporal resolution and fully exploit the use of intense and ultrashort X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) pulses.
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31
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Magnussen OM, Groß A. Toward an Atomic-Scale Understanding of Electrochemical Interface Structure and Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4777-4790. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel Groß
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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32
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Ultrafast Vibrational Dynamics of CO Ligands on RuTPP/Cu(110) under Photodesorption Conditions. SURFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces2010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have studied CO coordinated to ruthenium tetraphenylporphyrin (RuTPP)/Cu(110) and directly adsorbed to Cu(110), using femtosecond pump-sum frequency probe spectroscopy, to alter the degree of electron-vibration coupling between the metal substrate and CO. We observe the facile femtosecond laser-induced desorption of CO from RuTPP/Cu(110), but not from Cu(110). A change in the vibrational transients, in the first few picoseconds, from a red- to blue-shift of the C–O stretching vibration under photodesorption conditions, was also observed. This drastic change can be explained, if the cause of the C–O frequency redshift of Cu(110) is not the usually-assumed anharmonic coupling to low frequency vibrational modes, but a charge transfer from hot electrons to the CO 2π* state. This antibonding state shifts to higher energies on RuTPP, removing the C–O redshift and, instead, reveals a blueshift, predicted to arise from electron-mediated coupling between the coherently excited internal stretch and low frequency modes in the system.
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33
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Zohar S, Turner JJ. Multivariate analysis of x-ray scattering using a stochastic source. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:243-246. [PMID: 30644871 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The normalization of scattered intensity by incident flux is a crucial step in analyzing data from stochastic x-ray free electron laser sources and is complicated by non-linearities traditionally attributed to detector saturation. Here we show that such non-linearities can also arise when the sample spectra are non-uniform within the monochromator bandwidth. A method for modeling and removing this non-linearity using multivariate regression with shot-by-shot x-ray photon energy as an independent variable is presented. This approach demonstrates the benefit of event building and will allow for a reconsideration of data which has proven challenging to normalize.
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34
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Novko D, Tremblay JC, Alducin M, Juaristi JI. Ultrafast Transient Dynamics of Adsorbates on Surfaces Deciphered: The Case of CO on Cu(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:016806. [PMID: 31012646 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.016806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy constitutes an invaluable experimental tool for monitoring hot-carrier-induced surface reactions. However, the absence of a full understanding of the precise microscopic mechanisms causing the transient spectral changes has limited its applicability. Here we introduce a robust first-principles theoretical framework that successfully explains both the nonthermal frequency and linewidth changes of the CO internal stretch mode on Cu(100) induced by femtosecond laser pulses. Two distinct processes engender the changes: electron-hole pair excitations underlie the nonthermal frequency shifts, while electron-mediated vibrational mode coupling gives rise to linewidth changes. Furthermore, the origin and precise sequence of coupling events are finally identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Novko
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J C Tremblay
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Alducin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J I Juaristi
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Químicas UPV/EHU, Apartado 1072, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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Beye M, Engel RY, Schunck JO, Dziarzhytski S, Brenner G, Miedema PS. Non-linear soft x-ray methods on solids with MUSIX-the multi-dimensional spectroscopy and inelastic x-ray scattering endstation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:014003. [PMID: 30504529 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaedf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the intense and coherent x-ray pulses available from free-electron lasers, the possibility to transfer non-linear spectroscopic methods from the laser lab to the x-ray world arises. Advantages especially regarding selectivity and thus information content as well as an improvement of signal levels are expected. The use of coherences is especially fruitful and the example of coherent x-ray/optical sum-frequency generation is discussed. However, many non-linear x-ray methods still await discovery, partially due to the necessity for extremely adaptable and versatile instrumentation that can be brought to free-electron lasers for the analysis of the spectral content emitted from the sample into a continuous range of emission angles. Such an instrument (called MUSIX) is being developed and employed at FLASH, the free-electron laser in Hamburg and is described in this contribution together with first results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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How Does Vibrational Excitation Affect the X-Ray Absorption Spectra of Monohydrated Halide and Alkali Metal Clusters? ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiq.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Schreck S, Diesen E, LaRue J, Ogasawara H, Marks K, Nordlund D, Weston M, Beye M, Cavalca F, Perakis F, Sellberg J, Eilert A, Kim KH, Coslovich G, Coffee R, Krzywinski J, Reid A, Moeller S, Lutman A, Öström H, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A. Atom-specific activation in CO oxidation. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:234707. [PMID: 30579301 DOI: 10.1063/1.5044579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on atom-specific activation of CO oxidation on Ru(0001) via resonant X-ray excitation. We show that resonant 1s core-level excitation of atomically adsorbed oxygen in the co-adsorbed phase of CO and oxygen directly drives CO oxidation. We separate this direct resonant channel from indirectly driven oxidation via X-ray induced substrate heating. Based on density functional theory calculations, we identify the valence-excited state created by the Auger decay as the driving electronic state for direct CO oxidation. We utilized the fresh-slice multi-pulse mode at the Linac Coherent Light Source that provided time-overlapped and 30 fs delayed pairs of soft X-ray pulses and discuss the prospects of femtosecond X-ray pump X-ray spectroscopy probe, as well as X-ray two-pulse correlation measurements for fundamental investigations of chemical reactions via selective X-ray excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schreck
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Elias Diesen
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Jerry LaRue
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kess Marks
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Martin Beye
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Filippo Cavalca
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Jonas Sellberg
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - André Eilert
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Giacomo Coslovich
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ryan Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jacek Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alex Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Stefan Moeller
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alberto Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Henrik Öström
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Lars G M Pettersson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
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Soldatov MA, Martini A, Bugaev AL, Pankin I, Medvedev PV, Guda AA, Aboraia AM, Podkovyrina YS, Budnyk AP, Soldatov AA, Lamberti C. The insights from X-ray absorption spectroscopy into the local atomic structure and chemical bonding of Metal–organic frameworks. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rolles D, Boll R, Erk B, Rompotis D, Manschwetus B. An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30417878 PMCID: PMC6235592 DOI: 10.3791/57055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes key steps in performing and analyzing femtosecond pump-probe experiments that combine a femtosecond optical laser with a free-electron laser. This includes methods to establish the spatial and temporal overlap between the optical and free-electron laser pulses during the experiment, as well as important aspects of the data analysis, such as corrections for arrival time jitter, which are necessary to obtain high-quality pump-probe data sets with the best possible temporal resolution. These methods are demonstrated for an exemplary experiment performed at the FLASH (Free-electron LASer Hamburg) free-electron laser in order to study ultrafast photochemistry in gas-phase molecules by means of velocity map ion imaging. However, most of the strategies are also applicable to similar pump-probe experiments using other targets or other experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rolles
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University;
| | - Rebecca Boll
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY; European XFEL GmbH
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Ghalgaoui A, Horchani R, Wang J, Ouvrard A, Carrez S, Bourguignon B. Identification of Active Sites in Oxidation Reaction from Real-Time Probing of Adsorbate Motion over Pd Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5202-5206. [PMID: 30111106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining insight into the type of surface sites involved in a reaction is essential to understand catalytic mechanisms at the atomic level and a key for understanding selectivity in surface-catalyzed reactions. Here we use ultrafast broad-band vibrational spectroscopy to follow in real-time diffusion of CO molecules over a palladium nanoparticle surface toward an active site. Site-to-site hopping is triggered by laser excitation of electrons and followed in real-time from subpicosecond changes in the vibrational spectra. CO photoexcitation occurs in 400 fs and hopping from NP facets to edges follows within ∼1 ps. Kinetic modeling allows to quantify the contribution of different facet sites to the catalytic reaction. These results provide useful insights for understanding the mechanism of chemical reactions catalyzed by metal NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghalgaoui
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay , France
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2 a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ridha Horchani
- College of Arts and Applied Science , Dhofar University , 211 Salalah , Oman
| | - Jijin Wang
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Aimeric Ouvrard
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Serge Carrez
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Bernard Bourguignon
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay , France
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Leitner T, Josefsson I, Mazza T, Miedema PS, Schröder H, Beye M, Kunnus K, Schreck S, Düsterer S, Föhlisch A, Meyer M, Odelius M, Wernet P. Time-resolved electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis of photodissociation: Photoelectron spectra of Fe(CO)5, Fe(CO)4, and Fe(CO)3. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:044307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5035149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Leitner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - I. Josefsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Mazza
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - P. S. Miedema
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Schröder
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - M. Beye
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Kunnus
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - S. Schreck
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - S. Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, FS-FLASH, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Föhlisch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - M. Meyer
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Odelius
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ph. Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Neppl S, Mahl J, Tremsin AS, Rude B, Qiao R, Yang W, Guo J, Gessner O. Towards efficient time-resolved X-ray absorption studies of electron dynamics at photocatalytic interfaces. Faraday Discuss 2018; 194:659-682. [PMID: 27711854 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00125d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a picosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (tr-XAS) setup designed for synchrotron-based studies of interfacial photochemical dynamics. The apparatus combines a high power, variable repetition rate picosecond laser system with a time-resolved X-ray fluorescence yield detection technique. Time-tagging of the detected fluorescence signals enables the parallel acquisition of X-ray absorption spectra at a variety of pump-probe delays employing the well-defined time structure of the X-ray pulse trains. The viability of the setup is demonstrated by resolving dynamic changes in the fine structure near the O1s X-ray absorption edge of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) after photo-excitation with a 355 nm laser pulse. Two distinct responses are detected. A pronounced, quasi-static, reversible change of the Cu2O O1s X-ray absorption spectrum by up to ∼30% compared to its static line shape corresponds to a redshift of the absorption edge by ∼1 eV. This value is small compared to the 2.2 eV band gap of Cu2O but in agreement with previously published results. The lifetime of this effect exceeds the laser pulse-to-pulse period of 8 μs, resulting in a quasi-static spectral change that persists as long as the sample is exposed to the laser light, and completely vanishes once the laser is blocked. Additionally, a short-lived response corresponding to a laser-induced shift of the main absorption line by ∼2 eV to lower energies appears within <200 ps and decays with a characteristic timescale of 43 ± 5 ns. Both the picosecond rise and nanosecond decay of this X-ray response are simultaneously captured by making use of a time-tagging approach - highlighting the prospects of the experimental setup for efficient probing of the electronic and structural dynamics in photocatalytic systems on multiple timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Neppl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Johannes Mahl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Anton S Tremsin
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Bruce Rude
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ruimin Qiao
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Oliver Gessner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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43
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Pressacco F, Uhlíř V, Gatti M, Nicolaou A, Bendounan A, Arregi JA, Patel SKK, Fullerton EE, Krizmancic D, Sirotti F. Laser induced phase transition in epitaxial FeRh layers studied by pump-probe valence band photoemission. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2018; 5:034501. [PMID: 29888296 PMCID: PMC5966309 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We use time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the electronic and magnetization dynamics in FeRh films after ultrafast laser excitations. We present experimental and theoretical results which investigate the electronic structure of FeRh during the first-order phase transition, identifying a clear signature of the magnetic phase. We find that a spin polarized feature at the Fermi edge is a fingerprint of the magnetic status of the system that is independent of the long-range ferromagnetic alignment of the magnetic domains. We use this feature to follow the phase transition induced by a laser pulse in a pump-probe experiment and find that the magnetic transition occurs in less than 50 ps and reaches its maximum in 100 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessandro Nicolaou
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Azzedine Bendounan
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jon Ander Arregi
- CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sheena K K Patel
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0401, USA
| | - Eric E Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0401, USA
| | - Damjan Krizmancic
- Instituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, in Area Science Park S.S.14, Km 163.5, I34149 Trieste, Italy
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44
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Guo Q, Zhou C, Ma Z, Ren Z, Fan H, Yang X. Elementary Chemical Reactions in Surface Photocatalysis. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2018; 69:451-472. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-052516-044933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China;, , , , ,
| | - Chuanyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China;, , , , ,
| | - Zhibo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China;, , , , ,
| | - Zefeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China;, , , , ,
| | - Hongjun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China;, , , , ,
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China;, , , , ,
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45
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Hanson-Heine MW, George MW, Besley NA. Density functional theory calculations of the non-resonant and resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy of carbon fullerenes and nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Osipov T, Bostedt C, Castagna JC, Ferguson KR, Bucher M, Montero SC, Swiggers ML, Obaid R, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Bozek JD, Berrah N. The LAMP instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:035112. [PMID: 29604777 DOI: 10.1063/1.5017727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Laser Applications in Materials Processing (LAMP) instrument is a new end-station for soft X-ray imaging, high-field physics, and ultrafast X-ray science experiments that is available to users at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) free-electron laser. While the instrument resides in the Atomic, Molecular and Optical science hutch, its components can be used at any LCLS beamline. The end-station has a modular design that provides high flexibility in order to meet user-defined experimental requirements and specifications. The ultra-high-vacuum environment supports different sample delivery systems, including pulsed and continuous atomic, molecular, and cluster jets; liquid and aerosols jets; and effusive metal vapor beams. It also houses movable, large-format, high-speed pnCCD X-ray detectors for detecting scattered and fluorescent photons. Multiple charged-particle spectrometer options are compatible with the LAMP chamber, including a double-sided spectrometer for simultaneous and even coincident measurements of electrons, ions, and photons produced by the interaction of the high-intensity X-ray beam with the various samples. Here we describe the design and capabilities of the spectrometers along with some general aspects of the LAMP chamber and show some results from the initial instrument commissioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Osipov
- Physics Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J-C Castagna
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ken R Ferguson
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Maximilian Bucher
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sebastian C Montero
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Michele L Swiggers
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Razib Obaid
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Daniel Rolles
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Artem Rudenko
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - John D Bozek
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nora Berrah
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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47
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Li H, Paolucci C, Schneider WF. Zeolite Adsorption Free Energies from ab Initio Potentials of Mean Force. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:929-938. [PMID: 29232513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of metal-exchanged zeolites to chemisorb small gas molecules is key to their performance as heterogeneous catalysts and gas-separating agents. Here, we propose and evaluate an ab initio potential of mean force (PMF) method for computing adsorption free energies of representative small molecules to Cu-exchanged sites in SSZ-13 zeolite. We show that Cu ions are mobilized by adsorbates and, as a result, computed free energies are significantly more negative than those obtained from a conventional harmonic oscillator model. PMF-derived free energies are consistent with available experiment and, in many cases, with a dynamics-based quasi-harmonic analysis (QHA). The PMF approach avoids the artificial partitioning of degrees of freedom intrinsic to the QHA. On the basis of the PMF results, we propose a simple correlation to estimate free energies from computed adsorption energies and gas-phase entropies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , 182 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Christopher Paolucci
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , 182 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William F Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , 182 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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48
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Assessment of basis sets for density functional theory-based calculations of core-electron spectroscopies. Theor Chem Acc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-017-2181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Seddon EA, Clarke JA, Dunning DJ, Masciovecchio C, Milne CJ, Parmigiani F, Rugg D, Spence JCH, Thompson NR, Ueda K, Vinko SM, Wark JS, Wurth W. Short-wavelength free-electron laser sources and science: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:115901. [PMID: 29059048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the qualities of the radiation they produce, the challenges of transmitting that radiation to end users and the diversity of current scientific applications. Initial consideration is given to FEL theory in order to provide the foundation for discussion of FEL output properties and the technical challenges of short-wavelength FELs. This is followed by an overview of existing x-ray FEL facilities, future facilities and FEL frontiers. To provide a context for information in the above sections, a detailed comparison of the photon pulse characteristics of FEL sources with those of other sources of high brightness x-rays is made. A brief summary of FEL beamline design and photon diagnostics then precedes an overview of FEL scientific applications. Recent highlights are covered in sections on structural biology, atomic and molecular physics, photochemistry, non-linear spectroscopy, shock physics, solid density plasmas. A short industrial perspective is also included to emphasise potential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Seddon
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom. The School of Physics and Astronomy and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. The Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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Abela R, Beaud P, van Bokhoven JA, Chergui M, Feurer T, Haase J, Ingold G, Johnson SL, Knopp G, Lemke H, Milne CJ, Pedrini B, Radi P, Schertler G, Standfuss J, Staub U, Patthey L. Perspective: Opportunities for ultrafast science at SwissFEL. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061602. [PMID: 29376109 PMCID: PMC5758366 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the main specifications of the newly constructed Swiss Free Electron Laser, SwissFEL, and explore its potential impact on ultrafast science. In light of recent achievements at current X-ray free electron lasers, we discuss the potential territory for new scientific breakthroughs offered by SwissFEL in Chemistry, Biology, and Materials Science, as well as nonlinear X-ray science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Abela
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Paul Beaud
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, and Department of Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-FSB, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Haase
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, and Department of Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Ingold
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Steven L Johnson
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Knopp
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Chris J Milne
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Bill Pedrini
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peter Radi
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Standfuss
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Urs Staub
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Luc Patthey
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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